From 436c636830ab23f6b320f925e3dc7abaf975a8c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 2024 16:12:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/24] fix: Restore Orthogonal seedfinder default constructor
 (#3827)

Uses `getDummyLogger` to restore the default constructor for the orthogonal seed finder. See #3807.
---
 Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonal.hpp | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonal.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonal.hpp
index 594e35b44cc..a4129fad556 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonal.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonal.hpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class SeedFinderOrthogonal {
    */
   ~SeedFinderOrthogonal() = default;
 
-  SeedFinderOrthogonal() = delete;
+  SeedFinderOrthogonal() = default;
   SeedFinderOrthogonal(const SeedFinderOrthogonal<external_spacepoint_t> &) =
       delete;
   SeedFinderOrthogonal<external_spacepoint_t> &operator=(
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class SeedFinderOrthogonal {
   /**
    * @brief The logger
    */
-  std::unique_ptr<const Acts::Logger> m_logger{nullptr};
+  std::unique_ptr<const Acts::Logger> m_logger{getDummyLogger().clone()};
 };
 }  // namespace Acts
 

From 76bc018dfc5ecdc76d9f34cb38b4750dbb55fb16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Stefl <stefl.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 2024 20:44:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/24] refactor: FPE safe eta/theta conversion (#3788)

<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
## Summary by CodeRabbit

- **New Features**
	- Introduced a new structure for angle conversion traits, enhancing precision and safety for angle calculations.
	- Added safety checks in angle conversion functions to handle edge cases more gracefully.

- **Bug Fixes**
	- Updated angle conversion functions to prevent floating-point exceptions by implementing bounds checking.

- **Tests**
	- Added new data-driven test cases to validate the robustness of angle conversion functions, ensuring consistent and valid outputs across a range of inputs.
<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
---
 Core/include/Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp  | 44 ++++++++++-
 .../Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp  | 73 +++++++++----------
 .../Core/Utilities/AngleHelpersTests.cpp      | 72 +++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp
index 02feec2323e..8a38aeffc94 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp
@@ -9,26 +9,68 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts::AngleHelpers {
 
+template <typename Scalar>
+struct EtaThetaConversionTraits {};
+
+template <>
+struct EtaThetaConversionTraits<float> {
+  static constexpr float minTheta = 1e-6f;
+  static constexpr float maxTheta = std::numbers::pi_v<float> - minTheta;
+
+  static constexpr float maxEta = 80.0f;
+  static constexpr float minEta = -maxEta;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct EtaThetaConversionTraits<double> {
+  static constexpr double minTheta = 1e-12;
+  static constexpr double maxTheta = std::numbers::pi - minTheta;
+
+  static constexpr double maxEta = 700.0;
+  static constexpr double minEta = -maxEta;
+};
+
 /// Calculate the pseudorapidity from the polar angle theta.
 ///
+/// This function aims to be FPE safe and returns infinity for theta values
+/// outside the floating point precision range.
+///
 /// @param theta is the polar angle in radian towards the z-axis.
 ///
 /// @return the pseudorapidity towards the z-axis.
 template <typename Scalar>
 Scalar etaFromTheta(Scalar theta) {
-  return -std::log(std::tan(0.5 * theta));
+  if (theta <= EtaThetaConversionTraits<Scalar>::minTheta) {
+    return std::numeric_limits<Scalar>::infinity();
+  }
+  if (theta >= EtaThetaConversionTraits<Scalar>::maxTheta) {
+    return -std::numeric_limits<Scalar>::infinity();
+  }
+
+  return -std::log(std::tan(theta / 2));
 }
 
 /// Calculate the polar angle theta from the pseudorapidity.
 ///
+/// This function aims to be FPE safe and returns 0/pi for eta values outside
+/// the floating point precision range.
+///
 /// @param eta is the pseudorapidity towards the z-axis.
 ///
 /// @return the polar angle in radian towards the z-axis.
 template <typename Scalar>
 Scalar thetaFromEta(Scalar eta) {
+  if (eta <= EtaThetaConversionTraits<Scalar>::minEta) {
+    return std::numbers::pi_v<Scalar>;
+  }
+  if (eta >= EtaThetaConversionTraits<Scalar>::maxEta) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
   return 2 * std::atan(std::exp(-eta));
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp
index f149010aef8..af7eef54015 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/PerigeeSurface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/TrackFinding/TrackSelector.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp"
 
 #include <limits>
 
@@ -83,10 +84,6 @@ struct MockTrack {
   TrackStateRange trackStatesReversed() const { return {}; }
 };
 
-double thetaFromEta(double eta) {
-  return 2 * std::atan(std::exp(-eta));
-}
-
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(TrackSelectorTests)
 
 std::vector<double> etaValues{-5.0, -4.5, -4.0, -3.5, -3.0, -2.5, -2.0, -1.5,
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
   TrackSelector::EtaBinnedConfig cfgBase;
 
   MockTrack baseTrack{};
-  baseTrack.m_theta = thetaFromEta(eta);
+  baseTrack.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(eta);
   baseTrack.m_phi = 0.5;
   baseTrack.m_pt = 0.5;
   baseTrack.m_loc0 = 0.5;
@@ -206,9 +203,9 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
     cfg.cutSets.at(0).etaMin = {-1.0};
     TrackSelector selector{cfg};
     MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
   }
 
@@ -218,9 +215,9 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
     cfg.cutSets.at(0).etaMax = {1.0};
     TrackSelector selector{cfg};
     MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
   }
 
@@ -231,11 +228,11 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
     cfg.cutSets.at(0).etaMax = {1.0};
     TrackSelector selector{cfg};
     MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
   }
 
@@ -245,14 +242,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
     cfg.cutSets.at(0).absEtaMin = {0.2};
     TrackSelector selector{cfg};
     MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-0.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-0.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
   }
 
@@ -262,14 +259,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
     cfg.cutSets.at(0).absEtaMax = {1.0};
     TrackSelector selector{cfg};
     MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
   }
 
@@ -280,19 +277,19 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinCase, bdata::make(etaValues), eta) {
     cfg.cutSets.at(0).absEtaMax = {1.0};
     TrackSelector selector{cfg};
     MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-0.5);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-0.5);
     BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-0.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-0.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
-    track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(-1.1);
+    track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(-1.1);
     BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
   }
 
@@ -373,27 +370,27 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestSingleBinEtaCutByBinEdge) {
   BOOST_TEST_INFO_SCOPE(selector.config());
 
   MockTrack track{};
-  track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.0);
+  track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.0);
   BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-  track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.5);
+  track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.5);
   BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
   // cannot easily check on-edge behavior because of floating point arithmetic
   // (it won't be exactly 1.0 in selector)
-  track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.01);
+  track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.01);
   BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-  track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.5);
+  track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.5);
   BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
-  track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(2.0);
+  track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(2.0);
   BOOST_CHECK(!selector.isValidTrack(track));
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestMultiBinCuts) {
   MockTrack baseTrack{};
-  baseTrack.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.0);
+  baseTrack.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.0);
   baseTrack.m_phi = 0.5;
   baseTrack.m_pt = 0.5;
   baseTrack.m_loc0 = 0.5;
@@ -425,7 +422,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestMultiBinCuts) {
       {
         // exactly at zero
         MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-        track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(0.0);
+        track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(0.0);
 
         BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
@@ -439,7 +436,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestMultiBinCuts) {
       {
         // first bin
         MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-        track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(1.0);
+        track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(1.0);
 
         BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
@@ -453,8 +450,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestMultiBinCuts) {
       {
         // first bin edge
         MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-        track.m_theta =
-            thetaFromEta(2.0 - std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon());
+        track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(
+            2.0 - std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon());
 
         BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
@@ -468,7 +465,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestMultiBinCuts) {
       {
         // second bin lower edge
         MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-        track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(2.0);
+        track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(2.0);
 
         BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
 
@@ -488,7 +485,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestMultiBinCuts) {
       {
         // second bin
         MockTrack track = baseTrack;
-        track.m_theta = thetaFromEta(666.0);
+        track.m_theta = AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta(10.0);
 
         track.*prop = -1.1;
         BOOST_CHECK(selector.isValidTrack(track));
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/AngleHelpersTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/AngleHelpersTests.cpp
index 5898986e6d5..78e1252ad18 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/AngleHelpersTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/AngleHelpersTests.cpp
@@ -6,24 +6,92 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
+#include <boost/test/data/test_case.hpp>
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
 
 #include "Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/FloatComparisons.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp"
 
+#include <cmath>
 #include <numbers>
 
+namespace bd = boost::unit_test::data;
+
 using Acts::AngleHelpers::etaFromTheta;
+using Acts::AngleHelpers::EtaThetaConversionTraits;
 using Acts::AngleHelpers::thetaFromEta;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(AngleHelpers)
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EtaThetaConversion) {
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(0.0, etaFromTheta(std::numbers::pi / 2), 1e-6);
-
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(1.0, etaFromTheta(thetaFromEta(1.0)), 1e-6);
-
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(1.0, thetaFromEta(etaFromTheta(1.0)), 1e-6);
 }
 
+BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(EtaFromThetaRobustness, bd::xrange(0, 1000, 1), exponent) {
+  {
+    // check right
+
+    float thetaRight = exponent < 30 ? std::pow(10.0f, -1.0f * exponent) : 0.0f;
+
+    float etaRight = etaFromTheta<float>(thetaRight);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(etaRight));
+
+    // check left
+
+    float thetaLeft = std::numbers::pi_v<float> - thetaRight;
+
+    float etaLeft = etaFromTheta<float>(thetaLeft);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(etaLeft));
+  }
+
+  {
+    // check right
+
+    double thetaRight = exponent < 300 ? std::pow(10.0, -1.0 * exponent) : 0.0;
+
+    double etaRight = etaFromTheta<double>(thetaRight);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(etaRight));
+
+    // check left
+
+    double thetaLeft = std::numbers::pi - thetaRight;
+
+    double etaLeft = etaFromTheta<double>(thetaLeft);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(etaLeft));
+  }
+}
+
+BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(ThetaFromEtaRobustness, bd::xrange(1.0, 1000.0, 1.0),
+                     etaRight) {
+  {
+    // check right
+
+    float thetaRight = thetaFromEta<float>(etaRight);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(thetaRight));
+
+    // check left
+
+    float etaLeft = -etaRight;
+
+    float thetaLeft = thetaFromEta<float>(etaLeft);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(thetaLeft));
+  }
+
+  {
+    // check right
+
+    double thetaRight = thetaFromEta<double>(etaRight);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(thetaRight));
+
+    // check left
+
+    double etaLeft = -etaRight;
+
+    double thetaLeft = thetaFromEta<double>(etaLeft);
+    BOOST_CHECK(!std::isnan(thetaLeft));
+  }
+}
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()

From 5b57201dc7552d38473e5affab79cfd7a73eb24f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 2024 22:51:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/24] refactor: rename PortalShell connect outer to fill
 (#3820)

This renames the `connectOuter` method in `PortalShell` to just `fill`, because that is more descriptive of what it actually does.

Part of #3502
---
 Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp         | 12 +++++-------
 Core/src/Geometry/PortalShell.cpp                  |  2 +-
 Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalShellTests.cpp |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp
index 7405a64ad0a..fe9f606c576 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp
@@ -34,12 +34,10 @@ class PortalShellBase {
   /// Virtusl destructor
   virtual ~PortalShellBase() = default;
 
-  /// Connect a volume to the outer side of all portal shells. Which "side" is
-  /// "outer" depends on the volume type.
-  /// This method essentially creates a @c TrivialPortalLink on the unconnected
-  /// side of each portal that is part of the chell
+  /// Fill the open slots of the shell with a @c TrivialPortalLink
+  /// to the given @p volume.
   /// @param volume The volume to connect
-  virtual void connectOuter(TrackingVolume& volume) = 0;
+  virtual void fill(TrackingVolume& volume) = 0;
 
   /// Get the number of portals in the shell. This number depends on the volume
   /// type
@@ -88,8 +86,8 @@ class CylinderPortalShell : public PortalShellBase {
   /// @param face The face to set the portal
   virtual void setPortal(std::shared_ptr<Portal> portal, Face face) = 0;
 
-  /// @copydoc PortalShellBase::connectOuter
-  void connectOuter(TrackingVolume& volume) override;
+  /// @copydoc PortalShellBase::fill
+  void fill(TrackingVolume& volume) override;
 };
 
 /// Output stream operator for the CylinderPortalShell::Face enum
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/PortalShell.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/PortalShell.cpp
index b9baf403812..5b2d8e167c8 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/PortalShell.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/PortalShell.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 namespace Acts {
 
-void CylinderPortalShell::connectOuter(TrackingVolume& volume) {
+void CylinderPortalShell::fill(TrackingVolume& volume) {
   for (Face face : {PositiveDisc, NegativeDisc, OuterCylinder, InnerCylinder,
                     NegativePhiPlane, PositivePhiPlane}) {
     const auto& portalAtFace = portalPtr(face);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalShellTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalShellTests.cpp
index 15c5a9c7953..090dc851611 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalShellTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalShellTests.cpp
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(NestedStacks) {
                     nullptr);
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectOuter) {
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Fill) {
   auto cyl1 = makeVolume(30_mm, 40_mm, 100_mm);
   auto cyl2 = makeVolume(0_mm, 50_mm, 110_mm);
 
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectOuter) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
       shell.portal(NegativeDisc)->getLink(Direction::OppositeNormal), nullptr);
 
-  shell.connectOuter(cyl2);
+  shell.fill(cyl2);
 
   BOOST_CHECK_NE(shell.portal(OuterCylinder)->getLink(Direction::AlongNormal),
                  nullptr);

From 2b0cf145bd55a9f106370601efe760ecfbc6c584 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 2024 00:05:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/24] fix: Default label for GraphViz::Node (#3821)

---
 Core/include/Acts/Utilities/GraphViz.hpp | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/GraphViz.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/GraphViz.hpp
index 02cf9487d8d..8716fca7d00 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/GraphViz.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/GraphViz.hpp
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Style& style);
 
 struct Node {
   std::string id;
-  std::string label;
+  std::string label = "";
   Shape shape = Shape::Ellipse;
   std::vector<Style> style = {Style::Solid};
 };

From 070d4a1582c23e5fe78b29397e67d766f91fff48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 2024 14:38:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/24] fix: DummyLogger can now be cloned (#3831)

---
 Core/src/Utilities/Logger.cpp | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Core/src/Utilities/Logger.cpp b/Core/src/Utilities/Logger.cpp
index c183532a1fb..b63229279c6 100644
--- a/Core/src/Utilities/Logger.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Utilities/Logger.cpp
@@ -100,9 +100,24 @@ class NeverFilterPolicy final : public OutputFilterPolicy {
   }
 };
 
+class DummyPrintPolicy final : public OutputPrintPolicy {
+ public:
+  void flush(const Level& /*lvl*/, const std::string& /*input*/) override {}
+
+  const std::string& name() const override {
+    const static std::string s_name = "Dummy";
+    return s_name;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<OutputPrintPolicy> clone(
+      const std::string& /*name*/) const override {
+    return std::make_unique<DummyPrintPolicy>();
+  }
+};
+
 std::unique_ptr<const Logger> makeDummyLogger() {
   using namespace Logging;
-  auto output = std::make_unique<DefaultPrintPolicy>(&std::cout);
+  auto output = std::make_unique<DummyPrintPolicy>();
   auto print = std::make_unique<NeverFilterPolicy>();
   return std::make_unique<const Logger>(std::move(output), std::move(print));
 }

From 3aa650950fb00e91b0a6fae0e309329c8fbfa654 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 2024 16:43:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/24] refactor(gx2f): container to represent the mathematical
 gx2f-system (#3806)

---
 .../TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp    | 215 ++++++++++--------
 .../TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp    |  13 +-
 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
index 968843fa479..c5fb8483aa7 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
@@ -283,6 +283,84 @@ struct ScatteringProperties {
   bool m_materialIsValid;
 };
 
+/// @brief A container to manage all properties of a gx2f system
+///
+/// This struct manages the mathematical infrastructure for the gx2f. It
+/// initializes and maintains the extended aMatrix and extended bVector.
+struct Gx2fSystem {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Constructor to initialize matrices and vectors to zero based on specified dimensions.
+  ///
+  /// @param nDims Number of dimensions for the extended matrix and vector.
+  explicit Gx2fSystem(std::size_t nDims)
+      : m_nDims{nDims},
+        m_aMatrix{Eigen::MatrixXd::Zero(nDims, nDims)},
+        m_bVector{Eigen::VectorXd::Zero(nDims)} {}
+
+  // Accessor for nDims (const reference).
+  std::size_t nDims() const { return m_nDims; }
+
+  // Accessor for chi2
+  double chi2() const { return m_chi2; }
+
+  // Modifier for chi2
+  double& chi2() { return m_chi2; }
+
+  // Accessor for the matrix.
+  const Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrix() const { return m_aMatrix; }
+
+  // Accessor for a modifiable reference to the matrix.
+  Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrix() { return m_aMatrix; }
+
+  // Accessor for the vector.
+  const Eigen::VectorXd& bVector() const { return m_bVector; }
+
+  // Accessor for a modifiable reference to the vector.
+  Eigen::VectorXd& bVector() { return m_bVector; }
+
+  // Accessor for NDF
+  std::size_t ndf() const { return m_ndf; }
+
+  // Modifier for NDF
+  std::size_t& ndf() { return m_ndf; }
+
+  //  It automatically deduces if we want to fit e.g. q/p and adjusts itself
+  //  later. We have only 3 cases, because we always have l0, l1, phi, theta:
+  // - 4: no magnetic field -> q/p is empty
+  // - 5: no time measurement -> time is not fittable
+  // - 6: full fit
+  std::size_t findRequiredNdf() {
+    std::size_t ndfSystem = 0;
+    if (m_aMatrix(4, 4) == 0) {
+      ndfSystem = 4;
+    } else if (m_aMatrix(5, 5) == 0) {
+      ndfSystem = 5;
+    } else {
+      ndfSystem = 6;
+    }
+
+    return ndfSystem;
+  }
+
+  bool isWellDefined() { return m_ndf > findRequiredNdf(); }
+
+ private:
+  /// Number of dimensions of the (extended) system
+  std::size_t m_nDims;
+
+  /// Sum of chi-squared values.
+  double m_chi2 = 0.;
+
+  /// Extended matrix for accumulation.
+  Eigen::MatrixXd m_aMatrix;
+
+  /// Extended vector for accumulation.
+  Eigen::VectorXd m_bVector;
+
+  /// Number of degrees of freedom of the system
+  std::size_t m_ndf = 0u;
+};
+
 /// @brief Process measurements and fill the aMatrix and bVector
 ///
 /// The function processes each measurement for the GX2F Actor fitting process.
@@ -292,15 +370,12 @@ struct ScatteringProperties {
 /// @tparam kMeasDim Number of dimensions of the measurement
 /// @tparam track_state_t The type of the track state
 ///
-/// @param aMatrixExtended The aMatrix sums over the second derivatives
-/// @param bVectorExtended The bVector sums over the first derivatives
-/// @param chi2sum The total chi2 of the system
+/// @param extendedSystem All parameters of the current equation system
 /// @param jacobianFromStart The Jacobian matrix from start to the current state
 /// @param trackState The track state to analyse
 /// @param logger A logger instance
 template <std::size_t kMeasDim, typename track_state_t>
-void addMeasurementToGx2fSums(Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
-                              Eigen::VectorXd& bVectorExtended, double& chi2sum,
+void addMeasurementToGx2fSums(Gx2fSystem& extendedSystem,
                               const std::vector<BoundMatrix>& jacobianFromStart,
                               const track_state_t& trackState,
                               const Logger& logger) {
@@ -317,13 +392,12 @@ void addMeasurementToGx2fSums(Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
   }
 
   // Create an extended Jacobian. This one contains only eBoundSize rows,
-  // because the rest is irrelevant
+  // because the rest is irrelevant. We fill it in the next steps
   // TODO make dimsExtendedParams template with unrolling
-  const std::size_t dimsExtendedParams = aMatrixExtended.rows();
 
   // We create an empty Jacobian and fill it in the next steps
   Eigen::MatrixXd extendedJacobian =
-      Eigen::MatrixXd::Zero(eBoundSize, dimsExtendedParams);
+      Eigen::MatrixXd::Zero(eBoundSize, extendedSystem.nDims());
 
   // This part of the Jacobian comes from the material-less propagation
   extendedJacobian.topLeftCorner<eBoundSize, eBoundSize>() =
@@ -360,13 +434,14 @@ void addMeasurementToGx2fSums(Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
   const ActsVector<kMeasDim> residual = measurement - projPredicted;
 
   // Finally contribute to chi2sum, aMatrix, and bVector
-  chi2sum += (residual.transpose() * (*safeInvCovMeasurement) * residual)(0, 0);
+  extendedSystem.chi2() +=
+      (residual.transpose() * (*safeInvCovMeasurement) * residual)(0, 0);
 
-  aMatrixExtended +=
+  extendedSystem.aMatrix() +=
       (projJacobian.transpose() * (*safeInvCovMeasurement) * projJacobian)
           .eval();
 
-  bVectorExtended +=
+  extendedSystem.bVector() +=
       (residual.transpose() * (*safeInvCovMeasurement) * projJacobian)
           .eval()
           .transpose();
@@ -410,17 +485,14 @@ void addMeasurementToGx2fSums(Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
 ///
 /// @tparam track_state_t The type of the track state
 ///
-/// @param aMatrixExtended The aMatrix sums over the second derivatives
-/// @param bVectorExtended The bVector sums over the first derivatives
-/// @param chi2sum The total chi2 of the system
+/// @param extendedSystem All parameters of the current equation system
 /// @param nMaterialsHandled How many materials we already handled. Used for the offset.
 /// @param scatteringMap The scattering map, containing all scattering angles and covariances
 /// @param trackState The track state to analyse
 /// @param logger A logger instance
 template <typename track_state_t>
 void addMaterialToGx2fSums(
-    Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended, Eigen::VectorXd& bVectorExtended,
-    double& chi2sum, const std::size_t nMaterialsHandled,
+    Gx2fSystem& extendedSystem, const std::size_t nMaterialsHandled,
     const std::unordered_map<GeometryIdentifier, ScatteringProperties>&
         scatteringMap,
     const track_state_t& trackState, const Logger& logger) {
@@ -444,18 +516,18 @@ void addMaterialToGx2fSums(
   const ActsScalar invCov = scatteringMapId->second.invCovarianceMaterial();
 
   // Phi contribution
-  aMatrixExtended(deltaPosition, deltaPosition) +=
+  extendedSystem.aMatrix()(deltaPosition, deltaPosition) +=
       invCov * sinThetaLoc * sinThetaLoc;
-  bVectorExtended(deltaPosition, 0) -=
+  extendedSystem.bVector()(deltaPosition, 0) -=
       invCov * scatteringAngles[eBoundPhi] * sinThetaLoc;
-  chi2sum += invCov * scatteringAngles[eBoundPhi] * sinThetaLoc *
-             scatteringAngles[eBoundPhi] * sinThetaLoc;
+  extendedSystem.chi2() += invCov * scatteringAngles[eBoundPhi] * sinThetaLoc *
+                           scatteringAngles[eBoundPhi] * sinThetaLoc;
 
   // Theta Contribution
-  aMatrixExtended(deltaPosition + 1, deltaPosition + 1) += invCov;
-  bVectorExtended(deltaPosition + 1, 0) -=
+  extendedSystem.aMatrix()(deltaPosition + 1, deltaPosition + 1) += invCov;
+  extendedSystem.bVector()(deltaPosition + 1, 0) -=
       invCov * scatteringAngles[eBoundTheta];
-  chi2sum +=
+  extendedSystem.chi2() +=
       invCov * scatteringAngles[eBoundTheta] * scatteringAngles[eBoundTheta];
 
   ACTS_VERBOSE(
@@ -495,18 +567,14 @@ void addMaterialToGx2fSums(
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t The type of the track proxy
 ///
 /// @param track A mutable track proxy to operate on
-/// @param aMatrixExtended The aMatrix, summing over second derivatives for the fitting system
-/// @param bVectorExtended The bVector, summing over first derivatives for the fitting system
-/// @param chi2sum Accumulated chi2 value of the system
-/// @param countNdf The number of degrees of freedom counted so far
+/// @param extendedSystem All parameters of the current equation system
 /// @param multipleScattering Flag to consider multiple scattering in the calculation
 /// @param scatteringMap Map of geometry identifiers to scattering properties, containing all scattering angles and covariances
 /// @param geoIdVector A vector to store geometry identifiers for tracking processed elements
 /// @param logger A logger instance
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 void fillGx2fSystem(
-    const track_proxy_t track, Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
-    Eigen::VectorXd& bVectorExtended, double& chi2sum, std::size_t& countNdf,
+    const track_proxy_t track, Gx2fSystem& extendedSystem,
     const bool multipleScattering,
     const std::unordered_map<GeometryIdentifier, ScatteringProperties>&
         scatteringMap,
@@ -559,11 +627,11 @@ void fillGx2fSystem(
             "Found measurement with less than 1 or more than 6 dimension(s).");
       }
 
-      countNdf += measDim;
+      extendedSystem.ndf() += measDim;
 
       visit_measurement(measDim, [&](auto N) {
-        addMeasurementToGx2fSums<N>(aMatrixExtended, bVectorExtended, chi2sum,
-                                    jacobianFromStart, trackState, logger);
+        addMeasurementToGx2fSums<N>(extendedSystem, jacobianFromStart,
+                                    trackState, logger);
       });
     }
 
@@ -574,9 +642,8 @@ void fillGx2fSystem(
       jacobianFromStart.emplace_back(BoundMatrix::Identity());
 
       // Add the material contribution to the system
-      addMaterialToGx2fSums(aMatrixExtended, bVectorExtended, chi2sum,
-                            geoIdVector.size(), scatteringMap, trackState,
-                            logger);
+      addMaterialToGx2fSums(extendedSystem, geoIdVector.size(), scatteringMap,
+                            trackState, logger);
 
       geoIdVector.emplace_back(geoId);
     }
@@ -592,13 +659,11 @@ void fillGx2fSystem(
 /// no qop/time fit)
 ///
 /// @param fullCovariancePredicted The covariance matrix to update
-/// @param aMatrixExtended The matrix containing the coefficients of the linear system.
-/// @param ndfSystem The number of degrees of freedom, determining the size of meaning full block
+/// @param extendedSystem All parameters of the current equation system
 ///
 /// @return deltaParams The calculated delta parameters.
 void updateGx2fCovarianceParams(BoundMatrix& fullCovariancePredicted,
-                                Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
-                                const std::size_t ndfSystem);
+                                Gx2fSystem& extendedSystem);
 
 /// Global Chi Square fitter (GX2F) implementation.
 ///
@@ -1128,8 +1193,6 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
     BoundVector deltaParams = BoundVector::Zero();
     double chi2sum = 0;
     double oldChi2sum = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
-    BoundMatrix aMatrix = BoundMatrix::Zero();
-    BoundVector bVector = BoundVector::Zero();
 
     // We need to create a temporary track container. We create several times a
     // new track and delete it after updating the parameters. However, if we
@@ -1145,10 +1208,6 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
     // and used for the final track
     std::size_t tipIndex = Acts::MultiTrajectoryTraits::kInvalid;
 
-    // Here we will store, the ndf of the system. It automatically deduces if we
-    // want to fit e.g. q/p and adjusts itself later.
-    std::size_t ndfSystem = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
-
     // The scatteringMap stores for each visited surface their scattering
     // properties
     std::unordered_map<GeometryIdentifier, ScatteringProperties> scatteringMap;
@@ -1242,9 +1301,6 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
       track.tipIndex() = tipIndex;
       track.linkForward();
 
-      // This goes up for each measurement (for each dimension)
-      std::size_t countNdf = 0;
-
       // Count the material surfaces, to set up the system. In the multiple
       // scattering case, we need to extend our system.
       std::size_t nMaterialSurfaces = 0;
@@ -1278,12 +1334,9 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
       // dimensions for the scattering angles.
       const std::size_t dimsExtendedParams = eBoundSize + 2 * nMaterialSurfaces;
 
-      // Set to zero before filling
-      chi2sum = 0;
-      Eigen::MatrixXd aMatrixExtended =
-          Eigen::MatrixXd::Zero(dimsExtendedParams, dimsExtendedParams);
-      Eigen::VectorXd bVectorExtended =
-          Eigen::VectorXd::Zero(dimsExtendedParams);
+      // System that we fill with the information gathered by the actor and
+      // evaluate later
+      Gx2fSystem extendedSystem{dimsExtendedParams};
 
       // This vector stores the IDs for each visited material in order. We use
       // it later for updating the scattering angles. We cannot use
@@ -1291,22 +1344,10 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
       // all stored material in each propagation.
       std::vector<GeometryIdentifier> geoIdVector;
 
-      fillGx2fSystem(track, aMatrixExtended, bVectorExtended, chi2sum, countNdf,
-                     multipleScattering, scatteringMap, geoIdVector,
-                     *m_addToSumLogger);
-
-      // Get required number of degrees of freedom ndfSystem.
-      // We have only 3 cases, because we always have l0, l1, phi, theta
-      // 4: no magnetic field -> q/p is empty
-      // 5: no time measurement -> time not fittable
-      // 6: full fit
-      if (aMatrixExtended(4, 4) == 0) {
-        ndfSystem = 4;
-      } else if (aMatrixExtended(5, 5) == 0) {
-        ndfSystem = 5;
-      } else {
-        ndfSystem = 6;
-      }
+      fillGx2fSystem(track, extendedSystem, multipleScattering, scatteringMap,
+                     geoIdVector, *m_addToSumLogger);
+
+      chi2sum = extendedSystem.chi2();
 
       // This check takes into account the evaluated dimensions of the
       // measurements. To fit, we need at least NDF+1 measurements. However, we
@@ -1317,50 +1358,45 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
       // We skip the check during the first iteration, since we cannot guarantee
       // to hit all/enough measurement surfaces with the initial parameter
       // guess.
-      if ((nUpdate > 0) && (ndfSystem + 1 > countNdf)) {
+      if ((nUpdate > 0) && !extendedSystem.isWellDefined()) {
         ACTS_INFO("Not enough measurements. Require "
-                  << ndfSystem + 1 << ", but only " << countNdf
-                  << " could be used.");
+                  << extendedSystem.findRequiredNdf() + 1 << ", but only "
+                  << extendedSystem.ndf() << " could be used.");
         return Experimental::GlobalChiSquareFitterError::NotEnoughMeasurements;
       }
 
-      // get back the Bound vector components
-      aMatrix = aMatrixExtended.topLeftCorner<eBoundSize, eBoundSize>().eval();
-      bVector = bVectorExtended.topLeftCorner<eBoundSize, 1>().eval();
-
       // calculate delta params [a] * delta = b
       Eigen::VectorXd deltaParamsExtended =
-          aMatrixExtended.colPivHouseholderQr().solve(bVectorExtended);
+          extendedSystem.aMatrix().colPivHouseholderQr().solve(
+              extendedSystem.bVector());
 
       deltaParams = deltaParamsExtended.topLeftCorner<eBoundSize, 1>().eval();
 
       ACTS_VERBOSE("aMatrix:\n"
-                   << aMatrix << "\n"
+                   << extendedSystem.aMatrix() << "\n"
                    << "bVector:\n"
-                   << bVector << "\n"
+                   << extendedSystem.bVector() << "\n"
                    << "deltaParams:\n"
                    << deltaParams << "\n"
                    << "deltaParamsExtended:\n"
                    << deltaParamsExtended << "\n"
                    << "oldChi2sum = " << oldChi2sum << "\n"
-                   << "chi2sum = " << chi2sum);
+                   << "chi2sum = " << extendedSystem.chi2());
 
       if ((gx2fOptions.relChi2changeCutOff != 0) && (nUpdate > 0) &&
-          (std::abs(chi2sum / oldChi2sum - 1) <
+          (std::abs(extendedSystem.chi2() / oldChi2sum - 1) <
            gx2fOptions.relChi2changeCutOff)) {
         ACTS_INFO("Abort with relChi2changeCutOff after "
                   << nUpdate + 1 << "/" << gx2fOptions.nUpdateMax
                   << " iterations.");
-        updateGx2fCovarianceParams(fullCovariancePredicted, aMatrixExtended,
-                                   ndfSystem);
+        updateGx2fCovarianceParams(fullCovariancePredicted, extendedSystem);
         break;
       }
 
-      if (chi2sum > oldChi2sum + 1e-5) {
+      if (extendedSystem.chi2() > oldChi2sum + 1e-5) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("chi2 not converging monotonically");
 
-        updateGx2fCovarianceParams(fullCovariancePredicted, aMatrixExtended,
-                                   ndfSystem);
+        updateGx2fCovarianceParams(fullCovariancePredicted, extendedSystem);
         break;
       }
 
@@ -1378,8 +1414,7 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
           return Experimental::GlobalChiSquareFitterError::DidNotConverge;
         }
 
-        updateGx2fCovarianceParams(fullCovariancePredicted, aMatrixExtended,
-                                   ndfSystem);
+        updateGx2fCovarianceParams(fullCovariancePredicted, extendedSystem);
         break;
       }
 
@@ -1397,7 +1432,7 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
         }
       }
 
-      oldChi2sum = chi2sum;
+      oldChi2sum = extendedSystem.chi2();
     }
     ACTS_DEBUG("Finished to iterate");
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Final parameters: " << params.parameters().transpose());
diff --git a/Core/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp b/Core/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp
index 0784322308b..de61ee090d4 100644
--- a/Core/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp
@@ -11,18 +11,17 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
 
 void Acts::Experimental::updateGx2fCovarianceParams(
-    BoundMatrix& fullCovariancePredicted, Eigen::MatrixXd& aMatrixExtended,
-    const std::size_t ndfSystem) {
+    BoundMatrix& fullCovariancePredicted, Gx2fSystem& extendedSystem) {
   // make invertible
-  for (int i = 0; i < aMatrixExtended.rows(); ++i) {
-    if (aMatrixExtended(i, i) == 0.) {
-      aMatrixExtended(i, i) = 1.;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < extendedSystem.nDims(); ++i) {
+    if (extendedSystem.aMatrix()(i, i) == 0.) {
+      extendedSystem.aMatrix()(i, i) = 1.;
     }
   }
 
-  visit_measurement(ndfSystem, [&](auto N) {
+  visit_measurement(extendedSystem.findRequiredNdf(), [&](auto N) {
     fullCovariancePredicted.topLeftCorner<N, N>() =
-        aMatrixExtended.inverse().topLeftCorner<N, N>();
+        extendedSystem.aMatrix().inverse().topLeftCorner<N, N>();
   });
 
   return;

From db8137d31382503e6a36bd02db5e3dcdd740d431 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Stefl <stefl.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Nov 2024 17:56:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/24] fix: Drop `removeNeutral` from particle pre-selection
 in Examples (#3830)

I think this is there by accident and propagated to a number of workflows. Neutral particles can convert during event simulation and should be kept. For the post selection it is valid as we do no performance on neutral particles.
---
 Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt     | 2 +-
 Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk.py      | 1 -
 Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk_Gbts.py | 1 -
 Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py      | 2 --
 Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py  | 2 --
 Examples/Scripts/Python/hashing_seeding.py     | 1 -
 6 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt b/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt
index 2ecf8b57c94..eb97555e084 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt
+++ b/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ test_seeding__estimatedparams.root: 69c0e268f9025a0991a212ea2a7f26f53112fecf614b
 test_seeding__performance_seeding.root: 992f9c611d30dde0d3f3ab676bab19ada61ab6a4442828e27b65ec5e5b7a2880
 test_seeding__particles.root: 7855b021f39ad238bca098e4282667be0666f2d1630e5bcb9d51d3b5ee39fa14
 test_seeding__particles_simulation.root: f937a4cc474e80cfbb6eac4384e42e9c5c7ac981fcd6870d624cc898d1a0c006
-test_hashing_seeding__estimatedparams.root: 1ab38fbedeaff1380fc022e2970e6c74163d770613205100bd34c3e88283e387
+test_hashing_seeding__estimatedparams.root: 8daa3f04342c265f32f1608ccc921ab0041686a6280b956f811638ad4328330e
 test_seeding_orthogonal__estimatedparams.root: ca5896ec325daf5c8012291bc454269c61c32fe3d7e33bd1fa3b812826930299
 test_seeding_orthogonal__performance_seeding.root: 60fbedcf5cb2b37cd8e526251940564432890d3a159d231ed819e915a904682c
 test_seeding_orthogonal__particles.root: 7855b021f39ad238bca098e4282667be0666f2d1630e5bcb9d51d3b5ee39fa14
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk.py
index 51746c127a1..b5c17278a1e 100755
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk.py
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@
             absZ=(0.0 * u.mm, 1.0 * u.m),
             eta=(-4.0, 4.0),
             pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-            removeNeutral=True,
         )
         if ttbar_pu200
         else ParticleSelectorConfig()
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk_Gbts.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk_Gbts.py
index a87f5ca6656..ac9cc8ae8fc 100755
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk_Gbts.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_itk_Gbts.py
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@
             absZ=(0.0 * u.mm, 1.0 * u.m),
             eta=(-4.0, 4.0),
             pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-            removeNeutral=True,
         )
         if ttbar_pu200
         else ParticleSelectorConfig()
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py
index fd98f759577..347e52714ea 100755
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py
@@ -269,7 +269,6 @@
                 absZ=(0.0, 1.0 * u.m),
                 eta=(-3.0, 3.0),
                 pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-                removeNeutral=True,
             ),
             postSelectParticles=ParticleSelectorConfig(
                 pt=(1.0 * u.GeV, None),
@@ -294,7 +293,6 @@
                     absZ=(0.0, 1.0 * u.m),
                     eta=(-3.0, 3.0),
                     pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-                    removeNeutral=True,
                 )
                 if args.ttbar
                 else ParticleSelectorConfig()
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py
index 2188bb98d6b..5cbac847baa 100644
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py
@@ -270,7 +270,6 @@
                 absZ=(0.0, 1.0 * u.m),
                 eta=(-3.0, 3.0),
                 pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-                removeNeutral=True,
             ),
             postSelectParticles=ParticleSelectorConfig(
                 pt=(1.0 * u.GeV, None),
@@ -295,7 +294,6 @@
                     absZ=(0.0, 1.0 * u.m),
                     eta=(-3.0, 3.0),
                     pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-                    removeNeutral=True,
                 )
                 if args.ttbar
                 else ParticleSelectorConfig()
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/hashing_seeding.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/hashing_seeding.py
index 3148a03837d..770c34e5185 100755
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/hashing_seeding.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/hashing_seeding.py
@@ -211,7 +211,6 @@ def runHashingSeeding(
         preSelectParticles=ParticleSelectorConfig(
             eta=(-eta, eta),
             pt=(150 * u.MeV, None),
-            removeNeutral=True,
         ),
         postSelectParticles=ParticleSelectorConfig(
             pt=(1.0 * u.GeV, None),

From 0bfe316184736fd272b2b745a87091187ce283c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Stefl <stefl.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 14:42:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/24] refactor: Remove `CalculateResiduals.hpp` (#3837)

This helper is not used anywhere and should be either removed or made use of. I opted to remove it for now as finding all the spots where it could be used is much more tedious and time consuming.

