Fermentation Overhaul

[swagXDragonSlayer46YT]

"Biomass"

Photobioreactor

Photobioreactors are collections of transparent tubes containing algae in water. Light is required for the algae to grow. Carbon dioxide is bubbled in from the bottom and oxygen is released from the top, while more algae is produced.

• Algae can be fermented for some chemicals
• Used for making agar for genetic engineering

Fermentation

Fermentation would take place in large vats, produce large yields, and take a long time rather than being a short & small process that takes place in a single block machine. Fermentation would require an input of a growth medium and a species of bacteria or fungi (like yeast). Organisms that are harder to cultivate will need nutrients in the form of fertilizers. At the end of fermentation, a depleted mix of biomass is obtained, which will need to be processed to extract chemicals and waste.

Products may be separated using distillation or liquid-liquid extraction if the boiling points of products are too similar. For more complex/sensitive products such as vitamins and amino acids, a more sophisticated purification process is needed:

The individual proteins can be purified using a variety of techniques mentioned here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification

The general process is: Ultracentrifugation -> Purification Step (usually by chromatrography) -> Concentration (via Ultrafiltration)

MV+

Acetone, ethanol and butanol

Clostiridium acetobutylicium bacteria digests carbohydrates such as starch or glucose to mass produce ethanol, acetone and n-butanol

Citric acid

Aspergillus niger consume sugars to produce citric acid

Succinic acid

Can be made from sugar by GMO E. coil

Medicine

Penicillium consume lactose to create penicillin, but only when penicillium are under stress. Un-alkaline ph, phosphate, oxygen and ammonia repress penicillin production.

Griseofulvin is made by P. griseofulvin

Several bacteriocins can be made by several bacteria

Ciclosporin is made by Tolypocladium inflatum

If more are needed, look into bacteriocins on wikipedia

Vitamins

Vitamin A is produced by the marine algae Dunaliella salina, from xylose (found in wood pulp)

Vitamin B1 and B2 can be produced by ashbya gossypii when fed pyridine

Vitamin B5 and B6 is produced by E coil from aspartate and alanine, respectively

Vitamin C is produced from fermentation of sorbitol

Vitamin D is produced from UV irradiation of 7-dehydrochloestrol, which is found in sheep's wool

Vitamin B12 is produced by micromonospora from aminolevulinic acid. Aminolevulinic acid is produced from glycine by fungi and protozoa.

Amino Acids (for use in genetic engineering)

The following are essential amino acids that can be created from fermentation, which are released into the depleted growth medium by the organisms, to be separated.

Tryptophan can be made by using GMO E. coil to ferment indole from coal tar
Lysine & threonine & phenylalanine & methionine & histidine can be made by using GMO E. coil to ferment aspartic acid
Leucine & Valine & Isoleucine can be made by using GMO E. coil to ferment pyruvic acid
Arginine is made from citrulline from glutamine
Cysteine is made from hydrolyzed feather (broken down by steam and purified)
Glutamine is synthesized by brevibacterium flavum from glucose
Glycine & tyrosine is isolated from hydrolyzed minced meat

Intracellular components

Organisms may be cultivated simply to grow intracellular components. These include: enzymes: catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, lactase, streptokinase, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_fermentation#cite_note-14) Recombinant proteins, such as insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, interferon, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, streptokinase and others

Cells with the desired proteins or enzymes are broken down using detergents and surfactants, releasing its contained proteins and DNA. These are then separated using protein purification.