ch11-pandas.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Chapter 11: Pandas\n",
    "___"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* Series\n",
    "* DataFrame\n",
    "* Reindexing\n",
    "* Dropping Entries\n",
    "* Indexing, Selecting, Filtering\n",
    "* Arithmetic and Data Alignment\n",
    "* Function Application and Mapping\n",
    "* Sorting and Ranking\n",
    "* Axis Indices with Duplicate Values\n",
    "* Summarizing and Computing Descriptive Statistics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from pandas import Series, DataFrame\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 1. Series: 1-Dimensional array-like object\n",
    "\n",
    "A Series is a one-dimensional array-like object containing an array of data and an associated array of data labels.  The data can be any NumPy data type and the labels are the Series' index."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0     1\n",
       "1     1\n",
       "2     2\n",
       "3    -3\n",
       "4    -5\n",
       "5     8\n",
       "6    13\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_1 = Series([1, 1, 2, -3, -5, 8, 13])\n",
    "ser_1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Get the array representation of a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 1,  1,  2, -3, -5,  8, 13])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_1.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Index objects are immutable and hold the axis labels and metadata such as names and axis names.\n",
    "\n",
    "Get the index of the Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Int64Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], dtype='int64')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_1.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a Series with a custom index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "d   -3\n",
       "e   -5\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2 = Series([1, 1, 2, -3, -5], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])\n",
    "ser_2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Get a value from a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[4] == ser_2['e']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Get a set of values from a Series by passing in a list:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "c    2\n",
       "a    1\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[['c', 'a', 'b']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Get values great than 0:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[ser_2 > 0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Scalar multiply:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a     2\n",
       "b     2\n",
       "c     4\n",
       "d    -6\n",
       "e   -10\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2 * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apply a numpy math function:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    2.718282\n",
       "b    2.718282\n",
       "c    7.389056\n",
       "d    0.049787\n",
       "e    0.006738\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "np.exp(ser_2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A Series is like a fixed-length, ordered dict.  \n",
    "\n",
    "Create a series by passing in a dict:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bar    200\n",
       "baz    300\n",
       "foo    100\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dict_1 = {'foo' : 100, 'bar' : 200, 'baz' : 300}\n",
    "ser_3 = Series(dict_1)\n",
    "ser_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Re-order a Series by passing in an index (indices not found are NaN):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "foo    100\n",
       "bar    200\n",
       "baz    300\n",
       "qux    NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "index = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux']\n",
    "ser_4 = Series(dict_1, index=index)\n",
    "ser_4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Check for NaN with the pandas method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "foo    False\n",
       "bar    False\n",
       "baz    False\n",
       "qux     True\n",
       "dtype: bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.isnull(ser_4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Check for NaN with the Series method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "foo    False\n",
       "bar    False\n",
       "baz    False\n",
       "qux     True\n",
       "dtype: bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_4.isnull()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Series automatically aligns differently indexed data in arithmetic operations:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bar    400\n",
       "baz    600\n",
       "foo    200\n",
       "qux    NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_3 + ser_4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Name a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser_4.name = 'foobarbazqux'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Name a Series index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser_4.index.name = 'label'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "label\n",
       "foo    100\n",
       "bar    200\n",
       "baz    300\n",
       "qux    NaN\n",
       "Name: foobarbazqux, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rename a Series' index in place:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "fo    100\n",
       "br    200\n",
       "bz    300\n",
       "qx    NaN\n",
       "Name: foobarbazqux, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_4.index = ['fo', 'br', 'bz', 'qx']\n",
    "ser_4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 2. DataFrame\n",
    "\n",
    "A DataFrame is a tabular data structure containing an ordered collection of columns.  Each column can have a different type.  DataFrames have both row and column indices and is analogous to a dict of Series.  Row and column operations are treated roughly symmetrically.  Columns returned when indexing a DataFrame are views of the underlying data, not a copy.  To obtain a copy, use the Series' copy method.\n",
    "\n",
    "Create a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   pop state  year\n",
       "0  5.0    VA  2012\n",
       "1  5.1    VA  2013\n",
       "2  5.2    VA  2014\n",
       "3  4.0    MD  2014\n",
       "4  4.1    MD  2015"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_1 = {'state' : ['VA', 'VA', 'VA', 'MD', 'MD'],\n",
    "          'year' : [2012, 2013, 2014, 2014, 2015],\n",
    "          'pop' : [5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 4.0, 4.1]}\n",
    "df_1 = DataFrame(data_1)\n",