Discovered in https://github.com/acts-project/acts/pull/3836
---
 .../EventData/detail/CalculateResiduals.hpp   | 96 -------------------
 .../ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp    |  1 -
 2 files changed, 97 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/CalculateResiduals.hpp

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/CalculateResiduals.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/CalculateResiduals.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 33d800d16e6..00000000000
--- a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/CalculateResiduals.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// This file is part of the ACTS project.
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
-//
-// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
-// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
-// file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp"
-
-#include <cassert>
-
-#include <Eigen/Core>
-
-namespace Acts::detail {
-
-/// Residuals between bound reference parameters and a measured subspace.
-///
-/// @tparam index_container_t SequenceContainer for measured indices
-/// @tparam measured_t Measured parameters vector type
-/// @tparam residuals_t Residuals vector type
-/// @param[in] size Size of the measured parameters subspace
-/// @param[in] indices Indices of measured subspace, must have `size` entries
-/// @param[in] reference Reference bound parameters
-/// @param[in] measured Measured parameters subspace
-/// @param[out] residuals Resulting residuals in the measured subspace
-///
-/// @note The separate `size` parameter is also used to allow the selection of
-///   the correct residuals methods depending on the parameters type.
-template <typename index_container_t, typename measured_t, typename residuals_t>
-inline void calculateResiduals(BoundIndices size,
-                               const index_container_t& indices,
-                               const BoundVector& reference,
-                               const Eigen::MatrixBase<measured_t>& measured,
-                               Eigen::MatrixBase<residuals_t>& residuals) {
-  using OutputScalar = typename residuals_t::Scalar;
-
-  EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT_VECTOR_ONLY(measured_t);
-  EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT_VECTOR_ONLY(residuals_t);
-  assert((size <= eBoundSize) && "Measured subspace is too large");
-  assert((size <= measured.size()) && "Inconsistent measured size");
-  assert((size <= residuals.size()) && "Inconsistent residuals size");
-
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
-    std::size_t fullIndex = indices[i];
-    // this is neither elegant nor smart but it is the simplest solution.
-    //
-    // only phi must be handled specially here. the theta limits can only be
-    // correctly handled if phi is updated, too. since we can not ensure that
-    // both are available, it is probably less error-prone to treat theta as a
-    // regular, unrestricted parameter.
-    if (fullIndex == eBoundPhi) {
-      residuals[i] = difference_periodic<OutputScalar>(
-          measured[i], reference[fullIndex],
-          static_cast<OutputScalar>(2 * M_PI));
-    } else {
-      residuals[i] = measured[i] - reference[fullIndex];
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// Residuals between free reference parameters and a measured subspace.
-///
-/// @tparam index_container_t SequenceContainer for measured inidices
-/// @tparam measured_t Measured parameters vector type
-/// @tparam residuals_t Residuals vector type
-/// @param[in] size Size of the measured parameters subspace
-/// @param[in] indices Indices of measured subspace, must have `size` entries
-/// @param[in] reference Reference free parameters
-/// @param[in] measured Measured parameters subspace
-/// @param[out] residuals Resulting residuals in the measured subspace
-///
-/// @note The separate `size` parameter is also used to allow the selection of
-///   the correct residuals methods depending on the parameters type.
-template <typename index_container_t, typename measured_t, typename residuals_t>
-inline void calculateResiduals(FreeIndices size,
-                               const index_container_t& indices,
-                               const FreeVector& reference,
-                               const Eigen::MatrixBase<measured_t>& measured,
-                               Eigen::MatrixBase<residuals_t>& residuals) {
-  EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT_VECTOR_ONLY(measured_t);
-  EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT_VECTOR_ONLY(residuals_t);
-  assert((size <= eFreeSize) && "Measured subspace is too large");
-  assert((size <= measured.size()) && "Inconsistent measured size");
-  assert((size <= residuals.size()) && "Inconsistent residuals size");
-
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
-    // all free parameters are unrestricted. no need to call parameter traits
-    residuals[i] = measured[i] - reference[indices[i]];
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace Acts::detail
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp
index a0bf4559509..ab232628341 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #include "Acts/EventData/MeasurementHelpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/SubspaceHelpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/Types.hpp"
-#include "Acts/EventData/detail/CalculateResiduals.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/detail/ParameterTraits.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/detail/PrintParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"

From 69031ba9caf5184341e9e320a48b097af1f255a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Stefl <stefl.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 18:33:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/24] refactor: Fuse initial and final sim particles in
 Examples (#3804)

The split of initial and final state of particles became more and more a burden. Currently we have a single EDM to store the particle state after generation and after simulation. While for simulation we have more properties on the particle which is split into `initial` and `final` states. Here I propose to combine the information into the particle object by carrying all states.

Replaces https://github.com/acts-project/acts/pull/3795

<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
## Summary by CodeRabbit

- **New Features**
  - Consolidated output handling for particles by replacing `outputParticlesInitial` and `outputParticlesFinal` with a single `outputParticlesSimulation` parameter across multiple components.
  - Enhanced `SimParticle` class with new methods and properties for better particle management.

- **Bug Fixes**
  - Improved error handling and validation processes in various components to ensure robustness.

- **Documentation**
  - Updated documentation to reflect changes in parameter names and functionality across several modules.

- **Chores**
  - Removed unused include statements and optimized dependencies in various files to streamline the codebase.

- **Tests**
  - Updated tests to validate new output naming conventions and ensure compatibility with the revised particle handling logic.
<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
---
 CI/physmon/config/pythia8_ttbar.yml           |   5 +
 CI/physmon/workflows/physmon_simulation.py    |   6 +-
 .../ActsExamples/Fatras/FatrasSimulation.hpp  |  12 +-
 .../Fatras/src/FatrasSimulation.cpp           |  77 ++++---
 .../ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp        |   8 +-
 .../ActsExamples/Geant4/Geant4Simulation.hpp  |  13 +-
 .../Geant4/ParticleTrackingAction.hpp         |   5 +-
 .../Geant4/src/Geant4Simulation.cpp           |  25 +--
 .../Geant4/src/ParticleTrackingAction.cpp     |  28 ++-
 .../Geant4/src/SimParticleTranslation.cpp     |   4 -
 .../Generators/EventGenerator.cpp             |   4 +-
 .../ParametricParticleGenerator.cpp           |   5 +-
 .../Generators/Pythia8ProcessGenerator.cpp    |   9 +-
 .../HepMC/src/HepMCProcessExtractor.cpp       |  55 +++--
 .../Printers/ParticlesPrinter.cpp             |   2 -
 .../TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.cpp        |  44 +---
 .../TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp        |  12 --
 Examples/Framework/CMakeLists.txt             |   1 +
 .../ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp    | 204 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.hpp        |   4 +-
 .../ActsExamples/Validation/EffPlotTool.hpp   |   7 +-
 .../Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.hpp           |   4 +-
 .../ActsExamples/Validation/ResPlotTool.hpp   |   4 +-
 .../Framework/src/EventData/SimParticle.cpp   |  21 ++
 .../src/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.cpp    |   5 +-
 .../Framework/src/Validation/EffPlotTool.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../src/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.cpp       |   5 +-
 .../Framework/src/Validation/ResPlotTool.cpp  |   6 +-
 Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvParticleReader.cpp     |  10 +-
 .../ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepReader.hpp |  24 +--
 .../ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp   |   8 +-
 .../Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepParticleWriter.cpp  |   3 -
 Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepReader.cpp     |  95 ++++----
 Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp       |  33 ++-
 Examples/Io/HepMC3/src/HepMC3Particle.cpp     |   7 +-
 .../Io/Root/RootParticleReader.hpp            |   6 +
 .../Io/Root/RootParticleWriter.hpp            |   7 -
 .../ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootSimHitReader.hpp |   3 -
 .../Io/Root/RootTrackSummaryReader.hpp        |   1 -
 Examples/Io/Root/src/RootAthenaDumpReader.cpp |  17 +-
 Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleReader.cpp   |  49 +++--
 Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleWriter.cpp   |  68 ++----
 .../Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryReader.cpp    |   4 +-
 .../Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp  |   5 +-
 .../Root/src/TrackFinderPerformanceWriter.cpp |   9 +-
 .../Root/src/TrackFitterPerformanceWriter.cpp |   6 +-
 .../NuclearInteractionParametrisation.cpp     |  17 +-
 .../Python/python/acts/examples/simulation.py | 112 ++++------
 Examples/Python/src/EDM4hepComponent.cpp      |   8 +-
 Examples/Python/src/ExampleAlgorithms.cpp     |  10 +-
 Examples/Python/src/Geant4Component.cpp       |   5 +-
 Examples/Python/src/Output.cpp                |   4 +-
 Examples/Python/src/TruthTracking.cpp         |   2 -
 Examples/Python/tests/conftest.py             |   3 +-
 Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt    |  20 +-
 Examples/Python/tests/test_examples.py        |  19 +-
 Examples/Python/tests/test_reader.py          |   3 +-
 Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py     |   3 +-
 Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py |   3 +-
 Examples/Scripts/Python/seeding.py            |   1 -
 .../include/ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp |  45 ++--
 .../include/ActsFatras/Kernel/Simulation.hpp  |   6 -
 62 files changed, 620 insertions(+), 575 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Examples/Framework/src/EventData/SimParticle.cpp

diff --git a/CI/physmon/config/pythia8_ttbar.yml b/CI/physmon/config/pythia8_ttbar.yml
index 301aba1c7e5..6a71fe03988 100644
--- a/CI/physmon/config/pythia8_ttbar.yml
+++ b/CI/physmon/config/pythia8_ttbar.yml
@@ -65,3 +65,8 @@ exclude:
   - particle
   - generation
   - sub_particle
+  - e_loss
+  - total_x0
+  - total_l0
+  - number_of_hits
+  - outcome
diff --git a/CI/physmon/workflows/physmon_simulation.py b/CI/physmon/workflows/physmon_simulation.py
index 37874663187..206890540b8 100755
--- a/CI/physmon/workflows/physmon_simulation.py
+++ b/CI/physmon/workflows/physmon_simulation.py
@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@
         preSelectParticles=None,
         postSelectParticles=ParticleSelectorConfig(removeSecondaries=True),
         inputParticles="particles_input",
-        outputParticlesInitial="particles_initial_fatras",
-        outputParticlesFinal="particles_final_fatras",
+        outputParticles="particles_fatras",
         outputSimHits="simhits_fatras",
         outputDirRoot=tp / "fatras",
     )
@@ -99,8 +98,7 @@
         killAfterTime=25 * u.ns,
         killSecondaries=True,
         inputParticles="particles_input",
-        outputParticlesInitial="particles_initial_geant4",
-        outputParticlesFinal="particles_final_geant4",
+        outputParticles="particles_geant4",
         outputSimHits="simhits_geant4",
         outputDirRoot=tp / "geant4",
     )
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/include/ActsExamples/Fatras/FatrasSimulation.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/include/ActsExamples/Fatras/FatrasSimulation.hpp
index 100a34b6257..75395218a9e 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/include/ActsExamples/Fatras/FatrasSimulation.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/include/ActsExamples/Fatras/FatrasSimulation.hpp
@@ -43,10 +43,8 @@ class FatrasSimulation final : public IAlgorithm {
   struct Config {
     /// The particles input collection.
     std::string inputParticles;
-    /// The simulated particles initial state collection.
-    std::string outputParticlesInitial;
-    /// The simulated particles final state collection.
-    std::string outputParticlesFinal;
+    /// The simulated particles collection.
+    std::string outputParticles;
     /// The simulated hits output collection.
     std::string outputSimHits;
     /// Parametrisation of nuclear interaction
@@ -110,10 +108,8 @@ class FatrasSimulation final : public IAlgorithm {
 
   WriteDataHandle<SimHitContainer> m_outputSimHits{this, "OutputSimHits"};
 
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesInitial{
-      this, "OutputParticlesInitial"};
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesFinal{
-      this, "OutputParticlesFinal"};
+  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticles{this,
+                                                          "OutputParticles"};
 
  private:
   Config m_cfg;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/src/FatrasSimulation.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/src/FatrasSimulation.cpp
index 48c66eeff3f..f9e627f482a 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/src/FatrasSimulation.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Fatras/src/FatrasSimulation.cpp
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@
 
 #include "ActsExamples/Fatras/FatrasSimulation.hpp"
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Direction.hpp"
-#include "Acts/EventData/TrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/MagneticField/MagneticFieldContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Propagator/Navigator.hpp"
@@ -24,20 +22,17 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/IAlgorithm.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/RandomNumbers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
+#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Hit.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Kernel/InteractionList.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Kernel/Simulation.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Physics/Decay/NoDecay.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/PhotonConversion.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/Physics/NuclearInteraction/NuclearInteractionParameters.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Physics/StandardInteractions.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Selectors/SelectorHelpers.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Selectors/SurfaceSelectors.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
-#include <map>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <system_error>
@@ -73,10 +68,9 @@ struct ActsExamples::detail::FatrasSimulation {
   virtual ~FatrasSimulation() = default;
   virtual Acts::Result<std::vector<ActsFatras::FailedParticle>> simulate(
       const Acts::GeometryContext &, const Acts::MagneticFieldContext &,
-      ActsExamples::RandomEngine &, const ActsExamples::SimParticleContainer &,
-      ActsExamples::SimParticleContainer::sequence_type &,
-      ActsExamples::SimParticleContainer::sequence_type &,
-      ActsExamples::SimHitContainer::sequence_type &) const = 0;
+      ActsExamples::RandomEngine &, const std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> &,
+      std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> &, std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> &,
+      std::vector<ActsFatras::Hit> &) const = 0;
 };
 
 namespace {
@@ -172,12 +166,10 @@ struct FatrasSimulationT final : ActsExamples::detail::FatrasSimulation {
   Acts::Result<std::vector<ActsFatras::FailedParticle>> simulate(
       const Acts::GeometryContext &geoCtx,
       const Acts::MagneticFieldContext &magCtx, ActsExamples::RandomEngine &rng,
-      const ActsExamples::SimParticleContainer &inputParticles,
-      ActsExamples::SimParticleContainer::sequence_type
-          &simulatedParticlesInitial,
-      ActsExamples::SimParticleContainer::sequence_type
-          &simulatedParticlesFinal,
-      ActsExamples::SimHitContainer::sequence_type &simHits) const final {
+      const std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> &inputParticles,
+      std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> &simulatedParticlesInitial,
+      std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> &simulatedParticlesFinal,
+      std::vector<ActsFatras::Hit> &simHits) const final {
     return simulation.simulate(geoCtx, magCtx, rng, inputParticles,
                                simulatedParticlesInitial,
                                simulatedParticlesFinal, simHits);
@@ -212,8 +204,7 @@ ActsExamples::FatrasSimulation::FatrasSimulation(Config cfg,
   m_sim = std::make_unique<FatrasSimulationT>(m_cfg, lvl);
 
   m_inputParticles.initialize(m_cfg.inputParticles);
-  m_outputParticlesInitial.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesInitial);
-  m_outputParticlesFinal.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesFinal);
+  m_outputParticles.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticles);
   m_outputSimHits.initialize(m_cfg.outputSimHits);
 }
 
@@ -227,10 +218,17 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::FatrasSimulation::execute(
 
   ACTS_DEBUG(inputParticles.size() << " input particles");
 
+  // prepare input container
+  std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> particlesInput;
+  particlesInput.reserve(inputParticles.size());
+  for (const auto &p : inputParticles) {
+    particlesInput.push_back(p.initial());
+  }
+
   // prepare output containers
-  SimParticleContainer::sequence_type particlesInitialUnordered;
-  SimParticleContainer::sequence_type particlesFinalUnordered;
-  SimHitContainer::sequence_type simHitsUnordered;
+  std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> particlesInitialUnordered;
+  std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> particlesFinalUnordered;
+  std::vector<ActsFatras::Hit> simHitsUnordered;
   // reserve appropriate resources
   particlesInitialUnordered.reserve(inputParticles.size());
   particlesFinalUnordered.reserve(inputParticles.size());
@@ -240,7 +238,7 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::FatrasSimulation::execute(
   // run the simulation w/ a local random generator
   auto rng = m_cfg.randomNumbers->spawnGenerator(ctx);
   auto ret = m_sim->simulate(ctx.geoContext, ctx.magFieldContext, rng,
-                             inputParticles, particlesInitialUnordered,
+                             particlesInput, particlesInitialUnordered,
                              particlesFinalUnordered, simHitsUnordered);
   // fatal error leads to panic
   if (!ret.ok()) {
@@ -263,19 +261,23 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::FatrasSimulation::execute(
              << " simulated particles (final state)");
   ACTS_DEBUG(simHitsUnordered.size() << " simulated hits");
 
+  if (particlesInitialUnordered.size() != particlesFinalUnordered.size()) {
+    ACTS_ERROR("number of initial and final state particles differ");
+  }
+
   // order output containers
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 107800
-  SimParticleContainer particlesInitial(particlesInitialUnordered.begin(),
-                                        particlesInitialUnordered.end());
-  SimParticleContainer particlesFinal(particlesFinalUnordered.begin(),
-                                      particlesFinalUnordered.end());
+  SimParticleStateContainer particlesInitial(particlesInitialUnordered.begin(),
+                                             particlesInitialUnordered.end());
+  SimParticleStateContainer particlesFinal(particlesFinalUnordered.begin(),
+                                           particlesFinalUnordered.end());
   SimHitContainer simHits(simHitsUnordered.begin(), simHitsUnordered.end());
 #else
   // working around a nasty boost bug
   // https://github.com/boostorg/container/issues/244
 
-  SimParticleContainer particlesInitial;
-  SimParticleContainer particlesFinal;
+  SimParticleStateContainer particlesInitial;
+  SimParticleStateContainer particlesFinal;
   SimHitContainer simHits;
 
   particlesInitial.reserve(particlesInitialUnordered.size());
@@ -293,9 +295,24 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::FatrasSimulation::execute(
   }
 #endif
 
+  SimParticleContainer particlesSimulated;
+  particlesSimulated.reserve(particlesInitial.size());
+  for (const auto &particleInitial : particlesInitial) {
+    SimParticle particleSimulated(particleInitial, particleInitial);
+
+    if (auto it = particlesFinal.find(particleInitial.particleId());
+        it != particlesFinal.end()) {
+      particleSimulated.final() = *it;
+    } else {
+      ACTS_ERROR("particle " << particleInitial.particleId()
+                             << " has no final state");
+    }
+
+    particlesSimulated.insert(particleSimulated);
+  }
+
   // store ordered output containers
-  m_outputParticlesInitial(ctx, std::move(particlesInitial));
-  m_outputParticlesFinal(ctx, std::move(particlesFinal));
+  m_outputParticles(ctx, std::move(particlesSimulated));
   m_outputSimHits(ctx, std::move(simHits));
 
   return ActsExamples::ProcessCode::SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp
index f7ef51638d6..a46512ce299 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp
@@ -33,11 +33,13 @@ struct EventStore {
   /// Use a std::set here because it allows for fast insertion and ensures
   /// uniqueness. Thus particle collisions are detected early.
   using ParticleContainer =
-      std::set<ActsFatras::Particle, ActsExamples::detail::CompareParticleId>;
+      std::set<SimParticle, ActsExamples::detail::CompareParticleId>;
 
-  /// Initial and final particle collections
+  /// Initial particle collection
   ParticleContainer particlesInitial;
-  ParticleContainer particlesFinal;
+
+  /// Simulated particle collection
+  ParticleContainer particlesSimulated;
 
   /// The hits in sensitive detectors
   SimHitContainer::sequence_type hits;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/Geant4Simulation.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/Geant4Simulation.hpp
index 487aadaba36..f735dcd3859 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/Geant4Simulation.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/Geant4Simulation.hpp
@@ -118,11 +118,8 @@ class Geant4Simulation final : public Geant4SimulationBase {
     /// Name of the output collection : hits
     std::string outputSimHits = "simhits";
 
-    /// Name of the output collection : initial particles
-    std::string outputParticlesInitial = "particles_initial";
-
-    /// Name of the output collection : final particles
-    std::string outputParticlesFinal = "particles_final";
+    /// Name of the output collection : simulated particles
+    std::string outputParticles = "particles_simulated";
 
     /// The ACTS sensitive surfaces in a mapper, used for hit creation
     std::shared_ptr<const SensitiveSurfaceMapper> sensitiveSurfaceMapper =
@@ -170,10 +167,8 @@ class Geant4Simulation final : public Geant4SimulationBase {
   std::unique_ptr<G4MagneticField> m_magneticField;
   std::unique_ptr<G4FieldManager> m_fieldManager;
 
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesInitial{
-      this, "OutputParticlesInitial"};
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesFinal{
-      this, "OutputParticlesFinal"};
+  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticles{this,
+                                                          "OutputParticles"};
   WriteDataHandle<SimHitContainer> m_outputSimHits{this, "OutputSimHIts"};
 };
 
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/ParticleTrackingAction.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/ParticleTrackingAction.hpp
index 6e79f654db6..acf07ec75dc 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/ParticleTrackingAction.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/include/ActsExamples/Geant4/ParticleTrackingAction.hpp
@@ -62,11 +62,12 @@ class ParticleTrackingAction : public G4UserTrackingAction {
   Config m_cfg;
 
  private:
-  /// Convert a G4Track to a SimParticle
+  /// Convert a G4Track to a SimParticleState
   ///
   /// @param aTrack the current Geant4 track
   /// @param particleId the particle ID the particle will have
-  SimParticle convert(const G4Track& aTrack, SimBarcode particleId) const;
+  /// @return SimParticleState the converted particle state
+  SimParticleState convert(const G4Track& aTrack, SimBarcode particleId) const;
 
   /// Make the particle id
   std::optional<SimBarcode> makeParticleId(G4int trackId, G4int parentId) const;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/Geant4Simulation.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/Geant4Simulation.cpp
index 515159e3e51..795ddad78fa 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/Geant4Simulation.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/Geant4Simulation.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Plugins/FpeMonitoring/FpeMonitor.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Utilities/MultiIndex.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/IAlgorithm.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/RandomNumbers.hpp"
@@ -28,12 +27,8 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Geant4/SensitiveSurfaceMapper.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Geant4/SimParticleTranslation.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Geant4/SteppingActionList.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
 
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <map>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -135,14 +130,6 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::Geant4SimulationBase::execute(
     runManager().BeamOn(1);
   }
 
-  // Since these are std::set, this ensures that each particle is in both sets
-  throw_assert(
-      eventStore().particlesInitial.size() ==
-          eventStore().particlesFinal.size(),
-      "initial and final particle collections does not have the same size: "
-          << eventStore().particlesInitial.size() << " vs "
-          << eventStore().particlesFinal.size());
-
   // Print out warnings about possible particle collision if happened
   if (eventStore().particleIdCollisionsInitial > 0 ||
       eventStore().particleIdCollisionsFinal > 0 ||
@@ -298,8 +285,7 @@ ActsExamples::Geant4Simulation::Geant4Simulation(const Config& cfg,
 
   m_inputParticles.initialize(cfg.inputParticles);
   m_outputSimHits.initialize(cfg.outputSimHits);
-  m_outputParticlesInitial.initialize(cfg.outputParticlesInitial);
-  m_outputParticlesFinal.initialize(cfg.outputParticlesFinal);
+  m_outputParticles.initialize(cfg.outputParticles);
 }
 
 ActsExamples::Geant4Simulation::~Geant4Simulation() = default;
@@ -312,12 +298,9 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::Geant4Simulation::execute(
   }
 
   // Output handling: Simulation
-  m_outputParticlesInitial(
-      ctx, SimParticleContainer(eventStore().particlesInitial.begin(),
-                                eventStore().particlesInitial.end()));
-  m_outputParticlesFinal(
-      ctx, SimParticleContainer(eventStore().particlesFinal.begin(),
-                                eventStore().particlesFinal.end()));
+  m_outputParticles(
+      ctx, SimParticleContainer(eventStore().particlesSimulated.begin(),
+                                eventStore().particlesSimulated.end()));
 
 #if BOOST_VERSION < 107800
   SimHitContainer container;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/ParticleTrackingAction.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/ParticleTrackingAction.cpp
index d56509e1ad1..ba59debc893 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/ParticleTrackingAction.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/ParticleTrackingAction.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/PdgParticle.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/MultiIndex.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ void ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::PreUserTrackingAction(
     return;
   }
 
-  auto particle = convert(*aTrack, *barcode);
+  auto fatrasParticle = convert(*aTrack, *barcode);
+  SimParticle particle(fatrasParticle, fatrasParticle);
   auto [it, success] = eventStore().particlesInitial.insert(particle);
 
   // Only register particle at the initial state AND if there is no particle ID
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ void ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::PreUserTrackingAction(
 
 void ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::PostUserTrackingAction(
     const G4Track* aTrack) {
-  // The initial particle maybe was not registered because a particle ID
+  // The initial particle maybe was not registered because of a particle ID
   // collision
   if (!eventStore().trackIdMapping.contains(aTrack->GetTrackID())) {
     ACTS_WARNING("Particle ID for track ID " << aTrack->GetTrackID()
@@ -81,14 +82,22 @@ void ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::PostUserTrackingAction(
                  eventStore().particleHitCount.at(barcode) > 0;
 
   if (!m_cfg.keepParticlesWithoutHits && !hasHits) {
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto n = eventStore().particlesInitial.erase(
-        ActsExamples::SimParticle{barcode, Acts::PdgParticle::eInvalid});
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto n = eventStore().particlesSimulated.erase(
+        ActsExamples::SimParticle(barcode, Acts::PdgParticle::eInvalid));
     assert(n == 1);
     return;
   }
 
-  auto particle = convert(*aTrack, barcode);
-  auto [it, success] = eventStore().particlesFinal.insert(particle);
+  auto particleIt = eventStore().particlesInitial.find(barcode);
+  if (particleIt == eventStore().particlesInitial.end()) {
+    ACTS_WARNING("Particle ID " << barcode
+                                << " not found in initial particles");
+    return;
+  }
+  SimParticle particle = *particleIt;
+  particle.final() = convert(*aTrack, barcode);
+
+  auto [it, success] = eventStore().particlesSimulated.insert(particle);
 
   if (!success) {
     eventStore().particleIdCollisionsFinal++;
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@ void ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::PostUserTrackingAction(
   }
 }
 
-ActsExamples::SimParticle ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::convert(
+ActsExamples::SimParticleState ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::convert(
     const G4Track& aTrack, SimBarcode particleId) const {
   // Unit conversions G4->::ACTS
   constexpr double convertTime = Acts::UnitConstants::ns / CLHEP::ns;
@@ -129,8 +138,7 @@ ActsExamples::SimParticle ActsExamples::ParticleTrackingAction::convert(
   }
 
   // Now create the Particle
-  ActsExamples::SimParticle aParticle(particleId, Acts::PdgParticle{pdg},
-                                      charge, mass);
+  SimParticleState aParticle(particleId, Acts::PdgParticle{pdg}, charge, mass);
   aParticle.setPosition4(pPosition[0], pPosition[1], pPosition[2], pTime);
   aParticle.setDirection(pDirection[0], pDirection[1], pDirection[2]);
   aParticle.setAbsoluteMomentum(p);
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/SimParticleTranslation.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/SimParticleTranslation.cpp
index 0543a62119b..8b8156ff3e4 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/SimParticleTranslation.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geant4/src/SimParticleTranslation.cpp
@@ -10,16 +10,12 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimHit.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/DataHandle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/WhiteBoard.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Geant4/EventStore.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <ostream>
-#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>
 
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/EventGenerator.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/EventGenerator.cpp
index 5e7e2af3f9a..a11d62c928f 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/EventGenerator.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/EventGenerator.cpp
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::EventGenerator::read(
         const auto pos4 = (vertexPosition + particle.fourPosition()).eval();
         ACTS_VERBOSE(" - particle at " << pos4.transpose());
         // `withParticleId` returns a copy because it changes the identity
-        particle = particle.withParticleId(pid).setPosition4(pos4);
+        particle = particle.withParticleId(pid);
+        particle.initial().setPosition4(pos4);
+        particle.final().setPosition4(pos4);
       };
       for (auto& vertexParticle : newParticles) {
         updateParticleInPlace(vertexParticle);
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.cpp
index 240669274b0..34363410f42 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/ParticleData.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
@@ -115,12 +116,12 @@ ParametricParticleGenerator::operator()(RandomEngine& rng) {
     const double p = someP * (m_cfg.pTransverse ? 1. / sinTheta : 1.);
 
     // construct the particle;
-    ActsFatras::Particle particle(pid, pdg, q, m_mass);
+    SimParticleState particle(pid, pdg, q, m_mass);
     particle.setDirection(dir);
     particle.setAbsoluteMomentum(p);
 
     // generated particle ids are already ordered and should end up at the end
-    particles.insert(particles.end(), std::move(particle));
+    particles.insert(particles.end(), SimParticle(particle, particle));
   }
 
   std::pair<SimVertexContainer, SimParticleContainer> out;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/GeneratorsPythia8/ActsExamples/Generators/Pythia8ProcessGenerator.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/GeneratorsPythia8/ActsExamples/Generators/Pythia8ProcessGenerator.cpp
index ae7c2b85403..cd80d64bf08 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/GeneratorsPythia8/ActsExamples/Generators/Pythia8ProcessGenerator.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/GeneratorsPythia8/ActsExamples/Generators/Pythia8ProcessGenerator.cpp
@@ -141,9 +141,8 @@ Pythia8Generator::operator()(RandomEngine& rng) {
     }
 
     // production vertex. Pythia8 time uses units mm/c, and we use c=1
-    SimParticle::Vector4 pos4(
-        genParticle.xProd() * 1_mm, genParticle.yProd() * 1_mm,
-        genParticle.zProd() * 1_mm, genParticle.tProd() * 1_mm);
+    Acts::Vector4 pos4(genParticle.xProd() * 1_mm, genParticle.yProd() * 1_mm,
+                       genParticle.zProd() * 1_mm, genParticle.tProd() * 1_mm);
 
     // define the particle identifier including possible secondary vertices
 
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ Pythia8Generator::operator()(RandomEngine& rng) {
     const auto pdg = static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(genParticle.id());
     const auto charge = genParticle.charge() * 1_e;
     const auto mass = genParticle.m0() * 1_GeV;
-    ActsFatras::Particle particle(particleId, pdg, charge, mass);
+    SimParticleState particle(particleId, pdg, charge, mass);
     particle.setPosition4(pos4);
     // normalization/ units are not import for the direction
     particle.setDirection(genParticle.px(), genParticle.py(), genParticle.pz());
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ Pythia8Generator::operator()(RandomEngine& rng) {
         Acts::fastHypot(genParticle.px(), genParticle.py(), genParticle.pz()) *
         1_GeV);
 
-    particles.push_back(std::move(particle));
+    particles.push_back(SimParticle(particle, particle));
   }
 
   std::pair<SimVertexContainer, SimParticleContainer> out;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/HepMC/src/HepMCProcessExtractor.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/HepMC/src/HepMCProcessExtractor.cpp
index eae5c98bfb4..6cc00f77430 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/HepMC/src/HepMCProcessExtractor.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/HepMC/src/HepMCProcessExtractor.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #include <HepMC3/GenParticle.h>
 #include <HepMC3/GenVertex.h>
 
+namespace ActsExamples {
+
 namespace {
 
 /// @brief This method searches for an outgoing particle from a vertex
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr searchProcessParticleById(
 /// @param [in] id The track ID
 /// @param [in, out] particle The particle that get the passed material attached
 void setPassedMaterial(const HepMC3::ConstGenVertexPtr& vertex, const int id,
-                       ActsExamples::SimParticle& particle) {
+                       SimParticle& particle) {
   double x0 = 0.;
   double l0 = 0.;
   HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr currentParticle = nullptr;
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ void setPassedMaterial(const HepMC3::ConstGenVertexPtr& vertex, const int id,
     currentVertex = currentParticle->production_vertex();
   }
   // Assign the passed material to the particle
-  particle.setMaterialPassed(x0, l0);
+  particle.final().setMaterialPassed(x0, l0);
 }
 
 /// @brief This function collects outgoing particles from a vertex while keeping
@@ -84,9 +86,9 @@ void setPassedMaterial(const HepMC3::ConstGenVertexPtr& vertex, const int id,
 /// @param [in] trackID The track ID of the ingoing particle
 ///
 /// @return Vector containing the outgoing particles from a vertex
-std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> selectOutgoingParticles(
+std::vector<SimParticle> selectOutgoingParticles(
     const HepMC3::ConstGenVertexPtr& vertex, const int trackID) {
-  std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> finalStateParticles;
+  std::vector<SimParticle> finalStateParticles;
 
   // Identify the ingoing particle in the outgoing particles
   HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr procPart =
@@ -99,8 +101,7 @@ std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> selectOutgoingParticles(
                                                std::to_string(trackID))
           ->value() != "Death") {
     // Store the particle if it survives
-    finalStateParticles.push_back(
-        ActsExamples::HepMC3Particle::particle(procPart));
+    finalStateParticles.push_back(HepMC3Particle::particle(procPart));
   } else {
     // Store the leftovers if it dies
     for (const HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr& procPartOut :
@@ -110,8 +111,7 @@ std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> selectOutgoingParticles(
           procPartOut->end_vertex()) {
         for (const HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr& dyingPartOut :
              procPartOut->end_vertex()->particles_out()) {
-          finalStateParticles.push_back(
-              ActsExamples::HepMC3Particle::particle(dyingPartOut));
+          finalStateParticles.push_back(HepMC3Particle::particle(dyingPartOut));
         }
       }
     }
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> selectOutgoingParticles(
       auto pid = static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(genParticle->pid());
 
       // Build an Acts particle out of the data
-      ActsExamples::SimParticle simParticle(barcode, pid);
+      SimParticleState simParticle(barcode, pid);
       simParticle.setPosition4(pos4.x(), pos4.y(), pos4.z(), pos4.t());
       Acts::Vector3 mom3(mom4[0], mom4[1], mom4[2]);
       simParticle.setDirection(mom3.normalized());
       simParticle.setAbsoluteMomentum(mom3.norm());
 
       // Store the particle
-      finalStateParticles.push_back(simParticle);
+      finalStateParticles.push_back(SimParticle(simParticle, simParticle));
     }
   }
 
@@ -150,9 +150,8 @@ std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> selectOutgoingParticles(
 ///
 /// @param [in] cfg Configuration of the filtering
 /// @param [in, out] interactions The recorded interactions
-void filterAndSort(
-    const ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::Config& cfg,
-    ActsExamples::ExtractedSimulationProcessContainer& interactions) {
+void filterAndSort(const HepMCProcessExtractor::Config& cfg,
+                   ExtractedSimulationProcessContainer& interactions) {
   for (auto& interaction : interactions) {
     for (auto cit = interaction.after.cbegin();
          cit != interaction.after.cend();) {
@@ -172,15 +171,14 @@ void filterAndSort(
                       [](const auto& a) { return a.absoluteMomentum(); });
   }
 }
+
 }  // namespace
 
-ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::~HepMCProcessExtractor() = default;
+HepMCProcessExtractor::~HepMCProcessExtractor() = default;
 
-ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::HepMCProcessExtractor(
-    ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::Config config,
-    Acts::Logging::Level level)
-    : ActsExamples::IAlgorithm("HepMCProcessExtractor", level),
-      m_cfg(std::move(config)) {
+HepMCProcessExtractor::HepMCProcessExtractor(
+    HepMCProcessExtractor::Config config, Acts::Logging::Level level)
+    : IAlgorithm("HepMCProcessExtractor", level), m_cfg(std::move(config)) {
   if (m_cfg.inputEvents.empty()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("Missing input event collection");
   }
@@ -195,12 +193,12 @@ ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::HepMCProcessExtractor(
   m_outputSimulationProcesses.initialize(m_cfg.outputSimulationProcesses);
 }
 
-ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::execute(
-    const ActsExamples::AlgorithmContext& context) const {
+ProcessCode HepMCProcessExtractor::execute(
+    const AlgorithmContext& context) const {
   // Retrieve the initial particles
   const auto events = m_inputEvents(context);
 
-  ActsExamples::ExtractedSimulationProcessContainer fractions;
+  ExtractedSimulationProcessContainer fractions;
   for (const HepMC3::GenEvent& event : events) {
     // Fast exit
     if (event.particles().empty() || event.vertices().empty()) {
@@ -209,12 +207,11 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::execute(
 
     // Get the initial particle
     HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr initialParticle = event.particles()[0];
-    ActsExamples::SimParticle simParticle =
-        HepMC3Particle::particle(initialParticle);
+    SimParticle simParticle = HepMC3Particle::particle(initialParticle);
 
     // Get the final state particles
-    ActsExamples::SimParticle particleToInteraction;
-    std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> finalStateParticles;
+    SimParticle particleToInteraction;
+    std::vector<SimParticle> finalStateParticles;
     // Search the process vertex
     bool vertexFound = false;
     for (const auto& vertex : event.vertices()) {
@@ -238,7 +235,7 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::execute(
         break;
       }
     }
-    fractions.push_back(ActsExamples::ExtractedSimulationProcess{
+    fractions.push_back(ExtractedSimulationProcess{
         simParticle, particleToInteraction, finalStateParticles});
   }
 
@@ -250,5 +247,7 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::HepMCProcessExtractor::execute(
   // Write the recorded material to the event store
   m_outputSimulationProcesses(context, std::move(fractions));
 
-  return ActsExamples::ProcessCode::SUCCESS;
+  return ProcessCode::SUCCESS;
 }
+
+}  // namespace ActsExamples
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Printers/ActsExamples/Printers/ParticlesPrinter.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Printers/ActsExamples/Printers/ParticlesPrinter.cpp
index a03cc280043..3f0e9de0d7b 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Printers/ActsExamples/Printers/ParticlesPrinter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Printers/ActsExamples/Printers/ParticlesPrinter.cpp
@@ -12,12 +12,10 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/ProcessType.hpp"
 
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
-#include <utility>
 
 ActsExamples::ParticlesPrinter::ParticlesPrinter(const Config& cfg,
                                                  Acts::Logging::Level lvl)
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.cpp
index 5fa3ee0e4b2..738399a1e42 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.cpp
@@ -10,11 +10,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Common.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/GeometryContainers.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/IndexSourceLink.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
@@ -29,16 +26,9 @@ ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::ParticleSelector(const Config& config,
   if (m_cfg.outputParticles.empty()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("Missing output particles collection");
   }
-  if (!m_cfg.outputParticlesFinal.empty() &&
-      m_cfg.inputParticlesFinal.empty()) {
-    throw std::invalid_argument(
-        "Output final particles collection requires input final particles");
-  }
 
   m_inputParticles.initialize(m_cfg.inputParticles);
-  m_inputParticlesFinal.maybeInitialize(m_cfg.inputParticlesFinal);
   m_outputParticles.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticles);
-  m_outputParticlesFinal.maybeInitialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesFinal);
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("selection particle rho [" << m_cfg.rhoMin << "," << m_cfg.rhoMax
                                         << ")");
@@ -65,9 +55,6 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::execute(
     const AlgorithmContext& ctx) const {
   // prepare input/ output types
   const SimParticleContainer& inputParticles = m_inputParticles(ctx);
-  const SimParticleContainer& inputParticlesFinal =
-      (m_inputParticlesFinal.isInitialized()) ? m_inputParticlesFinal(ctx)
-                                              : inputParticles;
 
   std::size_t nInvalidCharge = 0;
   std::size_t nInvalidMeasurementCount = 0;
@@ -77,7 +64,7 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::execute(
     return (min <= x) && (x < max);
   };
 
-  auto isValidParticle = [&](const ActsFatras::Particle& p) {
+  auto isValidParticle = [&](const SimParticle& p) {
     const auto eta = Acts::VectorHelpers::eta(p.direction());
     const auto phi = Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(p.direction());
     const auto rho = Acts::VectorHelpers::perp(p.position());
@@ -89,15 +76,8 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::execute(
 
     nInvalidCharge += static_cast<std::size_t>(!validCharge);
 
-    bool validMeasurementCount = true;
-    if (auto finalParticleIt = inputParticlesFinal.find(p.particleId());
-        finalParticleIt != inputParticlesFinal.end()) {
-      validMeasurementCount =
-          within(finalParticleIt->numberOfHits(), m_cfg.measurementsMin,
-                 m_cfg.measurementsMax);
-    } else {
-      ACTS_WARNING("No final particle found for " << p.particleId());
-    }
+    bool validMeasurementCount =
+        within(p.numberOfHits(), m_cfg.measurementsMin, m_cfg.measurementsMax);
 
     nInvalidMeasurementCount +=
         static_cast<std::size_t>(!validMeasurementCount);
@@ -126,11 +106,6 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::execute(
   SimParticleContainer outputParticles;
   outputParticles.reserve(inputParticles.size());
 
-  SimParticleContainer outputParticlesFinal;
-  if (m_outputParticlesFinal.isInitialized()) {
-    outputParticlesFinal.reserve(inputParticles.size());
-  }
-
   // copy selected particles
   for (const auto& inputParticle : inputParticles) {
     if (!isValidParticle(inputParticle)) {
@@ -138,18 +113,8 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::execute(
     }
 
     outputParticles.insert(outputParticles.end(), inputParticle);
-
-    if (m_outputParticlesFinal.isInitialized()) {
-      if (auto particleFinalIt =
-              inputParticlesFinal.find(inputParticle.particleId());
-          particleFinalIt != inputParticlesFinal.end()) {
-        outputParticlesFinal.insert(outputParticlesFinal.end(),
-                                    *particleFinalIt);
-      }
-    }
   }
   outputParticles.shrink_to_fit();
-  outputParticlesFinal.shrink_to_fit();
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("event " << ctx.eventNumber << " selected "
                       << outputParticles.size() << " from "
@@ -159,9 +124,6 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::ParticleSelector::execute(
              << nInvalidMeasurementCount);
 
   m_outputParticles(ctx, std::move(outputParticles));
-  if (m_outputParticlesFinal.isInitialized()) {
-    m_outputParticlesFinal(ctx, std::move(outputParticlesFinal));
-  }
 
   return ProcessCode::SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp
index de05bf621ca..78326844f19 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/Index.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/DataHandle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/IAlgorithm.hpp"
@@ -29,13 +26,8 @@ class ParticleSelector final : public IAlgorithm {
   struct Config {
     /// The input particles collection.
     std::string inputParticles;
-    /// Optional. The input final state particles collection.
-    /// If provided, this will be used to access the number of measurements.
-    std::string inputParticlesFinal;
     /// The output particles collection.
     std::string outputParticles;
-    /// Optional. The output final state particles collection.
-    std::string outputParticlesFinal;
 
