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research.html
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---
layout: page
---
{% include title-container.html title="Cloud Computing" %}
<div class="content container">
<article>
<p class="drop-cap">
In the past computing tasks such as word processing were not possible without the installation of
application software on a user’s computer<sup><a href="#article-1-foot-1">1)</a></sup>. A user bought a
license for each application from a software
vendor and obtained the right to install the application on one computer system. With the development of
<abbr title="Local Area Networks">LAN</abbr> and more networking capabilities, the client-server model of
computing was born, where server computers with enhanced capabilities and large storage devices could be
used to host application services and data for a large workgroup.
Typically, in client-server computing, a network-friendly client version of the application was required on
client computers which utilized the client system’s memory and CPU for processing,
even though resultant application data files (such as word processing documents) were stored centrally on
the data servers. Multiple user licenses of an application were purchased for use by many users on a
network.
</p>
<p>
Cloud computing differs from the classic client-server model by providing applications from a server that
are
executed and managed by a client’s web browser, with no installed client version of an application required.
Centralization gives cloud service providers complete control over the versions of the browser-based
applications provided to clients, which removes the need for version upgrades or license management on
individual client computing devices. The term <abbr title="Software as a Service">SaaS</abbr> is sometimes
used to describe
application programs offered through cloud computing. A common shorthand for a provided cloud computing
service
(or even an aggregation of all existing cloud services) is The Cloud.
</p>
<p>
Any computer or web-friendly device connected to the Internet may access the same pool of computing power,
applications, and files in a cloud-computing environment. Users may remotely store and access personal files
such as music, pictures, videos, and bookmarks; play games; or do word processing on a remote server. Data
is
centrally stored, so the user does not need to carry a storage medium such as a DVD or thumb drive. Desktop
applications that connect to internet-host email providers may be considered cloud applications, including
web-based Gmail, Hotmail, or Yahoo! email services. Private companies may also make use of their own
customized
cloud email servers for their employees.
</p>
<p>
Cloud computing technologies are regarded by some analysts as a technological evolution, or may be seen as a
marketing trap by others such as Richard Stallman.
</p>
<p>
Consumers now routinely use data-intensive applications driven by cloud technology that may have been
previously
unavailable due to cost and deployment complexity.[citation needed] In many companies, employees and company
departments are bringing a flood of consumer technology into the workplace, which raises legal compliance
and
security concerns for the corporation which may be relieved by cloud computing.
</p>
<footer>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li id="article-1-foot-1">1) <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing</a>
</li>
</ul>
</footer>
</article>
</div>
{% include title-container.html title="Distributed Computing" %}
<div class="content container">
<article>
<p class="drop-cap">
The word distributed in terms such as distributed system, distributed programming, and distributed
algorithm originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed
within some geographical area<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_systems">1)</a></sup>.
The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense, even referring to autonomous
processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by message passing.
</p>
<p>
While there is no single definition of a distributed system, the following defining properties are commonly
used:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>There are several autonomous computational entities, each of which has its own local memory.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The entities communicate with each other by message passing.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In this article, the computational entities are called computers or nodes.
</p>
<p>
A distributed system may have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem. Alternatively,
each computer may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to
coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users.
</p>
<p>
Other typical properties of distributed systems include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>The system has to tolerate failures in individual computers.</li>
<li>The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, number of computers) is not known in
advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network links, and the system may
change during the execution of a distributed program.</li>
<li>Each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system. Each computer may know only one part of
the input.</li>
</ul>
<footer>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li id="article-1-foot-1">1) <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_systems">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_systems</a>
</li>
</ul>
</footer>
</article>
</div>