    "df_1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a DataFrame specifying a sequence of columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_2 = DataFrame(data_1, columns=['year', 'state', 'pop'])\n",
    "df_2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Like Series, columns that are not present in the data are NaN:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop unempl\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0    NaN\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1    NaN\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2    NaN\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0    NaN\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1    NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3 = DataFrame(data_1, columns=['year', 'state', 'pop', 'unempl'])\n",
    "df_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Retrieve a column by key, returning a Series:\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    VA\n",
       "1    VA\n",
       "2    VA\n",
       "3    MD\n",
       "4    MD\n",
       "Name: state, dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3['state']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Retrive a column by attribute, returning a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2012\n",
       "1    2013\n",
       "2    2014\n",
       "3    2014\n",
       "4    2015\n",
       "Name: year, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Retrieve a row by position:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "year      2012\n",
       "state       VA\n",
       "pop          5\n",
       "unempl     NaN\n",
       "Name: 0, dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.ix[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Update a column by assignment:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop  unempl\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0       0\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1       1\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2       2\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0       3\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1       4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3['unempl'] = np.arange(5)\n",
    "df_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Assign a Series to a column (note if assigning a list or array, the length must match the DataFrame, unlike a Series):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop  unempl\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0     NaN\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1     NaN\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2     6.0\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0     6.0\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1     6.1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "unempl = Series([6.0, 6.0, 6.1], index=[2, 3, 4])\n",
    "df_3['unempl'] = unempl\n",
    "df_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Assign a new column that doesn't exist to create a new column:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>state_dup</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop  unempl state_dup\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0     NaN        VA\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1     NaN        VA\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2     6.0        VA\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0     6.0        MD\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1     6.1        MD"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3['state_dup'] = df_3['state']\n",
    "df_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Delete a column:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop  unempl\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0     NaN\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1     NaN\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2     6.0\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0     6.0\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1     6.1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del df_3['state_dup']\n",
    "df_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a DataFrame from a nested dict of dicts (the keys in the inner dicts are unioned and sorted to form the index in the result, unless an explicit index is specified):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>MD</th>\n",
       "      <th>VA</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2014</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2015</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       MD   VA\n",
       "2013  NaN  5.1\n",
       "2014  4.0  5.2\n",
       "2015  4.1  NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pop = {'VA' : {2013 : 5.1, 2014 : 5.2},\n",
    "       'MD' : {2014 : 4.0, 2015 : 4.1}}\n",
    "df_4 = DataFrame(pop)\n",
    "df_4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Transpose the DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>2013</th>\n",
       "      <th>2014</th>\n",
       "      <th>2015</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>MD</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>VA</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    2013  2014  2015\n",
       "MD   NaN   4.0   4.1\n",
       "VA   5.1   5.2   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_4.T"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a DataFrame from a dict of Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>MD</th>\n",
       "      <th>VA</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2014</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2015</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       MD   VA\n",
       "2014  NaN  5.2\n",
       "2015  4.1  NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_2 = {'VA' : df_4['VA'][1:],\n",
    "          'MD' : df_4['MD'][2:]}\n",
    "df_5 = DataFrame(data_2)\n",
    "df_5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Set the DataFrame index name:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>MD</th>\n",
       "      <th>VA</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2014</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2015</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       MD   VA\n",
       "year          \n",
       "2014  NaN  5.2\n",
       "2015  4.1  NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_5.index.name = 'year'\n",
    "df_5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Set the DataFrame columns name:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>MD</th>\n",
       "      <th>VA</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2014</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2015</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "state   MD   VA\n",