     // Minimum/maximum distance from the origin in the transverse plane.
     double rhoMin = 0;
@@ -83,13 +75,9 @@ class ParticleSelector final : public IAlgorithm {
   Config m_cfg;
 
   ReadDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_inputParticles{this, "InputParticles"};
-  ReadDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_inputParticlesFinal{
-      this, "InputParticlesFinal"};
 
   WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticles{this,
                                                           "OutputParticles"};
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesFinal{
-      this, "OutputParticlesFinal"};
 };
 
 }  // namespace ActsExamples
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/CMakeLists.txt b/Examples/Framework/CMakeLists.txt
index db45cffc925..032627e0b89 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Examples/Framework/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ add_library(
     src/EventData/Measurement.cpp
     src/EventData/MeasurementCalibration.cpp
     src/EventData/ScalingCalibrator.cpp
+    src/EventData/SimParticle.cpp
     src/Framework/IAlgorithm.cpp
     src/Framework/SequenceElement.cpp
     src/Framework/WhiteBoard.cpp
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp
index a557ea94646..cfcf8a5e25e 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp
@@ -10,47 +10,221 @@
 
 #include "ActsExamples/Utilities/GroupBy.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
+#include "ActsFatras/EventData/ParticleOutcome.hpp"
 
 #include <boost/container/flat_set.hpp>
 
 namespace ActsExamples {
+
+using SimBarcode = ::ActsFatras::Barcode;
+using SimBarcodeContainer = ::boost::container::flat_set<SimBarcode>;
+
+using SimParticleState = ::ActsFatras::Particle;
+
+class SimParticle final {
+ public:
+  using Scalar = Acts::ActsScalar;
+  using Vector3 = Acts::ActsVector<3>;
+  using Vector4 = Acts::ActsVector<4>;
+
+  /// Construct a default particle with invalid identity.
+  SimParticle() = default;
+
+  /// Construct a particle at rest with explicit mass and charge.
+  ///
+  /// @param particleId Particle identifier within an event
+  /// @param pdg PDG id
+  /// @param charge Particle charge in native units
+  /// @param mass Particle mass in native units
+  ///
+  /// @warning It is the users responsibility that charge and mass match
+  ///          the PDG particle number.
+  SimParticle(SimBarcode particleId, Acts::PdgParticle pdg, Scalar charge,
+              Scalar mass)
+      : m_initial(particleId, pdg, charge, mass),
+        m_final(particleId, pdg, charge, mass) {}
+
+  /// Construct a particle at rest from a PDG particle number.
+  ///
+  /// @param particleId Particle identifier within an event
+  /// @param pdg PDG particle number
+  ///
+  /// Charge and mass are retrieved from the particle data table.
+  SimParticle(SimBarcode particleId, Acts::PdgParticle pdg)
+      : m_initial(particleId, pdg), m_final(particleId, pdg) {}
+
+  SimParticle(const SimParticleState& initial, const SimParticleState& final)
+      : m_initial(initial), m_final(final) {
+    if (m_initial.particleId() != m_final.particleId()) {
+      throw std::invalid_argument("Particle id mismatch");
+    }
+  }
+
+  const SimParticleState& initial() const { return m_initial; }
+  const SimParticleState& final() const { return m_final; }
+
+  SimParticleState& initial() { return m_initial; }
+  SimParticleState& final() { return m_final; }
+
+  /// Construct a new particle with a new identifier but same kinematics.
+  ///
+  /// @note This is intentionally not a regular setter. The particle id
+  ///       is used to identify the whole particle. Setting it on an existing
+  ///       particle is usually a mistake.
+  SimParticle withParticleId(SimBarcode particleId) const {
+    return SimParticle(initial().withParticleId(particleId),
+                       final().withParticleId(particleId));
+  }
+
+  /// Set the process type that generated this particle.
+  SimParticle& setProcess(ActsFatras::ProcessType proc) {
+    initial().setProcess(proc);
+    final().setProcess(proc);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /// Set the pdg.
+  SimParticle& setPdg(Acts::PdgParticle pdg) {
+    initial().setPdg(pdg);
+    final().setPdg(pdg);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /// Set the charge.
+  SimParticle& setCharge(Scalar charge) {
+    initial().setCharge(charge);
+    final().setCharge(charge);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /// Set the mass.
+  SimParticle& setMass(Scalar mass) {
+    initial().setMass(mass);
+    final().setMass(mass);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /// Set the particle ID.
+  SimParticle& setParticleId(SimBarcode barcode) {
+    initial().setParticleId(barcode);
+    final().setParticleId(barcode);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /// Particle identifier within an event.
+  SimBarcode particleId() const { return initial().particleId(); }
+  /// Which type of process generated this particle.
+  ActsFatras::ProcessType process() const { return initial().process(); }
+  /// PDG particle number that identifies the type.
+  Acts::PdgParticle pdg() const { return initial().pdg(); }
+  /// Absolute PDG particle number that identifies the type.
+  Acts::PdgParticle absolutePdg() const { return initial().absolutePdg(); }
+  /// Particle charge.
+  double charge() const { return initial().charge(); }
+  /// Particle absolute charge.
+  double absoluteCharge() const { return initial().absoluteCharge(); }
+  /// Particle mass.
+  double mass() const { return initial().mass(); }
+
+  /// Check if this is a secondary particle.
+  bool isSecondary() const { return initial().isSecondary(); }
+
+  /// Particle hypothesis.
+  Acts::ParticleHypothesis hypothesis() const { return initial().hypothesis(); }
+  /// Particl qOverP.
+  double qOverP() const { return initial().qOverP(); }
+
+  /// Space-time position four-vector.
+  const Acts::Vector4& fourPosition() const { return initial().fourPosition(); }
+  /// Three-position, i.e. spatial coordinates without the time.
+  auto position() const { return initial().position(); }
+  /// Time coordinate.
+  double time() const { return initial().time(); }
+  /// Energy-momentum four-vector.
+  Acts::Vector4 fourMomentum() const { return initial().fourMomentum(); }
+  /// Unit three-direction, i.e. the normalized momentum three-vector.
+  const Acts::Vector3& direction() const { return initial().direction(); }
+  /// Polar angle.
+  double theta() const { return initial().theta(); }
+  /// Azimuthal angle.
+  double phi() const { return initial().phi(); }
+  /// Absolute momentum in the x-y plane.
+  double transverseMomentum() const { return initial().transverseMomentum(); }
+  /// Absolute momentum.
+  double absoluteMomentum() const { return initial().absoluteMomentum(); }
+  /// Absolute momentum.
+  Acts::Vector3 momentum() const { return initial().momentum(); }
+  /// Total energy, i.e. norm of the four-momentum.
+  double energy() const { return initial().energy(); }
+
+  /// Energy loss over the particles lifetime or simulation time.
+  double energyLoss() const { return initial().energy() - final().energy(); }
+
+  /// Accumulated path within material measured in radiation lengths.
+  double pathInX0() const { return final().pathInX0(); }
+  /// Accumulated path within material measured in interaction lengths.
+  double pathInL0() const { return final().pathInL0(); }
+
+  /// Number of hits.
+  std::uint32_t numberOfHits() const { return final().numberOfHits(); }
+
+  /// Particle outcome.
+  ActsFatras::ParticleOutcome outcome() const { return final().outcome(); }
+
+ private:
+  SimParticleState m_initial;
+  SimParticleState m_final;
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SimParticle& particle);
+
 namespace detail {
 struct CompareParticleId {
   using is_transparent = void;
-  constexpr bool operator()(const ActsFatras::Particle& lhs,
-                            const ActsFatras::Particle& rhs) const {
+  bool operator()(const SimParticleState& lhs,
+                  const SimParticleState& rhs) const {
     return lhs.particleId() < rhs.particleId();
   }
-  constexpr bool operator()(ActsFatras::Barcode lhs,
-                            const ActsFatras::Particle& rhs) const {
+  bool operator()(const SimParticle& lhs, const SimParticle& rhs) const {
+    return lhs.particleId() < rhs.particleId();
+  }
+  bool operator()(SimBarcode lhs, const SimParticleState& rhs) const {
     return lhs < rhs.particleId();
   }
-  constexpr bool operator()(const ActsFatras::Particle& lhs,
-                            ActsFatras::Barcode rhs) const {
+  bool operator()(SimBarcode lhs, const SimParticle& rhs) const {
+    return lhs < rhs.particleId();
+  }
+  bool operator()(const SimParticleState& lhs, SimBarcode rhs) const {
+    return lhs.particleId() < rhs;
+  }
+  bool operator()(const SimParticle& lhs, SimBarcode rhs) const {
     return lhs.particleId() < rhs;
   }
 };
 struct PrimaryVertexIdGetter {
-  constexpr ActsFatras::Barcode operator()(
-      const ActsFatras::Particle& particle) const {
-    return ActsFatras::Barcode(0u).setVertexPrimary(
+  SimBarcode operator()(const SimParticleState& particle) const {
+    return SimBarcode(0u).setVertexPrimary(
+        particle.particleId().vertexPrimary());
+  }
+  SimBarcode operator()(const SimParticle& particle) const {
+    return SimBarcode(0u).setVertexPrimary(
         particle.particleId().vertexPrimary());
   }
 };
 struct SecondaryVertexIdGetter {
-  constexpr ActsFatras::Barcode operator()(
-      const ActsFatras::Particle& particle) const {
-    return ActsFatras::Barcode(0u)
+  SimBarcode operator()(const SimParticleState& particle) const {
+    return SimBarcode(0u)
+        .setVertexPrimary(particle.particleId().vertexPrimary())
+        .setVertexSecondary(particle.particleId().vertexSecondary());
+  }
+  SimBarcode operator()(const SimParticle& particle) const {
+    return SimBarcode(0u)
         .setVertexPrimary(particle.particleId().vertexPrimary())
         .setVertexSecondary(particle.particleId().vertexSecondary());
   }
 };
 }  // namespace detail
 
-using SimBarcode = ::ActsFatras::Barcode;
-using SimParticle = ::ActsFatras::Particle;
+using SimParticleStateContainer =
+    ::boost::container::flat_set<SimParticleState, detail::CompareParticleId>;
+
 /// Store particles ordered by particle identifier.
-using SimBarcodeContainer = ::boost::container::flat_set<SimBarcode>;
 using SimParticleContainer =
     ::boost::container::flat_set<SimParticle, detail::CompareParticleId>;
 
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.hpp b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.hpp
index 55fbf056015..86b96539f3c 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.hpp
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <map>
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class DuplicationPlotTool {
   /// @param truthParticle the truth Particle
   /// @param nDuplicatedTracks the number of duplicated tracks
   void fill(DuplicationPlotCache& duplicationPlotCache,
-            const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle,
+            const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
             std::size_t nDuplicatedTracks) const;
 
   /// @brief write the duplication plots to file
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/EffPlotTool.hpp b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/EffPlotTool.hpp
index 7ac49098a0a..d6fcd57bad3 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/EffPlotTool.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/EffPlotTool.hpp
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -66,9 +66,8 @@ class EffPlotTool {
   /// @param truthParticle the truth Particle
   /// @param deltaR the distance to the closest truth particle
   /// @param status the reconstruction status
-  void fill(EffPlotCache& effPlotCache,
-            const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle, double deltaR,
-            bool status) const;
+  void fill(EffPlotCache& effPlotCache, const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
+            double deltaR, bool status) const;
 
   /// @brief write the efficiency plots to file
   ///
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.hpp b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.hpp
index 13b4b4fd86f..988e9f2ec41 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.hpp
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <map>
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class FakeRatePlotTool {
   /// @param nTruthMatchedTracks the number of truth-Matched tracks
   /// @param nFakeTracks the number of fake tracks
   void fill(FakeRatePlotCache& fakeRatePlotCache,
-            const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle,
+            const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
             std::size_t nTruthMatchedTracks, std::size_t nFakeTracks) const;
 
   /// @brief write the fake rate plots to file
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/ResPlotTool.hpp b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/ResPlotTool.hpp
index 5eeddb7ed8c..1f1bb6ea85f 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/ResPlotTool.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/include/ActsExamples/Validation/ResPlotTool.hpp
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class ResPlotTool {
   /// @param truthParticle the truth particle
   /// @param fittedParamters the fitted parameters at perigee surface
   void fill(ResPlotCache& resPlotCache, const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
-            const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle,
+            const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
             const Acts::BoundTrackParameters& fittedParamters) const;
 
   /// @brief extract the details of the residual/pull plots and fill details
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/src/EventData/SimParticle.cpp b/Examples/Framework/src/EventData/SimParticle.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..900d55f1018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Examples/Framework/src/EventData/SimParticle.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// This file is part of the ACTS project.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
+//
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+// file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
+
+std::ostream& ActsExamples::operator<<(std::ostream& os,
+                                       const SimParticle& particle) {
+  // compact format w/ only identity information but no kinematics
+  os << "id=" << particle.particleId().value() << "(" << particle.particleId()
+     << ")";
+  os << "|pdg=" << particle.pdg();
+  os << "|q=" << particle.charge();
+  os << "|m=" << particle.mass();
+  os << "|p=" << particle.absoluteMomentum();
+  return os;
+}
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.cpp b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.cpp
index b200957e0c0..8b6aaca0925 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.cpp
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "ActsExamples/Validation/DuplicationPlotTool.hpp"
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 
 #include <TEfficiency.h>
 #include <TProfile.h>
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ void ActsExamples::DuplicationPlotTool::fill(
 
 void ActsExamples::DuplicationPlotTool::fill(
     DuplicationPlotTool::DuplicationPlotCache& duplicationPlotCache,
-    const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle,
+    const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
     std::size_t nDuplicatedTracks) const {
   const auto t_phi = phi(truthParticle.direction());
   const auto t_eta = eta(truthParticle.direction());
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/EffPlotTool.cpp b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/EffPlotTool.cpp
index eb92cfa7b63..17e3bb7034e 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/EffPlotTool.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/EffPlotTool.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Validation/EffPlotTool.hpp"
 
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 
 #include <TEfficiency.h>
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void ActsExamples::EffPlotTool::write(
 }
 
 void ActsExamples::EffPlotTool::fill(EffPlotTool::EffPlotCache& effPlotCache,
-                                     const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle,
+                                     const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
                                      double deltaR, bool status) const {
   const auto t_phi = phi(truthParticle.direction());
   const auto t_eta = eta(truthParticle.direction());
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.cpp b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.cpp
index 9b37bc673fe..af23d225d56 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.cpp
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "ActsExamples/Validation/FakeRatePlotTool.hpp"
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 
 #include <TEfficiency.h>
 #include <TH2.h>
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ void ActsExamples::FakeRatePlotTool::fill(
 
 void ActsExamples::FakeRatePlotTool::fill(
     FakeRatePlotTool::FakeRatePlotCache& fakeRatePlotCache,
-    const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle, std::size_t nTruthMatchedTracks,
+    const SimParticleState& truthParticle, std::size_t nTruthMatchedTracks,
     std::size_t nFakeTracks) const {
   const auto t_eta = eta(truthParticle.direction());
   const auto t_pT = truthParticle.transverseMomentum();
diff --git a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/ResPlotTool.cpp b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/ResPlotTool.cpp
index c1e3e4a6c1b..882e1e41fb7 100644
--- a/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/ResPlotTool.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Framework/src/Validation/ResPlotTool.cpp
@@ -10,11 +10,9 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/Surface.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Result.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -146,7 +144,7 @@ void ActsExamples::ResPlotTool::write(
 
 void ActsExamples::ResPlotTool::fill(
     ResPlotTool::ResPlotCache& resPlotCache, const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
-    const ActsFatras::Particle& truthParticle,
+    const SimParticleState& truthParticle,
     const Acts::BoundTrackParameters& fittedParamters) const {
   using ParametersVector = Acts::BoundTrackParameters::ParametersVector;
   using Acts::VectorHelpers::eta;
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvParticleReader.cpp b/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvParticleReader.cpp
index c738acc0fc4..de8d70c9014 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvParticleReader.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvParticleReader.cpp
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::CsvParticleReader::read(
   ParticleData data;
 
   while (reader.read(data)) {
-    ActsFatras::Particle particle(ActsFatras::Barcode(data.particle_id),
-                                  Acts::PdgParticle{data.particle_type},
-                                  data.q * Acts::UnitConstants::e,
-                                  data.m * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
+    SimParticleState particle(ActsFatras::Barcode(data.particle_id),
+                              Acts::PdgParticle{data.particle_type},
+                              data.q * Acts::UnitConstants::e,
+                              data.m * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
     particle.setProcess(static_cast<ActsFatras::ProcessType>(data.process));
     particle.setPosition4(
         data.vx * Acts::UnitConstants::mm, data.vy * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::CsvParticleReader::read(
     particle.setDirection(data.px, data.py, data.pz);
     particle.setAbsoluteMomentum(std::hypot(data.px, data.py, data.pz) *
                                  Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
-    unordered.push_back(std::move(particle));
+    unordered.push_back(SimParticle(particle, particle));
   }
 
   // Write ordered particles container to the EventStore
diff --git a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepReader.hpp b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepReader.hpp
index bfa87a6a7da..204f88ad83a 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepReader.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepReader.hpp
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/DataHandle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/IReader.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -44,13 +43,10 @@ class EDM4hepReader final : public IReader {
     std::string inputParticles = "MCParticles";
     /// Names of the sim hit collections
     std::vector<std::string> inputSimHits{};
-    /// Particles at creation
-    std::string outputParticlesInitial;
-    /// Particles at their endpoints
-    std::string outputParticlesFinal;
     /// Particles from the generator
     std::string outputParticlesGenerator;
-
+    /// Particles from the simulation
+    std::string outputParticlesSimulation;
     /// Output simulated (truth) hits collection.
     std::string outputSimHits;
 
@@ -88,15 +84,14 @@ class EDM4hepReader final : public IReader {
   const Config& config() const { return m_cfg; }
 
   void processChildren(const edm4hep::MCParticle& particle, SimBarcode parentId,
-                       SimParticleContainer::sequence_type& particles,
+                       std::vector<SimParticle>& particles,
                        ParentRelationship& parentRelationship,
                        std::unordered_map<int, std::size_t>& particleMap,
                        std::size_t& nSecondaryVertices,
                        std::size_t& maxGen) const;
 
-  static void setSubParticleIds(
-      const SimParticleContainer::sequence_type::iterator& begin,
-      const SimParticleContainer::sequence_type::iterator& end);
+  static void setSubParticleIds(std::vector<SimParticle>::iterator begin,
+                                std::vector<SimParticle>::iterator end);
 
  private:
   const Acts::Logger& logger() const { return *m_logger; }
@@ -111,17 +106,14 @@ class EDM4hepReader final : public IReader {
 
   Acts::PodioUtil::ROOTReader& reader();
 
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesInitial{
-      this, "OutputParticlesInitial"};
-  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesFinal{
-      this, "OutputParticlesFinal"};
   WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesGenerator{
       this, "OutputParticlesGenerator"};
+  WriteDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_outputParticlesSimulation{
+      this, "OutputParticlesSimulation"};
 
   WriteDataHandle<SimHitContainer> m_outputSimHits{this, "OutputSimHits"};
 
-  void graphviz(std::ostream& os,
-                const SimParticleContainer::sequence_type& particles,
+  void graphviz(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<SimParticle>& particles,
                 const ParentRelationship& parents) const;
 };
 
diff --git a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp
index 35d84acd043..bdce08bc876 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/include/ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Cluster.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Trajectories.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Hit.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <functional>
 
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "edm4hep/MutableMCParticle.h"
 #include "edm4hep/MutableSimTrackerHit.h"
 #include "edm4hep/MutableTrack.h"
-#include "edm4hep/MutableTrackerHit.h"
 #include "edm4hep/MutableTrackerHitPlane.h"
 #include "edm4hep/SimTrackerHit.h"
 #include "edm4hep/TrackerHit.h"
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ using MapGeometryIdTo =
 /// Inpersistent information:
 /// - particle ID
 /// - process
-ActsFatras::Particle readParticle(
+SimParticle readParticle(
     const edm4hep::MCParticle& from,
     const MapParticleIdFrom& particleMapper = zeroParticleMapper);
 
@@ -58,8 +57,7 @@ ActsFatras::Particle readParticle(
 /// Inpersistent information:
 /// - particle ID
 /// - process
-void writeParticle(const ActsFatras::Particle& from,
-                   edm4hep::MutableMCParticle to);
+void writeParticle(const SimParticle& from, edm4hep::MutableMCParticle to);
 
 /// Reads a Fatras hit from EDM4hep.
 ///
diff --git a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepParticleWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepParticleWriter.cpp
index 9ffcb29e593..fc0806acb43 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepParticleWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepParticleWriter.cpp
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepParticleWriter.hpp"
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/Framework/WhiteBoard.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/Utilities/Paths.hpp"
 
 #include <stdexcept>
 
diff --git a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepReader.cpp b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepReader.cpp
index dfb11c84c9e..3d5008863a3 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepReader.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepReader.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepReader.hpp"
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Plugins/DD4hep/DD4hepDetectorElement.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/DD4hepDetector/DD4hepDetector.hpp"
@@ -36,28 +35,22 @@ namespace ActsExamples {
 EDM4hepReader::EDM4hepReader(const Config& config, Acts::Logging::Level level)
     : m_cfg(config),
       m_logger(Acts::getDefaultLogger("EDM4hepParticleReader", level)) {
-  if (m_cfg.outputParticlesInitial.empty()) {
-    throw std::invalid_argument("Missing output collection initial particles");
-  }
-
-  if (m_cfg.outputParticlesFinal.empty()) {
-    throw std::invalid_argument("Missing output collection final particles");
-  }
-
   if (m_cfg.outputParticlesGenerator.empty()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "Missing output collection generator particles");
   }
-
+  if (m_cfg.outputParticlesSimulation.empty()) {
+    throw std::invalid_argument(
+        "Missing output collection simulated particles");
+  }
   if (m_cfg.outputSimHits.empty()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("Missing output collection sim hits");
   }
 
   m_eventsRange = std::make_pair(0, reader().getEntries("events"));
 
-  m_outputParticlesInitial.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesInitial);
-  m_outputParticlesFinal.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesFinal);
   m_outputParticlesGenerator.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesGenerator);
+  m_outputParticlesSimulation.initialize(m_cfg.outputParticlesSimulation);
   m_outputSimHits.initialize(m_cfg.outputSimHits);
 
   m_cfg.trackingGeometry->visitSurfaces([&](const auto* surface) {
@@ -119,9 +112,9 @@ std::string plabel(const SimParticle& particle) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-void EDM4hepReader::graphviz(
-    std::ostream& os, const SimParticleContainer::sequence_type& particles,
-    const ParentRelationship& parents) const {
+void EDM4hepReader::graphviz(std::ostream& os,
+                             const std::vector<SimParticle>& particles,
+                             const ParentRelationship& parents) const {
   os << "digraph Event {\n";
 
   std::set<unsigned int> primaryVertices;
@@ -164,7 +157,7 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Reading EDM4hep inputs");
 
-  SimParticleContainer::sequence_type unordered;
+  std::vector<SimParticle> unorderedParticlesInitial;
 
   // Read particles from the input file
   // Find particles without parents and group them by vtx position to find
@@ -212,13 +205,14 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
     std::size_t nParticles = 0;
     std::size_t nSecondaryVertices = 0;
     std::size_t maxGen = 0;
-    auto startSize = unordered.size();
+    auto startSize = unorderedParticlesInitial.size();
     for (const auto& inParticle : particles) {
       nParticles += 1;
-      SimParticle particle{EDM4hepUtil::readParticle(inParticle)};
-      particle.setParticleId(SimBarcode{}
-                                 .setParticle(nParticles)
-                                 .setVertexPrimary(nPrimaryVertices));
+      SimParticle particle =
+          EDM4hepUtil::readParticle(inParticle)
+              .withParticleId(SimBarcode{}
+                                  .setParticle(nParticles)
+                                  .setVertexPrimary(nPrimaryVertices));
       ACTS_VERBOSE("+ add particle " << particle);
       ACTS_VERBOSE("  - at " << particle.position().transpose());
       ACTS_VERBOSE("  - createdInSim: " << inParticle.isCreatedInSimulation());
@@ -229,24 +223,28 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
                                     << inParticle.getEndpoint().y << ", "
                                     << inParticle.getEndpoint().z);
       const auto pid = particle.particleId();
-      unordered.push_back(std::move(particle));
-      edm4hepParticleMap[inParticle.getObjectID().index] = unordered.size() - 1;
-      processChildren(inParticle, pid, unordered, parentRelationship,
-                      edm4hepParticleMap, nSecondaryVertices, maxGen);
+      unorderedParticlesInitial.push_back(std::move(particle));
+      edm4hepParticleMap[inParticle.getObjectID().index] =
+          unorderedParticlesInitial.size() - 1;
+      processChildren(inParticle, pid, unorderedParticlesInitial,
+                      parentRelationship, edm4hepParticleMap,
+                      nSecondaryVertices, maxGen);
     }
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Primary vertex complete, produced "
-                 << (unordered.size() - startSize) << " particles and "
-                 << nSecondaryVertices << " secondary vertices in " << maxGen
-                 << " generations");
-    setSubParticleIds(std::next(unordered.begin(), startSize), unordered.end());
+                 << (unorderedParticlesInitial.size() - startSize)
+                 << " particles and " << nSecondaryVertices
+                 << " secondary vertices in " << maxGen << " generations");
+    setSubParticleIds(std::next(unorderedParticlesInitial.begin(), startSize),
+                      unorderedParticlesInitial.end());
   }
 
-  ACTS_DEBUG("Found " << unordered.size() << " particles");
+  ACTS_DEBUG("Found " << unorderedParticlesInitial.size() << " particles");
 
   // @TODO: Order simhits by time
 
-  SimParticleContainer particlesFinal;
   SimParticleContainer particlesGenerator;
+  SimParticleContainer particlesSimulated;
+
   for (const auto& inParticle : mcParticleCollection) {
     auto particleIt = edm4hepParticleMap.find(inParticle.getObjectID().index);
     if (particleIt == edm4hepParticleMap.end()) {
@@ -255,11 +253,11 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
       continue;
     }
     const std::size_t index = particleIt->second;
-    const auto& particleInitial = unordered.at(index);
+    const auto& particleInitial = unorderedParticlesInitial.at(index);
     if (!inParticle.isCreatedInSimulation()) {
       particlesGenerator.insert(particleInitial);
     }
-    SimParticle particleFinal = particleInitial;
+    SimParticle particleSimulated = particleInitial;
 
     float time = inParticle.getTime() * Acts::UnitConstants::ns;
     for (const auto& daughter : inParticle.getDaughters()) {
@@ -269,7 +267,7 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
       }
     }
 
-    particleFinal.setPosition4(
+    particleSimulated.final().setPosition4(
         inParticle.getEndpoint()[0] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
         inParticle.getEndpoint()[1] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
         inParticle.getEndpoint()[2] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm, time);
@@ -277,28 +275,24 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
     Acts::Vector3 momentumFinal = {inParticle.getMomentumAtEndpoint()[0],
                                    inParticle.getMomentumAtEndpoint()[1],
                                    inParticle.getMomentumAtEndpoint()[2]};
-    particleFinal.setDirection(momentumFinal.normalized());
-    particleFinal.setAbsoluteMomentum(momentumFinal.norm());
+    particleSimulated.final().setDirection(momentumFinal.normalized());
+    particleSimulated.final().setAbsoluteMomentum(momentumFinal.norm());
 
     ACTS_VERBOSE("- Updated particle initial -> final, position: "
                  << particleInitial.fourPosition().transpose() << " -> "
-                 << particleFinal.fourPosition().transpose());
+                 << particleSimulated.final().fourPosition().transpose());
     ACTS_VERBOSE("                                     momentum: "
                  << particleInitial.fourMomentum().transpose() << " -> "
-                 << particleFinal.fourMomentum().transpose());
+                 << particleSimulated.final().fourMomentum().transpose());
 
-    particlesFinal.insert(particleFinal);
+    particlesSimulated.insert(particleSimulated);
   }
 
-  // Write ordered particles container to the EventStore
-  SimParticleContainer particlesInitial;
-  particlesInitial.insert(unordered.begin(), unordered.end());
-
   if (!m_cfg.graphvizOutput.empty()) {
     std::string path = perEventFilepath(m_cfg.graphvizOutput, "particles.dot",
                                         ctx.eventNumber);
     std::ofstream dot(path);
-    graphviz(dot, unordered, parentRelationship);
+    graphviz(dot, unorderedParticlesInitial, parentRelationship);
   }
 
   SimHitContainer simHits;
@@ -320,7 +314,7 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
                   "SimHit has source particle that we did not see before");
               return SimBarcode{};
             }
-            const auto& particle = unordered.at(it->second);
+            const auto& particle = unorderedParticlesInitial.at(it->second);
             ACTS_VERBOSE("- " << inParticle.getObjectID().index << " -> "
                               << particle.particleId());
             return particle.particleId();
@@ -416,9 +410,8 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
     }
   }
 
-  m_outputParticlesInitial(ctx, std::move(particlesInitial));
-  m_outputParticlesFinal(ctx, std::move(particlesFinal));
   m_outputParticlesGenerator(ctx, std::move(particlesGenerator));
+  m_outputParticlesSimulation(ctx, std::move(particlesSimulated));
 
   m_outputSimHits(ctx, std::move(simHits));
 
@@ -427,8 +420,7 @@ ProcessCode EDM4hepReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& ctx) {
 
 void EDM4hepReader::processChildren(
     const edm4hep::MCParticle& inParticle, SimBarcode parentId,
-    SimParticleContainer::sequence_type& particles,
-    ParentRelationship& parentRelationship,
+    std::vector<SimParticle>& particles, ParentRelationship& parentRelationship,
     std::unordered_map<int, std::size_t>& particleMap,
     std::size_t& nSecondaryVertices, std::size_t& maxGen) const {
   constexpr auto indent = [&](std::size_t n) {
@@ -500,9 +492,8 @@ void EDM4hepReader::processChildren(
   }
 }
 
-void EDM4hepReader::setSubParticleIds(
-    const SimParticleContainer::sequence_type::iterator& begin,
-    const SimParticleContainer::sequence_type::iterator& end) {
+void EDM4hepReader::setSubParticleIds(std::vector<SimParticle>::iterator begin,
+                                      std::vector<SimParticle>::iterator end) {
   std::vector<std::size_t> numByGeneration;
   numByGeneration.reserve(10);
 
diff --git a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp
index 09dcbc6331b..38e26038779 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp
@@ -10,16 +10,12 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Common.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
-#include "Acts/EventData/Charge.hpp"
-#include "Acts/EventData/MultiTrajectory.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/MultiTrajectoryHelpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Plugins/EDM4hep/EDM4hepUtil.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Digitization/MeasurementCreation.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Index.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/IndexSourceLink.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Measurement.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimHit.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Validation/TrackClassification.hpp"
 
 #include "edm4hep/TrackState.h"
@@ -28,34 +24,33 @@ using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
 
 namespace ActsExamples {
 
-ActsFatras::Particle EDM4hepUtil::readParticle(
-    const edm4hep::MCParticle& from, const MapParticleIdFrom& particleMapper) {
+SimParticle EDM4hepUtil::readParticle(const edm4hep::MCParticle& from,
+                                      const MapParticleIdFrom& particleMapper) {
   ActsFatras::Barcode particleId = particleMapper(from);
 
-  ActsFatras::Particle to(particleId,
-                          static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(from.getPDG()),
-                          from.getCharge() * Acts::UnitConstants::e,
-                          from.getMass() * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
+  SimParticle to(particleId, static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(from.getPDG()),
+                 from.getCharge() * Acts::UnitConstants::e,
+                 from.getMass() * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
 
   // TODO do we have that in EDM4hep?
   // particle.setProcess(static_cast<ActsFatras::ProcessType>(data.process));
 
-  to.setPosition4(from.getVertex()[0] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
-                  from.getVertex()[1] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
-                  from.getVertex()[2] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
-                  from.getTime() * Acts::UnitConstants::ns);
+  to.initial().setPosition4(from.getVertex()[0] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                            from.getVertex()[1] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                            from.getVertex()[2] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                            from.getTime() * Acts::UnitConstants::ns);
 
   // Only used for direction; normalization/units do not matter
   Acts::Vector3 momentum = {from.getMomentum()[0], from.getMomentum()[1],
                             from.getMomentum()[2]};
-  to.setDirection(momentum.normalized());
+  to.initial().setDirection(momentum.normalized());
 
-  to.setAbsoluteMomentum(momentum.norm() * 1_GeV);
+  to.initial().setAbsoluteMomentum(momentum.norm() * 1_GeV);
 
   return to;
 }
 
-void EDM4hepUtil::writeParticle(const ActsFatras::Particle& from,
+void EDM4hepUtil::writeParticle(const SimParticle& from,
                                 edm4hep::MutableMCParticle to) {
   // TODO what about particleId?
 
@@ -66,6 +61,10 @@ void EDM4hepUtil::writeParticle(const ActsFatras::Particle& from,
   to.setMomentum({static_cast<float>(from.fourMomentum().x()),
                   static_cast<float>(from.fourMomentum().y()),
                   static_cast<float>(from.fourMomentum().z())});
+  to.setMomentumAtEndpoint(
+      {static_cast<float>(from.final().fourMomentum().x()),
+       static_cast<float>(from.final().fourMomentum().y()),
+       static_cast<float>(from.final().fourMomentum().z())});
 }
 
 ActsFatras::Hit EDM4hepUtil::readSimHit(
diff --git a/Examples/Io/HepMC3/src/HepMC3Particle.cpp b/Examples/Io/HepMC3/src/HepMC3Particle.cpp
index 5d5625b5b2a..315c79dced1 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/HepMC3/src/HepMC3Particle.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/HepMC3/src/HepMC3Particle.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/HepMC3/HepMC3Particle.hpp"
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/ParticleData.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/HepMC3/HepMC3Vertex.hpp"
 
 namespace ActsExamples {
@@ -23,12 +24,12 @@ SimParticle HepMC3Particle::particle(
     const HepMC3::ConstGenParticlePtr& particle) {
   SimBarcode particleId = barcode(particle);
   Acts::PdgParticle pdg = static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(particle->pid());
-  SimParticle fw(particleId, pdg, Acts::findCharge(pdg).value_or(0),
-                 particle->generated_mass());
+  SimParticleState fw(particleId, pdg, Acts::findCharge(pdg).value_or(0),
+                      particle->generated_mass());
   fw.setDirection(particle->momentum().x(), particle->momentum().y(),
                   particle->momentum().z());
   fw.setAbsoluteMomentum(particle->momentum().p3mod());
-  return fw;
+  return SimParticle(fw, fw);
 }
 
 int HepMC3Particle::id(const std::shared_ptr<HepMC3::GenParticle>& particle) {
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleReader.hpp b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleReader.hpp
index a58e84c1978..0bcd108570c 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleReader.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleReader.hpp
@@ -114,6 +114,12 @@ class RootParticleReader : public IReader {
   std::vector<std::uint32_t>* m_particle = new std::vector<std::uint32_t>;
   std::vector<std::uint32_t>* m_generation = new std::vector<std::uint32_t>;
   std::vector<std::uint32_t>* m_subParticle = new std::vector<std::uint32_t>;
+
+  std::vector<float>* m_eLoss = new std::vector<float>;
+  std::vector<float>* m_pathInX0 = new std::vector<float>;
+  std::vector<float>* m_pathInL0 = new std::vector<float>;
+  std::vector<std::int32_t>* m_numberOfHits = new std::vector<std::int32_t>;
+  std::vector<std::uint32_t>* m_outcome = new std::vector<std::uint32_t>;
 };
 
 }  // namespace ActsExamples
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleWriter.hpp b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleWriter.hpp
index 8be9f05b735..670008c6631 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleWriter.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootParticleWriter.hpp
@@ -37,9 +37,6 @@ class RootParticleWriter final : public WriterT<SimParticleContainer> {
   struct Config {
     /// Input particle collection to write.
     std::string inputParticles;
-    /// Optional. If given, the the energy loss and traversed material is
-    /// computed and written.
-    std::string inputParticlesFinal;
     /// Path to the output file.
     std::string filePath;
     /// Output file access mode.
@@ -74,9 +71,6 @@ class RootParticleWriter final : public WriterT<SimParticleContainer> {
  private:
   Config m_cfg;
 
-  ReadDataHandle<SimParticleContainer> m_inputParticlesFinal{
-      this, "InputParticlesFinal"};
-
   std::mutex m_writeMutex;
 
   TFile* m_outputFile = nullptr;
@@ -119,7 +113,6 @@ class RootParticleWriter final : public WriterT<SimParticleContainer> {
   std::vector<std::uint32_t> m_generation;
   std::vector<std::uint32_t> m_subParticle;
 
-  // Optional information depending on input collections.
   /// Total energy loss in GeV.
   std::vector<float> m_eLoss;
   /// Accumulated material
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootSimHitReader.hpp b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootSimHitReader.hpp
index ade13f060a3..bf05678cd8f 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootSimHitReader.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootSimHitReader.hpp
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Propagator/MaterialInteractor.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimHit.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/DataHandle.hpp"
@@ -18,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootTrackSummaryReader.hpp b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootTrackSummaryReader.hpp
index 3ad5a7eda35..71ff807fb32 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootTrackSummaryReader.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/include/ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootTrackSummaryReader.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/EventData/TrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Track.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/DataHandle.hpp"
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootAthenaDumpReader.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootAthenaDumpReader.cpp
index a732bb3b49e..47e5150501a 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootAthenaDumpReader.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootAthenaDumpReader.cpp
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Zip.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/Cluster.hpp"
-#include "ActsExamples/EventData/GeometryContainers.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/IndexSourceLink.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include <ActsExamples/Digitization/MeasurementCreation.hpp>
 
-#include <cmath>
-
 #include <TChain.h>
 #include <boost/container/static_vector.hpp>
 
@@ -40,7 +38,8 @@ std::pair<std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t> splitInt(std::uint64_t v) {
 /// In cases when there is built up a particle collection in an iterative way it
 /// can be way faster to build up a vector and afterwards use a special
 /// constructor to speed up the set creation.
-inline auto particleVectorToSet(std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle>& particles) {
+inline auto particleVectorToSet(
+    std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle>& particles) {
   using namespace ActsExamples;
   auto cmp = [](const auto& a, const auto& b) {
     return a.particleId().value() == b.particleId().value();
@@ -250,7 +249,7 @@ RootAthenaDumpReader::RootAthenaDumpReader(
 }  // constructor
 
 SimParticleContainer RootAthenaDumpReader::readParticles() const {
-  std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> particles;
+  std::vector<SimParticle> particles;
   particles.reserve(nPartEVT);
 
   for (auto ip = 0; ip < nPartEVT; ++ip) {
@@ -259,8 +258,8 @@ SimParticleContainer RootAthenaDumpReader::readParticles() const {
     }
 
     auto dummyBarcode = concatInts(Part_barcode[ip], Part_event_number[ip]);
-    SimParticle particle(dummyBarcode,
-                         static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(Part_pdg_id[ip]));
+    SimParticleState particle(dummyBarcode,
+                              static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>(Part_pdg_id[ip]));
 
     Acts::Vector3 p = Acts::Vector3{Part_px[ip], Part_py[ip], Part_pz[ip]} *
                       Acts::UnitConstants::MeV;
@@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ SimParticleContainer RootAthenaDumpReader::readParticles() const {
     auto x = Acts::Vector4{Part_vx[ip], Part_vy[ip], Part_vz[ip], 0.0};
     particle.setPosition4(x);
 
