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ReadmeConcorde-jbsim.txt
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Concorde real data
==================
Weight :
max taxing : 412000 lb.
max take off : 408000 lb.
max landing : 245000 lb.
zero fuel : 203000 lb.
operating empty : 173500 lb.
max payload : 29500 lb.
Speeds :
Max at 51300 ft : Mach 2.2 (F).
Optimum at 51300 ft : Mach 2.04 (F).
V max for jettison (fuel) : Mach 0.93.
V max for windscreen wiper operation : 325 kt.
V visor down or operating : 325 kt.
V nose 5 or operating between UP and 5 : 325 kt.
Vla above 41000 ft (lowest autorized) : 300 kt.
V nose DOWN or operating between 5 and DOWN : 270 kt (at altitudes below 20000 ft).
V landing lights : 270 kt.
Vlo (landing gear operation) : 270 kt.
Vle (landing gear extended) : 270 kt.
Vla 15000/41000 ft : 250 kt.
Vla below 15000 ft : VREF or V2 or V3.
Vmc (minimum control speed with engine inoperative)
Vmcl (approach) : 150 kt.
Vmc (takeoff) : 132 kt.
Vmcg (ground) : 116 kt.
Procedures :
Takeoff (408000 lb) : nose 5 deg, afterburner, V1 165 kt, VR 195 kt, pitch 13.5 deg at rotation,
V2 220 kt.
Subsonic cruise : Mach 0.95.
Acceleration : afterburner at Mach 0.93; air intakes starts closing at Mach 1.3;
stop afterburner at Mach 1.7.
Supersonic cruise : Mach 2.0 at FL500.
Supersonic descent : decelerate at 350 kt, 250 NM before the subsonic level.
Landing (245000 lb) : nose 12.5 deg, VREF 162 kt, pitch 10 deg at touch down.
Taxi : nose 5 deg, only 2 engines (G).
Parking : nose and visor up, as weather seal (A1).
Runway : 11200 ft takeoff, 7300 ft landing (C).
Max climb rate : 5000 ft/min at sea level (F).
Range :
3550 nm supersonic, 2760 nm subsonic (Mach 0.95 FL300) (C).
6582 km [3550 nm] with FAR fuel reserves and payload of 19500 lb (F).
6228 km [3360 nm] with FAR fuel reserves and maximum payload (F).
Duration : Paris / New York 3h45 (D), London Heathrow / New York 3h50 (E).
Maximum operating altitude : 60000 ft (C).
Maximum total temperature (TMO) : 127 degC on nose.
Concorde ops
============
Takeoff
-------
- the visor is raised not long after takeoff, to make cockpit quieter (A1).
- the visor protects the windscreen from the 125 degC temperature at Mach 2 (A1).
Subsonic cruise
---------------
- Mach 0.93 at FL250, or Mach 0.95 at FL260 (full load) (B).
Supersonic climb
----------------
- start afterburner with VS at 3500 ft/minute; then progressively decrease until 700 ft/minute.
- climb with full throttle.
- at Mach 1.1, drag starts to decrease : prepare to increase the climb rate.
- stay inside the corridor of Mach/center of gravity. Below the minimum means a too high altitude
for the current Mach speed : accelerate by reducing climb speed.
- at Mach 1.3, air intakes open progressively, providing additional thrust : prepare to increase
the climb rate.
- climb from Mach 0.95 (28000 ft) to Mach 1.7 (47000 ft) lasts 10 minutes (A2).
Supersonic cruise
-----------------
- from London-Heathrow, Mach 2 is reached 40 minutes - 650 NM (Bristol Channel) - after takeoff (A3).
- cruise at Mach 2 consumes 20.5 tons/hour (E).
- transatlantic flight at Mach 2 lasts 2 hours; 2h35 above Mach 1 (A4).
- at FL500 Mach 2, slow climb rate of 50-60 ft/minute, to reduce fuel consumption (A3).