       "year           \n",
       "2014   NaN  5.2\n",
       "2015   4.1  NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_5.columns.name = 'state'\n",
    "df_5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Return the data contained in a DataFrame as a 2D ndarray:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ nan,  5.2],\n",
       "       [ 4.1,  nan]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_5.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If the columns are different dtypes, the 2D ndarray's dtype will accomodate all of the columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[2012, 'VA', 5.0, nan],\n",
       "       [2013, 'VA', 5.1, nan],\n",
       "       [2014, 'VA', 5.2, 6.0],\n",
       "       [2014, 'MD', 4.0, 6.0],\n",
       "       [2015, 'MD', 4.1, 6.1]], dtype=object)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3. Reindexing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a new object with the data conformed to a new index.  Any missing values are set to NaN."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop  unempl\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0     NaN\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1     NaN\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2     6.0\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0     6.0\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1     6.1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Reindexing rows returns a new frame with the specified index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year state  pop  unempl\n",
       "5   NaN   NaN  NaN     NaN\n",
       "4  2015    MD  4.1     6.1\n",
       "3  2014    MD  4.0     6.0\n",
       "2  2014    VA  5.2     6.0\n",
       "1  2013    VA  5.1     NaN\n",
       "0  2012    VA  5.0     NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.reindex(list(reversed(range(0, 6))))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Missing values can be set to something other than NaN:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Empty DataFrame\n",
       "Columns: [year, state, pop, unempl]\n",
       "Index: []"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.reindex(range(6, 0), fill_value=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Interpolate ordered data like a time series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser_5 = Series(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'], index=[0, 2, 4])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    foo\n",
       "1    foo\n",
       "2    bar\n",
       "3    bar\n",
       "4    baz\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_5.reindex(range(5), method='ffill')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    foo\n",
       "1    bar\n",
       "2    bar\n",
       "3    baz\n",
       "4    baz\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_5.reindex(range(5), method='bfill')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Reindex columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "0    VA  5.0     NaN  2012\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.reindex(columns=['state', 'pop', 'unempl', 'year'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Reindex rows and columns while filling rows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "5     0  0.0     0.0     0\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "0    VA  5.0     NaN  2012"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_3.reindex(index=list(reversed(range(0, 6))),\n",
    "             fill_value=0,\n",
    "             columns=['state', 'pop', 'unempl', 'year'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Reindex using ix:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "0    VA  5.0     NaN  2012\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6 = df_3.ix[range(0, 7), ['state', 'pop', 'unempl', 'year']]\n",
    "df_6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 4. Dropping Entries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4.1 Drop rows from a Series or DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_7 = df_6.drop([0, 1])\n",
    "df_7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4.2 Drop columns from a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  year\n",
       "2    VA  5.2  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1  2015\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN   NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_7 = df_7.drop('unempl', axis=1)\n",
    "df_7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 5. Indexing, Selecting, Filtering"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Series indexing is similar to NumPy array indexing with the added bonus of being able to use the Series' index values."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "d   -3\n",
       "e   -5\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
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    "ser_2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select a value from a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[0] == ser_2['a']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select a slice from a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "d   -3\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[1:4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select specific values from a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "d   -3\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[['b', 'c', 'd']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select from a Series based on a filter:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2[ser_2 > 0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select a slice from a Series with labels (note the end point is inclusive):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1\n",
       "b    1\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2['a':'b']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Assign to a Series slice (note the end point is inclusive):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    0\n",
       "b    0\n",
       "c    2\n",
       "d   -3\n",
       "e   -5\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_2['a':'b'] = 0\n",
    "ser_2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Pandas supports indexing into a DataFrame."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
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       "      <th>0</th>\n",
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       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
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       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
