diff --git a/.changeset/unlucky-dingos-search.md b/.changeset/unlucky-dingos-search.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a0a911259f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/unlucky-dingos-search.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+"@effect/platform-node": minor
+"@effect/platform": minor
+---
+
+support array of values in /platform url param schemas
diff --git a/packages/platform-node/test/HttpServer.test.ts b/packages/platform-node/test/HttpServer.test.ts
index 69c8bf19277..ee622e45969 100644
--- a/packages/platform-node/test/HttpServer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/platform-node/test/HttpServer.test.ts
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ describe("HttpServer", () => {
             const part = formData.file
             assert(typeof part !== "string")
             const file = part[0]
+            assert(typeof file !== "string")
             expect(file.path.endsWith("/test.txt")).toEqual(true)
             expect(file.contentType).toEqual("text/plain")
             return yield* HttpServerResponse.json({ ok: "file" in formData })
diff --git a/packages/platform/src/HttpIncomingMessage.ts b/packages/platform/src/HttpIncomingMessage.ts
index c59d3f8d1ce..9d37cbc17f6 100644
--- a/packages/platform/src/HttpIncomingMessage.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/src/HttpIncomingMessage.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import type { ParseOptions } from "effect/SchemaAST"
 import type * as Stream from "effect/Stream"
 import * as FileSystem from "./FileSystem.js"
 import type * as Headers from "./Headers.js"
-import type * as UrlParams from "./UrlParams.js"
+import * as UrlParams from "./UrlParams.js"
 
 /**
  * @since 1.0.0
@@ -56,13 +56,17 @@ export const schemaBodyJson = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>, options?
  * @since 1.0.0
  * @category schema
  */
-export const schemaBodyUrlParams = <A, I extends Readonly<Record<string, string | undefined>>, R>(
+export const schemaBodyUrlParams = <
+  A,
+  I extends Readonly<Record<string, string | ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined>>,
+  R
+>(
   schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>,
   options?: ParseOptions | undefined
 ) => {
-  const parse = Schema.decodeUnknown(schema, options)
+  const decode = UrlParams.schemaStruct(schema, options)
   return <E>(self: HttpIncomingMessage<E>): Effect.Effect<A, E | ParseResult.ParseError, R> =>
-    Effect.flatMap(self.urlParamsBody, (_) => parse(Object.fromEntries(_)))
+    Effect.flatMap(self.urlParamsBody, decode)
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/platform/src/HttpServerRequest.ts b/packages/platform/src/HttpServerRequest.ts
index 27bc396554f..3382467ea27 100644
--- a/packages/platform/src/HttpServerRequest.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/src/HttpServerRequest.ts
@@ -183,7 +183,11 @@ export const schemaBodyForm: <A, I extends Partial<Multipart.Persisted>, R>(
  * @since 1.0.0
  * @category schema
  */
-export const schemaBodyUrlParams: <A, I extends Readonly<Record<string, string | undefined>>, R>(
+export const schemaBodyUrlParams: <
+  A,
+  I extends Readonly<Record<string, string | ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined>>,
+  R
+>(
   schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>,
   options?: ParseOptions | undefined
 ) => Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseError | Error.RequestError, R | HttpServerRequest> = internal.schemaBodyUrlParams
diff --git a/packages/platform/src/Multipart.ts b/packages/platform/src/Multipart.ts
index ee0dce2c453..d3b4a07896a 100644
--- a/packages/platform/src/Multipart.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/src/Multipart.ts
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ export const isPersistedFile: (u: unknown) => u is PersistedFile = internal.isPe
  * @category models
  */
 export interface Persisted {
-  readonly [key: string]: ReadonlyArray<PersistedFile> | string
+  readonly [key: string]: ReadonlyArray<PersistedFile> | ReadonlyArray<string> | string
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/platform/src/UrlParams.ts b/packages/platform/src/UrlParams.ts
index 1dd2269d361..69d3c25d821 100644
--- a/packages/platform/src/UrlParams.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/src/UrlParams.ts
@@ -84,40 +84,6 @@ export const getAll: {
     })
 )
 
-/**
- * Builds a `Record` containing all the key-value pairs in the given `UrlParams`
- * as `string` (if only one value for a key) or a `NonEmptyArray<string>`
- * (when more than one value for a key)
- *
- * @example
- * import { UrlParams } from "@effect/platform"
- *
- * const urlParams = UrlParams.fromInput({ a: 1, b: true, c: "string", e: [1, 2, 3] })
- * const result = UrlParams.extractAll(urlParams)
- *
- * assert.deepStrictEqual(
- *   result,
- *   { "a": "1", "b": "true", "c": "string", "e": ["1", "2", "3"] }
- * )
- *
- * @since 1.0.0
- * @category combinators
- */
-export const extractAll = (self: UrlParams): Record<string, string | Arr.NonEmptyArray<string>> => {
-  const out: Record<string, string | Arr.NonEmptyArray<string>> = {}
-  for (const [k, value] of self) {
-    const curr = out[k]
-    if (curr === undefined) {
-      out[k] = value
-    } else if (typeof curr === "string") {
-      out[k] = [curr, value]
-    } else {
-      curr.push(value)
-    }
-  }
-  return out
-}
-
 /**
  * @since 1.0.0
  * @category combinators
@@ -206,13 +172,7 @@ export const remove: {
 