-    particles.push_back(particle);
+    particles.push_back(SimParticle(particle, particle));
   }
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Created " << particles.size() << " particles");
@@ -635,7 +634,7 @@ std::pair<SimParticleContainer, IndexMultimap<ActsFatras::Barcode>>
 RootAthenaDumpReader::reprocessParticles(
     const SimParticleContainer& particles,
     const IndexMultimap<ActsFatras::Barcode>& measPartMap) const {
-  std::vector<ActsFatras::Particle> newParticles;
+  std::vector<ActsExamples::SimParticle> newParticles;
   newParticles.reserve(particles.size());
   IndexMultimap<ActsFatras::Barcode> newMeasPartMap;
 
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleReader.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleReader.cpp
index 973986d6704..a76255dbb4a 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleReader.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleReader.cpp
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/Root/RootUtility.hpp"
+#include "ActsFatras/EventData/ParticleOutcome.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/ProcessType.hpp"
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
@@ -64,6 +63,12 @@ RootParticleReader::RootParticleReader(const RootParticleReader::Config& config,
   m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("generation", &m_generation);
   m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("sub_particle", &m_subParticle);
 
+  m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("e_loss", &m_eLoss);
+  m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("total_x0", &m_pathInX0);
+  m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("total_l0", &m_pathInL0);
+  m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("number_of_hits", &m_numberOfHits);
+  m_inputChain->SetBranchAddress("outcome", &m_outcome);
+
   auto path = m_cfg.filePath;
 
   // add file to the input chain
@@ -109,6 +114,12 @@ RootParticleReader::~RootParticleReader() {
   delete m_particle;
   delete m_generation;
   delete m_subParticle;
+
+  delete m_eLoss;
+  delete m_pathInX0;
+  delete m_pathInL0;
+  delete m_numberOfHits;
+  delete m_outcome;
 }
 
 ProcessCode RootParticleReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& context) {
@@ -136,18 +147,30 @@ ProcessCode RootParticleReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& context) {
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nParticles; i++) {
     SimParticle p;
 
-    p.setProcess(static_cast<ActsFatras::ProcessType>((*m_process)[i]));
-    p.setPdg(static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>((*m_particleType)[i]));
-    p.setCharge((*m_q)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::e);
-    p.setMass((*m_m)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
-    p.setParticleId((*m_particleId)[i]);
-    p.setPosition4((*m_vx)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
-                   (*m_vy)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
-                   (*m_vz)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
-                   (*m_vt)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::mm);
+    p.setProcess(static_cast<ActsFatras::ProcessType>((*m_process).at(i)));
+    p.setPdg(static_cast<Acts::PdgParticle>((*m_particleType).at(i)));
+    p.setCharge((*m_q).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::e);
+    p.setMass((*m_m).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
+    p.setParticleId((*m_particleId).at(i));
+
+    SimParticleState& initialState = p.initial();
+
+    initialState.setPosition4((*m_vx).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                              (*m_vy).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                              (*m_vz).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                              (*m_vt).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::mm);
     // NOTE: direction is normalized inside `setDirection`
-    p.setDirection((*m_px)[i], (*m_py)[i], (*m_pz)[i]);
-    p.setAbsoluteMomentum((*m_p)[i] * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
+    initialState.setDirection((*m_px).at(i), (*m_py).at(i), (*m_pz).at(i));
+    initialState.setAbsoluteMomentum((*m_p).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV);
+
+    SimParticleState& finalState = p.final();
+
+    // TODO eloss cannot be read since we need the final momentum
+    finalState.setMaterialPassed((*m_pathInX0).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::mm,
+                                 (*m_pathInL0).at(i) * Acts::UnitConstants::mm);
+    finalState.setNumberOfHits((*m_numberOfHits).at(i));
+    finalState.setOutcome(
+        static_cast<ActsFatras::ParticleOutcome>((*m_outcome).at(i)));
 
     particles.insert(p);
   }
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleWriter.cpp
index 436601eb97d..ac6d47d10da 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootParticleWriter.cpp
@@ -11,13 +11,11 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
+#include "ActsExamples/EventData/SimParticle.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <ios>
-#include <limits>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
@@ -36,8 +34,6 @@ ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter::RootParticleWriter(
     throw std::invalid_argument("Missing tree name");
   }
 
-  m_inputParticlesFinal.maybeInitialize(m_cfg.inputParticlesFinal);
-
   // open root file and create the tree
   m_outputFile = TFile::Open(m_cfg.filePath.c_str(), m_cfg.fileMode.c_str());
   if (m_outputFile == nullptr) {
@@ -73,13 +69,11 @@ ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter::RootParticleWriter(
   m_outputTree->Branch("generation", &m_generation);
   m_outputTree->Branch("sub_particle", &m_subParticle);
 
-  if (m_inputParticlesFinal.isInitialized()) {
-    m_outputTree->Branch("e_loss", &m_eLoss);
-    m_outputTree->Branch("total_x0", &m_pathInX0);
-    m_outputTree->Branch("total_l0", &m_pathInL0);
-    m_outputTree->Branch("number_of_hits", &m_numberOfHits);
-    m_outputTree->Branch("outcome", &m_outcome);
-  }
+  m_outputTree->Branch("e_loss", &m_eLoss);
+  m_outputTree->Branch("total_x0", &m_pathInX0);
+  m_outputTree->Branch("total_l0", &m_pathInL0);
+  m_outputTree->Branch("number_of_hits", &m_numberOfHits);
+  m_outputTree->Branch("outcome", &m_outcome);
 }
 
 ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter::~RootParticleWriter() {
@@ -101,16 +95,9 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter::finalize() {
 
 ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter::writeT(
     const AlgorithmContext& ctx, const SimParticleContainer& particles) {
-  const SimParticleContainer* finalParticles = nullptr;
-  if (m_inputParticlesFinal.isInitialized()) {
-    finalParticles = &m_inputParticlesFinal(ctx);
-  }
-
   // ensure exclusive access to tree/file while writing
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_writeMutex);
 
-  auto nan = std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN();
-
   m_eventId = ctx.eventNumber;
   for (const auto& particle : particles) {
     m_particleId.push_back(particle.particleId().value());
@@ -150,41 +137,14 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter::writeT(
     m_generation.push_back(particle.particleId().generation());
     m_subParticle.push_back(particle.particleId().subParticle());
 
-    bool wroteFinalParticle = false;
-    if (finalParticles != nullptr) {
-      // get the final particle
-      auto it = finalParticles->find(particle);
-      if (it == finalParticles->end()) {
-        ACTS_ERROR("Could not find final particle for "
-                   << particle.particleId() << " in event " << ctx.eventNumber);
-      } else {
-        const auto& finalParticle = *it;
-        // get the energy loss
-        m_eLoss.push_back(Acts::clampValue<float>(
-            (particle.energy() - finalParticle.energy()) /
-            Acts::UnitConstants::GeV));
-        // get the path in X0
-        m_pathInX0.push_back(Acts::clampValue<float>(finalParticle.pathInX0() /
-                                                     Acts::UnitConstants::mm));
-        // get the path in L0
-        m_pathInL0.push_back(Acts::clampValue<float>(finalParticle.pathInL0() /
-                                                     Acts::UnitConstants::mm));
-        // get the number of hits
-        m_numberOfHits.push_back(finalParticle.numberOfHits());
-        // get the particle outcome
-        m_outcome.push_back(
-            static_cast<std::uint32_t>(finalParticle.outcome()));
-
-        wroteFinalParticle = true;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!wroteFinalParticle) {
-      m_eLoss.push_back(nan);
-      m_pathInX0.push_back(nan);
-      m_pathInL0.push_back(nan);
-      m_numberOfHits.push_back(-1);
-      m_outcome.push_back(0);
-    }
+    m_eLoss.push_back(Acts::clampValue<float>(particle.energyLoss() /
+                                              Acts::UnitConstants::GeV));
+    m_pathInX0.push_back(
+        Acts::clampValue<float>(particle.pathInX0() / Acts::UnitConstants::mm));
+    m_pathInL0.push_back(
+        Acts::clampValue<float>(particle.pathInL0() / Acts::UnitConstants::mm));
+    m_numberOfHits.push_back(particle.numberOfHits());
+    m_outcome.push_back(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(particle.outcome()));
   }
 
   m_outputTree->Fill();
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryReader.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryReader.cpp
index 3a4f206c927..1827c26ad30 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryReader.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryReader.cpp
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ ProcessCode RootTrackSummaryReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& context) {
 
     unsigned int nTruthParticles = m_t_vx->size();
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nTruthParticles; i++) {
-      ActsFatras::Particle truthParticle;
+      SimParticleState truthParticle;
 
       truthParticle.setPosition4((*m_t_vx)[i], (*m_t_vy)[i], (*m_t_vz)[i],
                                  (*m_t_time)[i]);
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ ProcessCode RootTrackSummaryReader::read(const AlgorithmContext& context) {
       truthParticle.setParticleId((*m_majorityParticleId)[i]);
 
       truthParticleCollection.insert(truthParticleCollection.end(),
-                                     truthParticle);
+                                     SimParticle(truthParticle, truthParticle));
     }
     // Write the collections to the EventStore
     m_outputTrackParameters(context, std::move(trackParameterCollection));
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp
index 4ac7ea269ef..d11de8bc018 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp
@@ -177,8 +177,9 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::SeedingPerformanceWriter::writeT(
         minDeltaR = distance;
       }
     }
-    m_effPlotTool.fill(m_effPlotCache, particle, minDeltaR, isMatched);
-    m_duplicationPlotTool.fill(m_duplicationPlotCache, particle,
+    m_effPlotTool.fill(m_effPlotCache, particle.initial(), minDeltaR,
+                       isMatched);
+    m_duplicationPlotTool.fill(m_duplicationPlotCache, particle.initial(),
                                nMatchedSeedsForParticle - 1);
   }
   ACTS_DEBUG("Number of seeds: " << nSeeds);
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFinderPerformanceWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFinderPerformanceWriter.cpp
index ecec2fd59ce..0265aa3ea8b 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFinderPerformanceWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFinderPerformanceWriter.cpp
@@ -260,14 +260,15 @@ ProcessCode TrackFinderPerformanceWriter::writeT(
     }
 
     // Fill efficiency plots
-    m_effPlotTool.fill(m_effPlotCache, particle, minDeltaR, isReconstructed);
+    m_effPlotTool.fill(m_effPlotCache, particle.initial(), minDeltaR,
+                       isReconstructed);
     // Fill number of duplicated tracks for this particle
-    m_duplicationPlotTool.fill(m_duplicationPlotCache, particle,
+    m_duplicationPlotTool.fill(m_duplicationPlotCache, particle.initial(),
                                nMatchedTracks - 1);
 
     // Fill number of reconstructed/truth-matched/fake tracks for this particle
-    m_fakeRatePlotTool.fill(m_fakeRatePlotCache, particle, nMatchedTracks,
-                            nFakeTracks);
+    m_fakeRatePlotTool.fill(m_fakeRatePlotCache, particle.initial(),
+                            nMatchedTracks, nFakeTracks);
 
     m_nTotalParticles += 1;
   }
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFitterPerformanceWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFitterPerformanceWriter.cpp
index 2063f03b53b..6a183cef4dd 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFitterPerformanceWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/TrackFitterPerformanceWriter.cpp
@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::TrackFitterPerformanceWriter::writeT(
     // Record this majority particle ID of this trajectory
     reconParticleIds.push_back(ip->particleId());
     // Fill the residual plots
-    m_resPlotTool.fill(m_resPlotCache, ctx.geoContext, *ip, fittedParameters);
+    m_resPlotTool.fill(m_resPlotCache, ctx.geoContext, ip->initial(),
+                       fittedParameters);
     // Fill the trajectory summary info
     m_trackSummaryPlotTool.fill(m_trackSummaryPlotCache, fittedParameters,
                                 track.nTrackStates(), track.nMeasurements(),
@@ -181,7 +182,8 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::TrackFitterPerformanceWriter::writeT(
         minDeltaR = distance;
       }
     }
-    m_effPlotTool.fill(m_effPlotCache, particle, minDeltaR, isReconstructed);
+    m_effPlotTool.fill(m_effPlotCache, particle.initial(), minDeltaR,
+                       isReconstructed);
   }
 
   return ProcessCode::SUCCESS;
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/detail/NuclearInteractionParametrisation.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/detail/NuclearInteractionParametrisation.cpp
index 91f59c56648..174f3648ce1 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/detail/NuclearInteractionParametrisation.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/detail/NuclearInteractionParametrisation.cpp
@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/Root/detail/NuclearInteractionParametrisation.hpp"
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Common.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
-#include <complex>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
-#include <memory>
 
 #include <Eigen/Eigenvalues>
 #include <TMath.h>
@@ -23,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <TVectorT.h>
 
 namespace ActsExamples::detail::NuclearInteractionParametrisation {
+
 namespace {
 
 /// @brief Evaluate the location in a standard normal distribution for a value
@@ -52,14 +50,14 @@ float gaussianValue(TH1F const* histo, const float mom) {
 /// @param [in] fourVector2 The other four vector
 ///
 /// @return The invariant mass
-float invariantMass(const ActsExamples::SimParticle::Vector4& fourVector1,
-                    const ActsExamples::SimParticle::Vector4& fourVector2) {
-  ActsExamples::SimParticle::Vector4 sum = fourVector1 + fourVector2;
-  const ActsExamples::SimParticle::Scalar energy = sum[Acts::eEnergy];
-  ActsExamples::SimParticle::Scalar momentum =
-      sum.template segment<3>(Acts::eMom0).norm();
+float invariantMass(const Acts::Vector4& fourVector1,
+                    const Acts::Vector4& fourVector2) {
+  Acts::Vector4 sum = fourVector1 + fourVector2;
+  const Acts::ActsScalar energy = sum[Acts::eEnergy];
+  Acts::ActsScalar momentum = sum.template segment<3>(Acts::eMom0).norm();
   return std::sqrt(energy * energy - momentum * momentum);
 }
+
 }  // namespace
 
 std::pair<Vector, Matrix> calculateMeanAndCovariance(
@@ -377,4 +375,5 @@ CumulativeDistribution cumulativeNuclearInteractionProbability(
   return histo;  // TODO: in this case the normalisation is not taking into
                  // account
 }
+
 }  // namespace ActsExamples::detail::NuclearInteractionParametrisation
diff --git a/Examples/Python/python/acts/examples/simulation.py b/Examples/Python/python/acts/examples/simulation.py
index b72d1f456df..21c4149661f 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/python/acts/examples/simulation.py
+++ b/Examples/Python/python/acts/examples/simulation.py
@@ -356,8 +356,6 @@ def addParticleSelection(
     config: ParticleSelectorConfig,
     inputParticles: str,
     outputParticles: str,
-    inputParticlesFinal: Optional[str] = None,
-    outputParticlesFinal: Optional[str] = None,
     logLevel: Optional[acts.logging.Level] = None,
 ) -> None:
     """
@@ -372,19 +370,13 @@ def addParticleSelection(
     inputParticles: str
         the identifier for the input particles to be selected
     outputParticles: str
-        the identifier for the final selected particle collection
-    inputParticlesFinal: str, None
-        the identifier for the input final particles to be selected
-    outputParticlesFinal: str, None
-        the identifier for the final selected final particle collection
+        the identifier for the selected particle collection
     """
     customLogLevel = acts.examples.defaultLogging(s, logLevel)
 
     s.addAlgorithm(
         acts.examples.ParticleSelector(
             **acts.examples.defaultKWArgs(
-                inputParticlesFinal=inputParticlesFinal,
-                outputParticlesFinal=outputParticlesFinal,
                 rhoMin=config.rho[0],
                 rhoMax=config.rho[1],
                 absZMin=config.absZ[0],
@@ -424,8 +416,7 @@ def addFatras(
     enableInteractions: bool = True,
     pMin: Optional[float] = None,
     inputParticles: str = "particles_input",
-    outputParticlesInitial: str = "particles_initial",
-    outputParticlesFinal: str = "particles_final",
+    outputParticles: str = "particles_simulated",
     outputSimHits: str = "simhits",
     outputDirCsv: Optional[Union[Path, str]] = None,
     outputDirRoot: Optional[Union[Path, str]] = None,
@@ -446,7 +437,7 @@ def addFatras(
         Default of no selections specified in Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp
         Specify preSelectParticles=None to inhibit ParticleSelector altogether.
     postSelectParticles : ParticleSelectorConfig(rho, absZ, time, phi, eta, absEta, pt, removeCharged, removeNeutral), None
-        Similar to preSelectParticles but applied after simulation to "particles_initial", therefore also filters secondaries.
+        Similar to preSelectParticles but applied after simulation to "particles_simulated", therefore also filters secondaries.
     enableInteractions : Enable the particle interactions in the simulation
     pMin : Minimum monmentum of particles simulated by FATRAS
     outputDirCsv : Path|str, path, None
@@ -459,24 +450,24 @@ def addFatras(
 
     # Selector
     if preSelectParticles is not None:
-        particlesSelected = "fatras_particles_preselected"
+        particlesPreSelected = "fatras_particles_preselected"
         addParticleSelection(
             s,
             preSelectParticles,
             inputParticles=inputParticles,
-            outputParticles=particlesSelected,
+            outputParticles=particlesPreSelected,
         )
-        s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesSelected)
     else:
-        particlesSelected = inputParticles
+        particlesPreSelected = inputParticles
+
+    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesPreSelected)
 
     # Simulation
     alg = acts.examples.FatrasSimulation(
         **acts.examples.defaultKWArgs(
             level=customLogLevel(),
-            inputParticles=particlesSelected,
-            outputParticlesInitial=outputParticlesInitial,
-            outputParticlesFinal=outputParticlesFinal,
+            inputParticles=particlesPreSelected,
+            outputParticles=outputParticles,
             outputSimHits=outputSimHits,
             randomNumbers=rnd,
             trackingGeometry=trackingGeometry,
@@ -493,32 +484,27 @@ def addFatras(
     # Sequencer
     s.addAlgorithm(alg)
 
+    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles", outputParticles)
+
     # Selector
     if postSelectParticles is not None:
-        particlesInitial = "fatras_particles_initial_selected"
-        particlesFinal = "fatras_particles_final_selected"
+        particlesPostSelected = "fatras_particles_postselected"
         addParticleSelection(
             s,
             postSelectParticles,
-            inputParticles=outputParticlesInitial,
-            inputParticlesFinal=outputParticlesFinal,
-            outputParticles=particlesInitial,
-            outputParticlesFinal=particlesFinal,
+            inputParticles=outputParticles,
+            outputParticles=particlesPostSelected,
         )
-        s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesInitial)
     else:
-        particlesInitial = outputParticlesInitial
-        particlesFinal = outputParticlesFinal
+        particlesPostSelected = outputParticles
 
-    # Only add alias for 'particles_initial' as this is the one we use most
-    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles", outputParticlesInitial)
+    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesPostSelected)
 
     # Output
     addSimWriters(
         s,
         alg.config.outputSimHits,
-        particlesInitial,
-        particlesFinal,
+        particlesPostSelected,
         outputDirCsv,
         outputDirRoot,
         logLevel,
@@ -529,9 +515,8 @@ def addFatras(
 
 def addSimWriters(
     s: acts.examples.Sequencer,
-    simHits: Optional[str] = None,
-    particlesInitial="particles_initial",
-    particlesFinal="particles_final",
+    simHits: str = "simhits",
+    particlesSimulated: str = "particles_simulated",
     outputDirCsv: Optional[Union[Path, str]] = None,
     outputDirRoot: Optional[Union[Path, str]] = None,
     logLevel: Optional[acts.logging.Level] = None,
@@ -546,16 +531,8 @@ def addSimWriters(
             acts.examples.CsvParticleWriter(
                 level=customLogLevel(),
                 outputDir=str(outputDirCsv),
-                inputParticles=particlesInitial,
-                outputStem="particles_initial",
-            )
-        )
-        s.addWriter(
-            acts.examples.CsvParticleWriter(
-                level=customLogLevel(),
-                outputDir=str(outputDirCsv),
-                inputParticles=particlesFinal,
-                outputStem="particles_final",
+                inputParticles=particlesSimulated,
+                outputStem="particles_simulated",
             )
         )
         s.addWriter(
@@ -574,8 +551,7 @@ def addSimWriters(
         s.addWriter(
             acts.examples.RootParticleWriter(
                 level=customLogLevel(),
-                inputParticles=particlesInitial,
-                inputParticlesFinal=particlesFinal,
+                inputParticles=particlesSimulated,
                 filePath=str(outputDirRoot / "particles_simulation.root"),
             )
         )
@@ -636,8 +612,7 @@ def addGeant4(
     volumeMappings: List[str] = [],
     materialMappings: List[str] = ["Silicon"],
     inputParticles: str = "particles_input",
-    outputParticlesInitial: str = "particles_initial",
-    outputParticlesFinal: str = "particles_final",
+    outputParticles: str = "particles_simulated",
     outputSimHits: str = "simhits",
     preSelectParticles: Optional[ParticleSelectorConfig] = ParticleSelectorConfig(),
     postSelectParticles: Optional[ParticleSelectorConfig] = None,
@@ -667,7 +642,7 @@ def addGeant4(
         Default of no selections specified in Examples/Algorithms/TruthTracking/ActsExamples/TruthTracking/ParticleSelector.hpp
         Specify preSelectParticles=None to inhibit ParticleSelector altogether.
     postSelectParticles : ParticleSelectorConfig(rho, absZ, time, phi, eta, absEta, pt, removeCharged, removeNeutral), None
-        Similar to preSelectParticles but applied after simulation to "particles_initial", therefore also filters secondaries.
+        Similar to preSelectParticles but applied after simulation to "particles_simulated", therefore also filters secondaries.
     outputDirCsv : Path|str, path, None
         the output folder for the Csv output, None triggers no output
     outputDirRoot : Path|str, path, None
@@ -686,16 +661,17 @@ def addGeant4(
 
     # Selector
     if preSelectParticles is not None:
-        particlesSelected = "geant4_particles_preselected"
+        particlesPreSelected = "geant4_particles_preselected"
         addParticleSelection(
             s,
             preSelectParticles,
             inputParticles=inputParticles,
-            outputParticles=particlesSelected,
+            outputParticles=particlesPreSelected,
         )
-        s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesSelected)
     else:
-        particlesSelected = inputParticles
+        particlesPreSelected = inputParticles
+
+    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesPreSelected)
 
     if g4DetectorConstructionFactory is None:
         if detector is None:
@@ -719,9 +695,8 @@ def addGeant4(
         geant4Handle=__geant4Handle,
         detectorConstructionFactory=g4DetectorConstructionFactory,
         randomNumbers=rnd,
-        inputParticles=particlesSelected,
-        outputParticlesInitial=outputParticlesInitial,
-        outputParticlesFinal=outputParticlesFinal,
+        inputParticles=particlesPreSelected,
+        outputParticles=outputParticles,
         outputSimHits=outputSimHits,
         sensitiveSurfaceMapper=sensitiveMapper,
         magneticField=field,
@@ -738,35 +713,30 @@ def addGeant4(
     # Sequencer
     s.addAlgorithm(alg)
 
+    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles", outputParticles)
+
     # Selector
     if postSelectParticles is not None:
-        particlesInitial = "geant4_particles_initial_postselected"
-        particlesFinal = "geant4_particles_final_postselected"
+        particlesPostSelected = "geant4_particles_postselected"
         addParticleSelection(
             s,
             postSelectParticles,
-            inputParticles=outputParticlesInitial,
-            inputParticlesFinal=outputParticlesFinal,
-            outputParticles=particlesInitial,
-            outputParticlesFinal=particlesFinal,
+            inputParticles=outputParticles,
+            outputParticles=particlesPostSelected,
         )
-        s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesInitial)
     else:
-        particlesInitial = outputParticlesInitial
-        particlesFinal = outputParticlesFinal
+        particlesPostSelected = outputParticles
 
-    # Only add alias for 'particles_initial' as this is the one we use most
-    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles", outputParticlesInitial)
+    s.addWhiteboardAlias("particles_selected", particlesPostSelected)
 
     # Output
     addSimWriters(
         s,
         alg.config.outputSimHits,
-        particlesInitial,
-        particlesFinal,
+        particlesPostSelected,
         outputDirCsv,
         outputDirRoot,
-        logLevel=logLevel,
+        logLevel,
     )
 
     return s
diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/EDM4hepComponent.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/EDM4hepComponent.cpp
index 75746587be8..f7b4c949172 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/EDM4hepComponent.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/EDM4hepComponent.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepTrackReader.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Io/EDM4hep/EDM4hepTrackWriter.hpp"
 
-#include <memory>
-
 #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
 #include <pybind11/stl.h>
 
@@ -31,9 +29,9 @@ using namespace Acts::Python;
 PYBIND11_MODULE(ActsPythonBindingsEDM4hep, m) {
   ACTS_PYTHON_DECLARE_READER(
       ActsExamples::EDM4hepReader, m, "EDM4hepReader", inputPath,
-      inputParticles, inputSimHits, outputParticlesInitial,
-      outputParticlesFinal, outputParticlesGenerator, outputSimHits,
-      graphvizOutput, dd4hepDetector, trackingGeometry, sortSimHitsInTime);
+      inputParticles, inputSimHits, outputParticlesGenerator,
+      outputParticlesSimulation, outputSimHits, graphvizOutput, dd4hepDetector,
+      trackingGeometry, sortSimHitsInTime);
 
   ACTS_PYTHON_DECLARE_WRITER(
       ActsExamples::EDM4hepSimHitWriter, m, "EDM4hepSimHitWriter", inputSimHits,
diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/ExampleAlgorithms.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/ExampleAlgorithms.cpp
index 598dde87b99..7d9007183e8 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/ExampleAlgorithms.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/ExampleAlgorithms.cpp
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ void addExampleAlgorithms(Context& ctx) {
 
   ACTS_PYTHON_DECLARE_ALGORITHM(
       ActsExamples::FatrasSimulation, mex, "FatrasSimulation", inputParticles,
-      outputParticlesInitial, outputParticlesFinal, outputSimHits,
-      imputParametrisationNuclearInteraction, randomNumbers, trackingGeometry,
-      magneticField, pMin, emScattering, emEnergyLossIonisation,
-      emEnergyLossRadiation, emPhotonConversion, generateHitsOnSensitive,
-      generateHitsOnMaterial, generateHitsOnPassive, averageHitsPerParticle);
+      outputParticles, outputSimHits, imputParametrisationNuclearInteraction,
+      randomNumbers, trackingGeometry, magneticField, pMin, emScattering,
+      emEnergyLossIonisation, emEnergyLossRadiation, emPhotonConversion,
+      generateHitsOnSensitive, generateHitsOnMaterial, generateHitsOnPassive,
+      averageHitsPerParticle);
 
   ACTS_PYTHON_DECLARE_ALGORITHM(ActsExamples::ParticlesPrinter, mex,
                                 "ParticlesPrinter", inputParticles);
diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/Geant4Component.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/Geant4Component.cpp
index ff34da94cc0..1a7edd58e7f 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/Geant4Component.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/Geant4Component.cpp
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/TelescopeDetector/TelescopeDetector.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/TelescopeDetector/TelescopeG4DetectorConstruction.hpp"
 
-#include <array>
 #include <memory>
-#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -206,8 +204,7 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(ActsPythonBindingsGeant4, mod) {
                   .def(py::init<>());
     ACTS_PYTHON_STRUCT_BEGIN(c1, Config);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(outputSimHits);
-    ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(outputParticlesInitial);
-    ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(outputParticlesFinal);
+    ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(outputParticles);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(sensitiveSurfaceMapper);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(magneticField);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(physicsList);
diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/Output.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/Output.cpp
index dce56dc681e..5adead2a9b4 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/Output.cpp
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ void addOutput(Context& ctx) {
                              inputSummaryCollection, filePath, fileMode);
 
   ACTS_PYTHON_DECLARE_WRITER(ActsExamples::RootParticleWriter, mex,
-                             "RootParticleWriter", inputParticles,
-                             inputParticlesFinal, filePath, fileMode, treeName);
+                             "RootParticleWriter", inputParticles, filePath,
+                             fileMode, treeName);
 
   ACTS_PYTHON_DECLARE_WRITER(ActsExamples::RootVertexWriter, mex,
                              "RootVertexWriter", inputVertices, filePath,
diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/TruthTracking.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/TruthTracking.cpp
index 7278b3f821f..3f0d8a0915a 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/TruthTracking.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/TruthTracking.cpp
@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ void addTruthTracking(Context& ctx) {
 
     ACTS_PYTHON_STRUCT_BEGIN(c, Config);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(inputParticles);
-    ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(inputParticlesFinal);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(outputParticles);
-    ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(outputParticlesFinal);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(rhoMin);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(rhoMax);
     ACTS_PYTHON_MEMBER(absZMin);
diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/conftest.py b/Examples/Python/tests/conftest.py
index f4e0abbcadd..b2015c3f6a0 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/Examples/Python/tests/conftest.py
@@ -342,8 +342,7 @@ def _factory(s):
         simAlg = acts.examples.FatrasSimulation(
             level=acts.logging.INFO,
             inputParticles=evGen.config.outputParticles,
-            outputParticlesInitial="particles_initial",
-            outputParticlesFinal="particles_final",
+            outputParticles="particles_simulated",
             outputSimHits="simhits",
             randomNumbers=rng,
             trackingGeometry=trk_geo,
diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt b/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt
index eb97555e084..c6ed65f4564 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt
+++ b/Examples/Python/tests/root_file_hashes.txt
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-test_pythia8__particles.root: 91c852f3e0e20bcd382c616a7b643985d092decd42bdd653deae67ed8652e8d8
+test_pythia8__particles.root: 125182a9647ef3cec71afbc1b9e1676e40c13826c8333d6704345dd5133d5e91
 test_fatras__particles_simulation.root: bc970873fef0c2efd86ed5413623802353d2cd04abea72de14e8cdfc0e40076f
 test_fatras__hits.root: 6e4beb045fa1712c4d14c280ba33c3fa13e4aff9de88d55c3e32f62ad226f724
 test_geant4__particles_simulation.root: 49926c71a9b54e13aa1cc7596d3302baf3c87d8e2c1d0267cb4523f6abdc0ac2
 test_geant4__hits.root: 4c9e704a75f47ed2e61652679a1d6f18fa4d9cf53faa8f8f5bbf7995634207aa
 test_seeding__estimatedparams.root: 69c0e268f9025a0991a212ea2a7f26f53112fecf614b475605bd1cb08415ba56
 test_seeding__performance_seeding.root: 992f9c611d30dde0d3f3ab676bab19ada61ab6a4442828e27b65ec5e5b7a2880
-test_seeding__particles.root: 7855b021f39ad238bca098e4282667be0666f2d1630e5bcb9d51d3b5ee39fa14
+test_seeding__particles.root: c423bc666df3674f1a1140dec68ea13f44173232b8057e8a02572aee4f3e7d5b
 test_seeding__particles_simulation.root: f937a4cc474e80cfbb6eac4384e42e9c5c7ac981fcd6870d624cc898d1a0c006
 test_hashing_seeding__estimatedparams.root: 8daa3f04342c265f32f1608ccc921ab0041686a6280b956f811638ad4328330e
 test_seeding_orthogonal__estimatedparams.root: ca5896ec325daf5c8012291bc454269c61c32fe3d7e33bd1fa3b812826930299
 test_seeding_orthogonal__performance_seeding.root: 60fbedcf5cb2b37cd8e526251940564432890d3a159d231ed819e915a904682c
-test_seeding_orthogonal__particles.root: 7855b021f39ad238bca098e4282667be0666f2d1630e5bcb9d51d3b5ee39fa14
+test_seeding_orthogonal__particles.root: c423bc666df3674f1a1140dec68ea13f44173232b8057e8a02572aee4f3e7d5b
 test_seeding_orthogonal__particles_simulation.root: f937a4cc474e80cfbb6eac4384e42e9c5c7ac981fcd6870d624cc898d1a0c006
 test_itk_seeding__estimatedparams.root: 1cc05f9f2aefb5f71a85b31e97bc4e5845fedfcef6c53199495a6340c6b6210b
 test_itk_seeding__performance_seeding.root: 78ebda54cd0f026ba4b7f316724ffd946de56a932735914baf1b7bba9505c29d
-test_itk_seeding__particles.root: 0b6f4ad438010ac48803d48ed98e80b5e87d310bae6c2c02b16cd94d7a4d7d07
+test_itk_seeding__particles.root: 907ff693262c0db14b12c74b16586cb20d79caf5f03f93b178943e41ed35a1b6
 test_itk_seeding__particles_simulation.root: ef0246069aa697019f28a8b270a68de95312cae5f2f2c74848566c3ce4f70363
 test_propagation__propagation_summary.root: 280c1a6fcfe71974ac39587b4afad27a31640bec42ca6537cc92e2d5e09d7ed6
 test_material_recording__geant4_material_tracks.root: c022b9362249b29f57a07926b20644e3ab4ab8ebcf03f773fbf46c446fc1a0a1
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ test_truth_tracking_gsf[generic]__trackstates_gsf.root: 4df2c69d5dd7d5446a547651
 test_truth_tracking_gsf[generic]__tracksummary_gsf.root: 8c01d139cb865afa1959c62dbca76f3a1fb8b684c57ea4c2968baa6ffedadb6f
 test_truth_tracking_gsf[odd]__trackstates_gsf.root: c7397e53ea093f2432943ae263fc99bc9aa774504ea6152c6907066a06d21caf
 test_truth_tracking_gsf[odd]__tracksummary_gsf.root: 4562341f12a61ea0d5e25872b6bf466b79a73781dc95fc18ef9c6515f0a47916
-test_particle_gun__particles.root: 5fe7dda2933ee6b9615b064d192322fe07831133cd998e5ed99a3b992b713a10
+test_particle_gun__particles.root: 669d0304eb8bcf244aa627809a117944e5e3b994fdfcfb8710f2b9a8f9a62d3b
 test_material_mapping__material-map_tracks.root: 938b1a855369e9304401cb10d2751df3fd7acf32a2573f2057eb1691cd94edf3
 test_material_mapping__propagation-material.root: 5eacd0cb804d381171c8fb65d7b2d36e1d57db9f4cb2b58c0f24703479218cbf
 test_volume_material_mapping__material-map-volume_tracks.root: 98e212d32ca054fa3d01af4167c1f49755a139d43b82c57908197f5985e0a4ff
 test_volume_material_mapping__propagation-volume-material.root: 3e9d38cc541a1956b2f33be320d457559bb230311130a8531bf09371c272f913
 test_digitization_example[smeared]__measurements.root: 2b583b886b76f94786c6c2832aa84d176059cbbc35882fb34b4fd1f22dd4c006
 test_digitization_example[geometric]__measurements.root: 85efa861d14207fd7d1798dab093edcd0a2685bc189b4fc9a96b07d1001013a0
-test_digitization_example_input[smeared]__particles.root: 5fe7dda2933ee6b9615b064d192322fe07831133cd998e5ed99a3b992b713a10
+test_digitization_example_input[smeared]__particles.root: 669d0304eb8bcf244aa627809a117944e5e3b994fdfcfb8710f2b9a8f9a62d3b
 test_digitization_example_input[smeared]__measurements.root: 243c2f69b7b0db9dbeaa7494d4ea0f3dd1691dc90f16e10df6c0491ff4dc7d62
-test_digitization_example_input[geometric]__particles.root: 5fe7dda2933ee6b9615b064d192322fe07831133cd998e5ed99a3b992b713a10
+test_digitization_example_input[geometric]__particles.root: 669d0304eb8bcf244aa627809a117944e5e3b994fdfcfb8710f2b9a8f9a62d3b
 test_digitization_example_input[geometric]__measurements.root: 63ec81635979058fb8976f94455bf490cf92b7b142c4a05cc39de6225f5de2fb
 test_ckf_tracks_example[generic-full_seeding]__trackstates_ckf.root: 7c48ec32a2cb1723416a9791a8067ef09825fcf71a6cf561c1f6d2ab9dc1c1ad
 test_ckf_tracks_example[generic-full_seeding]__tracksummary_ckf.root: e6b9e539998ba007e9b7d2c8d9d022c47726a39e8ab9b1724c52b1d78234be03
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ test_bfield_writing__solenoid2.root: 2db149336c9cd749dc50025076b49f9bc0586d53792
 test_root_prop_step_writer[configPosConstructor]__prop_steps.root: a783d525eebb4737e6e6bcf20d63d6f35520f4bcf23301ae8c4657309cbccdda
 test_root_prop_step_writer[configKwConstructor]__prop_steps.root: a783d525eebb4737e6e6bcf20d63d6f35520f4bcf23301ae8c4657309cbccdda
 test_root_prop_step_writer[kwargsConstructor]__prop_steps.root: a783d525eebb4737e6e6bcf20d63d6f35520f4bcf23301ae8c4657309cbccdda
-test_root_particle_writer[configPosConstructor]__particles.root: 759f7c0225a30afc28c3dda6010295207254ebb0194b88f692d538b8c65d4326
-test_root_particle_writer[configKwConstructor]__particles.root: 759f7c0225a30afc28c3dda6010295207254ebb0194b88f692d538b8c65d4326
-test_root_particle_writer[kwargsConstructor]__particles.root: 759f7c0225a30afc28c3dda6010295207254ebb0194b88f692d538b8c65d4326
+test_root_particle_writer[configPosConstructor]__particles.root: e5d723e138b4e121c6e74a6dba072072f622995e117a40b8e63755ac784baad6
+test_root_particle_writer[configKwConstructor]__particles.root: e5d723e138b4e121c6e74a6dba072072f622995e117a40b8e63755ac784baad6
+test_root_particle_writer[kwargsConstructor]__particles.root: e5d723e138b4e121c6e74a6dba072072f622995e117a40b8e63755ac784baad6
 test_root_meas_writer__meas.root: 0f7e51c3c6e0133c6c1fc0da6d936e16f59ca2b579d15108e6c7b82bdf0a1e73
 test_root_simhits_writer[configPosConstructor]__meas.root: 66fee65a672bbf28098aac7af59ef181c2ac8331f87a379132873da86bdb1ba5
 test_root_simhits_writer[configKwConstructor]__meas.root: 66fee65a672bbf28098aac7af59ef181c2ac8331f87a379132873da86bdb1ba5
diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/test_examples.py b/Examples/Python/tests/test_examples.py
index 69f06101fdd..2261e58cea4 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/test_examples.py
+++ b/Examples/Python/tests/test_examples.py
@@ -130,8 +130,7 @@ def test_fatras(trk_geo, tmp_path, field, assert_root_hash):
     seq = Sequencer(events=nevents)
     runFatras(trk_geo, field, str(tmp_path), s=seq).run()
 
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_final")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_initial")
+    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_simulated")
     assert_csv_output(csv, "hits")
     for f, tn in root_files:
         rfp = tmp_path / f
@@ -186,8 +185,7 @@ def test_geant4(tmp_path, assert_root_hash):
         print(e.output.decode("utf-8"))
         raise
 
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_final")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_initial")
+    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_simulated")
     assert_csv_output(csv, "hits")
     for f in root_files:
         rfp = tmp_path / f
@@ -244,8 +242,7 @@ def test_seeding(tmp_path, trk_geo, field, assert_root_hash):
             assert_root_hash(fn, fp)
 
     assert_csv_output(csv, "particles")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_final")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_initial")
+    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_simulated")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
@@ -304,8 +301,7 @@ def test_hashing_seeding(tmp_path, trk_geo, field, assert_root_hash):
             assert_has_entries(fp, tn)
             assert_root_hash(fn, fp)
 
-    assert_csv_output(tmp_path, "particles_final")
-    assert_csv_output(tmp_path, "particles_initial")
+    assert_csv_output(tmp_path, "particles_simulated")
     assert_csv_output(tmp_path, "buckets")
     assert_csv_output(tmp_path, "seed")
 
@@ -363,8 +359,7 @@ def test_seeding_orthogonal(tmp_path, trk_geo, field, assert_root_hash):
             assert_root_hash(fn, fp)
 
     assert_csv_output(csv, "particles")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_final")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_initial")
+    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_simulated")
 
 
 def test_itk_seeding(tmp_path, trk_geo, field, assert_root_hash):
@@ -460,7 +455,6 @@ def test_itk_seeding(tmp_path, trk_geo, field, assert_root_hash):
         acts.logging.VERBOSE,
         geoSelectionConfigFile=srcdir
         / "Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/share/geoSelection-genericDetector.json",
-        inputParticles="particles_final",  # use this to reproduce the original root_file_hashes.txt - remove to fix
         outputDirRoot=str(tmp_path),
     )
 
