diff --git a/lib/identity_cache/cached/attribute.rb b/lib/identity_cache/cached/attribute.rb
index 96e83e92..3e72b49c 100644
--- a/lib/identity_cache/cached/attribute.rb
+++ b/lib/identity_cache/cached/attribute.rb
@@ -34,19 +34,33 @@ def fetch(db_key)
         end
       end
 
-      def expire(record)
+      def expire_for_save(record)
         unless record.send(:was_new_record?)
-          old_key = old_cache_key(record)
+          old_key = old_cache_key_for_record(record)
           IdentityCache.cache.delete(old_key)
         end
         unless record.destroyed?
-          new_key = new_cache_key(record)
+          new_key = new_cache_key_for_record(record)
           if new_key != old_key
             IdentityCache.cache.delete(new_key)
           end
         end
       end
 
+      def expire_for_values(values_hash)
+        key_values = key_fields.map { |name| values_hash.fetch(name) }
+        IdentityCache.cache.delete(cache_key_from_key_values(key_values))
+      end
+
+      def expire_for_update(old_values_hash, changes)
+        expire_for_values(old_values_hash)
+
+        if key_fields.any? { |name| changes.key?(name) }
+          key_values = key_fields.map { |name| changes.fetch(name) { old_values_hash.fetch(name) } }
+          IdentityCache.cache.delete(cache_key_from_key_values(key_values))
+        end
+      end
+
       def cache_key(index_key)
         values_hash = IdentityCache.memcache_hash(unhashed_values_cache_key_string(index_key))
         "#{model.rails_cache_key_namespace}#{cache_key_prefix}#{values_hash}"
@@ -95,12 +109,12 @@ def cache_key_prefix
         end
       end
 
-      def new_cache_key(record)
+      def new_cache_key_for_record(record)
         new_key_values = key_fields.map { |field| record.send(field) }
         cache_key_from_key_values(new_key_values)
       end
 
-      def old_cache_key(record)
+      def old_cache_key_for_record(record)
         old_key_values = key_fields.map do |field|
           field_string = field.to_s
           changes = record.transaction_changed_attributes
diff --git a/lib/identity_cache/configuration_dsl.rb b/lib/identity_cache/configuration_dsl.rb
index bb5e65fc..f7450800 100644
--- a/lib/identity_cache/configuration_dsl.rb
+++ b/lib/identity_cache/configuration_dsl.rb
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ def cache_attribute_by_alias(attribute_or_proc, alias_name:, by:, unique:)
         cached_attribute = klass.new(self, attribute_or_proc, alias_name, fields, unique)
         cached_attribute.build
         cache_indexes.push(cached_attribute)
+        @cache_indexed_columns = nil
       end
 
       def ensure_base_model
diff --git a/lib/identity_cache/parent_model_expiration.rb b/lib/identity_cache/parent_model_expiration.rb
index 25fbb956..fcd9e0e0 100644
--- a/lib/identity_cache/parent_model_expiration.rb
+++ b/lib/identity_cache/parent_model_expiration.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 module IdentityCache
-  module ParentModelExpiration # :nodoc:
+  # @api private
+  module ParentModelExpiration
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ArTransactionChanges
 
@@ -35,9 +36,16 @@ def lazy_hooks
       end
     end
 
+    module ClassMethods
+      def parent_expiration_entries
+        ParentModelExpiration.install_pending_parent_expiry_hooks(cached_model)
+        _parent_expiration_entries
+      end
+    end
+
     included do
-      class_attribute(:parent_expiration_entries)
-      self.parent_expiration_entries = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+      class_attribute(:_parent_expiration_entries)
+      self._parent_expiration_entries = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
     end
 
     def expire_parent_caches
@@ -49,7 +57,6 @@ def expire_parent_caches
     end
 
     def add_parents_to_cache_expiry_set(parents_to_expire)
-      ParentModelExpiration.install_pending_parent_expiry_hooks(cached_model)
       self.class.parent_expiration_entries.each do |association_name, cached_associations|
         parents_to_expire_on_changes(parents_to_expire, association_name, cached_associations)
       end
diff --git a/lib/identity_cache/query_api.rb b/lib/identity_cache/query_api.rb
index c64f0b44..8bd3734f 100644
--- a/lib/identity_cache/query_api.rb
+++ b/lib/identity_cache/query_api.rb
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def was_new_record? # :nodoc:
 