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       "      <th>4</th>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "0    VA  5.0     NaN  2012\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select specified columns from a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   pop  unempl\n",
       "0  5.0     NaN\n",
       "1  5.1     NaN\n",
       "2  5.2     6.0\n",
       "3  4.0     6.0\n",
       "4  4.1     6.1\n",
       "5  NaN     NaN\n",
       "6  NaN     NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6[['pop', 'unempl']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select a slice from a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "0    VA  5.0     NaN  2012\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6[:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select from a DataFrame based on a filter:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
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       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "2    VA  5.2       6  2014"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6[df_6['pop'] > 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Perform a scalar comparison on a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
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       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
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       "      <td>True</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state    pop unempl   year\n",
       "0  True  False  False   True\n",
       "1  True   True  False   True\n",
       "2  True   True   True   True\n",
       "3  True  False   True   True\n",
       "4  True  False   True   True\n",
       "5  True  False  False  False\n",
       "6  True  False  False  False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6 > 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Perform a scalar comparison on a DataFrame, retain the values that pass the filter:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "0    VA  NaN     NaN  2012\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  NaN     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  NaN     6.1  2015\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6[df_6 > 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select a slice of rows from a DataFrame (note the end point is inclusive):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "2    VA  5.2       6  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0       6  2014"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6.ix[2:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select a slice of rows from a specific column of a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    5.0\n",
       "1    5.1\n",
       "2    5.2\n",
       "Name: pop, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6.ix[0:2, 'pop']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select rows based on an arithmetic operation on a specific row:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6.ix[df_6.unempl > 5.0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 6. Arithmetic and Data Alignment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Adding Series objects results in the union of index pairs if the pairs are not the same, resulting in NaN for indices that do not overlap:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1.764052\n",
       "b    0.400157\n",
       "c    0.978738\n",
       "d    2.240893\n",
       "e    1.867558\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(0)\n",
    "ser_6 = Series(np.random.randn(5),\n",
    "               index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])\n",
    "ser_6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    1.624345\n",
       "c   -0.611756\n",
       "e   -0.528172\n",
       "f   -1.072969\n",
       "g    0.865408\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(1)\n",
    "ser_7 = Series(np.random.randn(5),\n",
    "               index=['a', 'c', 'e', 'f', 'g'])\n",
    "ser_7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    3.388398\n",
       "b         NaN\n",
       "c    0.366982\n",
       "d         NaN\n",
       "e    1.339386\n",
       "f         NaN\n",
       "g         NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_6 + ser_7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Set a fill value instead of NaN for indices that do not overlap:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    3.388398\n",
       "b    0.400157\n",
       "c    0.366982\n",
       "d    2.240893\n",
       "e    1.339386\n",
       "f   -1.072969\n",
       "g    0.865408\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_6.add(ser_7, fill_value=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Adding DataFrame objects results in the union of index pairs for rows and columns if the pairs are not the same, resulting in NaN for indices that do not overlap:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.548814</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.715189</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.602763</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.544883</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.423655</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.645894</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.437587</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.891773</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.963663</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
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       "          a         b         c\n",
       "0  0.548814  0.715189  0.602763\n",
       "1  0.544883  0.423655  0.645894\n",
       "2  0.437587  0.891773  0.963663"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(0)\n",
    "df_8 = DataFrame(np.random.rand(9).reshape((3, 3)),\n",
    "                 columns=['a', 'b', 'c'])\n",
    "df_8"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.417022</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.720324</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000114</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.302333</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.146756</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.092339</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.186260</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.345561</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.396767</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "          b         c         d\n",
       "0  0.417022  0.720324  0.000114\n",
       "1  0.302333  0.146756  0.092339\n",
       "2  0.186260  0.345561  0.396767"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(1)\n",
    "df_9 = DataFrame(np.random.rand(9).reshape((3, 3)),\n",
    "                 columns=['b', 'c', 'd'])\n",