Supersonic descent
------------------
- decelerate speed until 325-380 kt before starting the descent (B).
- deceleration is started at 250 NM : 165 NM from Mach 2.0 FL580 to Mach 1.0 at FL350 (A3).
- maintain the 50 ft climb rate to accelerate the deceleration.
- maintain the 325-380 kt speed during the descent.
Landing
-------
- approach speed : 190 kt (A1).
- at 750 ft AGL, disable autopilot and autothrottle, keep the trim of the glide slope mode;
maintain pitch at 10 degrees, control descent rate with speed (throttle).
- the tail wheel protects the reversers from hitting the ground (A1).
- avoid autoland by gusty wind.
Installation
============
A mouse with 3rd (middle) button, or its emulation (left + right button), is required.
Fuel load
---------
- default is maximum landing weight, 245000 lb (19000 kg fuel).
- for alternate load, press "ctrl-I f" (saved on exit in aircraft-data).
Sounds
------
- see Sounds/Concorde-real-sound.xml to install real Concorde sounds.
- voice callouts requires Festival (festival --server in a separate shell),
set /sim/sound/voices/enabled to true.
- to disable text display of callouts, press "shift-F12" (saved on exit in aircraft-data).
Frame rate
----------
The number of instruments is :
- optimized for a view at 55 degrees.
- minimum straight forwards the Captain heading (landing) : press "shift up arrow"
to align the view.
Not essential panels can be put in comments in Models/Concorde_ba.xml :
electric, hydraulic, pressurization, air bleed, temperature.
Known compatibility
-------------------
- 2.4.0 : minimal version.
Keyboard
========
- "alt-b" : emergency "b"rakes.
- "ctrl-D" : "D"isconnects the autopilot (button A/P DISC on the yoke).
- "ctrl-F" : a"F"terburner.
- "f / F" : "f"ull cockpit (all instruments) / aircraft.
- "alt-g" : "g"ear standby.
- "alt-n" : "n"ose standby.
- "q" : "q"uit speed up.
- "y" : "y"oke.
Views
-----
- "ctrl-E" : "E"ngineer view.
- "ctrl-J" : Copilot view.
- "ctrl-K" : Observer view (floating).
- "ctrl-L" : Observer 2 view (floating).
- "ctrl-O" : "O"verhead view.
- "ctrl-W" : Ste"W"ard view (floating).
- "shift-ctrl-V" : restore view pitch.
- "shift-ctrl-X" : restore floating view.
Virtual crew
------------
- "ctrl-Z" : virtual crew.
- "shift-ctrl-Z" : abort checklist.
- "shift-F12" : show crew text.
Unchanged behaviour
-------------------
- "x / X" : zooms in the small fonts.
Reset with "ctrl-X".
Same behaviour
--------------
- "ctrl-A" : "A"ltitude acquire.
- "b / B" : "b"rakes / parking "B"rakes.
- "g / G" : "g"ear.
- "ctrl-G" : "G"lide slope.
- "ctrl-N" : "N"av 1 hold.
- "ctrl-P" : "P"itch hold.
- "s" : engine "s"tart.
- "S" : "S"waps between Captain and Center 2D panels.
- "ctrl-S" : autothrottle.
- "F12" : radio frequencies.
Improved behaviour
------------------
- "a / A" : speeds up BOTH speed and time. Until X 5 subsonic, X 7 supersonic;
automatically resets to 1, when above 3500 ft/min.
- "ctrl-H" : "H"eading hold.
- "page up / : increases / decreases speed hold, Mach hold.
page down"
Alternate behaviour
-------------------
- "ctrl-B" : reverse thrust used as speedbrake.
- "ctrl-I" : menu.
- "ctrl-T" : altitude hold.
- "[ / ]" : nose used as flaps.
- "left / : move floating view in width.
right"
- "up / : move floating view in length.
down"
- "page up / : move floating view in height.
page down"
Additional behaviour
--------------------
- "alt-b" : emergency "b"rakes.