     def expire_attribute_indexes # :nodoc:
       cache_indexes.each do |cached_attribute|
-        cached_attribute.expire(self)
+        cached_attribute.expire_for_save(self)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/identity_cache/without_primary_index.rb b/lib/identity_cache/without_primary_index.rb
index 5b4ed22c..d01ba42e 100644
--- a/lib/identity_cache/without_primary_index.rb
+++ b/lib/identity_cache/without_primary_index.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,70 @@ module ClassMethods
       def primary_cache_index_enabled
         false
       end
+
+      # Get only the columns whose values are needed to manually expire caches
+      # after updating or deleting rows without triggering after_commit callbacks.
+      #
+      # 1. Pass the returned columns into Active Record's `select` or `pluck` query
+      #    method on the scope that will be used to modify the database in order to
+      #    query original for these rows that will be modified.
+      # 2. Update or delete the rows
+      # 3. Use {expire_cache_for_update} or {expire_cache_for_delete} to expires the
+      #    caches, passing in the values from the query in step 1 as the indexed_values.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<Symbol>] the array of column names
+      def cache_indexed_columns
+        @cache_indexed_columns ||= begin
+          check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries
+          columns = Set.new
+          columns << primary_key.to_sym if primary_cache_index_enabled
+          cache_indexes.each do |cached_attribute|
+            columns.merge(cached_attribute.key_fields)
+          end
+          columns.to_a.freeze
+        end
+      end
+
+      def expire_cache_for_update(old_indexed_values, changes)
+        if primary_cache_index_enabled
+          id = old_indexed_values.fetch(primary_key.to_sym)
+          expire_primary_key_cache_index(id)
+        end
+        cache_indexes.each do |cached_attribute|
+          cached_attribute.expire_for_update(old_indexed_values, changes)
+        end
+        check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries
+      end
+
+      def expire_cache_for_insert_or_delete(indexed_values)
+        if primary_cache_index_enabled
+          id = indexed_values.fetch(primary_key.to_sym)
+          expire_primary_key_cache_index(id)
+        end
+        cache_indexes.each do |cached_attribute|
+          cached_attribute.expire_for_values(indexed_values)
+        end
+        check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries
+      end
+
+      alias_method :expire_cache_for_insert, :expire_cache_for_insert_or_delete
+
+      alias_method :expire_cache_for_delete, :expire_cache_for_insert_or_delete
+
+      private :expire_cache_for_insert_or_delete
+
+      private
+
+      def check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries
+        return unless parent_expiration_entries.any?
+        msg = +"Unsupported manual expiration of #{name} record that is embedded in parent associations:\n"
+        parent_expiration_entries.each do |association_name, cached_associations|
+          cached_associations.each do |_parent_class, _only_on_foreign_key_change|
+            msg << "- #{association_name}"
+          end
+        end
+        raise msg
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/test/parent_model_expiration_test.rb b/test/parent_model_expiration_test.rb
index 97cec203..0f0a722e 100644
--- a/test/parent_model_expiration_test.rb
+++ b/test/parent_model_expiration_test.rb
@@ -32,4 +32,17 @@ def test_recursively_expire_parent_caches
     fetched_name = Item.fetch(item.id).fetch_associated_records.first.fetch_deeply_associated_records.first.name
     assert_equal("updated child", fetched_name)
   end
+
+  def test_check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries
+    Item.cache_has_many(:associated_records, embed: true)
+
+    Item.send(:check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries)
+    exc = assert_raises do
+      AssociatedRecord.send(:check_for_unsupported_parent_expiration_entries)
+    end
+    assert_equal(
+      "Unsupported manual expiration of AssociatedRecord record that is embedded in parent associations:\n- item",
+      exc.message
+    )
+  end
 end
diff --git a/test/without_primary_index_test.rb b/test/without_primary_index_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02c4e68f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/without_primary_index_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require "test_helper"
+
+module IdentityCache
+  class WithoutPrimaryIndexTest < IdentityCache::TestCase
+    def setup
+      super
+      AssociatedRecord.cache_attribute(:name)
+
+      @parent = Item.create!(title: "bob")
+      @record = @parent.associated_records.create!(name: "foo")
+    end
+
+    def test_cache_indexed_columns_returns_the_correct_columns_for_expiration
+      AssociatedRecord.cache_attribute(:name, by: :item_id)
+      expected_result = [:id, :item_id]
+      assert_equal(expected_result, AssociatedRecord.cache_indexed_columns)
+    end
+
+    def test_expire_cache_for_update
+      id = 1
+      item_id = 1
+      AssociatedRecord.cache_attribute(:item_id, by: :name)
+
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        assert_equal(item_id, AssociatedRecord.fetch_item_id_by_name("foo"))
+      end
+
+      AssociatedRecord.where(id: 1).update_all(name: "bar")
+      old_values = {
+        name: "foo",
+        id: id,
+      }
+      new_values = {
+        name: "bar",
+        id: id,
+      }
+
+      AssociatedRecord.expire_cache_for_update(old_values, new_values)
+      assert_queries(2) do
+        assert_equal(item_id, AssociatedRecord.fetch_item_id_by_name("bar"))
+        assert_nil(AssociatedRecord.fetch_item_id_by_name("foo"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_expire_cache_for_update_raises_when_a_hash_is_missing_an_index_key
+      expected_error_message = "key not found: :id"
+      old_values = {
+        name: "foo",
+      }
+      new_values = {
+        name: "bar",
+      }
+
+      error = assert_raises(KeyError) do
+        AssociatedRecord.expire_cache_for_update(old_values, new_values)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal(expected_error_message, error.message)
+    end
+
+    def test_expire_cache_for_insert
+      test_record_name = "Test Record"
+      AssociatedRecord.insert_all([{name: test_record_name}])
+      test_record = AssociatedRecord.find_by(name: test_record_name)
+      expire_hash_keys = {
+        id: test_record.id,
+      }
+      
+      assert_equal(test_record_name, AssociatedRecord.fetch_name_by_id(test_record.id))
+      AssociatedRecord.expire_cache_for_insert(expire_hash_keys)
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        assert_equal(test_record_name, AssociatedRecord.fetch_name_by_id(test_record.id))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_expire_cache_for_delete
+      assert_equal("foo", AssociatedRecord.fetch_name_by_id(@record.id))
+      expire_hash_keys = {
+        id: @record.id,
+      }
+
+      AssociatedRecord.delete(@record.id)
+      assert_equal("foo", AssociatedRecord.fetch_name_by_id(@record.id))
+      
+      AssociatedRecord.expire_cache_for_delete(expire_hash_keys)
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        assert_nil(AssociatedRecord.fetch_name_by_id(@record.id))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file