@@ -476,8 +470,7 @@ def test_itk_seeding(tmp_path, trk_geo, field, assert_root_hash):
             assert_root_hash(fn, fp)
 
     assert_csv_output(csv, "particles")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_final")
-    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_initial")
+    assert_csv_output(csv, "particles_simulated")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/test_reader.py b/Examples/Python/tests/test_reader.py
index b83b1317cc8..104a4e0f98f 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/test_reader.py
+++ b/Examples/Python/tests/test_reader.py
@@ -314,8 +314,7 @@ def test_edm4hep_simhit_particle_reader(tmp_path):
                     "LongStripEndcapReadout",
                 ],
                 outputParticlesGenerator="particles_input",
-                outputParticlesInitial="particles_initial",
-                outputParticlesFinal="particles_final",
+                outputParticlesSimulation="particles_simulated",
                 outputSimHits="simhits",
                 dd4hepDetector=detector,
                 trackingGeometry=trackingGeometry,
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py
index 347e52714ea..8b86402b820 100755
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd.py
@@ -189,8 +189,7 @@
             "LongStripEndcapReadout",
         ],
         outputParticlesGenerator="particles_input",
-        outputParticlesInitial="particles_initial",
-        outputParticlesFinal="particles_final",
+        outputParticlesSimulation="particles_simulated",
         outputSimHits="simhits",
         graphvizOutput="graphviz",
         dd4hepDetector=detector,
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py
index 5cbac847baa..cfa03b5336c 100644
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/full_chain_odd_LRT.py
@@ -187,8 +187,7 @@
             "LongStripEndcapReadout",
         ],
         outputParticlesGenerator="particles_input",
-        outputParticlesInitial="particles_initial",
-        outputParticlesFinal="particles_final",
+        outputParticlesSimulation="particles_simulated",
         outputSimHits="simhits",
         graphvizOutput="graphviz",
         dd4hepDetector=detector,
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/Python/seeding.py b/Examples/Scripts/Python/seeding.py
index afe8983eec7..3beb6071aae 100755
--- a/Examples/Scripts/Python/seeding.py
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/Python/seeding.py
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@ def runSeeding(
         seedingAlgorithm=seedingAlgorithm,
         geoSelectionConfigFile=srcdir
         / "Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/share/geoSelection-genericDetector.json",
-        inputParticles="particles_final",  # use this to reproduce the original root_file_hashes.txt - remove to fix
         outputDirRoot=outputDir,
     )
     return s
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp
index 6eff75c404b..5b6eb2f7a61 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp
@@ -153,33 +153,33 @@ class Particle {
   }
 
   /// Particle identifier within an event.
-  constexpr Barcode particleId() const { return m_particleId; }
+  Barcode particleId() const { return m_particleId; }
   /// Which type of process generated this particle.
-  constexpr ProcessType process() const { return m_process; }
+  ProcessType process() const { return m_process; }
   /// PDG particle number that identifies the type.
-  constexpr Acts::PdgParticle pdg() const { return m_pdg; }
+  Acts::PdgParticle pdg() const { return m_pdg; }
   /// Absolute PDG particle number that identifies the type.
-  constexpr Acts::PdgParticle absolutePdg() const {
+  Acts::PdgParticle absolutePdg() const {
     return Acts::makeAbsolutePdgParticle(pdg());
   }
   /// Particle charge.
-  constexpr Scalar charge() const { return m_charge; }
+  Scalar charge() const { return m_charge; }
   /// Particle absolute charge.
-  constexpr Scalar absoluteCharge() const { return std::abs(m_charge); }
+  Scalar absoluteCharge() const { return std::abs(m_charge); }
   /// Particle mass.
-  constexpr Scalar mass() const { return m_mass; }
+  Scalar mass() const { return m_mass; }
 
   /// Particle hypothesis.
-  constexpr Acts::ParticleHypothesis hypothesis() const {
+  Acts::ParticleHypothesis hypothesis() const {
     return Acts::ParticleHypothesis(absolutePdg(), mass(), absoluteCharge());
   }
   /// Particl qOverP.
-  constexpr Scalar qOverP() const {
+  Scalar qOverP() const {
     return hypothesis().qOverP(absoluteMomentum(), charge());
   }
 
   /// Space-time position four-vector.
-  constexpr const Vector4 &fourPosition() const { return m_position4; }
+  const Vector4 &fourPosition() const { return m_position4; }
   /// Three-position, i.e. spatial coordinates without the time.
   auto position() const { return m_position4.segment<3>(Acts::ePos0); }
   /// Time coordinate.
@@ -205,16 +205,17 @@ class Particle {
     return m_absMomentum * m_direction.segment<2>(Acts::eMom0).norm();
   }
   /// Absolute momentum.
-  constexpr Scalar absoluteMomentum() const { return m_absMomentum; }
+  Scalar absoluteMomentum() const { return m_absMomentum; }
   /// Absolute momentum.
   Vector3 momentum() const { return absoluteMomentum() * direction(); }
   /// Total energy, i.e. norm of the four-momentum.
   Scalar energy() const { return std::hypot(m_mass, m_absMomentum); }
 
   /// Check if the particle is alive, i.e. is not at rest.
-  constexpr bool isAlive() const { return Scalar{0} < m_absMomentum; }
+  bool isAlive() const { return Scalar{0} < m_absMomentum; }
 
-  constexpr bool isSecondary() const {
+  /// Check if this is a secondary particle.
+  bool isSecondary() const {
     return particleId().vertexSecondary() != 0 ||
            particleId().generation() != 0 || particleId().subParticle() != 0;
   }
@@ -224,26 +225,26 @@ class Particle {
   /// Set the proper time in the particle rest frame.
   ///
   /// @param properTime passed proper time in the rest frame
-  constexpr Particle &setProperTime(Scalar properTime) {
+  Particle &setProperTime(Scalar properTime) {
     m_properTime = properTime;
     return *this;
   }
   /// Proper time in the particle rest frame.
-  constexpr Scalar properTime() const { return m_properTime; }
+  Scalar properTime() const { return m_properTime; }
 
   /// Set the accumulated material measured in radiation/interaction lengths.
   ///
   /// @param pathInX0 accumulated material measured in radiation lengths
   /// @param pathInL0 accumulated material measured in interaction lengths
-  constexpr Particle &setMaterialPassed(Scalar pathInX0, Scalar pathInL0) {
+  Particle &setMaterialPassed(Scalar pathInX0, Scalar pathInL0) {
     m_pathInX0 = pathInX0;
     m_pathInL0 = pathInL0;
     return *this;
   }
   /// Accumulated path within material measured in radiation lengths.
-  constexpr Scalar pathInX0() const { return m_pathInX0; }
+  Scalar pathInX0() const { return m_pathInX0; }
   /// Accumulated path within material measured in interaction lengths.
-  constexpr Scalar pathInL0() const { return m_pathInL0; }
+  Scalar pathInL0() const { return m_pathInL0; }
 
   /// Set the reference surface.
   ///
@@ -285,24 +286,24 @@ class Particle {
   /// Set the number of hits.
   ///
   /// @param nHits number of hits
-  constexpr Particle &setNumberOfHits(std::uint32_t nHits) {
+  Particle &setNumberOfHits(std::uint32_t nHits) {
     m_numberOfHits = nHits;
     return *this;
   }
 
   /// Number of hits.
-  constexpr std::uint32_t numberOfHits() const { return m_numberOfHits; }
+  std::uint32_t numberOfHits() const { return m_numberOfHits; }
 
   /// Set the outcome of particle.
   ///
   /// @param outcome outcome code
-  constexpr Particle &setOutcome(ParticleOutcome outcome) {
+  Particle &setOutcome(ParticleOutcome outcome) {
     m_outcome = outcome;
     return *this;
   }
 
   /// Particle outcome.
-  constexpr ParticleOutcome outcome() const { return m_outcome; }
+  ParticleOutcome outcome() const { return m_outcome; }
 
  private:
   // identity, i.e. things that do not change over the particle lifetime.
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Kernel/Simulation.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Kernel/Simulation.hpp
index 2d8280737f0..b6975c34172 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Kernel/Simulation.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Kernel/Simulation.hpp
@@ -8,17 +8,11 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/EventData/Charge.hpp"
-#include "Acts/EventData/GenericCurvilinearTrackParameters.hpp"
-#include "Acts/EventData/TrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/MagneticField/MagneticFieldContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Propagator/ActorList.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Propagator/Propagator.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Propagator/StandardAborters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Result.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Hit.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Kernel/SimulationResult.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/Kernel/detail/SimulationActor.hpp"

From 257473abebd711e445a1c4048351539e761a9c4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 23:08:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/24] refactor: use mathematical constants from
 `std::numbers` (#3781)

blocked:
- https://github.com/acts-project/acts/pull/3783

Asked co-pilot to summarise the PR:

Summary:

The pull request aims to refactor the code to use mathematical constants from the C++20 <numbers> header, replacing existing instances of M_PI with std::numbers::pi. The changes span multiple files, primarily focusing on improving the consistency and modernity of mathematical constant usage across the codebase.
---
 .../ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolution.hpp         |   5 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp       |   4 +-
 .../Acts/EventData/TransformationHelpers.hpp  |   7 +-
 .../Acts/EventData/detail/ParameterTraits.hpp |   7 +-
 .../Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp    |   6 +-
 .../Acts/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.hpp     |   3 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Geometry/VolumeBounds.hpp   |  15 ++-
 .../Acts/Propagator/RiddersPropagator.ipp     |  22 +--
 .../Acts/Propagator/detail/LoopProtection.hpp |   5 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Seeding/GbtsDataStorage.hpp |  13 +-
 .../include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderConfig.hpp |   5 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderGbts.ipp  |  12 +-
 .../Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonalConfig.hpp    |   5 +-
 .../detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.hpp      |   2 +-
 .../detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.ipp      |   7 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/AnnulusBounds.hpp  |   3 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeBounds.hpp     |  10 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeSurface.hpp    |   3 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.hpp |   8 +-
 .../include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderSurface.hpp |   3 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscSurface.hpp    |   3 +-
 .../Acts/Surfaces/DiscTrapezoidBounds.hpp     |   3 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/EllipseBounds.hpp  |   6 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp   |   7 +-
 .../Acts/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.hpp   |  28 ++--
 .../Acts/TrackFitting/BetheHeitlerApprox.hpp  |   3 +-
 .../detail/GsfComponentMerging.hpp            |  23 ++--
 .../Acts/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolume.hpp    |   5 +-
 Core/include/Acts/Utilities/Frustum.ipp       |  10 +-
 .../Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp        |  11 +-
 .../Acts/Vertexing/SingleSeedVertexFinder.ipp |  28 ++--
 .../Acts/Visualization/EventDataView3D.hpp    |   5 +-
 Core/src/Detector/VolumeStructureBuilder.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../detail/CylindricalDetectorHelper.cpp      |   9 +-
 .../Detector/detail/SupportSurfacesHelper.cpp |  14 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/ConeVolumeBounds.cpp        |   7 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.cpp    |  11 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeHelper.cpp    |   8 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStack.cpp     |   3 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/Extent.cpp                  |   5 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/GridPortalLink.cpp          |  16 ++-
 Core/src/Geometry/Polyhedron.cpp              |   4 +-
 Core/src/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.cpp     |  19 +--
 Core/src/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBounds.cpp   |  23 ++--
 Core/src/MagneticField/SolenoidBField.cpp     |   7 +-
 .../Seeding/EstimateTrackParamsFromSeed.cpp   |   4 +-
 Core/src/Surfaces/ConeSurface.cpp             |   3 +-
 Core/src/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.cpp          |   5 +-
 Core/src/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.cpp            |   5 +-
 Core/src/Surfaces/StrawSurface.cpp            |   3 +-
 .../Surfaces/detail/AnnulusBoundsHelper.cpp   |   4 +-
 Core/src/Surfaces/detail/MergeHelper.cpp      |  23 ++--
 Core/src/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.cpp   |   6 +-
 Core/src/TrackFinding/MeasurementSelector.cpp |   3 +-
 Core/src/Vertexing/GaussianTrackDensity.cpp   |   5 +-
 .../Vertexing/NumericalTrackLinearizer.cpp    |   7 +-
 ...ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolutionAlgorithm.hpp |   5 +-
 .../ParametricParticleGenerator.hpp           |   7 +-
 .../Generators/VertexGenerators.hpp           |   5 +-
 .../Geometry/src/VolumeAssociationTest.cpp    |   4 +-
 .../MappingMaterialDecorator.hpp              |   9 +-
 .../MaterialMapping/MaterialValidation.hpp    |   5 +-
 .../TrackFinding/HoughTransformSeeder.hpp     |   9 +-
 .../TrackFinding/src/GbtsSeedingAlgorithm.cpp |   9 +-
 .../src/BuildGenericDetector.cpp              |   9 +-
 .../src/MockupSectorBuilder.cpp               |   8 +-
 Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvSeedWriter.cpp         |   8 +-
 .../Io/Root/src/RootTrackParameterWriter.cpp  |   3 +-
 .../Io/Root/src/RootTrackStatesWriter.cpp     |   3 +-
 .../Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryWriter.cpp    |   6 +-
 Examples/Io/Root/src/VertexNTupleWriter.cpp   |   5 +-
 Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp              |   3 +-
 .../MaterialMapping/materialComposition.C     |   5 +-
 .../TrackingPerformance/TrackSummary.cpp      |   8 +-
 .../trackSummaryAnalysis.C                    |   3 +-
 Examples/Scripts/momentumDistributions.C      |   4 +-
 .../Physics/ElectroMagnetic/BetheHeitler.hpp  |   5 +-
 .../ElectroMagnetic/PhotonConversion.hpp      |   5 +-
 .../Physics/ElectroMagnetic/Scattering.hpp    |   5 +-
 .../detail/GaussianMixture.hpp                |   3 +-
 .../ElectroMagnetic/detail/GeneralMixture.hpp |   3 +-
 .../ElectroMagnetic/detail/Highland.hpp       |   4 +-
 .../NuclearInteraction/NuclearInteraction.hpp |   7 +-
 Fatras/src/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMask.cpp |   3 +-
 Fatras/src/Physics/BetheHeitler.cpp           |   3 +-
 .../Acts/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverter.hpp |   6 +-
 .../ActSVG/src/SurfaceArraySvgConverter.cpp   |   4 +-
 Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepBinningHelpers.cpp   |  15 ++-
 Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepMaterialHelpers.cpp  |   5 +-
 .../Detray/src/DetrayMaterialConverter.cpp    |   7 +-
 Plugins/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp           |   7 +-
 Plugins/Geant4/src/Geant4Converters.cpp       |  13 +-
 .../GeoModel/src/GeoModelToDetectorVolume.cpp |  10 +-
 .../src/detail/GeoModelBinningHelper.cpp      |   6 +-
 .../Acts/Plugins/Hashing/HashingAnnoy.ipp     |   5 +-
 Plugins/Json/src/MaterialJsonConverter.cpp    |   7 +-
 Plugins/Json/src/MaterialMapJsonConverter.cpp |  19 +--
 .../include/Acts/Seeding/AtlasSeedFinder.ipp  |   5 +-
 .../Plugins/TGeo/TGeoSurfaceConverter.hpp     |   5 +-
 Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter.cpp |  17 +--
 Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoSurfaceConverter.cpp     |  12 +-
 Tests/Benchmarks/RayFrustumBenchmark.cpp      |  19 +--
 Tests/Benchmarks/SolenoidFieldBenchmark.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../SurfaceIntersectionBenchmark.cpp          |   8 +-
 .../Tests/CommonHelpers/BenchmarkTools.hpp    |   4 +-
 .../CylindricalTrackingGeometry.hpp           |  11 +-
 .../InterpolatedSolenoidBFieldTest.cpp        |   9 +-
 .../IntegrationTests/NavigatorConsistency.cpp |   7 +-
 Tests/IntegrationTests/PropagationTests.hpp   |   7 +-
 .../UnitTests/Core/Definitions/UnitsTests.cpp |  15 ++-
 .../CylindricalContainerBuilderTests.cpp      |  17 ++-
 .../CylindricalDetectorHelperTests.cpp        |   8 +-
 .../Detector/DetectorVolumeBuilderTests.cpp   |   5 +-
 .../IndexedSurfaceGridFillerTests.cpp         |  18 ++-
 .../IndexedSurfacesGeneratorTests.cpp         |  31 +++--
 .../Detector/LayerStructureBuilderTests.cpp   |  13 +-
 .../MultiWireStructureBuilderTests.cpp        |   3 +-
 .../Core/Detector/PortalGeneratorsTests.cpp   |   3 +-
 .../Core/Detector/ProtoBinningTests.cpp       |   7 +-
 .../Detector/SupportSurfacesHelperTests.cpp   |   5 +-
 .../EventData/BoundTrackParametersTests.cpp   |   3 +-
 .../CorrectedTransformFreeToBoundTests.cpp    |   5 +-
 .../CurvilinearTrackParametersTests.cpp       |   9 +-
 .../EventData/TrackParametersDatasets.hpp     |  12 +-
 .../Core/EventData/TransformHelpersTests.cpp  |   5 +-
 .../Core/Geometry/ConeLayerTests.cpp          |   7 +-
 .../Core/Geometry/ConeVolumeBoundsTests.cpp   |  19 ++-
 .../Geometry/CuboidVolumeBuilderTests.cpp     |   5 +-
 .../Geometry/CylinderVolumeBoundsTests.cpp    |  79 ++++++-----
 .../Geometry/CylinderVolumeStackTests.cpp     |  18 ++-
 .../GenericCuboidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp        |  11 +-
 .../Core/Geometry/LayerCreatorTests.cpp       |  60 +++++----
 .../Core/Geometry/PortalLinkTests.cpp         |  17 ++-
 .../Core/Geometry/ProtoLayerTests.cpp         |  17 ++-
 .../Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreatorTests.cpp     |  75 ++++++-----
 .../Geometry/SurfaceBinningMatcherTests.cpp   |  15 ++-
 .../Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp   |   3 +-
 .../BinnedSurfaceMaterialAccumulaterTests.cpp |   4 +-
 .../Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp     |  21 +--
 .../Core/Material/MaterialGridHelperTests.cpp |   7 +-
 .../Core/Material/MaterialValidaterTests.cpp  |   3 +-
 .../Core/Propagator/CovarianceEngineTests.cpp |  18 ++-
 .../Core/Propagator/DirectNavigatorTests.cpp  |  13 +-
 .../Core/Propagator/EigenStepperTests.cpp     |   3 +-
 .../Core/Propagator/ExtrapolatorTests.cpp     |  52 ++++----
 .../Core/Propagator/LoopProtectionTests.cpp   |  25 ++--
 .../Propagator/MaterialCollectionTests.cpp    |  13 +-
 .../Core/Propagator/MultiStepperTests.cpp     |  23 ++--
 .../Core/Propagator/PropagatorTests.cpp       |  39 +++---
 .../Core/Seeding/BinnedGroupTest.cpp          |   5 +-
 .../UnitTests/Core/Seeding/PathSeederTest.cpp |   4 +-
 .../Core/Surfaces/ConeBoundsTests.cpp         |   2 +-
 .../Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp  |   4 +-
 .../TrackFitting/GainMatrixSmootherTests.cpp  |  13 +-
 .../TrackFitting/GainMatrixUpdaterTests.cpp   |   5 +-
 .../TrackFitting/GsfComponentMergingTests.cpp |  15 ++-
 .../UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/Gx2fTests.cpp |  21 ++-
 .../Core/TrackFitting/MbfSmootherTests.cpp    |  13 +-
 .../Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentTests.cpp     |  15 ++-
 .../Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolumeTests.cpp    |  13 +-
 .../Core/Utilities/BinUtilityTests.cpp        |  11 +-
 .../Core/Utilities/BinningDataTests.cpp       |  95 ++++++-------
 .../Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp        | 126 +++++++++---------
 .../UnitTests/Core/Utilities/FrustumTest.cpp  |   7 +-
 .../Utilities/GridAxisGeneratorsTests.cpp     |   6 +-
 .../UnitTests/Core/Utilities/HelpersTests.cpp |  49 ++++---
 .../Core/Utilities/PeriodicTests.cpp          |  68 ++++++----
 .../Core/Utilities/UnitVectorsTests.cpp       |  87 +++++++-----
 .../AdaptiveGridTrackDensityTests.cpp         |   8 +-
 .../AdaptiveMultiVertexFinderTests.cpp        |  13 +-
 .../AdaptiveMultiVertexFitterTests.cpp        |   6 +-
 .../FullBilloirVertexFitterTests.cpp          |   6 +-
 .../GridDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp          |   4 +-
 .../Vertexing/IterativeVertexFinderTests.cpp  |   6 +-
 .../Vertexing/KalmanVertexUpdaterTests.cpp    |   6 +-
 .../Vertexing/LinearizedTrackFactoryTests.cpp |   6 +-
 .../TrackDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp         |   4 +-
 .../Core/Vertexing/ZScanVertexFinderTests.cpp |   6 +-
 .../Visualization/PrimitivesView3DTests.cpp   |   7 +-
 .../Core/Visualization/SurfaceView3DBase.hpp  |   5 +-
 .../Core/Visualization/VolumeView3DBase.hpp   |  23 ++--
 .../Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMaskTests.cpp   |  10 +-
 .../Digitization/PlanarSurfaceTestBeds.hpp    |  24 ++--
 .../Fatras/Physics/ScatteringTests.cpp        |   3 +-
 .../DetectorVolumeSvgConverterTests.cpp       |  17 +--
 .../Plugins/ActSVG/GridSvgConverterTests.cpp  |   5 +-
 .../IndexedSurfacesSvgConverterTests.cpp      |  15 ++-
 .../Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverterTests.cpp |   9 +-
 .../ActSVG/SurfaceSvgConverterTests.cpp       |   7 +-
 .../Detray/DetrayGeometryConverterTests.cpp   |   3 +-
 .../Detray/DetrayMaterialConverterTests.cpp   |  12 +-
 .../EDM4hep/ConvertTrackEDM4hepTest.cpp       |  18 ++-
 .../Plugins/Geant4/Geant4ConvertersTests.cpp  |  27 ++--
 .../Geant4DetectorSurfaceFactoryTests.cpp     |  11 +-
 .../Json/DetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp       |  21 +--
 .../Json/DetectorVolumeJsonConverterTests.cpp |  15 ++-
 .../Plugins/Json/GridJsonConverterTests.cpp   |   4 +-
 .../Json/MaterialJsonConverterTests.cpp       |  21 +--
 .../Json/ProtoDetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp  |  11 +-
 .../Json/UtilitiesJsonConverterTests.cpp      |   4 +-
 .../Json/VolumeBoundsJsonConverterTests.cpp   |   9 +-
 .../Plugins/TGeo/TGeoTubeConversionTests.cpp  |   5 +-
 202 files changed, 1448 insertions(+), 1011 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolution.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolution.hpp
index c5c0293b8ad..fbccb611d1a 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolution.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolution.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <vector>
@@ -103,8 +104,8 @@ class ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolution {
     double pTMin = 0 * UnitConstants::GeV;
     double pTMax = 1e5 * UnitConstants::GeV;
 
-    double phiMin = -M_PI * UnitConstants::rad;
-    double phiMax = M_PI * UnitConstants::rad;
+    double phiMin = -std::numbers::pi * UnitConstants::rad;
+    double phiMax = std::numbers::pi * UnitConstants::rad;
 
     double etaMin = -5;
     double etaMax = 5;
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp
index c41aa7dd830..65d7cee775d 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace Acts {
 
 /// @verbatim embed:rst:leading-slashes
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ constexpr double h = 3600.0 * s;
 // Angles, native unit radian
 constexpr double mrad = 1e-3;
 constexpr double rad = 1.0;
-constexpr double degree = 0.017453292519943295;  // = M_PI / 180.0 * rad;
+constexpr double degree = std::numbers::pi / 180. / rad;
 // Energy/mass/momentum, native unit GeV
 constexpr double GeV = 1.0;
 constexpr double eV = 1e-9 * GeV;
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/TransformationHelpers.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/TransformationHelpers.hpp
index 39240bf469e..e31e29fd3c0 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/TransformationHelpers.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/TransformationHelpers.hpp
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Result.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace Acts {
 
 class Surface;
@@ -25,8 +27,9 @@ class Surface;
 /// @return Reflected bound track parameters vector
 inline BoundVector reflectBoundParameters(const BoundVector& boundParams) {
   BoundVector reflected = boundParams;
-  auto [phi, theta] = detail::normalizePhiTheta(
-      boundParams[eBoundPhi] - M_PI, M_PI - boundParams[eBoundTheta]);
+  auto [phi, theta] =
+      detail::normalizePhiTheta(boundParams[eBoundPhi] - std::numbers::pi,
+                                std::numbers::pi - boundParams[eBoundTheta]);
   reflected[eBoundPhi] = phi;
   reflected[eBoundTheta] = theta;
   reflected[eBoundQOverP] = -boundParams[eBoundQOverP];
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/ParameterTraits.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/ParameterTraits.hpp
index ae5eb8eeb30..ff3cdd81835 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/ParameterTraits.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/ParameterTraits.hpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts::detail {
 
@@ -106,12 +107,12 @@ struct CyclicParameterTraits {
 //
 // The functions names are chosen to be consistent w/ std::numeric_limits
 struct PhiBoundParameterLimits {
-  static constexpr double lowest() { return -M_PI; }
-  static constexpr double max() { return M_PI; }
+  static constexpr double lowest() { return -std::numbers::pi; }
+  static constexpr double max() { return std::numbers::pi; }
 };
 struct ThetaBoundParameterLimits {
   static constexpr double lowest() { return 0; }
-  static constexpr double max() { return M_PI; }
+  static constexpr double max() { return std::numbers::pi; }
 };
 
 // Traits implementation structs for single parameters.
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp
index 002af04cd59..7f368442f40 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -105,8 +106,9 @@ class CylinderVolumeBounds : public VolumeBounds {
   /// @param bevelMinZ The bevel angle, in radians, for the negative side
   /// @param bevelMaxZ The bevel angle, in radians, for the positive side
   CylinderVolumeBounds(ActsScalar rmin, ActsScalar rmax, ActsScalar halfz,
-                       ActsScalar halfphi = M_PI, ActsScalar avgphi = 0.,
-                       ActsScalar bevelMinZ = 0., ActsScalar bevelMaxZ = 0.);
+                       ActsScalar halfphi = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>,
+                       ActsScalar avgphi = 0., ActsScalar bevelMinZ = 0.,
+                       ActsScalar bevelMaxZ = 0.);
 
   /// Constructor - from a fixed size array
   ///
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.hpp
index bc52d700c72..584e8ee6992 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ class SurfaceArrayCreator {
 
       // ...so by injecting them into atan2, we get the angle between them
       auto dPhi = std::atan2(sin_dPhi_n2, cos_dPhi_n2);
-      return std::abs(dPhi) < M_PI / 180.;
+      return std::abs(dPhi) < std::numbers::pi / 180.;
     }
 
     if (bValue == Acts::BinningValue::binZ) {
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/VolumeBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/VolumeBounds.hpp
index 3b5810ff4c8..28bcc029166 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/VolumeBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Geometry/VolumeBounds.hpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -33,12 +34,14 @@ struct OrientedSurface {
 
 // Planar definitions to help construct the boundary surfaces
 static const Transform3 s_planeXY = Transform3::Identity();
-static const Transform3 s_planeYZ = AngleAxis3(0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitY()) *
-                                    AngleAxis3(0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
-                                    Transform3::Identity();
-static const Transform3 s_planeZX = AngleAxis3(-0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitX()) *
-                                    AngleAxis3(-0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
-                                    Transform3::Identity();
+static const Transform3 s_planeYZ =
+    AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitY()) *
+    AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()) *
+    Transform3::Identity();
+static const Transform3 s_planeZX =
+    AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitX()) *
+    AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()) *
+    Transform3::Identity();
 
 /// @class VolumeBounds
 ///
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/RiddersPropagator.ipp b/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/RiddersPropagator.ipp
index cef7c79bd4f..1b1764a13d7 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/RiddersPropagator.ipp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/RiddersPropagator.ipp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 template <typename propagator_t>
 template <typename parameters_t, typename propagator_options_t>
 auto Acts::RiddersPropagator<propagator_t>::propagate(
@@ -150,8 +152,8 @@ bool Acts::RiddersPropagator<propagator_t>::inconsistentDerivativesOnDisc(
     for (unsigned int j = 0; j < derivatives.size(); j++) {
       // If there is at least one with a similar angle then it seems to work
       // properly
-      if (i != j &&
-          std::abs(derivatives[i](1) - derivatives[j](1)) < 0.5 * M_PI) {
+      if (i != j && std::abs(derivatives[i](1) - derivatives[j](1)) <
+                        std::numbers::pi / 2.) {
         jumpedAngle = false;
         break;
       }
@@ -179,8 +181,8 @@ Acts::RiddersPropagator<propagator_t>::wiggleParameter(
     // Treatment for theta
     if (param == eBoundTheta) {
       const double current_theta = start.template get<eBoundTheta>();
-      if (current_theta + h > M_PI) {
-        h = M_PI - current_theta;
+      if (current_theta + h > std::numbers::pi) {
+        h = std::numbers::pi - current_theta;
       }
       if (current_theta + h < 0) {
         h = -current_theta;
@@ -202,10 +204,14 @@ Acts::RiddersPropagator<propagator_t>::wiggleParameter(
     if (param == eBoundPhi) {
       double phi0 = nominal(Acts::eBoundPhi);
       double phi1 = r.endParameters->parameters()(Acts::eBoundPhi);
-      if (std::abs(phi1 + 2. * M_PI - phi0) < std::abs(phi1 - phi0)) {
-        derivatives.back()[Acts::eBoundPhi] = (phi1 + 2. * M_PI - phi0) / h;
-      } else if (std::abs(phi1 - 2. * M_PI - phi0) < std::abs(phi1 - phi0)) {
-        derivatives.back()[Acts::eBoundPhi] = (phi1 - 2. * M_PI - phi0) / h;
+      if (std::abs(phi1 + 2. * std::numbers::pi - phi0) <
+          std::abs(phi1 - phi0)) {
+        derivatives.back()[Acts::eBoundPhi] =
+            (phi1 + 2. * std::numbers::pi - phi0) / h;
+      } else if (std::abs(phi1 - 2. * std::numbers::pi - phi0) <
+                 std::abs(phi1 - phi0)) {
+        derivatives.back()[Acts::eBoundPhi] =
+            (phi1 - 2. * std::numbers::pi - phi0) / h;
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/detail/LoopProtection.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/detail/LoopProtection.hpp
index a5efe15306e..62c7e363423 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/detail/LoopProtection.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Propagator/detail/LoopProtection.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace Acts::detail {
 
 /// Estimate the loop protection limit
@@ -46,7 +48,8 @@ void setupLoopProtection(propagator_state_t& state, const stepper_t& stepper,
   // Transverse component at start is taken for the loop protection
   const double p = stepper.absoluteMomentum(state.stepping);
   // Calculate the full helix path
-  const double helixPath = state.options.direction * 2 * M_PI * p / B;
+  const double helixPath =
+      state.options.direction * 2 * std::numbers::pi * p / B;
   // And set it as the loop limit if it overwrites the internal limit
   const double loopLimit = state.options.loopFraction * helixPath;
   const double previousLimit = pathAborter.internalLimit;
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/GbtsDataStorage.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/GbtsDataStorage.hpp
index 64ba0bff1b9..c28b0cc2413 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/GbtsDataStorage.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/GbtsDataStorage.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -117,12 +118,12 @@ class GbtsEtaBin {
       // float phi = pN->m_sp.phi();
       // float phi = (std::atan(pN->m_sp.x() / pN->m_sp.y()));
       float phi = pN->m_spGbts.phi();
-      if (phi <= M_PI - dphi) {
+      if (phi <= std::numbers::pi_v<float> - dphi) {
         continue;
       }
 
-      m_vPhiNodes.push_back(
-          std::pair<float, unsigned int>(phi - 2 * M_PI, nIdx));
+      m_vPhiNodes.push_back(std::pair<float, unsigned int>(
+          phi - static_cast<float>(2. * std::numbers::pi), nIdx));
     }
 
     for (unsigned int nIdx = 0; nIdx < m_vn.size(); nIdx++) {
@@ -134,11 +135,11 @@ class GbtsEtaBin {
     for (unsigned int nIdx = 0; nIdx < m_vn.size(); nIdx++) {
       GbtsNode<space_point_t> *pN = m_vn.at(nIdx);
       float phi = pN->m_spGbts.phi();
-      if (phi >= -M_PI + dphi) {
+      if (phi >= -std::numbers::pi_v<float> + dphi) {
         break;
       }
-      m_vPhiNodes.push_back(
-          std::pair<float, unsigned int>(phi + 2 * M_PI, nIdx));
+      m_vPhiNodes.push_back(std::pair<float, unsigned int>(
+          phi + static_cast<float>(2. * std::numbers::pi), nIdx));
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderConfig.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderConfig.hpp
index bb20f9fead0..93dacaeafd8 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderConfig.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderConfig.hpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -33,8 +34,8 @@ struct SeedFinderConfig {
   /// Geometry Settings + Detector ROI
   /// (r, z, phi) range for limiting location of all measurements and grid
   /// creation
-  float phiMin = -M_PI;
-  float phiMax = M_PI;
+  float phiMin = -std::numbers::pi_v<float>;
+  float phiMax = std::numbers::pi_v<float>;
   float zMin = -2800 * Acts::UnitConstants::mm;
   float zMax = 2800 * Acts::UnitConstants::mm;
   float rMax = 600 * Acts::UnitConstants::mm;
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderGbts.ipp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderGbts.ipp
index ab557d86977..ed2fe157acf 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderGbts.ipp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderGbts.ipp
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 // SeedFinderGbts.ipp
 // TODO: update to C++17 style
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"  //for M_PI
 #include "Acts/Geometry/Extent.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Seeding/SeedFilter.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Seeding/SeedFinder.hpp"
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <list>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void SeedFinderGbts<external_spacepoint_t>::loadSpacePoints(
     m_storage->addSpacePoint(gbtssp, (m_config.m_useClusterWidth > 0));
   }
 
-  m_config.m_phiSliceWidth = 2 * M_PI / m_config.m_nMaxPhiSlice;
+  m_config.m_phiSliceWidth = 2 * std::numbers::pi / m_config.m_nMaxPhiSlice;
 
   m_storage->sortByPhi();
 
@@ -390,10 +390,10 @@ void SeedFinderGbts<external_spacepoint_t>::runGbts_TrackFinder(
 
         float dPhi = pNS->m_p[3] - Phi1;
 
-        if (dPhi < -M_PI) {
-          dPhi += 2 * M_PI;
-        } else if (dPhi > M_PI) {
-          dPhi -= 2 * M_PI;
+        if (dPhi < -std::numbers::pi_v<float>) {
+          dPhi += static_cast<float>(2 * std::numbers::pi);
+        } else if (dPhi > std::numbers::pi_v<float>) {
+          dPhi -= static_cast<float>(2 * std::numbers::pi);
         }
 
         if (dPhi < -m_config.cut_dphi_max || dPhi > m_config.cut_dphi_max) {
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonalConfig.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonalConfig.hpp
index 4bb710abc78..ac0b51f5d34 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonalConfig.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/SeedFinderOrthogonalConfig.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Delegate.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts {
 // forward declaration to avoid cyclic dependence
@@ -28,8 +29,8 @@ struct SeedFinderOrthogonalConfig {
   /// Seeding parameters for geometry settings and detector ROI
 
   // Limiting location of all measurements
-  float phiMin = -M_PI;
-  float phiMax = M_PI;
+  float phiMin = -std::numbers::pi_v<float>;
+  float phiMax = std::numbers::pi_v<float>;
   /// limiting location of measurements
   float zMin = -2800 * Acts::UnitConstants::mm;
   float zMax = 2800 * Acts::UnitConstants::mm;
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.hpp
index a2a214fa39b..dcbe2289ffb 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.hpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ struct CylindricalSpacePointGridConfig {
   // maximum phi value for phiAxis construction
   float phiMax = std::numbers::pi_v<float>;
   // Multiplicator for the number of phi-bins. The minimum number of phi-bins
-  // depends on min_pt, magnetic field: 2*M_PI/(minPT particle phi-deflection).
+  // depends on min_pt, magnetic field: 2*pi/(minPT particle phi-deflection).
   // phiBinDeflectionCoverage is a multiplier for this number. If
   // numPhiNeighbors (in the configuration of the BinFinders) is configured to
   // return 1 neighbor on either side of the current phi-bin (and you want to
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.ipp b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.ipp
index b99cdbdfaf9..2a8f3dad41d 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.ipp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Seeding/detail/CylindricalSpacePointGrid.ipp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #include <concepts>
+#include <numbers>
 
 template <typename external_spacepoint_t>
 Acts::CylindricalSpacePointGrid<external_spacepoint_t>
@@ -91,16 +92,14 @@ Acts::CylindricalSpacePointGridCreator::createGrid(
 
     // divide 2pi by angle delta to get number of phi-bins
     // size is always 2pi even for regions of interest
-    phiBins = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(2 * M_PI / deltaPhi));
+    phiBins = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(2 * std::numbers::pi / deltaPhi));
     // need to scale the number of phi bins accordingly to the number of
     // consecutive phi bins in the seed making step.
     // Each individual bin should be approximately a fraction (depending on this
     // number) of the maximum expected azimutal deflection.
 