    "df_9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.132211</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.323088</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.725987</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.792650</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.078033</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.309223</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
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      "text/plain": [
       "    a         b         c   d\n",
       "0 NaN  1.132211  1.323088 NaN\n",
       "1 NaN  0.725987  0.792650 NaN\n",
       "2 NaN  1.078033  1.309223 NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_8 + df_9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Set a fill value instead of NaN for indices that do not overlap:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
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       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
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       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.548814</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.132211</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.323088</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000114</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.544883</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.725987</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.792650</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.092339</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.437587</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.078033</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.309223</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.396767</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          a         b         c         d\n",
       "0  0.548814  1.132211  1.323088  0.000114\n",
       "1  0.544883  0.725987  0.792650  0.092339\n",
       "2  0.437587  1.078033  1.309223  0.396767"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "df_10 = df_8.add(df_9, fill_value=0)\n",
    "df_10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Like NumPy, pandas supports arithmetic operations between DataFrames and Series.\n",
    "\n",
    "Match the index of the Series on the DataFrame's columns, broadcasting down the rows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
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       "      <th>0</th>\n",
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       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.003930</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.406224</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.530438</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.111226</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054178</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.013864</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.396653</td>\n",
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       "  </tbody>\n",
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       "          a         b         c         d\n",
       "0  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000\n",
       "1 -0.003930 -0.406224 -0.530438  0.092224\n",
       "2 -0.111226 -0.054178 -0.013864  0.396653"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_8 = df_10.ix[0]\n",
    "df_11 = df_10 - ser_8\n",
    "df_11"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Match the index of the Series on the DataFrame's columns, broadcasting down the rows and union the indices that do not match:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    0\n",
       "d    1\n",
       "e    2\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_9 = Series(range(3), index=['a', 'd', 'e'])\n",
    "ser_9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>e</th>\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.003930</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.907776</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.111226</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.603347</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "          a   b   c         d   e\n",
       "0  0.000000 NaN NaN -1.000000 NaN\n",
       "1 -0.003930 NaN NaN -0.907776 NaN\n",
       "2 -0.111226 NaN NaN -0.603347 NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_11 - ser_9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Broadcast over the columns and match the rows (axis=0) by using an arithmetic method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.548814</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.132211</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.323088</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000114</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.544883</td>\n",
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       "      <td>0.792650</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.092339</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.437587</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.078033</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.309223</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.396767</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "          a         b         c         d\n",
       "0  0.548814  1.132211  1.323088  0.000114\n",
       "1  0.544883  0.725987  0.792650  0.092339\n",
       "2  0.437587  1.078033  1.309223  0.396767"
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     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "df_10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    100\n",
       "1    200\n",
       "2    300\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_10 = Series([100, 200, 300])\n",
    "ser_10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>-99.451186</td>\n",
       "      <td>-98.867789</td>\n",
       "      <td>-98.676912</td>\n",
       "      <td>-99.999886</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-199.455117</td>\n",
       "      <td>-199.274013</td>\n",
       "      <td>-199.207350</td>\n",
       "      <td>-199.907661</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-299.562413</td>\n",
       "      <td>-298.921967</td>\n",
       "      <td>-298.690777</td>\n",
       "      <td>-299.603233</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            a           b           c           d\n",
       "0  -99.451186  -98.867789  -98.676912  -99.999886\n",
       "1 -199.455117 -199.274013 -199.207350 -199.907661\n",