- "ctrl-D" : "D"isconnects the autopilot (button A/P DISC on the yoke).
- "ctrl-F" : a"F"terburner.
- "f" : "f"ull cockpit (all instruments).
- "alt-g" : "g"ear standby.
- "alt-n" : "n"ose standby.
- "q" : "q"uit speed up.
- "y" : "y"oke.
- "ctrl up / : increases / decreases (datum) autopilot altitude (slow).
ctrl dow Altitude hold, vertical speed hold, pitch hold, speed hold with pitch, Mach hold with pitch.
- "ctrl up / : move floating view in length (fast).
ctrl down"
Mouse
=====
The 3rd button of mouse :
- pushes a button, when 1st button turns it. Example : track / heading.
- toggles a less used 3rd state. Example : gear neutral, emergency switch.
Autopilot
---------
- avoid default autopilot setting (F10 key), use 2D panel or 3D cockpit.
- before pressing "TH" (track/heading), select "HDG" magnetic heading, or "TRK" true heading,
with mouse 3rd button.
- "HH" (heading hold) is always magnetic.
- "CL" (max climb) sets the autothrottle to VMO (MMO above 50200 ft), and holds pitch.
- "AA" (altitude acquire) works by capture : the target altitude is reached by another
altitude mode, "CL", "PH" or "VS".
- see Panels/Concorde-autopilot.xml (list of all buttons).
Electrical
----------
- autopilots and a few instruments depend of a particular ACC ESS BUS.
Engine
------
- to start an engine, activate the starter, before opening the HP VALVE (overhead).
The starter requires air bleed, either from the ground service (open 1 cross bleed valve),
or by its adjacent running engine (open 2 cross bleed valve).
- the starter requires AC voltage, from the ground supply ("ctrl-I g").
- the starter is not required in flight (relight), if enough speed :
relight is automatic, when autoignition is on (overhead).
Fuel
----
Use virtual engineer (or 2D panel) to start :
- the collector tanks 1 2 3 4 feed respectively engines 1 2 3 4.
- the main tanks 5 7 feed the collector tanks.
Hydraulics
----------
- nose, gear, brakes depend of green and yellow (standby) circuits.
- ground pumps require ground electrical power.
Radio
-----
- only "ctrl-R" or "ctrl-I r" : NAV 0 (default radio menu) is reserved for interface with autopilot.
2D panel
========
The 2D Panel has simplified buttons for :
- fuel transfers (inlet valves are automatically opened).
- engine start (voltage and air bleed are not required).
Fuel
----
- "Aft" transfers forwards trim tanks (9, 10) to aft trim tanks (11).
- "Forward" does the reverse transfer (only to 9).
- "Engine" transfers trim tanks to the main tanks (5, 7) : choose the direction "Aft" or "Forw".
- the transfert valve feeds a main tank (5, 7) by its auxilliary tank (5A, 7A);
- "Jettison" (2 buttons for confirmation) dumps the trim (9, 10, 11) and collector tanks
(1, 2, 3, 4) : isolate a trim tank by stopping its fuel pumps.
- activate "Cross", to balance the dissymetrical tanks.
Virtual crew
============
- the virtual crew operates parallely to the voice callouts.
- a green crew member is performing his checklist.
- a yellow crew member is not performing his checklist.
- a white checklist is in process.
- by default, virtual crew triggers checklists, if in flight :
for manual operation, press "ctrl-I p s".
- by default, virtual crew adjusts radio frequencies, if tower available in Nasal/Concorde-route.xml :
for manual operation, press "ctrl-I p s".
3D
--
- to activate 3D, press "ctrl-I c".
Captain
-------
- by default, Captain tasks are performed automatically :
his answers are yellow.
- for call by the crew member reading the checklist, press "ctrl-I p s".
Copilot
-------
- his calls are green.