 /**
  * @since 1.0.0
- * @category combinators
- */
-export const toString = (self: UrlParams): string => new URLSearchParams(self as any).toString()
-
-/**
- * @since 1.0.0
- * @category constructors
+ * @category conversions
  */
 export const makeUrl = (url: string, params: UrlParams, hash: Option.Option<string>): Either.Either<URL, Error> => {
   try {
@@ -232,6 +192,12 @@ export const makeUrl = (url: string, params: UrlParams, hash: Option.Option<stri
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * @since 1.0.0
+ * @category conversions
+ */
+export const toString = (self: UrlParams): string => new URLSearchParams(self as any).toString()
+
 const baseUrl = (): string | undefined => {
   if (
     "location" in globalThis &&
@@ -244,6 +210,40 @@ const baseUrl = (): string | undefined => {
   return undefined
 }
 
+/**
+ * Builds a `Record` containing all the key-value pairs in the given `UrlParams`
+ * as `string` (if only one value for a key) or a `NonEmptyArray<string>`
+ * (when more than one value for a key)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * import { UrlParams } from "@effect/platform"
+ *
+ * const urlParams = UrlParams.fromInput({ a: 1, b: true, c: "string", e: [1, 2, 3] })
+ * const result = UrlParams.toRecord(urlParams)
+ *
+ * assert.deepStrictEqual(
+ *   result,
+ *   { "a": "1", "b": "true", "c": "string", "e": ["1", "2", "3"] }
+ * )
+ *
+ * @since 1.0.0
+ * @category conversions
+ */
+export const toRecord = (self: UrlParams): Record<string, string | Arr.NonEmptyArray<string>> => {
+  const out: Record<string, string | Arr.NonEmptyArray<string>> = {}
+  for (const [k, value] of self) {
+    const curr = out[k]
+    if (curr === undefined) {
+      out[k] = value
+    } else if (typeof curr === "string") {
+      out[k] = [curr, value]
+    } else {
+      curr.push(value)
+    }
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
 /**
  * @since 1.0.0
  * @category schema
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ export const schemaJson = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>, options?: Pa
  *
  * Effect.gen(function* () {
  *   const urlParams = UrlParams.fromInput({ "a": [10, "string"], "b": false })
- *   const result = yield* UrlParams.extractSchema(Schema.Struct({
+ *   const result = yield* UrlParams.schemaStruct(Schema.Struct({
  *     a: Schema.Tuple(Schema.NumberFromString, Schema.String),
  *     b: Schema.BooleanFromString
  *   }))(urlParams)
@@ -287,9 +287,11 @@ export const schemaJson = <A, I, R>(schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>, options?: Pa
  * @since 1.0.0
  * @category schema
  */
-export const extractSchema =
-  <A, I, R>(schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>, options?: ParseOptions | undefined) =>
-  (self: UrlParams): Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseError, R> => {
-    const parse = Schema.decodeUnknown(schema, options)
-    return parse(extractAll(self))
-  }
+export const schemaStruct = <A, I extends Record<string, string | ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined>, R>(
+  schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>,
+  options?: ParseOptions | undefined
+) =>
+(self: UrlParams): Effect.Effect<A, ParseResult.ParseError, R> => {
+  const parse = Schema.decodeUnknown(schema, options)
+  return parse(toRecord(self))
+}
diff --git a/packages/platform/src/internal/httpServerRequest.ts b/packages/platform/src/internal/httpServerRequest.ts
index 56880eac11d..dc9d8eade58 100644
--- a/packages/platform/src/internal/httpServerRequest.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/src/internal/httpServerRequest.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,11 @@ export const schemaBodyForm = <A, I extends Partial<Multipart.Persisted>, R>(
 }
 