       "2 -299.562413 -298.921967 -298.690777 -299.603233"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_10.sub(ser_10, axis=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 7. Function Application and Mapping"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "NumPy ufuncs (element-wise array methods) operate on pandas objects:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.003930</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.406224</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.530438</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.092224</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.111226</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.054178</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.013864</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.396653</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          a         b         c         d\n",
       "0  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000\n",
       "1  0.003930  0.406224  0.530438  0.092224\n",
       "2  0.111226  0.054178  0.013864  0.396653"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_11 = np.abs(df_11)\n",
    "df_11"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apply a function on 1D arrays to each column:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    0.111226\n",
       "b    0.406224\n",
       "c    0.530438\n",
       "d    0.396653\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "func_1 = lambda x: x.max() - x.min()\n",
    "df_11.apply(func_1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apply a function on 1D arrays to each row:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.000000\n",
       "1    0.526508\n",
       "2    0.382789\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_11.apply(func_1, axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apply a function and return a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.111226</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.406224</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.530438</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.396653</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            a         b         c         d\n",
       "min  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000\n",
       "max  0.111226  0.406224  0.530438  0.396653"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "func_2 = lambda x: Series([x.min(), x.max()], index=['min', 'max'])\n",
    "df_11.apply(func_2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apply an element-wise Python function to a DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.53</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.09</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.11</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.05</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.40</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      a     b     c     d\n",
       "0  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00\n",
       "1  0.00  0.41  0.53  0.09\n",
       "2  0.11  0.05  0.01  0.40"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "func_3 = lambda x: '%.2f' %x\n",
    "df_11.applymap(func_3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apply an element-wise Python function to a Series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.00\n",
       "1    0.00\n",
       "2    0.11\n",
       "Name: a, dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_11['a'].map(func_3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 8. Sorting and Ranking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "fo    100\n",
       "br    200\n",
       "bz    300\n",
       "qx    NaN\n",
       "Name: foobarbazqux, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sort a Series by its index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "br    200\n",
       "bz    300\n",
       "fo    100\n",
       "qx    NaN\n",
       "Name: foobarbazqux, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_4.sort_index()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sort a Series by its values:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "fo    100\n",
       "br    200\n",
       "bz    300\n",
       "qx    NaN\n",
       "Name: foobarbazqux, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 86,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_4.sort_values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       c  a   b   d\n",
       "three  0  1   2   3\n",
       "one    4  5   6   7\n",
       "two    8  9  10  11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_12 = DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4)),\n",
    "                  index=['three', 'one', 'two'],\n",
    "                  columns=['c', 'a', 'b', 'd'])\n",
    "df_12"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sort a DataFrame by its index:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       c  a   b   d\n",
       "one    4  5   6   7\n",
       "three  0  1   2   3\n",
       "two    8  9  10  11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_12.sort_index()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sort a DataFrame by columns in descending order:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "        d  c   b  a\n",
       "three   3  0   2  1\n",
       "one     7  4   6  5\n",
       "two    11  8  10  9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_12.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sort a DataFrame's values by column:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>three</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>one</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>two</th>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       c  a   b   d\n",
       "three  0  1   2   3\n",
       "one    4  5   6   7\n",
       "two    8  9  10  11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_12.sort_values(by=['d', 'c'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Ranking is similar to numpy.argsort except that ties are broken by assigning each group the mean rank:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1   -5\n",
       "5    0\n",
       "4    2\n",
       "3    4\n",
       "6    4\n",
       "0    7\n",
       "2    7\n",
       "7    7\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 91,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_11 = Series([7, -5, 7, 4, 2, 0, 4, 7])\n",
    "ser_11 = ser_11.sort_values()\n",
    "ser_11"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    1.0\n",
       "5    2.0\n",
       "4    3.0\n",
       "3    4.5\n",
       "6    4.5\n",
       "0    7.0\n",
       "2    7.0\n",
       "7    7.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_11.rank()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rank a Series according to when they appear in the data:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    1\n",
       "5    2\n",