- the copilot is pilot in command, only during 4 engines flameout,
where he holds the aircraft during engine start.
Engineer
-------
- his calls are blue.
- center of gravity is ajusted without checklist.
Alarms
======
Not listed warning lights are not yet implemented.
Sound
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- beep : amber or red warning.
- beep (continuous) : loss of MWS.
- beep (repeated) : press red warnings on MWS, or press cancel audio.
- horn : too low speed.
- pull-up : excessive descent speed; too low gear at approach, nose not down at touch down.
- rattle : overspeed.
- siren : loss of autopilot.
- whistle : JSBSim stall, aft center of gravity warning, underspeed.
Red
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "AP" : instrument failure, abnormal pitch, abnormal AoA.
- "AT" : instrument failure, autothrottle expected.
- "AUTO LAND" : autothrottle expected, ILS missing, outside path at touch down.
- "INS" : INS not aligned, or in failure.
- "M/CG" : center of gravity outside of corridor.
- "TERRAIN" : excessive descent speed; too low gear at approach, nose not down at touch down.
Overhead
- "ADS" : ADC failure.
- "DOORS" : ground supply.
- "ELEC" : electrical failure.
- "ENG" : engine stopped.
- "FEEL" : no green and blue hydraulics.
- "ICE" : engine and wing anti-icing expected.
- "INS" : INS not aligned, or in failure.
- "INT" : intake without hydraulics.
- "PFC" : electrical failure, or no green or blue hydraulics.
- "PRESS" : pressurization failure, no air conditioning.
- "THROT" : throttle failure.
Gear
....
- "TYRE" : tyre pressure.
- "NOSE WHEEL" : nose steering without hydraulics.
- "FWD" : brake overheat.
- "REAR" : brake overheat.
- "WHEEL" : brake overheat.
Doors
- "MISC HATCHES" : ground supply.
Electrical
- "DC ESS BUS" : no voltage from AC essential bus and battery.
- "DC MAIN BUS" : no voltage from AC main bus.
- "FAIL" : electrical failure.
Engines
- "INTAKE" : no hydraulics.
- "THROT" : throttle failure.
Gear
- "NOSE WHEEL" : nose steering without hydraulics.
Hydraulics
- "BRAKES FAIL" : no normal brakes (no green hydraulics).
INS
- "WARN" : not aligned, or in failure.
Pressurization
- "EXCESS ALT" : cabine under pressure.
- "OVER PRESS" : cabine over pressure.
Amber
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "ATT" : excessive attitude.
- "CTY" : reheat at takeoff.
- "DH" : decision altitude.
Overhead
- "ADC" : ADC failure.
- "ELEC" : electrical failure.
- "FUEL" : fuel failure.
- "HYD" : hydraulical failure.
- "INHIBIT" : all MWS lights inhibited, except red PFC and ENG.
- "INT" : intake lost its main hydraulics.
ADC
- "ADC" : ADC failure.
Electrical
- "AC ESS BUS" : no voltage from main bus.
- "AC MAIN BUS" : no voltage from generator.
- "BATT ISOLATE" : battery disconnected.
- "CSD" : constant speed drive disconnected.
- "GEN" : generator disconnected from main bus.
Engines
- "HYD" : intake lost its main hydraulics.
Fuel
- "LOW LEVEL" : collector tank low.
- "LOW PRESSURE" : no fuel pump, empty tank, LP valve not open.
- "TANK PRESSURE" : air bleed failure.
Hydraulics
- "BRAKES EMER" : parking or emergency brakes (no green hydraulics).
- "L/PRESS" : pump disconnected, engine stopped.
INS
- "ALERT" : 1 minute until next waypoint.
- "BAT" : no AC voltage.
- "REMOTE" : waypoint insert to all INS.
Yellow
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "ILS" : missing ILS.
Air conditioning
- "COMPARATOR" : no air conditioning on group 3 or 4.