 /** @internal */
-export const schemaBodyUrlParams = <A, I extends Readonly<Record<string, string | undefined>>, R>(
+export const schemaBodyUrlParams = <
+  A,
+  I extends Readonly<Record<string, string | ReadonlyArray<string> | undefined>>,
+  R
+>(
   schema: Schema.Schema<A, I, R>,
   options?: ParseOptions | undefined
 ) => {
diff --git a/packages/platform/src/internal/multipart.ts b/packages/platform/src/internal/multipart.ts
index b73d6ac0d7b..c58b63a8f14 100644
--- a/packages/platform/src/internal/multipart.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/src/internal/multipart.ts
@@ -397,30 +397,34 @@ export const toPersisted = (
     const fs = yield* FileSystem.FileSystem
     const path_ = yield* Path.Path
     const dir = yield* fs.makeTempDirectoryScoped()
-    return yield* Stream.runFoldEffect(
-      stream,
-      Object.create(null) as Record<string, Array<Multipart.PersistedFile> | string>,
-      (persisted, part) => {
-        if (part._tag === "Field") {
+    const persisted: Record<string, Array<Multipart.PersistedFile> | Array<string> | string> = Object.create(null)
+    yield* Stream.runForEach(stream, (part) => {
+      if (part._tag === "Field") {
+        if (!(part.key in persisted)) {
           persisted[part.key] = part.value
-          return Effect.succeed(persisted)
+        } else if (typeof persisted[part.key] === "string") {
+          persisted[part.key] = [persisted[part.key] as string, part.value]
+        } else {
+          ;(persisted[part.key] as Array<string>).push(part.value)
         }
-        const file = part
-        const path = path_.join(dir, path_.basename(file.name).slice(-128))
-        if (!Array.isArray(persisted[part.key])) {
-          persisted[part.key] = []
-        }
-        ;(persisted[part.key] as Array<Multipart.PersistedFile>).push(
-          new PersistedFileImpl(
-            file.key,
-            file.name,
-            file.contentType,
-            path
-          )
-        )
-        return Effect.as(writeFile(path, file), persisted)
+        return Effect.void
       }
-    )
+      const file = part
+      const path = path_.join(dir, path_.basename(file.name).slice(-128))
+      const filePart = new PersistedFileImpl(
+        file.key,
+        file.name,
+        file.contentType,
+        path
+      )
+      if (Array.isArray(persisted[part.key])) {
+        ;(persisted[part.key] as Array<Multipart.PersistedFile>).push(filePart)
+      } else {
+        persisted[part.key] = [filePart]
+      }
+      return writeFile(path, file)
+    })
+    return persisted
   }).pipe(
     Effect.catchTags({
       SystemError: (cause) => Effect.fail(new MultipartError({ reason: "InternalError", cause })),
diff --git a/packages/platform/test/UrlParams.test.ts b/packages/platform/test/UrlParams.test.ts
index 30b719fa63b..30b7e103f09 100644
--- a/packages/platform/test/UrlParams.test.ts
+++ b/packages/platform/test/UrlParams.test.ts
@@ -85,24 +85,24 @@ describe("UrlParams", () => {
     })
   })
 
-  describe("extractAll", () => {
+  describe("toRecord", () => {
     it("works when empty", () => {
       assert.deepStrictEqual(
-        UrlParams.extractAll(UrlParams.empty),
+        UrlParams.toRecord(UrlParams.empty),
         {}
       )
     })
 
     it("builds non empty array from same keys", () => {
       assert.deepStrictEqual(
-        UrlParams.extractAll(UrlParams.fromInput({ "a": [10, "string", false] })),
+        UrlParams.toRecord(UrlParams.fromInput({ "a": [10, "string", false] })),
         { a: ["10", "string", "false"] }
       )
     })
 
     it("works with non-strings", () => {
       const urlParams = UrlParams.fromInput({ a: 1, b: true, c: "string", e: [1, 2, 3] })
-      const result = UrlParams.extractAll(urlParams)
+      const result = UrlParams.toRecord(urlParams)
       assert.deepStrictEqual(
         result,
         { "a": "1", "b": "true", "c": "string", "e": ["1", "2", "3"] }
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ describe("UrlParams", () => {
     })
   })
 
-  describe("extractSchema", () => {
+  describe("schemaStruct", () => {
     it.effect("works when empty", () =>
       Effect.gen(function*() {
-        const result = yield* UrlParams.extractSchema(Schema.Struct({}))(UrlParams.empty)
+        const result = yield* UrlParams.schemaStruct(Schema.Struct({}))(UrlParams.empty)
         assert.deepStrictEqual(result, {})
       }))
 
     it.effect("parse original values", () =>
       Effect.gen(function*() {
         const urlParams = UrlParams.fromInput({ "a": [10, "string", false] })
-        const result = yield* UrlParams.extractSchema(Schema.Struct({
+        const result = yield* UrlParams.schemaStruct(Schema.Struct({
           a: Schema.Tuple(Schema.NumberFromString, Schema.String, Schema.BooleanFromString)
         }))(urlParams)
         assert.deepStrictEqual(result, {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ describe("UrlParams", () => {
     it.effect("parse multiple keys", () =>
       Effect.gen(function*() {
         const urlParams = UrlParams.fromInput({ "a": [10, "string"], "b": false })
-        const result = yield* UrlParams.extractSchema(Schema.Struct({
+        const result = yield* UrlParams.schemaStruct(Schema.Struct({
           a: Schema.Tuple(Schema.NumberFromString, Schema.String),
           b: Schema.BooleanFromString
         }))(urlParams)