     // set protection for large number of bins, by default it is large
-    if (phiBins > config.maxPhiBins) {
-      phiBins = config.maxPhiBins;
-    }
+    phiBins = std::min(phiBins, config.maxPhiBins);
   }
 
   Acts::Axis<AxisType::Equidistant, AxisBoundaryType::Closed> phiAxis(
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/AnnulusBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/AnnulusBounds.hpp
index f1283ec63b8..942c20dc764 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/AnnulusBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/AnnulusBounds.hpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <exception>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ inline double AnnulusBounds::phiMax() const {
 }
 
 inline bool AnnulusBounds::coversFullAzimuth() const {
-  return (std::abs((get(eMinPhiRel) - get(eMaxPhiRel)) - M_PI) <
+  return (std::abs((get(eMinPhiRel) - get(eMaxPhiRel)) - std::numbers::pi) <
           s_onSurfaceTolerance);
 }
 
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeBounds.hpp
index 55b2203686c..d0d684016a8 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeBounds.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ class ConeBounds : public SurfaceBounds {
   /// @param halfphi is the half opening angle (default is pi)
   /// @param avphi is the phi value around which the bounds are opened
   /// (default=0)
-  ConeBounds(double alpha, bool symm, double halfphi = M_PI,
+  ConeBounds(double alpha, bool symm, double halfphi = std::numbers::pi,
              double avphi = 0.) noexcept(false);
 
   /// Constructor - open cone with alpha, minz and maxz, by
@@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ class ConeBounds : public SurfaceBounds {
   /// @param halfphi is the half opening angle (default is pi)
   /// @param avphi is the phi value around which the bounds are opened
   /// (default=0)
-  ConeBounds(double alpha, double minz, double maxz, double halfphi = M_PI,
+  ConeBounds(double alpha, double minz, double maxz,
+             double halfphi = std::numbers::pi,
              double avphi = 0.) noexcept(false);
 
   /// Constructor - from parameters array
@@ -141,14 +143,14 @@ inline std::vector<double> ConeBounds::values() const {
 }
 
 inline void ConeBounds::checkConsistency() noexcept(false) {
-  if (get(eAlpha) < 0. || get(eAlpha) >= M_PI) {
+  if (get(eAlpha) < 0. || get(eAlpha) >= std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("ConeBounds: invalid open angle.");
   }
   if (get(eMinZ) > get(eMaxZ) ||
       std::abs(get(eMinZ) - get(eMaxZ)) < s_epsilon) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("ConeBounds: invalid z range setup.");
   }
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || abs(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || abs(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("ConeBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
   }
   if (get(eAveragePhi) != detail::radian_sym(get(eAveragePhi))) {
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeSurface.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeSurface.hpp
index a2b2572bba8..2f88bfe9532 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeSurface.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/ConeSurface.hpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ class ConeSurface : public RegularSurface {
   /// @param zmax is the z range over which the cone spans
   /// @param halfPhi is the opening angle for cone ssectors
   ConeSurface(const Transform3& transform, double alpha, double zmin,
-              double zmax, double halfPhi = M_PI);
+              double zmax, double halfPhi = std::numbers::pi);
 
   /// Constructor from HepTransform and ConeBounds
   ///
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.hpp
index 51508055e06..d144c8b995b 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -69,11 +70,11 @@ class CylinderBounds : public SurfaceBounds {
   /// @param avgPhi (optional) The phi value from which the opening angle spans
   /// @param bevelMinZ (optional) The bevel on the negative z side
   /// @param bevelMaxZ (optional) The bevel on the positive z sid The bevel on the positive z side
-  CylinderBounds(double r, double halfZ, double halfPhi = M_PI,
+  CylinderBounds(double r, double halfZ, double halfPhi = std::numbers::pi,
                  double avgPhi = 0., double bevelMinZ = 0.,
                  double bevelMaxZ = 0.) noexcept(false)
       : m_values({r, halfZ, halfPhi, avgPhi, bevelMinZ, bevelMaxZ}),
-        m_closed(std::abs(halfPhi - M_PI) < s_epsilon) {
+        m_closed(std::abs(halfPhi - std::numbers::pi) < s_epsilon) {
     checkConsistency();
   }
 
@@ -82,7 +83,8 @@ class CylinderBounds : public SurfaceBounds {
   /// @param values The parameter values
   CylinderBounds(const std::array<double, eSize>& values) noexcept(false)
       : m_values(values),
-        m_closed(std::abs(values[eHalfPhiSector] - M_PI) < s_epsilon) {
+        m_closed(std::abs(values[eHalfPhiSector] - std::numbers::pi) <
+                 s_epsilon) {
     checkConsistency();
   }
 
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderSurface.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderSurface.hpp
index 09b953afce1..53c52f13f50 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderSurface.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/CylinderSurface.hpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class CylinderSurface : public RegularSurface {
   /// @param bevelMinZ (optional) The bevel on the negative z side
   /// @param bevelMaxZ (optional) The bevel on the positive z sid The bevel on the positive z side
   CylinderSurface(const Transform3& transform, double radius, double halfz,
-                  double halfphi = M_PI, double avphi = 0.,
+                  double halfphi = std::numbers::pi, double avphi = 0.,
                   double bevelMinZ = 0., double bevelMaxZ = 0.);
 
   /// Constructor from Transform3 and CylinderBounds arguments
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscSurface.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscSurface.hpp
index e2c10df4023..d2db14fc566 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscSurface.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscSurface.hpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ class DiscSurface : public RegularSurface {
   /// @param hphisec The opening angle of the disc surface and is optional
   ///        the default is a full disc
   DiscSurface(const Transform3& transform, double rmin, double rmax,
-              double hphisec = M_PI);
+              double hphisec = std::numbers::pi);
 
   /// Constructor for Discs from Transform3, \f$ r_{min}, r_{max}, hx_{min},
   /// hx_{max} \f$
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscTrapezoidBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscTrapezoidBounds.hpp
index a3e4e5ea28f..32c63c2aef6 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscTrapezoidBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/DiscTrapezoidBounds.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ class DiscTrapezoidBounds : public DiscBounds {
   /// @param avgPhi average phi value
   /// @param stereo optional stero angle applied
   DiscTrapezoidBounds(double halfXminR, double halfXmaxR, double minR,
-                      double maxR, double avgPhi = M_PI_2,
+                      double maxR, double avgPhi = std::numbers::pi / 2.,
                       double stereo = 0.) noexcept(false);
 
   /// Constructor - from fixed size array
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/EllipseBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/EllipseBounds.hpp
index aec08d10381..ea90e3d2a88 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/EllipseBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/EllipseBounds.hpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <exception>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ class EllipseBounds : public PlanarBounds {
   /// @param halfPhi spanning phi sector (is set to pi as default)
   /// @param averagePhi average phi (is set to 0. as default)
   EllipseBounds(double innerRx, double innerRy, double outerRx, double outerRy,
-                double halfPhi = M_PI, double averagePhi = 0.) noexcept(false)
+                double halfPhi = std::numbers::pi,
+                double averagePhi = 0.) noexcept(false)
       : m_values({innerRx, innerRy, outerRx, outerRy, halfPhi, averagePhi}),
         m_boundingBox(m_values[eInnerRy], m_values[eOuterRy]) {
     checkConsistency();
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ inline void EllipseBounds::checkConsistency() noexcept(false) {
       get(eOuterRy) <= 0.) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("EllipseBounds: invalid along y axis.");
   }
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("EllipseBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
   }
   if (get(eAveragePhi) != detail::radian_sym(get(eAveragePhi))) {
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp
index 0c7aea81400..ef3e8996572 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ class RadialBounds : public DiscBounds {
   /// @param maxR The outer radius
   /// @param halfPhi The half opening angle (Pi for full angular coverage)
   /// @param avgPhi The average phi for the disc/ring sector
-  RadialBounds(double minR, double maxR, double halfPhi = M_PI,
+  RadialBounds(double minR, double maxR, double halfPhi = std::numbers::pi,
                double avgPhi = 0.) noexcept(false)
       : m_values({minR, maxR, halfPhi, avgPhi}) {
     checkConsistency();
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ inline double RadialBounds::rMax() const {
 }
 
 inline bool RadialBounds::coversFullAzimuth() const {
-  return (get(eHalfPhiSector) == M_PI);
+  return (get(eHalfPhiSector) == std::numbers::pi);
 }
 
 inline bool RadialBounds::insideRadialBounds(double R, double tolerance) const {
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ inline void RadialBounds::checkConsistency() noexcept(false) {
   if (get(eMinR) < 0. || get(eMaxR) <= 0. || get(eMinR) > get(eMaxR)) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("RadialBounds: invalid radial setup");
   }
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("RadialBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
   }
   if (get(eAveragePhi) != detail::radian_sym(get(eAveragePhi))) {
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.hpp
index dd18f3e800e..4384c17139c 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.hpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <span>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -29,10 +30,11 @@ namespace Acts::detail::VerticesHelper {
 /// @param quarterSegments number of segments used to approximate a segment quarter
 ///
 /// @return a vector of generated phi values
-std::vector<ActsScalar> phiSegments(ActsScalar phiMin = -M_PI,
-                                    ActsScalar phiMax = M_PI,
-                                    const std::vector<ActsScalar>& phiRefs = {},
-                                    unsigned int quarterSegments = 2u);
+std::vector<ActsScalar> phiSegments(
+    ActsScalar phiMin = -std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>,
+    ActsScalar phiMax = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>,
+    const std::vector<ActsScalar>& phiRefs = {},
+    unsigned int quarterSegments = 2u);
 
 /// Helper method to create a regular 2 or 3 D segment
 /// between two phi values with a given number of segments
@@ -83,11 +85,11 @@ std::vector<vertex_t> segmentVertices(
 /// @param quarterSegments number of segments used to approximate a segment quarter
 ///
 /// @return a vector of 2d-vectors
-std::vector<Vector2> ellipsoidVertices(ActsScalar innerRx, ActsScalar innerRy,
-                                       ActsScalar outerRx, ActsScalar outerRy,
-                                       ActsScalar avgPhi = 0.,
-                                       ActsScalar halfPhi = M_PI,
-                                       unsigned int quarterSegments = 2u);
+std::vector<Vector2> ellipsoidVertices(
+    ActsScalar innerRx, ActsScalar innerRy, ActsScalar outerRx,
+    ActsScalar outerRy, ActsScalar avgPhi = 0.,
+    ActsScalar halfPhi = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>,
+    unsigned int quarterSegments = 2u);
 
 /// Construct vertices on an disc/wheel-like bound object.
 ///
@@ -98,10 +100,10 @@ std::vector<Vector2> ellipsoidVertices(ActsScalar innerRx, ActsScalar innerRy,
 /// @param quarterSegments number of segments used to approximate a segment quarter
 ///
 /// @return a vector of 2d-vectors
-std::vector<Vector2> circularVertices(ActsScalar innerR, ActsScalar outerR,
-                                      ActsScalar avgPhi = 0.,
-                                      ActsScalar halfPhi = M_PI,
-                                      unsigned int quarterSegments = 2u);
+std::vector<Vector2> circularVertices(
+    ActsScalar innerR, ActsScalar outerR, ActsScalar avgPhi = 0.,
+    ActsScalar halfPhi = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>,
+    unsigned int quarterSegments = 2u);
 
 /// Check if the point is inside the polygon w/o any tolerances.
 ///
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/BetheHeitlerApprox.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/BetheHeitlerApprox.hpp
index 666ebf6aa23..5d0c5601bea 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/BetheHeitlerApprox.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/BetheHeitlerApprox.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ struct BetheHeitlerApproxSingleCmp {
 
     ret[0].weight = 1.0;
 
-    const double c = x / std::log(2);
+    const double c = x / std::numbers::ln2;
     ret[0].mean = std::pow(2, -c);
     ret[0].var = std::pow(3, -c) - std::pow(4, -c);
 
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/detail/GsfComponentMerging.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/detail/GsfComponentMerging.hpp
index 019865f49c1..b7ea835e460 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/detail/GsfComponentMerging.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/detail/GsfComponentMerging.hpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <tuple>
 
@@ -90,10 +91,10 @@ auto gaussianMixtureCov(const components_t components,
 
     // Apply corrections for cyclic coordinates
     auto handleCyclicCov = [&l = pars_l, &m = mean, &diff = diff](auto desc) {
-      diff[desc.idx] =
-          difference_periodic(l[desc.idx] / desc.constant,
-                              m[desc.idx] / desc.constant, 2 * M_PI) *
-          desc.constant;
+      diff[desc.idx] = difference_periodic(l[desc.idx] / desc.constant,
+                                           m[desc.idx] / desc.constant,
+                                           2 * std::numbers::pi) *
+                       desc.constant;
     };
 
     std::apply([&](auto... dsc) { (handleCyclicCov(dsc), ...); }, angleDesc);
@@ -174,10 +175,10 @@ auto gaussianMixtureMeanCov(const components_t components,
                              &weight = weight_l, &mean = mean](auto desc) {
       const auto delta = (ref[desc.idx] - pars[desc.idx]) / desc.constant;
 
-      if (delta > M_PI) {
-        mean[desc.idx] += (2 * M_PI) * weight * desc.constant;
-      } else if (delta < -M_PI) {
-        mean[desc.idx] -= (2 * M_PI) * weight * desc.constant;
+      if (delta > std::numbers::pi) {
+        mean[desc.idx] += 2. * std::numbers::pi * weight * desc.constant;
+      } else if (delta < -std::numbers::pi) {
+        mean[desc.idx] -= 2. * std::numbers::pi * weight * desc.constant;
       }
     };
 
@@ -187,9 +188,9 @@ auto gaussianMixtureMeanCov(const components_t components,
   mean /= sumOfWeights;
 
   auto wrap = [&](auto desc) {
-    mean[desc.idx] =
-        wrap_periodic(mean[desc.idx] / desc.constant, -M_PI, 2 * M_PI) *
-        desc.constant;
+    mean[desc.idx] = wrap_periodic(mean[desc.idx] / desc.constant,
+                                   -std::numbers::pi, 2 * std::numbers::pi) *
+                     desc.constant;
   };
 
   std::apply([&](auto... dsc) { (wrap(dsc), ...); }, angleDesc);
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolume.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolume.hpp
index 7e115e7b607..bef7bff3e83 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolume.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolume.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Geometry/Volume.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinUtility.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -94,8 +95,8 @@ BinUtility adjustBinUtility(const BinUtility& bu,
   // The parameters from the cutout cylinder bounds
   double minR = cBounds.get(CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eMinR);
   double maxR = cBounds.get(CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eMaxR);
-  double minPhi = -M_PI;
-  double maxPhi = M_PI;
+  double minPhi = -std::numbers::pi;
+  double maxPhi = std::numbers::pi;
   double minZ = -cBounds.get(CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ);
   double maxZ = cBounds.get(CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ);
   // Retrieve the binning data
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/Frustum.ipp b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/Frustum.ipp
index 5854ef2d94a..bca40c35464 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/Frustum.ipp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/Frustum.ipp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 template <typename value_t, std::size_t DIM, std::size_t SIDES>
 Acts::Frustum<value_t, DIM, SIDES>::Frustum(const VertexType& origin,
                                             const VertexType& dir,
@@ -17,13 +19,13 @@ Acts::Frustum<value_t, DIM, SIDES>::Frustum(const VertexType& origin,
   using rotation_t = Eigen::Rotation2D<value_type>;
 
   static_assert(SIDES == 2, "2D frustum can only have 2 sides");
-  assert(opening_angle < M_PI);
+  assert(opening_angle < std::numbers::pi_v<value_type>);
 
   translation_t translation(origin);
   value_type angle = VectorHelpers::phi(dir);
   Eigen::Rotation2D<value_type> rot(angle);
 
-  value_type normal_angle = 0.5 * M_PI - 0.5 * opening_angle;
+  value_type normal_angle = std::numbers::pi / 2. - opening_angle / 2.;
   VertexType normal1 = rotation_t(normal_angle) * VertexType::UnitX();
   VertexType normal2 = rotation_t(-normal_angle) * VertexType::UnitX();
 
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ Acts::Frustum<value_t, DIM, SIDES>::Frustum(const VertexType& origin,
   requires(DIM == 3)
     : m_origin(origin) {
   static_assert(SIDES > 2, "3D frustum must have 3 or more sides");
-  assert(opening_angle < M_PI);
+  assert(opening_angle < std::numbers::pi_v<value_type>);
   using angle_axis_t = Eigen::AngleAxis<value_type>;
 
   const VertexType ldir = VertexType::UnitZ();
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ Acts::Frustum<value_t, DIM, SIDES>::Frustum(const VertexType& origin,
 
   m_normals[0] = ldir;
 
-  const value_type phi_sep = 2 * M_PI / sides;
+  const value_type phi_sep = 2. * std::numbers::pi_v<value_type> / sides;
   transform_type rot;
   rot = angle_axis_t(phi_sep, ldir);
 
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp
index b128a1e7cc4..a2fdd823b48 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts::detail {
 
@@ -49,13 +50,13 @@ inline T difference_periodic(T lhs, T rhs, T range) {
 /// Calculate the equivalent angle in the [0, 2*pi) range.
 template <typename T>
 inline T radian_pos(T x) {
-  return wrap_periodic<T>(x, T{0}, T{2 * M_PI});
+  return wrap_periodic<T>(x, T{0}, T{2 * std::numbers::pi});
 }
 
 /// Calculate the equivalent angle in the [-pi, pi) range.
 template <typename T>
 inline T radian_sym(T x) {
-  return wrap_periodic<T>(x, T{-M_PI}, T{2 * M_PI});
+  return wrap_periodic<T>(x, -std::numbers::pi_v<T>, T{2 * std::numbers::pi});
 }
 
 /// Ensure both phi and theta direction angles are within the allowed range.
@@ -81,11 +82,11 @@ inline std::pair<T, T> normalizePhiTheta(T phi, T theta) {
   // moving it first to the periodic range simplifies further steps as the
   // possible range of theta becomes fixed.
   theta = radian_pos(theta);
-  if (M_PI < theta) {
+  if (std::numbers::pi_v<T> < theta) {
     // theta is in the second half of the great circle and outside its nominal
     // range. need to change both phi and theta to be within range.
-    phi += M_PI;
-    theta = 2 * M_PI - theta;
+    phi += std::numbers::pi_v<T>;
+    theta = T{2 * std::numbers::pi} - theta;
   }
   return {radian_sym(phi), theta};
 }
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Vertexing/SingleSeedVertexFinder.ipp b/Core/include/Acts/Vertexing/SingleSeedVertexFinder.ipp
index ed5bfeeffba..83b13d37d57 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Vertexing/SingleSeedVertexFinder.ipp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Vertexing/SingleSeedVertexFinder.ipp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <system_error>
 
 #include <Eigen/Eigenvalues>
@@ -85,8 +86,8 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::sortSpacepoints(
   for (const auto& sp : spacepoints) {
     // phi will be saved for later
     Acts::ActsScalar phi = detail::radian_pos(std::atan2(sp.y(), sp.x()));
-    std::uint32_t phislice =
-        static_cast<std::uint32_t>(phi / (2 * M_PI) * m_cfg.numPhiSlices);
+    std::uint32_t phislice = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(
+        phi / (2 * std::numbers::pi) * m_cfg.numPhiSlices);
     if (phislice >= m_cfg.numPhiSlices) {
       phislice = 0;
     }
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::findTriplets(
 
   std::uint32_t phiStep =
       static_cast<std::uint32_t>(m_cfg.maxPhideviation /
-                                 (2 * M_PI / m_cfg.numPhiSlices)) +
+                                 (2 * std::numbers::pi / m_cfg.numPhiSlices)) +
       1;
 
   // calculate limits for middle spacepoints
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::findTriplets(
     Acts::ActsScalar angleZfrom =
         std::atan2(rMiddle[isLessFrom], deltaZfrom) + m_cfg.maxXYZdeviation;
     std::uint32_t nearZFrom = 0;
-    if (angleZfrom < M_PI) {
+    if (angleZfrom < std::numbers::pi_v<Acts::ActsScalar>) {
       Acts::ActsScalar new_deltaZfrom =
           rMiddle[isLessFrom] / std::tan(angleZfrom) / zBinLength;
       nearZFrom = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::max(
@@ -217,8 +218,8 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::findTriplets(
     }
 
     for (std::uint32_t nearZ = nearZFrom; nearZ < nearZTo; ++nearZ) {
-      // calculate limits for far spacepoits, assuming middle and near
-      // spacepoits are within some boundaries
+      // calculate limits for far spacepoints, assuming middle and near
+      // spacepoints are within some boundaries
       bool isMiddleLess = (middleZ <= nearZ);
 
       Acts::ActsScalar delta2Zfrom = (middleZ - nearZ - 1) * zBinLength;
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::findTriplets(
           std::atan2(rFarDelta[isMiddleLess], delta2Zfrom) +
           m_cfg.maxXYZdeviation;
       std::uint32_t farZFrom = 0;
-      if (angle2Zfrom < M_PI) {
+      if (angle2Zfrom < std::numbers::pi_v<Acts::ActsScalar>) {
         farZFrom = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::max(
             (rFarDelta[isMiddleLess] / std::tan(angle2Zfrom) / zBinLength) +
                 middleZ,
@@ -287,8 +288,8 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::findTriplets(
                 for (const auto& middleSP :
                      sortedSpacepoints.getSP(1, middlePhi, middleZ)) {
                   Acts::ActsScalar phiB = middleSP.second;
-                  Acts::ActsScalar deltaPhiAB =
-                      detail::difference_periodic(phiA, phiB, 2 * M_PI);
+                  Acts::ActsScalar deltaPhiAB = detail::difference_periodic(
+                      phiA, phiB, 2 * std::numbers::pi);
                   if (std::abs(deltaPhiAB) > m_cfg.maxPhideviation) {
                     continue;
                   }
@@ -297,8 +298,9 @@ Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::findTriplets(
                   for (const auto& farSP :
                        sortedSpacepoints.getSP(2, farPhi, farZ)) {
                     Acts::ActsScalar phiC = farSP.second;
-                    Acts::ActsScalar deltaPhiBC =
-                        detail::difference_periodic(phiB, phiC, 2 * M_PI);
+                    Acts::ActsScalar deltaPhiBC = detail::difference_periodic(
+                        phiB, phiC,
+                        static_cast<Acts::ActsScalar>(2 * std::numbers::pi));
                     if (std::abs(deltaPhiBC) > m_cfg.maxPhideviation) {
                       continue;
                     }
@@ -332,8 +334,8 @@ bool Acts::SingleSeedVertexFinder<spacepoint_t>::tripletValidationAndUpdate(
   Acts::ActsScalar alpha2 =
       std::atan2(triplet.b.y() - triplet.c.y(), triplet.b.x() - triplet.c.x());
   // these two slopes shouldn't be too different
-  Acts::ActsScalar deltaAlpha =
-      detail::difference_periodic(alpha1, alpha2, 2 * M_PI);
+  Acts::ActsScalar deltaAlpha = detail::difference_periodic(
+      alpha1, alpha2, static_cast<Acts::ActsScalar>(2 * std::numbers::pi));
   if (std::abs(deltaAlpha) > m_cfg.maxXYdeviation) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Visualization/EventDataView3D.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Visualization/EventDataView3D.hpp
index 9d62d57ea82..3d8282bb255 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Visualization/EventDataView3D.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Visualization/EventDataView3D.hpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -81,9 +82,9 @@ struct EventDataView3D {
     // Now generate the ellipse points
     std::vector<Vector3> ellipse;
     ellipse.reserve(lseg);
-    double thetaStep = 2 * M_PI / lseg;
+    double thetaStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / lseg;
     for (std::size_t it = 0; it < lseg; ++it) {
-      double phi = -M_PI + it * thetaStep;
+      double phi = -std::numbers::pi + it * thetaStep;
       double cphi = std::cos(phi);
       double sphi = std::sin(phi);
       double x = lposition.x() + (l1sq * ctheta * cphi - l2sq * stheta * sphi);
diff --git a/Core/src/Detector/VolumeStructureBuilder.cpp b/Core/src/Detector/VolumeStructureBuilder.cpp
index a7e7c8695d5..e63a13d5039 100644
--- a/Core/src/Detector/VolumeStructureBuilder.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Detector/VolumeStructureBuilder.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/StringHelpers.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::VolumeStructureBuilder(
     const Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config& cfg,
     std::unique_ptr<const Acts::Logger> mlogger)
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::construct(
       }
       // Check if phi has been constraint, otherwise fill it with full coverage
       if (boundValues.size() == 3u) {
-        boundValues.push_back(M_PI);
+        boundValues.push_back(std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>);
         boundValues.push_back(0.);
       }
       ACTS_VERBOSE(" - cylindrical shape with [iR, oR, hZ, sPhi, mPhi] = "
diff --git a/Core/src/Detector/detail/CylindricalDetectorHelper.cpp b/Core/src/Detector/detail/CylindricalDetectorHelper.cpp
index ba78a51b84e..499d28c0785 100644
--- a/Core/src/Detector/detail/CylindricalDetectorHelper.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Detector/detail/CylindricalDetectorHelper.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
@@ -404,7 +405,8 @@ Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInR(
     }
   } else {
     ACTS_VERBOSE(
-        "No sector planes present, full 2 * M_PI cylindrical geometry.");
+        "No sector planes present, full 2 * std::numbers::pi cylindrical "
+        "geometry.");
   }
 
   // Attach the new volume multi links
@@ -604,7 +606,8 @@ Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInZ(
     }
   } else {
     ACTS_VERBOSE(
-        "No sector planes present, full 2 * M_PI cylindrical geometry.");
+        "No sector planes present, full 2 * std::numbers::pi cylindrical "
+        "geometry.");
   }
 
   // Attach the new volume multi links
@@ -823,7 +826,7 @@ Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::wrapInZR(
     std::vector<PortalReplacement> pReplacements;
     pReplacements.push_back(createCylinderReplacement(
         volumes[0u]->transform(gctx), innerR, {-HlZ, -hlZ, hlZ, HlZ},
-        {-M_PI, M_PI}, 3u, Direction::Forward));
+        {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 3u, Direction::Forward));
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>> zVolumes = {
         volumes[1u], volumes[0u], volumes[1u]};
     // Attach the new volume multi links
diff --git a/Core/src/Detector/detail/SupportSurfacesHelper.cpp b/Core/src/Detector/detail/SupportSurfacesHelper.cpp
index ec888733deb..62916abe39c 100644
--- a/Core/src/Detector/detail/SupportSurfacesHelper.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Detector/detail/SupportSurfacesHelper.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ operator()(const Extent& lExtent) const {
   ActsScalar maxZ = lExtent.max(BinningValue::binZ) - std::abs(zClearance[1u]);
 
   // Phi sector
-  ActsScalar hPhiSector = M_PI;
+  ActsScalar hPhiSector = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>;
   ActsScalar avgPhi = 0.;
   if (lExtent.constrains(BinningValue::binPhi)) {
     // Min / Max phi  with clearances adapted
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ Acts::Experimental::detail::SupportSurfacesHelper::DiscSupport::operator()(
   ActsScalar maxR = lExtent.max(BinningValue::binR) - std::abs(rClearance[1u]);
 
   // Phi sector
-  ActsScalar hPhiSector = M_PI;
+  ActsScalar hPhiSector = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>;
   ActsScalar avgPhi = 0.;
   if (lExtent.constrains(BinningValue::binPhi)) {
     // Min / Max phi  with clearances adapted
@@ -192,7 +193,8 @@ Acts::Experimental::detail::SupportSurfacesHelper::cylindricalSupport(
     // Now create the Trapezoids
     for (unsigned int iphi = 0; iphi < splits; ++iphi) {
       // Get the moduleTransform
-      ActsScalar phi = -M_PI + (iphi + 0.5) * 2 * dHalfPhi;
+      ActsScalar phi =
+          -std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar> + (2 * iphi + 1) * dHalfPhi;
       ActsScalar cosPhi = std::cos(phi);
       ActsScalar sinPhi = std::sin(phi);
       ActsScalar planeX = planeR * cosPhi;
@@ -271,10 +273,12 @@ Acts::Experimental::detail::SupportSurfacesHelper::discSupport(
     // Now create the Trapezoids
     for (unsigned int iphi = 0; iphi < splits; ++iphi) {
       // Create the split module transform
-      ActsScalar phi = -M_PI + (iphi + 0.5) * 2 * dHalfPhi;
+      ActsScalar phi =
+          -std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar> + (2 * iphi + 1) * dHalfPhi;
       auto sTransform = Transform3(
           Translation3(hR * std::cos(phi), hR * std::sin(phi), zPosition) *
-          AngleAxis3(phi - 0.5 * M_PI, zAxis));
+          AngleAxis3(phi - static_cast<ActsScalar>(std::numbers::pi / 2.),
+                     zAxis));
       // Place it
       dSupport.push_back(
           Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(sTransform, sTrapezoid));
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/ConeVolumeBounds.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/ConeVolumeBounds.cpp
index 8eb10e7055a..31339ca4779 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/ConeVolumeBounds.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/ConeVolumeBounds.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ void ConeVolumeBounds::checkConsistency() noexcept(false) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "ConeVolumeBounds: invalid longitudinal input.");
   }
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("ConeVolumeBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
   }
   if (get(eAveragePhi) != detail::radian_sym(get(eAveragePhi))) {
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ bool ConeVolumeBounds::inside(const Vector3& pos, ActsScalar tol) const {
     return false;
   }
   ActsScalar r = VectorHelpers::perp(pos);
-  if (std::abs(get(eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) > s_onSurfaceTolerance) {
+  if (std::abs(get(eHalfPhiSector) - std::numbers::pi) > s_onSurfaceTolerance) {
     // need to check the phi sector - approximate phi tolerance
     ActsScalar phitol = tol / r;
     ActsScalar phi = VectorHelpers::phi(pos);
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ void ConeVolumeBounds::buildSurfaceBounds() {
       m_innerRmax, m_outerRmax, get(eHalfPhiSector), get(eAveragePhi));
 
   // Create the sector bounds
-  if (std::abs(get(eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) > s_epsilon) {
+  if (std::abs(get(eHalfPhiSector) - std::numbers::pi) > s_epsilon) {
     // The 4 points building the sector
     std::vector<Vector2> polyVertices = {{-get(eHalfLengthZ), m_innerRmin},
                                          {get(eHalfLengthZ), m_innerRmax},
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.cpp
index d9af620ea45..b4f8084a4c0 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BoundingBox.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ std::vector<OrientedSurface> CylinderVolumeBounds::orientedSurfaces(
                    AngleAxis3(get(eAveragePhi) - get(eHalfPhiSector),
                               Vector3(0., 0., 1.)) *
                    Translation3(0.5 * (get(eMinR) + get(eMaxR)), 0., 0.) *
-                   AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2, Vector3(1., 0., 0.)));
+                   AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2, Vector3(1., 0., 0.)));
     auto pSurface =
         Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(sp1Transform, m_sectorPlaneBounds);
     oSurfaces.push_back(
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ std::vector<OrientedSurface> CylinderVolumeBounds::orientedSurfaces(
                    AngleAxis3(get(eAveragePhi) + get(eHalfPhiSector),
                               Vector3(0., 0., 1.)) *
                    Translation3(0.5 * (get(eMinR) + get(eMaxR)), 0., 0.) *
-                   AngleAxis3(-M_PI / 2, Vector3(1., 0., 0.)));
+                   AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2, Vector3(1., 0., 0.)));
     pSurface =
         Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(sp2Transform, m_sectorPlaneBounds);
     oSurfaces.push_back(
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ void CylinderVolumeBounds::buildSurfaceBounds() {
   m_discBounds = std::make_shared<const RadialBounds>(
       get(eMinR), get(eMaxR), get(eHalfPhiSector), get(eAveragePhi));
 
-  if (std::abs(get(eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) > s_epsilon) {
+  if (std::abs(get(eHalfPhiSector) - std::numbers::pi) > s_epsilon) {
     m_sectorPlaneBounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(
         0.5 * (get(eMaxR) - get(eMinR)), get(eHalfLengthZ));
   }
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ Volume::BoundingBox CylinderVolumeBounds::boundingBox(
   ActsScalar xmax = 0, xmin = 0, ymax = 0, ymin = 0;
   xmax = get(eMaxR);
 
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI / 2.) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi / 2.) {
     // more than half
     ymax = xmax;
     ymin = -xmax;
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ void CylinderVolumeBounds::checkConsistency() {
         "CylinderVolumeBounds: invalid longitudinal input: hlZ (" +
         std::to_string(get(eHalfLengthZ)) + ") <= 0");
   }
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) < 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "CylinderVolumeBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
   }
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeHelper.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeHelper.cpp
index f02435d1bfc..f5b244983ef 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeHelper.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeHelper.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -969,7 +970,8 @@ Acts::CylinderVolumeHelper::createCylinderLayer(double z, double r,
 
   } else {  // break the phi symmetry
     // update the BinUtility: local position on Cylinder is rPhi, z
-    BinUtility layerBinUtilityPhiZ(binsPhi, -r * M_PI, +r * M_PI, closed,
+    BinUtility layerBinUtilityPhiZ(binsPhi, -r * std::numbers::pi,
+                                   r * std::numbers::pi, closed,
                                    BinningValue::binPhi);
     layerBinUtilityPhiZ += layerBinUtility;
     // ---------------------> create material for the layer surface
@@ -1002,8 +1004,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<const Acts::Layer> Acts::CylinderVolumeHelper::createDiscLayer(
   } else {
     // also binning in phi chosen
     materialBinUtility +=
-        BinUtility(binsPhi, -static_cast<float>(M_PI), static_cast<float>(M_PI),
-                   closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+        BinUtility(binsPhi, -std::numbers::pi_v<float>,
+                   std::numbers::pi_v<float>, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
     ACTS_VERBOSE(" -> Preparing the binned material with "
                  << binsPhi << " / " << binsR << " bins in phi / R. ");
   }
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStack.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStack.cpp
index 9155087d57e..5dd0949ac79 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStack.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStack.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <sstream>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -1046,7 +1047,7 @@ void CylinderVolumeStack::update(std::shared_ptr<VolumeBounds> volbounds,
 
 void CylinderVolumeStack::checkNoPhiOrBevel(const CylinderVolumeBounds& bounds,
                                             const Logger& logger) {
-  if (bounds.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector) != M_PI) {
+  if (bounds.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector) != std::numbers::pi) {
     ACTS_ERROR(
         "CylinderVolumeStack requires all volumes to have a full "
         "phi sector");
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/Extent.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/Extent.cpp
index 2f07f6358bc..bd50d8536ef 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/Extent.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/Extent.cpp
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 
 Acts::Extent::Extent(const ExtentEnvelope& envelope)
     : m_constrains(0), m_envelope(envelope) {
   m_range[toUnderlying(BinningValue::binR)] =
       Range1D<ActsScalar>(0., std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::max());
-  m_range[toUnderlying(BinningValue::binPhi)] =
-      Range1D<ActsScalar>(-M_PI, M_PI);
+  m_range[toUnderlying(BinningValue::binPhi)] = Range1D<ActsScalar>(
+      -std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>, std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>);
   m_range[toUnderlying(BinningValue::binRPhi)] =
       Range1D<ActsScalar>(0., std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::max());
   m_range[toUnderlying(BinningValue::binMag)] =
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/GridPortalLink.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/GridPortalLink.cpp
index 57a3e1d3141..632289d9dc3 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/GridPortalLink.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/GridPortalLink.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace Acts {
 
 std::unique_ptr<GridPortalLink> GridPortalLink::make(
@@ -24,8 +26,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<GridPortalLink> GridPortalLink::make(
     if (direction == BinningValue::binRPhi) {
       ActsScalar r = cylinder->bounds().get(CylinderBounds::eR);
       if (cylinder->bounds().coversFullAzimuth()) {
-        grid = GridPortalLink::make(surface, direction,
-                                    Axis{AxisClosed, -M_PI * r, M_PI * r, 1});
+        grid = GridPortalLink::make(
+            surface, direction,
+            Axis{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi * r, std::numbers::pi * r, 1});
       } else {
         ActsScalar hlPhi =
             cylinder->bounds().get(CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector);
@@ -50,8 +53,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<GridPortalLink> GridPortalLink::make(
                                   Axis{AxisBound, minR, maxR, 1});
     } else if (direction == BinningValue::binPhi) {
       if (bounds.coversFullAzimuth()) {
-        grid = GridPortalLink::make(surface, direction,
-                                    Axis{AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 1});
+        grid = GridPortalLink::make(
+            surface, direction,
+            Axis{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 1});
       } else {
         ActsScalar hlPhi = bounds.get(RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector);
         grid = GridPortalLink::make(surface, direction,
@@ -106,7 +110,7 @@ void GridPortalLink::checkConsistency(const CylinderSurface& cyl) const {
     }
 
     // If full cylinder, make sure axis wraps around
-    if (same(hlPhi, M_PI)) {
+    if (same(hlPhi, std::numbers::pi)) {
       if (axis.getBoundaryType() != AxisBoundaryType::Closed) {
         throw std::invalid_argument(
             "GridPortalLink: CylinderBounds: invalid phi sector setup: "
@@ -168,7 +172,7 @@ void GridPortalLink::checkConsistency(const DiscSurface& disc) const {
           "GridPortalLink: DiscBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
     }
     // If full disc, make sure axis wraps around
-    if (same(hlPhi, M_PI)) {
+    if (same(hlPhi, std::numbers::pi)) {
       if (axis.getBoundaryType() != Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed) {
         throw std::invalid_argument(
             "GridPortalLink: DiscBounds: invalid phi sector setup: axis is "
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/Polyhedron.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/Polyhedron.cpp
index 2d67f086872..5f7336ca3fc 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/Polyhedron.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/Polyhedron.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 void Acts::Polyhedron::merge(const Acts::Polyhedron& other) {
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ Acts::Extent Acts::Polyhedron::extent(const Transform3& transform) const {
       }
       if (detail::VerticesHelper::isInsidePolygon(origin, tface)) {
         extent.range(BinningValue::binR).setMin(0.);
-        extent.range(BinningValue::binPhi).set(-M_PI, M_PI);
+        extent.range(BinningValue::binPhi)
+            .set(-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi);
         break;
       }
     }
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.cpp
index 727d9e173e9..3ec85b020f6 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreator.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 using Acts::VectorHelpers::perp;
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@ Acts::SurfaceArrayCreator::createVariableAxis(
                phi(keys.at(1)->binningPosition(gctx, BinningValue::binPhi)));
 
     // create rotation, so that maxPhi is +pi
-    AxisScalar angle = -(M_PI + maxPhi);
+    AxisScalar angle = -(std::numbers::pi + maxPhi);
     transform = (transform)*AngleAxis3(angle, Vector3::UnitZ());
 
     // iterate over all key surfaces, and use their mean position as bValues,
@@ -488,7 +489,7 @@ Acts::SurfaceArrayCreator::createVariableAxis(
 
     bValues.push_back(maxBValue);
 
-    bValues.push_back(M_PI);
+    bValues.push_back(std::numbers::pi_v<AxisScalar>);
 
   } else if (bValue == Acts::BinningValue::binZ) {
     std::stable_sort(
@@ -612,16 +613,16 @@ Acts::SurfaceArrayCreator::createEquidistantAxis(
       if (keys.size() > 1) {
         // bOption = Acts::closed;
 
-        minimum = -M_PI;
-        maximum = M_PI;
+        minimum = -std::numbers::pi;
+        maximum = std::numbers::pi;
 
-        // double step = 2 * M_PI / keys.size();
-        double step = 2 * M_PI / binNumber;
+        // double step = 2 * std::numbers::pi / keys.size();
+        double step = 2 * std::numbers::pi / binNumber;
         // rotate to max phi module plus one half step
         // this should make sure that phi wrapping at +- pi
         // never falls on a module center
         double max = phi(maxElem->binningPosition(gctx, BinningValue::binR));
-        double angle = M_PI - (max + 0.5 * step);
+        double angle = std::numbers::pi - (max + 0.5 * step);
 
         // replace given transform ref
         transform = (transform)*AngleAxis3(angle, Vector3::UnitZ());
@@ -632,8 +633,8 @@ Acts::SurfaceArrayCreator::createEquidistantAxis(
         // we do not need a transform in this case
       }
     } else {
-      minimum = -M_PI;
-      maximum = M_PI;
+      minimum = -std::numbers::pi;
+      maximum = std::numbers::pi;
     }
   } else {
     maximum = protoLayer.max(bValue, false);
diff --git a/Core/src/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBounds.cpp b/Core/src/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBounds.cpp
index d17ce06e38b..96d682a35dc 100644
--- a/Core/src/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBounds.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBounds.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ TrapezoidVolumeBounds::TrapezoidVolumeBounds(ActsScalar minhalex,
   m_values[eHalfLengthY] = haley;
   m_values[eHalfLengthZ] = halez;
   m_values[eAlpha] = atan2(2 * haley, (maxhalex - minhalex));
-  m_values[eBeta] = M_PI - get(eAlpha);
+  m_values[eBeta] = std::numbers::pi - get(eAlpha);
   checkConsistency();
   buildSurfaceBounds();
 }
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ TrapezoidVolumeBounds::TrapezoidVolumeBounds(ActsScalar minhalex,
   m_values[eAlpha] = alpha;
   m_values[eBeta] = beta;
   // now calculate the remaining max half X
-  ActsScalar gamma =
-      (alpha > beta) ? (alpha - 0.5 * M_PI) : (beta - 0.5 * M_PI);
+  ActsScalar gamma = (alpha > beta) ? (alpha - std::numbers::pi / 2.)
+                                    : (beta - std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   m_values[eHalfLengthXposY] = minhalex + (2. * haley) * tan(gamma);
 
   checkConsistency();
@@ -84,9 +85,10 @@ std::vector<OrientedSurface> TrapezoidVolumeBounds::orientedSurfaces(
   // Face surfaces yz
   // (3) - At point B, attached to beta opening angle
   Vector3 fbPosition(-get(eHalfLengthXnegY) + neghOffset, 0., 0.);
-  auto fbTransform = transform * Translation3(fbPosition) *
-                     AngleAxis3(-0.5 * M_PI + get(eBeta), Vector3(0., 0., 1.)) *
-                     s_planeYZ;
+  auto fbTransform =
+      transform * Translation3(fbPosition) *
+      AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2. + get(eBeta), Vector3(0., 0., 1.)) *
+      s_planeYZ;
   sf =
       Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(fbTransform, m_faceBetaRectangleBounds);
   oSurfaces.push_back(OrientedSurface{std::move(sf), Direction::AlongNormal});
@@ -95,7 +97,8 @@ std::vector<OrientedSurface> TrapezoidVolumeBounds::orientedSurfaces(
   Vector3 faPosition(get(eHalfLengthXnegY) + poshOffset, 0., 0.);
   auto faTransform =
       transform * Translation3(faPosition) *
-      AngleAxis3(-0.5 * M_PI + get(eAlpha), Vector3(0., 0., 1.)) * s_planeYZ;
+      AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2. + get(eAlpha), Vector3(0., 0., 1.)) *
+      s_planeYZ;
   sf = Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(faTransform,
                                          m_faceAlphaRectangleBounds);
   oSurfaces.push_back(
@@ -124,10 +127,12 @@ void TrapezoidVolumeBounds::buildSurfaceBounds() {
       get(eHalfLengthXnegY), get(eHalfLengthXposY), get(eHalfLengthY));
 
   m_faceAlphaRectangleBounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(
-      get(eHalfLengthY) / cos(get(eAlpha) - 0.5 * M_PI), get(eHalfLengthZ));
+      get(eHalfLengthY) / cos(get(eAlpha) - std::numbers::pi / 2.),
+      get(eHalfLengthZ));
 
   m_faceBetaRectangleBounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(
-      get(eHalfLengthY) / cos(get(eBeta) - 0.5 * M_PI), get(eHalfLengthZ));
+      get(eHalfLengthY) / cos(get(eBeta) - std::numbers::pi / 2.),
+      get(eHalfLengthZ));
 
   m_faceZXRectangleBoundsBottom = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(
       get(eHalfLengthZ), get(eHalfLengthXnegY));
diff --git a/Core/src/MagneticField/SolenoidBField.cpp b/Core/src/MagneticField/SolenoidBField.cpp
index b6b4fbfc2df..6fefe017b38 100644
--- a/Core/src/MagneticField/SolenoidBField.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/MagneticField/SolenoidBField.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 
 #define BOOST_MATH_NO_LONG_DOUBLE_MATH_FUNCTIONS
 