Electrical
- "FAIL" : no hydraulical pressure (green circuit), emergency generator isolated.
Engines
- "START PUMP" : starter / relight activated.
Fuel
- "ACC" : no fuel pump.
- "LOW PRESSURE" : engine fuel pump stopped, empty tank.
INS
- "R NAV" : update by DME.
Blue
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "REV" : reverse thrust.
Overhead
- "EXTENDED" : landing light not retracted.
- "ICE " : ice condition detected.
ADC
- "TEST" : test completed.
Engines
- "OPEN" : flight reverse armed.
Hydraulics
- "SELECTED" : emegercy generator selected.
- "TEST" : RAM Air Turbine test.
Green
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- clear to go (above N2) : armed by takeoff monitor (bug on fuel flow).
- "LAND 1" : autoland with 1 autopilot.
- "LAND 2" : autoland with 2 autopilots.
Overhead
- "IGV PRESS" : engine anti-icing activated.
Engines
- "LH IGN" : engine ignition.
- "LO" : low schedule.
- "RH IGN" : engine ignition.
Hydraulics
- "R.A.T." : RAM Air Turbine deployed.
INS
- READY/NAV" : aligned.
White
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- CLB : climb engine rating.
- CRS : cruise engine rating.
- TO : takeoff engine rating.
Electrical
- "GROUND PWR AVAILABLE" : electrical power from ground supply.
Engines
- "F/O" : flyover schedule.
- "HI" : high schedule.
- "MID" : mid schedule.
Consumption
===========
Consumption decreases with altitude, from FL500 to FL580 (60 ft/min. during 2h10).
Fuel must be just below 19000 kg with the direct route (short SID/STAR).
So that it remains enough fuel, in case the SID/STAR becomes long :
STAR at KJFK seems to have been always short (range edge).
Route
-----
East bound :
- acceleration 30 NM before MERLY.
- deceleration 250 NM before LINND or LYNUS.
West bound :
- acceleration at LINND.
- deceleration 40 NM after BANDU (BARIX missing).
KJFK 22L - EGLL 27R, 3150 NM.
EGLL 09R - KJFK 04L, 3300 NM.
LFPG 08L - KJFK 04L, 3500 NM.
LFPG 26L - KJFK 22L, 3550 NM.
TBPB 09 - EGLL 27R, 3700 NM (Barbados).
Example
-------
EGLL 27L - KJFK 22L, 3400 NM :
- load the flight plan from the Doc directory.
- acceleration 30 NM before MERLY.
- stable at FL500 with 71500 kg, 2h20 from LINND, at 2700 NM and 11500 kg (see "ctrl-I n").
- warm, 275 deg 5 kt westerly, Mach 2.02, climbing slowly until 57600 ft (60 ft/min 2h07).
- deceleration 250 NM (13 minutes) before LINND : INS indicates 20900 kg at LINND,
and 15700 kg at KJFK (590 NM).
- 8500 kg at landing.
Cruise
------
85000 kg (full) at Mach 0.95 (550 kt true) FL260, stable : 23600 kg/h.
71000 kg at Mach 1.99 50000 ft, stable : 26300 kg/h.
69000 kg at Mach 2.02 50300 ft, climb 60 ft/min : 26200 kg/h.
Average (depends of altitude) at Mach 2.02 : 20500 kg/h.
26000 kg at Mach 2.02 57800 ft, stable : 17700 kg/h.
25000 kg at Mach 2.02 57800 ft, climb 60 ft/min : 18100 kg/h.
19000 kg at Mach 0.95 (510 kt true) FL380, stable : 13900 kg/h.
Decreasing the TSFC increases the range.
JSBSim
======
- maximum thrust (without air intakes) at FL500 is 10093 lb, matching the real value of 10000 lb !
- center of gravity inside corridor.
- shift of center or pressure.
- geometry is real data.
- tanks default at maximum takeoff weight (408000 lb).