       "4    3\n",
       "3    4\n",
       "6    5\n",
       "0    6\n",
       "2    7\n",
       "7    8\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_11.rank(method='first')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rank a Series in descending order, using the maximum rank for the group:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    8\n",
       "5    7\n",
       "4    6\n",
       "3    5\n",
       "6    5\n",
       "0    3\n",
       "2    3\n",
       "7    3\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_11.rank(ascending=False, method='max')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "DataFrames can rank over rows or columns."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <th>baz</th>\n",
       "      <th>foo</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>-5</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>-5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   bar  baz  foo\n",
       "0   -5   -1    7\n",
       "1    4    2   -5\n",
       "2    2    3    7\n",
       "3    0    0    4\n",
       "4    4    5    2\n",
       "5    7    9    0\n",
       "6    7    9    4\n",
       "7    8    5    7"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_13 = DataFrame({'foo' : [7, -5, 7, 4, 2, 0, 4, 7],\n",
    "                   'bar' : [-5, 4, 2, 0, 4, 7, 7, 8],\n",
    "                   'baz' : [-1, 2, 3, 0, 5, 9, 9, 5]})\n",
    "df_13"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rank a DataFrame over rows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <th>baz</th>\n",
       "      <th>foo</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>6.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>6.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   bar  baz  foo\n",
       "0  1.0  1.0  7.0\n",
       "1  4.5  3.0  1.0\n",
       "2  3.0  4.0  7.0\n",
       "3  2.0  2.0  4.5\n",
       "4  4.5  5.5  3.0\n",
       "5  6.5  7.5  2.0\n",
       "6  6.5  7.5  4.5\n",
       "7  8.0  5.5  7.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_13.rank()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Rank a DataFrame over columns:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <th>baz</th>\n",
       "      <th>foo</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   bar  baz  foo\n",
       "0  1.0  2.0    3\n",
       "1  3.0  2.0    1\n",
       "2  1.0  2.0    3\n",
       "3  1.5  1.5    3\n",
       "4  2.0  3.0    1\n",
       "5  2.0  3.0    1\n",
       "6  2.0  3.0    1\n",
       "7  3.0  1.0    2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_13.rank(axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 9. Axis Indexes with Duplicate Values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Labels do not have to be unique in Pandas:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "foo    0\n",
       "foo    1\n",
       "bar    2\n",
       "bar    3\n",
       "baz    4\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_12 = Series(range(5), index=['foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'baz'])\n",
    "ser_12"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_12.index.is_unique"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select Series elements:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "foo    0\n",
       "foo    1\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser_12['foo']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Select DataFrame elements:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>foo</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.363469</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.135345</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.017014</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.637362</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>foo</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.859907</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.772608</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.110363</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.181214</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.564345</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.566510</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.729976</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.372994</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.533811</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.091973</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.913820</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.330797</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>baz</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.141943</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.129595</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.850052</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.960820</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            0         1         2         3\n",
       "foo -2.363469  1.135345 -1.017014  0.637362\n",
       "foo -0.859907  1.772608 -1.110363  0.181214\n",
       "bar  0.564345 -0.566510  0.729976  0.372994\n",
       "bar  0.533811 -0.091973  1.913820  0.330797\n",
       "baz  1.141943 -1.129595 -0.850052  0.960820"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_14 = DataFrame(np.random.randn(5, 4),\n",
    "                  index=['foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'baz'])\n",
    "df_14"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.564345</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.566510</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.729976</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.372994</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bar</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.533811</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.091973</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.913820</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.330797</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            0         1         2         3\n",
       "bar  0.564345 -0.566510  0.729976  0.372994\n",
       "bar  0.533811 -0.091973  1.913820  0.330797"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_14.ix['bar']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 10. Summarizing and Computing Descriptive Statistics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Unlike NumPy arrays, Pandas descriptive statistics automatically exclude missing data.  NaN values are excluded unless the entire row or column is NA."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>state</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>unempl</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>VA</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>MD</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2015</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  state  pop  unempl  year\n",