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ double Acts::SolenoidBField::B_r(const Vector2& pos, double scale) const {
   double k_2 = k2(r, z);
   double k = std::sqrt(k_2);
   double constant =
-      scale * k * z / (4 * M_PI * std::sqrt(m_cfg.radius * r * r * r));
+      scale * k * z /
+      (4 * std::numbers::pi * std::sqrt(m_cfg.radius * r * r * r));
 
   double B = (2. - k_2) / (2. - 2. * k_2) * ellint_2(k_2) - ellint_1(k_2);
 
@@ -147,7 +149,8 @@ double Acts::SolenoidBField::B_z(const Vector2& pos, double scale) const {
 
   double k_2 = k2(r, z);
   double k = std::sqrt(k_2);
-  double constant = scale * k / (4 * M_PI * std::sqrt(m_cfg.radius * r));
+  double constant =
+      scale * k / (4 * std::numbers::pi * std::sqrt(m_cfg.radius * r));
   double B = ((m_cfg.radius + r) * k_2 - 2. * r) / (2. * r * (1. - k_2)) *
                  ellint_2(k_2) +
              ellint_1(k_2);
diff --git a/Core/src/Seeding/EstimateTrackParamsFromSeed.cpp b/Core/src/Seeding/EstimateTrackParamsFromSeed.cpp
index 83d950fc3a1..eebcd1c5760 100644
--- a/Core/src/Seeding/EstimateTrackParamsFromSeed.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Seeding/EstimateTrackParamsFromSeed.cpp
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 Acts::BoundMatrix Acts::estimateTrackParamCovariance(
     const EstimateTrackParamCovarianceConfig& config, const BoundVector& params,
     bool hasTime) {
-  assert((params[eBoundTheta] > 0 && params[eBoundTheta] < M_PI) &&
+  assert((params[eBoundTheta] > 0 && params[eBoundTheta] < std::numbers::pi) &&
          "Theta must be in the range (0, pi)");
 
   BoundSquareMatrix result = BoundSquareMatrix::Zero();
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/ConeSurface.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/ConeSurface.cpp
index ce10c59815f..b6d04e87e06 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/ConeSurface.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/ConeSurface.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ Acts::Polyhedron Acts::ConeSurface::polyhedronRepresentation(
   ActsScalar hPhiSec = bounds().get(ConeBounds::eHalfPhiSector);
   ActsScalar avgPhi = bounds().get(ConeBounds::eAveragePhi);
   std::vector<ActsScalar> refPhi = {};
-  if (bool fullCone = (hPhiSec == M_PI); !fullCone) {
+  if (bool fullCone = (hPhiSec == std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>); !fullCone) {
     refPhi = {avgPhi};
   }
 
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.cpp
index 64d3e9f547f..82f809c6c5b 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 using Acts::VectorHelpers::perp;
@@ -160,11 +161,11 @@ void Acts::CylinderBounds::checkConsistency() noexcept(false) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "CylinderBounds: invalid length setup: half length is negative");
   }
-  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) <= 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > M_PI) {
+  if (get(eHalfPhiSector) <= 0. || get(eHalfPhiSector) > std::numbers::pi) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("CylinderBounds: invalid phi sector setup.");
   }
   if (get(eAveragePhi) != detail::radian_sym(get(eAveragePhi)) &&
-      std::abs(std::abs(get(eAveragePhi)) - M_PI) > s_epsilon) {
+      std::abs(std::abs(get(eAveragePhi)) - std::numbers::pi) > s_epsilon) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("CylinderBounds: invalid phi positioning.");
   }
   if (get(eBevelMinZ) != detail::radian_sym(get(eBevelMinZ))) {
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.cpp
index b33ef82eb46..658920e6686 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/ThrowAssert.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -107,8 +108,8 @@ Acts::Polyhedron Acts::PlaneSurface::polyhedronRepresentation(
       auto vStore = bounds().values();
       innerExists = vStore[EllipseBounds::eInnerRx] > s_epsilon &&
                     vStore[EllipseBounds::eInnerRy] > s_epsilon;
-      coversFull =
-          std::abs(vStore[EllipseBounds::eHalfPhiSector] - M_PI) < s_epsilon;
+      coversFull = std::abs(vStore[EllipseBounds::eHalfPhiSector] -
+                            std::numbers::pi) < s_epsilon;
     }
     // All of those can be described as convex
     // @todo same as for Discs: coversFull is not the right criterium
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/StrawSurface.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/StrawSurface.cpp
index 2ce1ef74b42..b6e241af858 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/StrawSurface.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/StrawSurface.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ Acts::Polyhedron Acts::StrawSurface::polyhedronRepresentation(
     for (auto& side : sides) {
       /// Helper method to create the segment
       auto svertices = detail::VerticesHelper::segmentVertices(
-          {r, r}, -M_PI, M_PI, {}, quarterSegments,
+          {r, r}, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, {}, quarterSegments,
           Vector3(0., 0., side * m_bounds->get(LineBounds::eHalfLengthZ)),
           ctransform);
       vertices.insert(vertices.end(), svertices.begin(), svertices.end());
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/AnnulusBoundsHelper.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/AnnulusBoundsHelper.cpp
index 68e22e4c72b..47cb4e2e9a6 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/AnnulusBoundsHelper.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/AnnulusBoundsHelper.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
 
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 
 std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<Acts::AnnulusBounds>, Acts::Transform3>
 Acts::detail::AnnulusBoundsHelper::create(const Transform3& transform,
@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@ Acts::detail::AnnulusBoundsHelper::create(const Transform3& transform,
     Vector2 ab = b - a;
     double phi = VectorHelpers::phi(ab);
 
-    if (std::abs(phi) > 3 * M_PI / 4. || std::abs(phi) < M_PI / 4.) {
+    if (std::abs(phi) > 3 * std::numbers::pi / 4. ||
+        std::abs(phi) < std::numbers::pi / 4.) {
       if (a.norm() < b.norm()) {
         boundLines.push_back(std::make_pair(a, b));
       } else {
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/MergeHelper.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/MergeHelper.cpp
index 8d0b1fa0b5a..414e5761686 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/MergeHelper.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/MergeHelper.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/detail/MergeHelper.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace Acts::detail {
 
 std::tuple<ActsScalar, ActsScalar, bool> mergedPhiSector(
@@ -15,23 +17,24 @@ std::tuple<ActsScalar, ActsScalar, bool> mergedPhiSector(
     ActsScalar avgPhi2, const Logger& logger, ActsScalar tolerance) {
   using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
 
-  if (std::abs(hlPhi1 - M_PI / 2.0) < tolerance &&
-      std::abs(hlPhi2 - M_PI / 2.0) < tolerance) {
+  if (std::abs(hlPhi1 - std::numbers::pi / 2.) < tolerance &&
+      std::abs(hlPhi2 - std::numbers::pi / 2.) < tolerance) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Both phi sectors cover a half circle");
 
-    ACTS_VERBOSE("-> distance between sectors: "
-                 << detail::difference_periodic(avgPhi1, avgPhi2, 2 * M_PI) /
-                        1_degree);
+    ACTS_VERBOSE("-> distance between sectors: " << detail::difference_periodic(
+                                                        avgPhi1, avgPhi2,
+                                                        2 * std::numbers::pi) /
+                                                        1_degree);
 
-    if (std::abs(
-            std::abs(detail::difference_periodic(avgPhi1, avgPhi2, 2 * M_PI)) -
-            M_PI) > tolerance) {
+    if (std::abs(std::abs(detail::difference_periodic(avgPhi1, avgPhi2,
+                                                      2 * std::numbers::pi)) -
+                 std::numbers::pi) > tolerance) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "Phi sectors cover half a circle but are not opposite");
     }
 
-    ActsScalar newAvgPhi = detail::radian_sym(avgPhi1 + M_PI / 2.0);
-    ActsScalar newHlPhi = M_PI;
+    ActsScalar newAvgPhi = detail::radian_sym(avgPhi1 + std::numbers::pi / 2.);
+    ActsScalar newHlPhi = std::numbers::pi;
     ACTS_VERBOSE("merged: ["
                  << detail::radian_sym(newAvgPhi - newHlPhi) / 1_degree << ", "
                  << detail::radian_sym(newAvgPhi + newHlPhi) / 1_degree
diff --git a/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.cpp b/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.cpp
index b8bed1fb50f..e97d75d45bf 100644
--- a/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Surfaces/detail/VerticesHelper.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 
 std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar> Acts::detail::VerticesHelper::phiSegments(
     ActsScalar phiMin, ActsScalar phiMax,
@@ -39,7 +40,8 @@ std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar> Acts::detail::VerticesHelper::phiSegments(
   // Minimum approximation for a circle need
   // - if the circle is closed the last point is given twice
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4 * quarterSegments + 1; ++i) {
-    ActsScalar phiExt = -M_PI + i * 2 * M_PI / (4 * quarterSegments);
+    ActsScalar phiExt =
+        -std::numbers::pi + i * 2 * std::numbers::pi / (4 * quarterSegments);
     if (phiExt > phiMin && phiExt < phiMax &&
         std::ranges::none_of(phiSegments, [&phiExt](ActsScalar phi) {
           return std::abs(phi - phiExt) <
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ std::vector<Acts::Vector2> Acts::detail::VerticesHelper::ellipsoidVertices(
   std::vector<Vector2> overtices;  // outer verices
 
   bool innerExists = (innerRx > 0. && innerRy > 0.);
-  bool closed = std::abs(halfPhi - M_PI) < s_onSurfaceTolerance;
+  bool closed = std::abs(halfPhi - std::numbers::pi) < s_onSurfaceTolerance;
 
   std::vector<ActsScalar> refPhi = {};
   if (avgPhi != 0.) {
diff --git a/Core/src/TrackFinding/MeasurementSelector.cpp b/Core/src/TrackFinding/MeasurementSelector.cpp
index f3de466f5df..2a3c0e2d390 100644
--- a/Core/src/TrackFinding/MeasurementSelector.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/TrackFinding/MeasurementSelector.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ MeasurementSelector::Cuts MeasurementSelector::getCutsByTheta(
     const InternalCutBins& config, double theta) {
   // since theta is in [0, pi] and we have a symmetric cut in eta, we can just
   // look at the positive half of the Z axis
-  const double constrainedTheta = std::min(theta, M_PI - theta);
+  const double constrainedTheta = std::min(theta, std::numbers::pi - theta);
 
   auto it = std::ranges::find_if(
       config, [constrainedTheta](const InternalCutBin& cuts) {
diff --git a/Core/src/Vertexing/GaussianTrackDensity.cpp b/Core/src/Vertexing/GaussianTrackDensity.cpp
index 073c4500dbf..3acf5f6bbfc 100644
--- a/Core/src/Vertexing/GaussianTrackDensity.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Vertexing/GaussianTrackDensity.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Vertexing/VertexingError.hpp"
 
-#include <math.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ Result<void> Acts::GaussianTrackDensity::addTracks(
     discriminant = std::sqrt(discriminant);
     const double zMax = (-linearTerm - discriminant) / (2. * quadraticTerm);
     const double zMin = (-linearTerm + discriminant) / (2. * quadraticTerm);
-    constantTerm -= std::log(2. * M_PI * std::sqrt(covDeterminant));
+    constantTerm -= std::log(2. * std::numbers::pi * std::sqrt(covDeterminant));
 
     state.trackEntries.emplace_back(z0, constantTerm, linearTerm, quadraticTerm,
                                     zMin, zMax);
diff --git a/Core/src/Vertexing/NumericalTrackLinearizer.cpp b/Core/src/Vertexing/NumericalTrackLinearizer.cpp
index 035e42ab3c8..ca9af5825e4 100644
--- a/Core/src/Vertexing/NumericalTrackLinearizer.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Vertexing/NumericalTrackLinearizer.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/UnitVectors.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Vertexing/LinearizerTrackParameters.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 Acts::Result<Acts::LinearizedTrack>
 Acts::NumericalTrackLinearizer::linearizeTrack(
     const BoundTrackParameters& params, double linPointTime,
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ Acts::NumericalTrackLinearizer::linearizeTrack(
   BoundVector newPerigeeParams;
 
   // Check if wiggled angle theta are within definition range [0, pi]
-  if (paramVec(eLinTheta) + m_cfg.delta > M_PI) {
+  if (paramVec(eLinTheta) + m_cfg.delta > std::numbers::pi) {
     ACTS_ERROR(
         "Wiggled theta outside range, choose a smaller wiggle (i.e., delta)! "
         "You might need to decrease targetTolerance as well.");
@@ -141,7 +143,8 @@ Acts::NumericalTrackLinearizer::linearizeTrack(
     // previously computed value for better readability.
     completeJacobian(eLinPhi, i) =
         Acts::detail::difference_periodic(newPerigeeParams(eLinPhi),
-                                          perigeeParams(eLinPhi), 2 * M_PI) /
+                                          perigeeParams(eLinPhi),
+                                          2 * std::numbers::pi) /
         m_cfg.delta;
   }
 
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/AmbiguityResolution/include/ActsExamples/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolutionAlgorithm.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/AmbiguityResolution/include/ActsExamples/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolutionAlgorithm.hpp
index 1ffeef6ac29..b63100f8751 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/AmbiguityResolution/include/ActsExamples/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolutionAlgorithm.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/AmbiguityResolution/include/ActsExamples/AmbiguityResolution/ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolutionAlgorithm.hpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/IAlgorithm.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/ProcessCode.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace ActsExamples {
@@ -56,8 +57,8 @@ class ScoreBasedAmbiguityResolutionAlgorithm final : public IAlgorithm {
     double pTMin = 0 * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV;
     double pTMax = 1e5 * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV;
 
-    double phiMin = -M_PI * Acts::UnitConstants::rad;
-    double phiMax = M_PI * Acts::UnitConstants::rad;
+    double phiMin = -std::numbers::pi * Acts::UnitConstants::rad;
+    double phiMax = std::numbers::pi * Acts::UnitConstants::rad;
 
     double etaMin = -5;
     double etaMax = 5;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.hpp
index 0efc47a0c5c..b671e597d66 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/ParametricParticleGenerator.hpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ class ParametricParticleGenerator : public EventGenerator::ParticlesGenerator {
  public:
   struct Config {
     /// Low, high (exclusive) for the transverse direction angle.
-    double phiMin = -M_PI;
-    double phiMax = M_PI;
+    double phiMin = -std::numbers::pi;
+    double phiMax = std::numbers::pi;
     /// Low, high (inclusive) for  the longitudinal direction angle.
     ///
     /// This intentionally uses theta instead of eta so it can represent the
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class ParametricParticleGenerator : public EventGenerator::ParticlesGenerator {
     /// this can be set by the etaUniform flag;
     ///
     double thetaMin = std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
-    double thetaMax = M_PI - std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();
+    double thetaMax = std::numbers::pi - std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();
     bool etaUniform = false;
     /// Low, high (exclusive) for absolute/transverse momentum.
     double pMin = 1 * Acts::UnitConstants::GeV;
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/VertexGenerators.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/VertexGenerators.hpp
index b32b04cfc36..6060e9bcc6a 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/VertexGenerators.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Generators/ActsExamples/Generators/VertexGenerators.hpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/RandomNumbers.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Generators/EventGenerator.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace ActsExamples {
@@ -57,8 +58,8 @@ struct GaussianDisplacedVertexPositionGenerator
   double tStdDev = 1;
 
   Acts::Vector4 operator()(RandomEngine& rng) const override {
-    double min_value = -M_PI;  // -π
-    double max_value = M_PI;   // π
+    double min_value = -std::numbers::pi;
+    double max_value = std::numbers::pi;
 
     std::uniform_real_distribution<> uniform(min_value, max_value);
 
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/Geometry/src/VolumeAssociationTest.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/Geometry/src/VolumeAssociationTest.cpp
index 8ee44a77764..353bcf94bac 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/Geometry/src/VolumeAssociationTest.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/Geometry/src/VolumeAssociationTest.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <exception>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::VolumeAssociationTest::execute(
   auto rng = m_cfg.randomNumbers->spawnGenerator(ctx);
 
   // Setup random number distributions for some quantities
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<Acts::ActsScalar> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<Acts::ActsScalar> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                                           std::numbers::pi);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<Acts::ActsScalar> rDist(0.,
                                                          m_cfg.randomRange[0u]);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<Acts::ActsScalar> zDist(-m_cfg.randomRange[1u],
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MappingMaterialDecorator.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MappingMaterialDecorator.hpp
index b06e538885c..e61d6e6ba5a 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MappingMaterialDecorator.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MappingMaterialDecorator.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <map>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <numbers>
 
 // Convenience shorthand
 
@@ -197,8 +198,8 @@ class MappingMaterialDecorator : public IMaterialDecorator {
                 radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
             radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eAveragePhi) +
                 radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
-            (radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) <
-                    Acts::s_epsilon
+            (radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector) -
+             std::numbers::pi) < Acts::s_epsilon
                 ? Acts::closed
                 : Acts::open,
             Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
@@ -214,8 +215,8 @@ class MappingMaterialDecorator : public IMaterialDecorator {
                 cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
             cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eAveragePhi) +
                 cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
-            (cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) <
-                    Acts::s_epsilon
+            (cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector) -
+             std::numbers::pi) < Acts::s_epsilon
                 ? Acts::closed
                 : Acts::open,
             Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MaterialValidation.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MaterialValidation.hpp
index a629902250a..ad1a7a93dff 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MaterialValidation.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/MaterialMapping/include/ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/MaterialValidation.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/RandomNumbers.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/MaterialMapping/IMaterialWriter.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace ActsExamples {
 
 /// @class MaterialValidation
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@ class MaterialValidation : public IAlgorithm {
     Acts::Vector3 startPosition = Acts::Vector3(0., 0., 0.);
 
     /// Start direction for the scan: phi
-    std::pair<Acts::ActsScalar, Acts::ActsScalar> phiRange = {-M_PI, M_PI};
+    std::pair<Acts::ActsScalar, Acts::ActsScalar> phiRange = {-std::numbers::pi,
+                                                              std::numbers::pi};
 
     /// Start direction for the scan: eta
     std::pair<Acts::ActsScalar, Acts::ActsScalar> etaRange = {-4., 4.};
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/include/ActsExamples/TrackFinding/HoughTransformSeeder.hpp b/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/include/ActsExamples/TrackFinding/HoughTransformSeeder.hpp
index b74047ca6a2..b8fd5ef3f75 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/include/ActsExamples/TrackFinding/HoughTransformSeeder.hpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/include/ActsExamples/TrackFinding/HoughTransformSeeder.hpp
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
@@ -194,10 +195,10 @@ class HoughTransformSeeder final : public IAlgorithm {
 
     unsigned nLayers = 10;  // total number of layers
 
-    float xMin = 0;            // minphi
-    float xMax = 2 * 3.14159;  // maxphi
-    float yMin = -1.0;         // min q/pt, -1/1 GeV
-    float yMax = 1.0;          // max q/pt, +1/1 GeV
+    float xMin = 0.;                    // minphi
+    float xMax = 2 * std::numbers::pi;  // maxphi
+    float yMin = -1.;                   // min q/pt, -1/1 GeV
+    float yMax = 1.;                    // max q/pt, +1/1 GeV
 
     /// Size of the houghHists. One obvious concern with this being too big is
     /// that it will take up more memory But the bins of the houghHist are
diff --git a/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/src/GbtsSeedingAlgorithm.cpp b/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/src/GbtsSeedingAlgorithm.cpp
index 48f1490946e..677ba2b4c10 100644
--- a/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/src/GbtsSeedingAlgorithm.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Algorithms/TrackFinding/src/GbtsSeedingAlgorithm.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <vector>
@@ -108,11 +109,11 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::GbtsSeedingAlgorithm::execute(
   finder.loadSpacePoints(GbtsSpacePoints);
 
   // trigGbts file :
-  Acts::RoiDescriptor internalRoi(0, -4.5, 4.5, 0, -M_PI, M_PI, 0, -150.0,
-                                  150.0);
+  Acts::RoiDescriptor internalRoi(0, -4.5, 4.5, 0, -std::numbers::pi,
+                                  std::numbers::pi, 0, -150., 150.);
   // ROI file:
-  //  Acts::RoiDescriptor internalRoi(0, -5, 5, 0, -M_PI, M_PI, 0, -225.0,
-  //                                  225.0);
+  //  Acts::RoiDescriptor internalRoi(0, -5, 5, 0, -std::numbers::pi,
+  //  std::numbers::pi, 0, -225., 225.);
 
   // new version returns seeds
   SimSeedContainer seeds = finder.createSeeds(internalRoi, *m_gbtsGeo);
diff --git a/Examples/Detectors/GenericDetector/src/BuildGenericDetector.cpp b/Examples/Detectors/GenericDetector/src/BuildGenericDetector.cpp
index 5a21d36dd65..5f396bbe4e8 100644
--- a/Examples/Detectors/GenericDetector/src/BuildGenericDetector.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Detectors/GenericDetector/src/BuildGenericDetector.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/GenericDetector/BuildGenericDetector.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace ActsExamples::Generic {
 
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ std::vector<Acts::Vector3> modulePositionsCylinder(
   std::vector<Acts::Vector3> mPositions;
   mPositions.reserve(nPhiBins * nZbins);
   // prep work
-  double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / nPhiBins;
-  double minPhi = -M_PI + 0.5 * phiStep;
+  double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / nPhiBins;
+  double minPhi = -std::numbers::pi + 0.5 * phiStep;
   double zStart = -0.5 * (nZbins - 1) * (2 * moduleHalfLength - lOverlap);
   double zStep = 2 * std::abs(zStart) / (nZbins - 1);
   // loop over the bins
@@ -102,8 +103,8 @@ std::vector<Acts::Vector3> modulePositionsRing(double z, double radius,
   std::vector<Acts::Vector3> rPositions;
   rPositions.reserve(nPhiBins);
   // prep work
-  double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / nPhiBins;
-  double minPhi = -M_PI + 0.5 * phiStep;
+  double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / nPhiBins;
+  double minPhi = -std::numbers::pi + 0.5 * phiStep;
   // phi loop
   for (std::size_t iphi = 0; iphi < static_cast<std::size_t>(nPhiBins);
        ++iphi) {
diff --git a/Examples/Detectors/MuonSpectrometerMockupDetector/src/MockupSectorBuilder.cpp b/Examples/Detectors/MuonSpectrometerMockupDetector/src/MockupSectorBuilder.cpp
index bdfe8fe532c..f6431c5ddbe 100644
--- a/Examples/Detectors/MuonSpectrometerMockupDetector/src/MockupSectorBuilder.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Detectors/MuonSpectrometerMockupDetector/src/MockupSectorBuilder.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -188,9 +189,10 @@ ActsExamples::MockupSectorBuilder::buildSector(
   // calculate the phi angles of the vectors
   auto phiA = Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(pointA);
   auto phiB = Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(pointB);
-  auto sectorAngle = M_PI;
+  Acts::ActsScalar sectorAngle = std::numbers::pi_v<Acts::ActsScalar>;
 
-  auto halfPhi = M_PI / mCfg.NumberOfSectors;
+  Acts::ActsScalar halfPhi =
+      std::numbers::pi_v<Acts::ActsScalar> / mCfg.NumberOfSectors;
 
   if (mCfg.NumberOfSectors == 1) {
     halfPhi = (phiB - phiA) / 2;
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ ActsExamples::MockupSectorBuilder::buildSector(
   const Acts::Vector3 pos = {0., 0., 0.};
 
   // the transform of the cylinder volume
-  Acts::AngleAxis3 rotZ(M_PI / 2, Acts::Vector3(0., 0., 1));
+  Acts::AngleAxis3 rotZ(std::numbers::pi / 2., Acts::Vector3(0., 0., 1));
   auto transform = Acts::Transform3(Acts::Translation3(pos));
   transform *= rotZ;
 
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvSeedWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvSeedWriter.cpp
index fe9d881c24f..29dd72ce8df 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvSeedWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Csv/src/CsvSeedWriter.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <ios>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -124,9 +125,10 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::CsvSeedWriter::writeT(
       float truthPhi = phi(truthUnitDir);
       float truthEta = std::atanh(std::cos(theta(truthUnitDir)));
       float dEta = std::abs(truthEta - seedEta);
-      float dPhi = std::abs(truthPhi - seedPhi) < M_PI
-                       ? std::abs(truthPhi - seedPhi)
-                       : std::abs(truthPhi - seedPhi) - M_PI;
+      float dPhi =
+          std::abs(truthPhi - seedPhi) < std::numbers::pi_v<float>
+              ? std::abs(truthPhi - seedPhi)
+              : std::abs(truthPhi - seedPhi) - std::numbers::pi_v<float>;
       truthDistance = sqrt(dPhi * dPhi + dEta * dEta);
       // If the seed is truth matched, check if it is the closest one for the
       // contributing particle
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackParameterWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackParameterWriter.cpp
index d413adc519d..a4e74a44e2c 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackParameterWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackParameterWriter.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <ios>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ ProcessCode RootTrackParameterWriter::writeT(
       m_res_loc0 = m_loc0 - m_t_loc0;
       m_res_loc1 = m_loc1 - m_t_loc1;
       m_res_phi = Acts::detail::difference_periodic(
-          m_phi, m_t_phi, static_cast<float>(2 * M_PI));
+          m_phi, m_t_phi, static_cast<float>(2 * std::numbers::pi));
       m_res_theta = m_theta - m_t_theta;
       m_res_qop = m_qop - m_t_qop;
       m_res_time = m_time - m_t_time;
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackStatesWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackStatesWriter.cpp
index 160eada776b..edf396384de 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackStatesWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackStatesWriter.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <ios>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
@@ -618,7 +619,7 @@ ProcessCode RootTrackStatesWriter::writeT(const AlgorithmContext& ctx,
         residuals = parameters - truthParams;
         residuals[Acts::eBoundPhi] = Acts::detail::difference_periodic(
             parameters[Acts::eBoundPhi], truthParams[Acts::eBoundPhi],
-            2 * M_PI);
+            2 * std::numbers::pi);
         m_res_eLOC0[ipar].push_back(
             static_cast<float>(residuals[Acts::eBoundLoc0]));
         m_res_eLOC1[ipar].push_back(
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryWriter.cpp
index e3ae0d31943..ad23b4e6195 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootTrackSummaryWriter.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <ios>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
@@ -418,8 +419,9 @@ ProcessCode RootTrackSummaryWriter::writeT(const AlgorithmContext& ctx,
     if (foundMajorityParticle && hasFittedParams) {
       res = {param[Acts::eBoundLoc0] - t_d0,
              param[Acts::eBoundLoc1] - t_z0,
-             Acts::detail::difference_periodic(param[Acts::eBoundPhi], t_phi,
-                                               static_cast<float>(2 * M_PI)),
+             Acts::detail::difference_periodic(
+                 param[Acts::eBoundPhi], t_phi,
+                 static_cast<float>(2 * std::numbers::pi)),
              param[Acts::eBoundTheta] - t_theta,
              param[Acts::eBoundQOverP] - t_qop,
              param[Acts::eBoundTime] - t_time};
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/VertexNTupleWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/VertexNTupleWriter.cpp
index c5a800741d3..07c71f115c1 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/VertexNTupleWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/VertexNTupleWriter.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <set>
@@ -847,7 +848,7 @@ ProcessCode VertexNTupleWriter::writeT(
           // Accounting for the periodicity of phi. We overwrite the
           // previously computed value for better readability.
           diffMom[0] = Acts::detail::difference_periodic(recoMom(0), trueMom(0),
-                                                         2 * M_PI);
+                                                         2 * std::numbers::pi);
           innerResPhi.push_back(diffMom[0]);
           innerResTheta.push_back(diffMom[1]);
           innerResQOverP.push_back(diffMom[2]);
@@ -900,7 +901,7 @@ ProcessCode VertexNTupleWriter::writeT(
           // Accounting for the periodicity of phi. We overwrite the
           // previously computed value for better readability.
           diffMomFitted[0] = Acts::detail::difference_periodic(
-              recoMomFitted(0), trueMom(0), 2 * M_PI);
+              recoMomFitted(0), trueMom(0), 2 * std::numbers::pi);
           innerResPhiFitted.push_back(diffMomFitted[0]);
           innerResThetaFitted.push_back(diffMomFitted[1]);
           innerResQOverPFitted.push_back(diffMomFitted[2]);
diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp
index d676dbe6243..ee98bac3fb5 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ void addGeometry(Context& ctx) {
                    Acts::VolumeBounds>(m, "CylinderVolumeBounds")
             .def(py::init<ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar,
                           ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar>(),
-                 "rmin"_a, "rmax"_a, "halfz"_a, "halfphi"_a = M_PI,
+                 "rmin"_a, "rmax"_a, "halfz"_a, "halfphi"_a = std::numbers::pi,
                  "avgphi"_a = 0., "bevelMinZ"_a = 0., "bevelMaxZ"_a = 0.);
 
     py::enum_<CylinderVolumeBounds::Face>(cvb, "Face")
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/MaterialMapping/materialComposition.C b/Examples/Scripts/MaterialMapping/materialComposition.C
index c041930ff00..91293812abf 100644
--- a/Examples/Scripts/MaterialMapping/materialComposition.C
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/MaterialMapping/materialComposition.C
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 
@@ -56,9 +57,9 @@ struct MaterialHistograms {
                   : name + std::string("_l0_vs_phi_A") + std::to_string(iA);
 
     x0_vs_phi =
-        new TProfile(x0NamePhi.c_str(), "X_{0} vs. #phi", bins, -M_PI, M_PI);
+        new TProfile(x0NamePhi.c_str(), "X_{0} vs. #phi", bins, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi);
     l0_vs_phi =
-        new TProfile(l0NamePhi.c_str(), "L_{0} vs. #phi", bins, -M_PI, M_PI);
+        new TProfile(l0NamePhi.c_str(), "L_{0} vs. #phi", bins, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi);
   }
 
   /// This fills the event into the histograms
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/TrackSummary.cpp b/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/TrackSummary.cpp
index d606d07980b..deba72311d5 100644
--- a/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/TrackSummary.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/TrackSummary.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
@@ -79,7 +80,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ao("phi-bins", value<unsigned int>()->default_value(10),
        "Number of bins in phi.");
     ao("phi-range",
-       value<Interval>()->value_name("MIN:MAX")->default_value({-M_PI, M_PI}),
+       value<Interval>()->value_name("MIN:MAX")->default_value(
+           {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}),
        "Range for the phi bins.");
     ao("pt-borders", value<VariableReals>()->required(),
        "Transverse momentum borders.");
@@ -141,8 +143,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     unsigned int nPhiBins = vm["phi-bins"].as<unsigned int>();
     auto phiInterval = vm["phi-range"].as<Interval>();
     std::array<float, 2> phiRange = {
-        static_cast<float>(phiInterval.lower.value_or(-M_PI)),
-        static_cast<float>(phiInterval.upper.value_or(M_PI))};
+        static_cast<float>(phiInterval.lower.value_or(-std::numbers::pi)),
+        static_cast<float>(phiInterval.upper.value_or(std::numbers::pi))};
 
     auto ptBorders = vm["pt-borders"].as<VariableReals>().values;
     if (ptBorders.empty()) {
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/trackSummaryAnalysis.C b/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/trackSummaryAnalysis.C
index 2b32ca271ee..317c7d4c11e 100644
--- a/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/trackSummaryAnalysis.C
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/TrackingPerformance/trackSummaryAnalysis.C
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <TCanvas.h>
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ int trackSummaryAnalysis(
     const std::string& outConfig = "", unsigned long nEntries = 0,
     unsigned int nPeakEntries = 0, float pullRange = 6.,
     unsigned int nHistBins = 61, unsigned int nPhiBins = 10,
-    const std::array<float, 2>& phiRange = {-M_PI, M_PI},
+    const std::array<float, 2>& phiRange = {-std::numbers::pi_v<float>, std::numbers::pi_v<float>},
     unsigned int nEtaBins = 10, const std::array<float, 2>& etaRange = {-3, 3},
     const std::vector<double>& ptBorders =
         {0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()},
diff --git a/Examples/Scripts/momentumDistributions.C b/Examples/Scripts/momentumDistributions.C
index e16a1b709db..211477e9b0e 100644
--- a/Examples/Scripts/momentumDistributions.C
+++ b/Examples/Scripts/momentumDistributions.C
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 #include "TFile.h"
 #include "TH1F.h"
 #include "TH2F.h"
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@
 void momentumDistributions(std::string inFile, std::string treeName,
                            std::string outFile, int nBins, float r, float zMin,
                            float zMax, float etaMin, float etaMax,
-                           float thetaMin = 0., float thetaMax = M_PI) {
+                           float thetaMin = 0., float thetaMax = std::numbers::pi_v<float>) {
   std::cout << "Opening file: " << inFile << std::endl;
   TFile inputFile(inFile.c_str());
   std::cout << "Reading tree: " << treeName << std::endl;
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/BetheHeitler.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/BetheHeitler.hpp
index 416497c77e0..d0529837b7f 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/BetheHeitler.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/BetheHeitler.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace ActsFatras {
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ struct BetheHeitler {
                                      const Acts::MaterialSlab &slab,
                                      Particle &particle) const {
     // Take a random gamma-distributed value - depending on t/X0
-    std::gamma_distribution<double> gDist(slab.thicknessInX0() / std::log(2.0),
-                                          1.0);
+    std::gamma_distribution<double> gDist(
+        slab.thicknessInX0() / std::numbers::ln2, 1.);
 
     const auto u = gDist(generator);
     const auto z = std::exp(-u);  // MARK: fpeMask(FLTUND, 1, #2346)
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/PhotonConversion.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/PhotonConversion.hpp
index 6bc567dfd1d..d54b17e7407 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/PhotonConversion.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/PhotonConversion.hpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -241,8 +242,8 @@ Particle::Vector3 PhotonConversion::generateChildDirection(
                : u * 1. / 3.;  // 9./(9.+27) = 0.25
 
   // draw the random orientation angle
-  const auto psi =
-      std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI, M_PI)(generator);
+  const auto psi = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+      -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi)(generator);
 
   Acts::Vector3 direction = particle.direction();
   // construct the combined rotation to the scattered direction
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/Scattering.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/Scattering.hpp
index 82ca49200d1..054aacded9f 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/Scattering.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/Scattering.hpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/Highland.hpp"
 
 #include <array>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace ActsFatras {
@@ -52,8 +53,8 @@ struct GenericScattering {
     // drawn from the specific scattering model distribution.
 