- consumption London - New York : correct landing weight at KJFK.
- climb Mach 0.95 - 1.7 in 10 minutes.
- fuel around 20500 kg/h at Mach 2.02 (E).
- intake failure (4 at once).
- weaker supersonic lift.
TO DO
=====
- battery discharge.
TO DO instruments
-----------------
- control of 2D instrument luminosity (only possible with 3D instruments).
- see Panels/Instruments/ReadmeInstruments.txt
TO FDM
-------
- reduce drag during subsonic climb.
- inertia of surfaces.
- move autopilot PID inside the FDM ?
- additional drag when RAT.
- alteration of FDM by icing.
- check the subsonic range.
- turbulence filter.
FDM update often implies a tuning of autopilot (mainly heading hold),
and always a complete test (autoland, subsonic, supersonic).
TO DO JSBSim
------------
- failure on only 1 intake at once.
Known problems
==============
- data are not saved on reinit.
- if brakes, gear and nose don't work, see Nasal/Concorde-override.nas.
Known problems route manager
----------------------------
- input departure and arrival, only after loading flight plan (WITHOUT departure and arrival).
- toggle INS mode, only AFTER activation of route, or use "= a".
Known problems autopilot
------------------------
- toggle INS mode, only AFTER activation of route, or use "ctrl-I a".
- NAV hold mode is sensitive to the turbulence of the ground layer.
- heading modes are a little slow to converge, at supersonic speed.
- at Mach 2.02, once unlocked, vertical speed hold is unstable.
Known problems 2.4.0 autopilot
------------------------------
- on engagement, magnetic and true heading modes bank into the opposite direction.
Known problems autoland
-----------------------
- nav must be accurate until 0 ft AGL : KSFO 28R, RJAA 34L are correct;
but EGLL 27R, KJFK 22L are wrong : to land at these airports,
set /controls/autoflight/real-nav to false, by "ctrl-I a".
Known problems sound
--------------------
- once 1 engine is shutdown, Concorde-sound.xml engines are mute, if not idle.
- ATIS volume (VHF) changed only at the frequency swap.
- exception through OpenAL errors (low hardware ?) means too many sounds :
remove for example engine start/shutdown or external sounds.
Known problems OSG
------------------
The following artefacts are supposed to be solved by OSG :
- panels swaping too early.
- instrument transparent through layer with alpha (steward view).
- transparency order of blinking anti-collision light over wing.
Secondary problems
==================
- AI doesn't triggers fuel transfert of tanks 5, if tanks are interconnected.
Secondary problems FDM
-----------------------
- very light waddling at mach 2 (autopilot rudder trim, to solve roll of autopilot heading
at Mach speeds).
- disable yaw damper, when turbulence ?
- oil pressure too high.
Secondary problems JSBSim
-------------------------
- AoA at 180 deg, when one breaks strongly (empty tanks).
Secondary problems instruments
----------------------------
- red brake warnings may light abnormally (XML bug ?).
Secondary problems sound
------------------------
- VHF volume not implemented for Festival (possible ?).
- engineer uses pilot voice.
References
==========
(A1) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/28473/4/ :
(A2) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/24517/4/ :
(A3) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/46757/4/ :
(A4) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/60137/ :
(B) http://denis-camus.club.fr/Concorde/PM2C_V2_MANUAL.exe :
scan of an Air France ops manual (in French).
(C) http://www.titanic.com/story/159/Concorde/ :
(D) http://www.concorde-jet.com/ :
(E) http://www.alpa.org/alpa/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=814 :
(F) http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/types/international/aerospat-bac/concorde/concorde.htm :
(G) http://concorde.docs.free.fr/ :
http://www.flight-manuals-on-cd.com/Concorde.html/ :
British Airways flight manual 1979, 1600 pages.
http://www.eflightmanuals.com/ :
British Airways maintenance manual.
18 September 2011.