       "0    VA  5.0     NaN  2012\n",
       "1    VA  5.1     NaN  2013\n",
       "2    VA  5.2     6.0  2014\n",
       "3    MD  4.0     6.0  2014\n",
       "4    MD  4.1     6.1  2015\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN     NaN   NaN"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 103,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pop          23.4\n",
       "unempl       18.1\n",
       "year      10068.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6.sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sum over the rows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2017.0\n",
       "1    2018.1\n",
       "2    2025.2\n",
       "3    2024.0\n",
       "4    2025.2\n",
       "5       0.0\n",
       "6       0.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6.sum(axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Account for NaNs:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0       NaN\n",
       "1       NaN\n",
       "2    2025.2\n",
       "3    2024.0\n",
       "4    2025.2\n",
       "5       NaN\n",
       "6       NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_6.sum(axis=1, skipna=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 11. Input and Output\n",
    "* Reading\n",
    "* Writing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from pandas import Series, DataFrame\n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 11.1 Reading"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Read data from a CSV file into a DataFrame (use sep='\\t' for TSV):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df_1 = pd.read_csv(\"data/ozone.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Get a summary of the DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Ozone</th>\n",
       "      <th>Solar.R</th>\n",
       "      <th>Wind</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Month</th>\n",
       "      <th>Day</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>116.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>146.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>42.129310</td>\n",
       "      <td>185.931507</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.957516</td>\n",
       "      <td>77.882353</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.993464</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.803922</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>32.987885</td>\n",
       "      <td>90.058422</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.523001</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.465270</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.416522</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.864520</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.700000</td>\n",
       "      <td>56.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>18.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>115.750000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.400000</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>31.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>205.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.700000</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>63.250000</td>\n",
       "      <td>258.750000</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>85.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>168.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>334.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.700000</td>\n",
       "      <td>97.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            Ozone     Solar.R        Wind        Temp       Month         Day\n",
       "count  116.000000  146.000000  153.000000  153.000000  153.000000  153.000000\n",
       "mean    42.129310  185.931507    9.957516   77.882353    6.993464   15.803922\n",
       "std     32.987885   90.058422    3.523001    9.465270    1.416522    8.864520\n",
       "min      1.000000    7.000000    1.700000   56.000000    5.000000    1.000000\n",
       "25%     18.000000  115.750000    7.400000   72.000000    6.000000    8.000000\n",
       "50%     31.500000  205.000000    9.700000   79.000000    7.000000   16.000000\n",
       "75%     63.250000  258.750000   11.500000   85.000000    8.000000   23.000000\n",
       "max    168.000000  334.000000   20.700000   97.000000    9.000000   31.000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_1.describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "List the first five rows of the DataFrame:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Ozone</th>\n",
       "      <th>Solar.R</th>\n",
       "      <th>Wind</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>Month</th>\n",
       "      <th>Day</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>190</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>36</td>\n",
       "      <td>118</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>72</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>149</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>313</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>56</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Ozone  Solar.R  Wind  Temp  Month  Day\n",
       "0     41      190   7.4    67      5    1\n",
       "1     36      118   8.0    72      5    2\n",
       "2     12      149  12.6    74      5    3\n",
       "3     18      313  11.5    62      5    4\n",
       "4    NaN      NaN  14.3    56      5    5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 117,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_1.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 11.2 Writing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Create a copy of the CSV file, encoded in UTF-8 and hiding the index and header labels:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df_1.to_csv('data/ozone_copy.csv', \n",
    "            encoding='utf-8', \n",
    "            index=False, \n",
    "            header=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "View the data directory:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "total 1016\r\n",
      "-rw-r--r--   1 donnemartin  staff  437903 Jul  7  2015 churn.csv\r\n",
      "-rwxr-xr-x   1 donnemartin  staff   72050 Jul  7  2015 \u001b[31mconfusion_matrix.png\u001b[m\u001b[m\r\n",
      "-rw-r--r--   1 donnemartin  staff    2902 Jul  7  2015 ozone.csv\r\n",
      "-rw-r--r--   1 donnemartin  staff    3324 Apr  1 07:18 ozone_copy.csv\r\n",
      "drwxr-xr-x  10 donnemartin  staff     340 Jul  7  2015 \u001b[34mtitanic\u001b[m\u001b[m\r\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!ls -l data/"
   ]
  }
 ],
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