     // draw the random orientation angle
-    const auto psi =
-        std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI, M_PI)(generator);
+    const auto psi = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+        -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi)(generator);
     // draw the scattering angle
     const auto theta = angle(generator, slab, particle);
 
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GaussianMixture.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GaussianMixture.hpp
index 771d7edaf11..54c2afce19f 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GaussianMixture.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GaussianMixture.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Material/Interactions.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace ActsFatras::detail {
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ struct GaussianMixture {
       sigma2 *= (1. - (1. - epsilon) * sigma1square) / epsilon;
     }
     // return back to the
-    return M_SQRT2 * std::sqrt(sigma2) * gaussDist(generator);
+    return std::numbers::sqrt2 * std::sqrt(sigma2) * gaussDist(generator);
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GeneralMixture.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GeneralMixture.hpp
index 5a9e2d2b7a3..621aae2180a 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GeneralMixture.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/GeneralMixture.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/PdgParticle.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/Interactions.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace ActsFatras::detail {
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ struct GeneralMixture {
       theta = std::normal_distribution<double>(0.0, theta0)(generator);
     }
     // scale from planar to 3d angle
-    return M_SQRT2 * theta;
+    return std::numbers::sqrt2 * theta;
   }
 
   // helper methods for getting parameters and simulating
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/Highland.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/Highland.hpp
index e3a0f59f84c..cee57f0248b 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/Highland.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/ElectroMagnetic/detail/Highland.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Material/Interactions.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace ActsFatras::detail {
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ struct Highland {
         slab, particle.absolutePdg(), particle.mass(), particle.qOverP(),
         particle.absoluteCharge());
     // draw from the normal distribution representing the 3d angle distribution
-    return std::normal_distribution<double>(0.0, M_SQRT2 * theta0)(generator);
+    return std::normal_distribution<double>(
+        0., std::numbers::sqrt2 * theta0)(generator);
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/NuclearInteraction/NuclearInteraction.hpp b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/NuclearInteraction/NuclearInteraction.hpp
index b1066919dc7..89072e78536 100644
--- a/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/NuclearInteraction/NuclearInteraction.hpp
+++ b/Fatras/include/ActsFatras/Physics/NuclearInteraction/NuclearInteraction.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <utility>
@@ -517,9 +518,9 @@ std::vector<Particle> NuclearInteraction::convertParametersToParticles(
     const float p1p2 = 2. * momentum * parametrizedMomentum;
     const float costheta = 1. - invariantMass * invariantMass / p1p2;
 
-    const auto phiTheta =
-        globalAngle(phi, theta, uniformDistribution(generator) * 2. * M_PI,
-                    std::acos(costheta));
+    const auto phiTheta = globalAngle(
+        phi, theta, uniformDistribution(generator) * 2. * std::numbers::pi,
+        std::acos(costheta));
     const auto direction =
         Acts::makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(phiTheta.first, phiTheta.second);
 
diff --git a/Fatras/src/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMask.cpp b/Fatras/src/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMask.cpp
index 490100e8180..1b73ff409e6 100644
--- a/Fatras/src/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMask.cpp
+++ b/Fatras/src/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMask.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ ActsFatras::PlanarSurfaceMask::radialMask(const Acts::RadialBounds& rBounds,
   };
 
   // Intersect phi lines
-  if ((M_PI - hPhi) > Acts::s_epsilon) {
+  if ((std::numbers::pi - hPhi) > Acts::s_epsilon) {
     if (sPhi < phii[0] || ePhi < phii[0]) {
       intersectPhiLine(phii[0]);
     }
diff --git a/Fatras/src/Physics/BetheHeitler.cpp b/Fatras/src/Physics/BetheHeitler.cpp
index 66d8d8176a0..af8cbd2711f 100644
--- a/Fatras/src/Physics/BetheHeitler.cpp
+++ b/Fatras/src/Physics/BetheHeitler.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 ActsFatras::Particle ActsFatras::BetheHeitler::bremPhoton(
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ ActsFatras::Particle ActsFatras::BetheHeitler::bremPhoton(
   // later
   //      the azimutal angle
 
-  Scalar psi = 2. * M_PI * rndPsi;
+  Scalar psi = 2. * std::numbers::pi * rndPsi;
 
   // the start of the equation
   Scalar theta = 0.;
diff --git a/Plugins/ActSVG/include/Acts/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverter.hpp b/Plugins/ActSVG/include/Acts/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverter.hpp
index 9743d95f33e..079f5ae7aec 100644
--- a/Plugins/ActSVG/include/Acts/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverter.hpp
+++ b/Plugins/ActSVG/include/Acts/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverter.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 #include <actsvg/core.hpp>
 #include <actsvg/meta.hpp>
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 namespace Acts {
 
 class Layer;
@@ -26,7 +28,9 @@ static std::array<ActsScalar, 2> noLimitZ = {
     std::numeric_limits<Acts::ActsScalar>::lowest(),
     std::numeric_limits<Acts::ActsScalar>::max()};
 
-static std::array<ActsScalar, 2> noLimitPhi = {-M_PI, M_PI};
+static std::array<ActsScalar, 2> noLimitPhi = {
+    -std::numbers::pi_v<Acts::ActsScalar>,
+    std::numbers::pi_v<Acts::ActsScalar>};
 
 namespace LayerConverter {
 
diff --git a/Plugins/ActSVG/src/SurfaceArraySvgConverter.cpp b/Plugins/ActSVG/src/SurfaceArraySvgConverter.cpp
index 5cffbe73a1a..7cb9ec40897 100644
--- a/Plugins/ActSVG/src/SurfaceArraySvgConverter.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/ActSVG/src/SurfaceArraySvgConverter.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/SurfaceBounds.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <numbers>
 
 std::tuple<std::vector<Acts::Svg::ProtoSurfaces>, Acts::Svg::ProtoGrid,
            std::vector<Acts::Svg::ProtoAssociations> >
@@ -164,7 +165,8 @@ Acts::Svg::SurfaceArrayConverter::convert(
       Vector3 localZ = sTransform.rotation().col(2);
       // Find out orientation w.r.t. global transform
       ActsScalar projZ = localZ.dot(Vector3(0., 0., 1.));
-      ActsScalar alpha = std::atan2(localA[1], localA[0]) / M_PI * 180.;
+      ActsScalar alpha =
+          std::atan2(localA[1], localA[0]) / std::numbers::pi * 180.;
       if (projZ < 0.) {
         alpha += 180.;
       }
diff --git a/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepBinningHelpers.cpp b/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepBinningHelpers.cpp
index 349050c8fc0..d96ef4ec228 100644
--- a/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepBinningHelpers.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepBinningHelpers.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Plugins/DD4hep/DD4hepBinningHelpers.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 std::vector<Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning>
 Acts::DD4hepBinningHelpers::convertBinning(
     const dd4hep::DetElement &dd4hepElement, const std::string &bname) {
@@ -36,14 +38,19 @@ Acts::DD4hepBinningHelpers::convertBinning(
               Experimental::ProtoBinning(bVal, bType, nBins, nExpansion));
         } else {
           // Equidistant binning
-          ActsScalar minDefault = bVal == BinningValue::binPhi ? -M_PI : 0.;
-          ActsScalar maxDefault = bVal == BinningValue::binPhi ? M_PI : 0.;
+          ActsScalar minDefault = bVal == BinningValue::binPhi
+                                      ? -std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>
+                                      : 0.;
+          ActsScalar maxDefault = bVal == BinningValue::binPhi
+                                      ? std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>
+                                      : 0.;
           auto min = getParamOr<ActsScalar>(bname + "_" + ab + "_min",
                                             dd4hepElement, minDefault);
           auto max = getParamOr<ActsScalar>(bname + "_" + ab + "_max",
                                             dd4hepElement, maxDefault);
           // Check for closed phi binning
-          if (bVal == BinningValue::binPhi && (max - min) > 1.9 * M_PI) {
+          if (bVal == BinningValue::binPhi &&
+              (max - min) > 1.9 * std::numbers::pi) {
             bType = Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed;
           }
           protoBinnings.push_back(Experimental::ProtoBinning(
@@ -58,7 +65,7 @@ Acts::DD4hepBinningHelpers::convertBinning(
         }
         // Check for closed phi binning
         if (bVal == BinningValue::binPhi &&
-            (edges.back() - edges.front()) > 1.9 * M_PI) {
+            (edges.back() - edges.front()) > 1.9 * std::numbers::pi) {
           bType = Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed;
         }
         protoBinnings.push_back(
diff --git a/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepMaterialHelpers.cpp b/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepMaterialHelpers.cpp
index 3c897a5ddef..c3d6b346c72 100644
--- a/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepMaterialHelpers.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/DD4hep/src/DD4hepMaterialHelpers.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <ostream>
 
 #include <boost/foreach.hpp>
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<Acts::ProtoSurfaceMaterial> Acts::createProtoMaterial(
     double min = 0.;
     double max = 0.;
     if (bopt == Acts::closed) {
-      min = -M_PI;
-      max = M_PI;
+      min = -std::numbers::pi;
+      max = std::numbers::pi;
     }
     int bins = params.get<int>(valueTag + "_"s + bin.first);
     ACTS_VERBOSE("  - material binning for " << bin.first << " on " << valueTag
diff --git a/Plugins/Detray/src/DetrayMaterialConverter.cpp b/Plugins/Detray/src/DetrayMaterialConverter.cpp
index c08bdc447bf..f6b61236ec5 100644
--- a/Plugins/Detray/src/DetrayMaterialConverter.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/Detray/src/DetrayMaterialConverter.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 namespace {
@@ -157,10 +158,12 @@ Acts::DetrayMaterialConverter::convertGridSurfaceMaterial(
         swapped = true;
       } else if (bUtility.binningData()[0u].binvalue == BinningValue::binR) {
         // Turn to R-Phi
-        bUtility += BinUtility(1u, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+        bUtility += BinUtility(1u, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                               BinningValue::binPhi);
       } else if (bUtility.binningData()[0u].binvalue == BinningValue::binZ) {
         // Turn to Phi-Z - swap needed
-        BinUtility nbUtility(1u, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+        BinUtility nbUtility(1u, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                             BinningValue::binPhi);
         nbUtility += bUtility;
         bUtility = std::move(nbUtility);
         swapped = true;
diff --git a/Plugins/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp b/Plugins/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp
index d90e555f173..515063da679 100644
--- a/Plugins/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/EDM4hep/src/EDM4hepUtil.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Propagator/detail/CovarianceEngine.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Propagator/detail/JacobianEngine.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 #include "edm4hep/TrackState.h"
 
 namespace Acts::EDM4hepUtil::detail {
@@ -149,7 +151,8 @@ Parameters convertTrackParametersToEdm4hep(const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
   result.values[0] = targetPars[Acts::eBoundLoc0];
   result.values[1] = targetPars[Acts::eBoundLoc1];
   result.values[2] = targetPars[Acts::eBoundPhi];
-  result.values[3] = std::tan(M_PI_2 - targetPars[Acts::eBoundTheta]);
+  result.values[3] =
+      std::tan(std::numbers::pi / 2. - targetPars[Acts::eBoundTheta]);
   result.values[4] = targetPars[Acts::eBoundQOverP] /
                      std::sin(targetPars[Acts::eBoundTheta]) * Bz;
   result.values[5] = targetPars[Acts::eBoundTime];
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ BoundTrackParameters convertTrackParametersFromEdm4hep(
   targetPars[eBoundLoc0] = params.values[0];
   targetPars[eBoundLoc1] = params.values[1];
   targetPars[eBoundPhi] = params.values[2];
-  targetPars[eBoundTheta] = M_PI_2 - std::atan(params.values[3]);
+  targetPars[eBoundTheta] = std::numbers::pi / 2. - std::atan(params.values[3]);
   targetPars[eBoundQOverP] =
       params.values[4] * std::sin(targetPars[eBoundTheta]) / Bz;
   targetPars[eBoundTime] = params.values[5];
diff --git a/Plugins/Geant4/src/Geant4Converters.cpp b/Plugins/Geant4/src/Geant4Converters.cpp
index db7d9f93f1e..d75e73ea13c 100644
--- a/Plugins/Geant4/src/Geant4Converters.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/Geant4/src/Geant4Converters.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -98,9 +99,9 @@ Acts::Geant4ShapeConverter::cylinderBounds(const G4Tubs& g4Tubs) {
   tArray[B::eHalfLengthZ] = static_cast<ActsScalar>(g4Tubs.GetZHalfLength());
   tArray[B::eHalfPhiSector] =
       0.5 * static_cast<ActsScalar>(g4Tubs.GetDeltaPhiAngle());
-  // Geant fiddles around with user given values, i.e. it would not
-  // allow [-M_PI, +M_PI) as a full segment (has to be [0, 2PI)])
-  if (std::abs(tArray[B::eHalfPhiSector] - M_PI) <
+  // Geant fiddles around with user given values, i.e. it would not allow [-PI,
+  // +PI) as a full segment (has to be [0, 2PI)])
+  if (std::abs(tArray[B::eHalfPhiSector] - std::numbers::pi) <
       std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon()) {
     tArray[B::eAveragePhi] = 0.;
   } else {
@@ -122,9 +123,9 @@ Acts::Geant4ShapeConverter::radialBounds(const G4Tubs& g4Tubs) {
   tArray[B::eMaxR] = static_cast<ActsScalar>(g4Tubs.GetOuterRadius());
   tArray[B::eHalfPhiSector] =
       0.5 * static_cast<ActsScalar>(g4Tubs.GetDeltaPhiAngle());
-  // Geant fiddles around with user given values, i.e. it would not
-  // allow [-M_PI, +M_PI) as a full segment (has to be [0, 2PI)])
-  if (std::abs(tArray[B::eHalfPhiSector] - M_PI) <
+  // Geant fiddles around with user given values, i.e. it would not allow [-PI,
+  // +PI) as a full segment (has to be [0, 2PI)])
+  if (std::abs(tArray[B::eHalfPhiSector] - std::numbers::pi) <
       std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon()) {
     tArray[B::eAveragePhi] = 0.;
   } else {
diff --git a/Plugins/GeoModel/src/GeoModelToDetectorVolume.cpp b/Plugins/GeoModel/src/GeoModelToDetectorVolume.cpp
index f784a12a990..854c85103af 100644
--- a/Plugins/GeoModel/src/GeoModelToDetectorVolume.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/GeoModel/src/GeoModelToDetectorVolume.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Navigation/DetectorVolumeFinders.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Navigation/InternalNavigation.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 #include <GeoModelKernel/GeoBox.h>
 #include <GeoModelKernel/GeoPcon.h>
 #include <GeoModelKernel/GeoShapeShift.h>
@@ -65,23 +67,23 @@ Volume convertVolume(const Transform3& trf, const GeoShape& shape) {
       if (x1 <= x2) {
         // y axis in ACTS is z axis in geomodel
         bounds = std::make_shared<TrapezoidVolumeBounds>(x1, x2, z, y1);
-        constexpr double rotationAngle = M_PI / 2;
+        constexpr double rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
         newTrf = trf * GeoTrf::RotateX3D(rotationAngle);
       } else {
         bounds = std::make_shared<TrapezoidVolumeBounds>(x2, x1, z, y1);
-        constexpr double rotationAngle = M_PI;
+        constexpr double rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi;
         newTrf = trf * GeoTrf::RotateY3D(rotationAngle) *
                  GeoTrf::RotateZ3D(rotationAngle);
       }
     } else if (x1 == x2) {
       if (y1 < y2) {
         bounds = std::make_shared<TrapezoidVolumeBounds>(y1, y2, z, x1);
-        auto rotationAngle = M_PI / 2;
+        auto rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
         newTrf = trf * GeoTrf::RotateZ3D(rotationAngle) *
                  GeoTrf::RotateX3D(rotationAngle);
       } else {
         bounds = std::make_shared<TrapezoidVolumeBounds>(y2, y1, z, x1);
-        auto rotationAngle = M_PI;
+        auto rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi;
         newTrf = trf * GeoTrf::RotateX3D(rotationAngle) *
                  GeoTrf::RotateZ3D(rotationAngle / 2) *
                  GeoTrf::RotateX3D(rotationAngle / 2);
diff --git a/Plugins/GeoModel/src/detail/GeoModelBinningHelper.cpp b/Plugins/GeoModel/src/detail/GeoModelBinningHelper.cpp
index 032e3ef9a5c..0cfa03870e8 100644
--- a/Plugins/GeoModel/src/detail/GeoModelBinningHelper.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/GeoModel/src/detail/GeoModelBinningHelper.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Plugins/GeoModel/detail/GeoModelBinningHelper.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 #include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
 
 Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning
@@ -47,8 +49,8 @@ Acts::detail::GeoModelBinningHelper::toProtoBinning(
   ActsScalar rangeMax = 0.;
   if (bValue == BinningValue::binPhi &&
       boundaryType == AxisBoundaryType::Closed) {
-    rangeMin = -M_PI;
-    rangeMax = M_PI;
+    rangeMin = -std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>;
+    rangeMax = std::numbers::pi_v<ActsScalar>;
   } else {
     if (binningDetails.size() > 3u && binningDetails[3] != "*") {
       autoRange = false;
diff --git a/Plugins/Hashing/include/Acts/Plugins/Hashing/HashingAnnoy.ipp b/Plugins/Hashing/include/Acts/Plugins/Hashing/HashingAnnoy.ipp
index 85680fccaca..d5e4f28f3a5 100644
--- a/Plugins/Hashing/include/Acts/Plugins/Hashing/HashingAnnoy.ipp
+++ b/Plugins/Hashing/include/Acts/Plugins/Hashing/HashingAnnoy.ipp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Units.hpp"
 
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <set>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -67,8 +68,8 @@ void HashingAnnoy<external_spacepoint_t, SpacePointContainer>::
   };
 
   auto getBinIndexPhi = [&phiBins](Scalar phi) {
-    Scalar binSize = 2 * M_PI / phiBins;
-    auto binIndex = static_cast<int>((phi + M_PI) / binSize);
+    Scalar binSize = 2 * std::numbers::pi / phiBins;
+    auto binIndex = static_cast<int>((phi + std::numbers::pi) / binSize);
     return binIndex;
   };
 
diff --git a/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialJsonConverter.cpp b/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialJsonConverter.cpp
index e98df359cf0..a3935d4bbc2 100644
--- a/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialJsonConverter.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialJsonConverter.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -687,10 +688,12 @@ nlohmann::json Acts::MaterialJsonConverter::toJsonDetray(
     if (bUtility.dimensions() == 1u) {
       if (bUtility.binningData()[0u].binvalue == BinningValue::binR) {
         // Turn to R-Phi
-        bUtility += BinUtility(1u, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+        bUtility += BinUtility(1u, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                               BinningValue::binPhi);
       } else if (bUtility.binningData()[0u].binvalue == BinningValue::binZ) {
         // Turn to Phi-Z - swap needed
-        BinUtility nbUtility(1u, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+        BinUtility nbUtility(1u, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                             BinningValue::binPhi);
         nbUtility += bUtility;
         bUtility = std::move(nbUtility);
         swapped = true;
diff --git a/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialMapJsonConverter.cpp b/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialMapJsonConverter.cpp
index 2424156ec1d..dc423ecc50b 100644
--- a/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialMapJsonConverter.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/Json/src/MaterialMapJsonConverter.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -114,8 +115,8 @@ Acts::SurfaceAndMaterialWithContext defaultSurfaceMaterial(
             radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
         radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eAveragePhi) +
             radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
-        (radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) <
-                Acts::s_epsilon
+        (radialBounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::eHalfPhiSector) -
+         std::numbers::pi) < Acts::s_epsilon
             ? Acts::closed
             : Acts::open,
         Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
@@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ Acts::SurfaceAndMaterialWithContext defaultSurfaceMaterial(
             cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
         cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eAveragePhi) +
             cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
-        (cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) <
-                Acts::s_epsilon
+        (cylinderBounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfPhiSector) -
+         std::numbers::pi) < Acts::s_epsilon
             ? Acts::closed
             : Acts::open,
         Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
@@ -195,8 +196,8 @@ Acts::TrackingVolumeAndMaterial defaultVolumeMaterial(
     bUtility += Acts::BinUtility(
         1, -cyBounds->get(Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
         cyBounds->get(Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
-        (cyBounds->get(Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector) - M_PI) <
-                Acts::s_epsilon
+        (cyBounds->get(Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector) -
+         std::numbers::pi) < Acts::s_epsilon
             ? Acts::closed
             : Acts::open,
         Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
@@ -210,9 +211,9 @@ Acts::TrackingVolumeAndMaterial defaultVolumeMaterial(
         1, cutcylBounds->get(Acts::CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eMinR),
         cutcylBounds->get(Acts::CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eMaxR), Acts::open,
         Acts::BinningValue::binR);
-    bUtility +=
-        Acts::BinUtility(1, -static_cast<float>(M_PI), static_cast<float>(M_PI),
-                         Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
+    bUtility += Acts::BinUtility(1, -std::numbers::pi_v<float>,
+                                 std::numbers::pi_v<float>, Acts::closed,
+                                 Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
     bUtility += Acts::BinUtility(
         1, -cutcylBounds->get(Acts::CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ),
         cutcylBounds->get(Acts::CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ),
diff --git a/Plugins/Legacy/include/Acts/Seeding/AtlasSeedFinder.ipp b/Plugins/Legacy/include/Acts/Seeding/AtlasSeedFinder.ipp
index 4b5b5c60875..76f53cd12da 100644
--- a/Plugins/Legacy/include/Acts/Seeding/AtlasSeedFinder.ipp
+++ b/Plugins/Legacy/include/Acts/Seeding/AtlasSeedFinder.ipp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <numbers>
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Constructor
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ void Acts::Legacy::AtlasSeedFinder<SpacePoint>::buildFrameWork() {
 
   // Build radius-azimuthal sorted containers
   //
-  const float pi2 = 2. * M_PI;
+  const float pi2 = 2. * std::numbers::pi;
   const int NFmax = 53;
   const float sFmax = static_cast<float>(NFmax) / pi2;
   const float m_sFmin = 100. / 60.;
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ void Acts::Legacy::AtlasSeedFinder<SpacePoint>::convertToBeamFrameWork(
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 template <class SpacePoint>
 void Acts::Legacy::AtlasSeedFinder<SpacePoint>::fillLists() {
-  const float pi2 = 2. * M_PI;
+  const float pi2 = 2. * std::numbers::pi;
   typename std::list<Acts::Legacy::SPForSeed<SpacePoint>*>::iterator r, re;
 
   int ir0 = 0;
diff --git a/Plugins/TGeo/include/Acts/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoSurfaceConverter.hpp b/Plugins/TGeo/include/Acts/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoSurfaceConverter.hpp
index a489a4743a6..d796e18830d 100644
--- a/Plugins/TGeo/include/Acts/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoSurfaceConverter.hpp
+++ b/Plugins/TGeo/include/Acts/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoSurfaceConverter.hpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ struct TGeoSurfaceConverter {
   /// Convert a TGeoShape to a Surface
   ///
   /// @param tgShape The TGeoShape
-  /// @param tgMatrix The matrix representing the tranbsform
+  /// @param tgMatrix The matrix representing the transform
   /// @param axes The axes definition
   /// @param scalor The unit scalor between TGeo and Acts
   ///
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ struct TGeoSurfaceConverter {
     if (degree > 180. && degree < 360.) {
       degree -= 360.;
     }
-    return degree / 180. * M_PI;
+    return degree / 180. * std::numbers::pi;
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter.cpp b/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter.cpp
index 2dbf09c56ad..4ad967d8c29 100644
--- a/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 Acts::TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter::TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter(
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ Acts::TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter::split(
       ActsScalar discMinR = boundValues[Acts::RadialBounds::eMinR];
       ActsScalar discMaxR = boundValues[Acts::RadialBounds::eMaxR];
 
-      ActsScalar phiStep = 2 * M_PI / m_cfg.discPhiSegments;
+      ActsScalar phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / m_cfg.discPhiSegments;
       ActsScalar cosPhiHalf = std::cos(0.5 * phiStep);
       ActsScalar sinPhiHalf = std::sin(0.5 * phiStep);
 
@@ -86,11 +87,11 @@ Acts::TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter::split(
 
         for (int im = 0; im < m_cfg.discPhiSegments; ++im) {
           // Get the moduleTransform
-          ActsScalar phi = -M_PI + im * phiStep;
-          auto tgTransform =
-              Transform3(Translation3(hR * std::cos(phi), hR * std::sin(phi),
-                                      discCenter.z()) *
-                         AngleAxis3(phi - 0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()));
+          ActsScalar phi = -std::numbers::pi + im * phiStep;
+          auto tgTransform = Transform3(
+              Translation3(hR * std::cos(phi), hR * std::sin(phi),
+                           discCenter.z()) *
+              AngleAxis3(phi - std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()));
 
           // Create a new detector element per split
           auto tgDetectorElement = std::make_shared<Acts::TGeoDetectorElement>(
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ Acts::TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter::split(
       ActsScalar cylinderHalfZ =
           boundValues[Acts::CylinderBounds::eHalfLengthZ];
 
-      ActsScalar phiStep = 2 * M_PI / m_cfg.cylinderPhiSegments;
+      ActsScalar phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / m_cfg.cylinderPhiSegments;
       ActsScalar cosPhiHalf = std::cos(0.5 * phiStep);
       ActsScalar sinPhiHalf = std::sin(0.5 * phiStep);
 
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ Acts::TGeoCylinderDiscSplitter::split(
 
         for (int im = 0; im < m_cfg.cylinderPhiSegments; ++im) {
           // Get the moduleTransform
-          ActsScalar phi = -M_PI + im * phiStep;
+          ActsScalar phi = -std::numbers::pi + im * phiStep;
           ActsScalar cosPhi = std::cos(phi);
           ActsScalar sinPhi = std::sin(phi);
           ActsScalar planeX = planeR * cosPhi;
diff --git a/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoSurfaceConverter.cpp b/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoSurfaceConverter.cpp
index 1cbc670e253..a00275f5231 100644
--- a/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoSurfaceConverter.cpp
+++ b/Plugins/TGeo/src/TGeoSurfaceConverter.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <cctype>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -87,14 +88,14 @@ Acts::TGeoSurfaceConverter::cylinderComponents(const TGeoShape& tgShape,
     double halfZ = tube->GetDz() * scalor;
     if (halfZ > deltaR) {
       transform = TGeoPrimitivesHelper::makeTransform(ax, ay, az, t);
-      double halfPhi = M_PI;
+      double halfPhi = std::numbers::pi;
       double avgPhi = 0.;
       // Check if it's a segment
       auto tubeSeg = dynamic_cast<const TGeoTubeSeg*>(tube);
       if (tubeSeg != nullptr) {
         double phi1 = toRadian(tubeSeg->GetPhi1());
         double phi2 = toRadian(tubeSeg->GetPhi2());
-        if (std::abs(phi2 - phi1) < M_PI * (1. - s_epsilon)) {
+        if (std::abs(phi2 - phi1) < std::numbers::pi * (1. - s_epsilon)) {
           if (!boost::starts_with(axes, "X")) {
             throw std::invalid_argument(
                 "TGeoShape -> CylinderSurface (sectorial): can only be "
@@ -176,7 +177,8 @@ Acts::TGeoSurfaceConverter::discComponents(const TGeoShape& tgShape,
             Vector2 ab = b - a;
             double phi = VectorHelpers::phi(ab);
 
-            if (std::abs(phi) > 3 * M_PI / 4. || std::abs(phi) < M_PI / 4.) {
+            if (std::abs(phi) > 3 * std::numbers::pi / 4. ||
+                std::abs(phi) < std::numbers::pi / 4.) {
               if (a.norm() < b.norm()) {
                 boundLines.push_back(std::make_pair(a, b));
               } else {
@@ -245,14 +247,14 @@ Acts::TGeoSurfaceConverter::discComponents(const TGeoShape& tgShape,
       double minR = tube->GetRmin() * scalor;
       double maxR = tube->GetRmax() * scalor;
       double halfZ = tube->GetDz() * scalor;
-      double halfPhi = M_PI;
+      double halfPhi = std::numbers::pi;
       double avgPhi = 0.;
       // Check if it's a segment
       auto tubeSeg = dynamic_cast<const TGeoTubeSeg*>(tube);
       if (tubeSeg != nullptr) {
         double phi1 = toRadian(tubeSeg->GetPhi1());
         double phi2 = toRadian(tubeSeg->GetPhi2());
-        if (std::abs(phi2 - phi1) < 2 * M_PI * (1. - s_epsilon)) {
+        if (std::abs(phi2 - phi1) < 2 * std::numbers::pi * (1. - s_epsilon)) {
           if (!boost::starts_with(axes, "X")) {
             throw std::invalid_argument(
                 "TGeoShape -> CylinderSurface (sectorial): can only be "
diff --git a/Tests/Benchmarks/RayFrustumBenchmark.cpp b/Tests/Benchmarks/RayFrustumBenchmark.cpp
index e4f11e60991..c5b666a5f23 100644
--- a/Tests/Benchmarks/RayFrustumBenchmark.cpp
+++ b/Tests/Benchmarks/RayFrustumBenchmark.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -38,7 +39,8 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char** /*argv[]*/) {
   std::mt19937 rng(42);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<float> dir(0, 1);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<float> loc(-10, 10);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<float> ang(M_PI / 10., M_PI / 4.);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<float> ang(std::numbers::pi / 10.,
+                                            std::numbers::pi / 4.);
 
   Box testBox{nullptr, {0, 0, 0}, Box::Size{{1, 2, 3}}};
 
@@ -351,7 +353,8 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char** /*argv[]*/) {
         return result;
       };
 
-  std::vector<Frustum3> frustums{n, Frustum3{{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, M_PI / 2.}};
+  std::vector<Frustum3> frustums{
+      n, Frustum3{{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.}};
   std::generate(frustums.begin(), frustums.end(), [&]() {
     const Vector3F d{dir(rng), dir(rng), dir(rng)};
     const Vector3F l{loc(rng), loc(rng), loc(rng)};
@@ -392,12 +395,12 @@ int main(int /*argc*/, char** /*argv[]*/) {
   std::size_t iters_per_run = 1000;
 
   std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Frustum3>> testFrusts = {
-      {"away", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, 0, -1}, M_PI / 4.}},
-      {"towards", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 4.}},
-      {"left", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, 1, 0}, M_PI / 4.}},
-      {"right", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, -1, 0}, M_PI / 4.}},
-      {"up", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {1, 0, 0}, M_PI / 4.}},
-      {"down", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {-1, 0, 0}, M_PI / 4.}},
+      {"away", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, 0, -1}, std::numbers::pi / 4.}},
+      {"towards", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 4.}},
+      {"left", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, 1, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 4.}},
+      {"right", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {0, -1, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 4.}},
+      {"up", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 4.}},
+      {"down", Frustum3{{0, 0, -10}, {-1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 4.}},
   };
 
   std::cout << "Run benchmarks: " << std::endl;
diff --git a/Tests/Benchmarks/SolenoidFieldBenchmark.cpp b/Tests/Benchmarks/SolenoidFieldBenchmark.cpp
index 22a779f6582..dca46a5e531 100644
--- a/Tests/Benchmarks/SolenoidFieldBenchmark.cpp
+++ b/Tests/Benchmarks/SolenoidFieldBenchmark.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   std::minstd_rand rng;
   std::uniform_real_distribution<double> zDist(1.5 * (-L / 2.), 1.5 * L / 2.);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<double> rDist(0, R * 1.5);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                                 std::numbers::pi);
   auto genPos = [&]() -> Acts::Vector3 {
     const double z = zDist(rng), r = rDist(rng), phi = phiDist(rng);
     return {r * std::cos(phi), r * std::sin(phi), z};
diff --git a/Tests/Benchmarks/SurfaceIntersectionBenchmark.cpp b/Tests/Benchmarks/SurfaceIntersectionBenchmark.cpp
index acad43fad34..4d92589bd66 100644
--- a/Tests/Benchmarks/SurfaceIntersectionBenchmark.cpp
+++ b/Tests/Benchmarks/SurfaceIntersectionBenchmark.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/BenchmarkTools.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 namespace bdata = boost::unit_test::data;
@@ -88,8 +89,8 @@ MicroBenchmarkResult intersectionTest(const surface_t& surface, double phi,
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     benchmark_surface_intersections,
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                   bdata::distribution =
-                       std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI, M_PI))) ^
+                   bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                       -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-0.3, 0.3))) ^
@@ -116,7 +117,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
   }
   if (testStraw) {
     std::cout << "- Straw: "
-              << intersectionTest<StrawSurface>(*aStraw, phi, theta + M_PI)
+              << intersectionTest<StrawSurface>(*aStraw, phi,
+                                                theta + std::numbers::pi)
               << std::endl;
   }
 }
diff --git a/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/BenchmarkTools.hpp b/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/BenchmarkTools.hpp
index 947596edbac..4988150c735 100644
--- a/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/BenchmarkTools.hpp
+++ b/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/BenchmarkTools.hpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iomanip>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -299,7 +300,8 @@ struct MicroBenchmarkResult {
   //
   Duration runTimeRobustStddev() const {
     auto [firstq, thirdq] = runTimeQuartiles();
-    return (thirdq - firstq) / (2. * std::sqrt(2.) * 0.4769362762044698733814);
+    return (thirdq - firstq) /
+           (2. * std::numbers::sqrt2 * 0.4769362762044698733814);
   }
 
   // Standard error on the median benchmark run time
diff --git a/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/CylindricalTrackingGeometry.hpp b/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/CylindricalTrackingGeometry.hpp
index 9ff25d480fa..a37bbcb1e8f 100644
--- a/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/CylindricalTrackingGeometry.hpp
+++ b/Tests/CommonHelpers/Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/CylindricalTrackingGeometry.hpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/PredefinedMaterials.hpp"
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
@@ -88,15 +89,15 @@ struct CylindricalTrackingGeometry {
                                                   moduleHalfXmaxY, moduleHalfY);
     }
 
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / nPhi;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / nPhi;
 
     for (int im = 0; im < nPhi; ++im) {
       // Get the moduleTransform
-      double phi = -M_PI + im * phiStep;
+      double phi = -std::numbers::pi + im * phiStep;
       auto mModuleTransform = Transform3(
           Translation3(ringRadius * std::cos(phi), ringRadius * std::sin(phi),
                        ringZ + (im % 2) * zStagger) *
-          AngleAxis3(phi - 0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
+          AngleAxis3(phi - std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()) *
           AngleAxis3(moduleTilt, Vector3::UnitY()));
 
       // Create the detector element
@@ -186,8 +187,8 @@ struct CylindricalTrackingGeometry {
     std::vector<Vector3> mPositions;
     mPositions.reserve(nPhiBins * nZbins);
     // prep work
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / (nPhiBins);
-    double minPhi = -M_PI + 0.5 * phiStep;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / (nPhiBins);
+    double minPhi = -std::numbers::pi + phiStep / 2.;
     double zStart = -0.5 * (nZbins - 1) * (2 * moduleHalfLength - lOverlap);
     double zStep = 2 * std::abs(zStart) / (nZbins - 1);
     // loop over the bins
diff --git a/Tests/IntegrationTests/InterpolatedSolenoidBFieldTest.cpp b/Tests/IntegrationTests/InterpolatedSolenoidBFieldTest.cpp
index 5c3b0aa9ee2..9bfd63e6a88 100644
--- a/Tests/IntegrationTests/InterpolatedSolenoidBFieldTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/IntegrationTests/InterpolatedSolenoidBFieldTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <type_traits>
 
@@ -100,10 +101,10 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(0,
                                                                   R * 1.5))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::xrange(ntests),
     z, r, phi, index) {
   if (index % 1000 == 0) {
diff --git a/Tests/IntegrationTests/NavigatorConsistency.cpp b/Tests/IntegrationTests/NavigatorConsistency.cpp
index f084afeae6b..ea74491a1c0 100644
--- a/Tests/IntegrationTests/NavigatorConsistency.cpp
+++ b/Tests/IntegrationTests/NavigatorConsistency.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace bdata = boost::unit_test::data;
 using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
@@ -356,11 +357,11 @@ auto eventGen =
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.5_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                   bdata::distribution =
-                       std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI, M_PI))) ^
+                   bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                       -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
-                       1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+                       1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
     bdata::random(
         (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 23,
          bdata::distribution = std::uniform_int_distribution<int>(0, 1)));
diff --git a/Tests/IntegrationTests/PropagationTests.hpp b/Tests/IntegrationTests/PropagationTests.hpp
index 9355e726b3b..fc2e2cfcfe5 100644
--- a/Tests/IntegrationTests/PropagationTests.hpp
+++ b/Tests/IntegrationTests/PropagationTests.hpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/UnitVectors.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/detail/periodic.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 // parameter construction helpers
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ inline Acts::CurvilinearTrackParameters makeParametersCurvilinear(
 
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks. normalize the value to
   // ensure parameter comparisons give correct answers.
-  if (!((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI))) {
+  if (!((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi))) {
     phi = 0;
   }
 
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ inline Acts::CurvilinearTrackParameters makeParametersCurvilinearWithCovariance(
 
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks. normalize the value to
   // ensure parameter comparisons give correct answers.
-  if (!((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI))) {
+  if (!((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi))) {
     phi = 0;
   }
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ inline Acts::CurvilinearTrackParameters makeParametersCurvilinearNeutral(
 
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks. normalize the value to
   // ensure parameter comparisons give correct answers.
-  if (!((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI))) {
+  if (!((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi))) {
     phi = 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Definitions/UnitsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Definitions/UnitsTests.cpp
index 6ca934ea751..1cb42011e21 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Definitions/UnitsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Definitions/UnitsTests.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 
 using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
 
@@ -63,10 +64,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Time) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Angle) {
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(45_degree, M_PI / 4 * 1_rad, eps);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(90_degree, M_PI / 2 * 1_rad, eps);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(180_degree, M_PI * 1_rad, eps);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(360_degree, 2 * M_PI * 1_rad, eps);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(45_degree, std::numbers::pi / 4. * 1_rad, eps);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(90_degree, std::numbers::pi / 2. * 1_rad, eps);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(180_degree, std::numbers::pi * 1_rad, eps);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(360_degree, 2 * std::numbers::pi * 1_rad, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(1_mm / 1_m, 1_mrad, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(1_um / 1_mm, 1_mrad, eps);
 }
@@ -126,8 +127,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(MomentumRadius) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PhysicalConstants) {
   using Acts::PhysicalConstants::hbar;
   // see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(hbar, 6.62607015e-34 * 1_J * 1_s / (2 * M_PI), 1e-6);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(hbar, 4.135667696e-15 * 1_eV * 1_s / (2 * M_PI), 1e-7);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(hbar, 6.62607015e-34 * 1_J * 1_s / (2 * std::numbers::pi),
+                  1e-6);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(hbar, 4.135667696e-15 * 1_eV * 1_s / (2 * std::numbers::pi),
+                  1e-7);
 
   using Acts::PhysicalConstants::c;
   // we really want c to be 1
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalContainerBuilderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalContainerBuilderTests.cpp
index d99fd272a16..87681ee8ae0 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalContainerBuilderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalContainerBuilderTests.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
@@ -131,8 +132,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylindricaContainerBuildingZ) {
   // Create a materialBinning
   tripleZCfg.portalMaterialBinning[2u] = BinningDescription{
       {ProtoBinning(BinningValue::binZ, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound, 50),
-       ProtoBinning(BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI,
-                    M_PI, 12)}};
+       ProtoBinning(BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+                    -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 12)}};
 
   // Let's test the reverse generation
   tripleZCfg.geoIdReverseGen = true;
@@ -201,16 +202,18 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylindricaContainerBuildingPhi) {
   barrelPhiCfg.binning = {BinningValue::binPhi};
 
   unsigned int phiSectors = 5;
-  Acts::ActsScalar phiHalfSector = M_PI / phiSectors;
+  Acts::ActsScalar phiHalfSector = std::numbers::pi / phiSectors;
 
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>> phiVolumes = {};
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < phiSectors; ++i) {
     // The volume bounds
     Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds volumeBounds(
-        10., 100., 100., phiHalfSector, -M_PI + (2u * i + 1u) * phiHalfSector);
-    // The surface boudns
-    Acts::CylinderBounds surfaceBounds(50., 90., 0.99 * phiHalfSector,
-                                       -M_PI + (2u * i + 1u) * phiHalfSector);
+        10., 100., 100., phiHalfSector,
+        -std::numbers::pi + (2u * i + 1u) * phiHalfSector);
+    // The surface bounds
+    Acts::CylinderBounds surfaceBounds(
+        50., 90., 0.99 * phiHalfSector,
+        -std::numbers::pi + (2u * i + 1u) * phiHalfSector);
 
     auto builder = std::make_shared<
         CylindricalVolumeBuilder<CylinderSurface, CylinderBounds>>(
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalDetectorHelperTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalDetectorHelperTests.cpp
index 44ffc1630b9..4c9bfee3fbe 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalDetectorHelperTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/CylindricalDetectorHelperTests.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectInR) {
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("Connect: R", logLevel));
   ACTS_INFO("*** Test: connect DetectorVolumes in R, create proto container");
   // Test with different opening angles
-  std::vector<ActsScalar> testOpenings = {M_PI, 0.5 * M_PI};
+  std::vector<ActsScalar> testOpenings = {std::numbers::pi,
+                                          std::numbers::pi / 2.};
 
   std::vector<ActsScalar> radii = {0., 10., 100., 200.};
   ActsScalar halfZ = 100.;
@@ -345,7 +347,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectInPhi) {
 
   std::vector<Transform3> transforms = {Transform3::Identity()};
   unsigned int phiSectors = 5;
-  ActsScalar phiHalfSector = M_PI / phiSectors;
+  ActsScalar phiHalfSector = std::numbers::pi / phiSectors;
 
   for (auto [it, t] : enumerate(transforms)) {
     ACTS_INFO("    -> test series with transform id " << it);
@@ -354,7 +356,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectInPhi) {
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < phiSectors; ++i) {
       auto cBounds = std::make_unique<CylinderVolumeBounds>(
           10., 100., 100., phiHalfSector,
-          -M_PI + (2u * i + 1u) * phiHalfSector);
+          -std::numbers::pi + (2u * i + 1u) * phiHalfSector);
 
       // create the volume
       phiVolumes.push_back(DetectorVolumeFactory::construct(
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/DetectorVolumeBuilderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/DetectorVolumeBuilderTests.cpp
index e0b5d2bfbb2..7b0a551f36e 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/DetectorVolumeBuilderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/DetectorVolumeBuilderTests.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
@@ -161,8 +162,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DetectorVolumeBuilder_EmptyVolume) {
   // Assign proto material to
   dvCfg.portalMaterialBinning[2u] = BinningDescription{
       {ProtoBinning(BinningValue::binZ, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound, 50),
-       ProtoBinning(BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI,
-                    M_PI, 12)}};
+       ProtoBinning(BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+                    -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 12)}};
 
   auto dvBuilder = std::make_shared<DetectorVolumeBuilder>(
       dvCfg, getDefaultLogger("DetectorVolumeBuilder", Logging::VERBOSE));
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfaceGridFillerTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfaceGridFillerTests.cpp
index 198016678b8..ffe66a708c6 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfaceGridFillerTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfaceGridFillerTests.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <set>
 #include <utility>
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IndexGridZPhiYOneSurfacePolyhedronBinExpansion) {
 
   // z-phi Axes & Grid
   Axis axisZ(AxisBound, -9., 9., 9);
-  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 36);
+  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 36);
   Grid gridZPhi(Type<std::vector<unsigned int>>, std::move(axisZ),
                 std::move(axisPhi));
 
@@ -275,7 +276,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IndexGridZPhiYOneSurfacePolyhedronBinExpansion) {
   IndexedSurfacesNavigation<decltype(gridZPhi)> indexedGridZPhi(
       std::move(gridZPhi), {BinningValue::binZ, BinningValue::binPhi});
 
-  auto cBounds = std::make_shared<CylinderBounds>(10, 2., M_PI / 30, 0.);
+  auto cBounds =
+      std::make_shared<CylinderBounds>(10, 2., std::numbers::pi / 30, 0.);
   auto cSurface = Surface::makeShared<CylinderSurface>(Transform3::Identity(),
                                                        std::move(cBounds));
 
@@ -298,11 +300,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IndexGridZPhiYOneSurfacePolyhedronBinExpansion) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IndexGridZPhiYOneSurfaceMPIPolyhedronBinExpansion) {
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("*** Test 4", logLevel));
   ACTS_INFO("Testing Phi-Z grid.");
-  ACTS_INFO("Testing one surface at M_PI jump, with polyhedron generator");
+  ACTS_INFO(
+      "Testing one surface at std::numbers::pi jump, with polyhedron "
+      "generator");
 
   // z-phi Axes & Grid
   Axis axisZ(AxisBound, -9., 9., 9);
-  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 36);
+  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 36);
   Grid gridZPhi(Type<std::vector<unsigned int>>, std::move(axisZ),
                 std::move(axisPhi));
 
@@ -310,8 +314,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IndexGridZPhiYOneSurfaceMPIPolyhedronBinExpansion) {
   IndexedSurfacesNavigation<decltype(gridZPhi)> indexedGridZPhi(
       std::move(gridZPhi), {BinningValue::binZ, BinningValue::binPhi});
 
-  auto cBounds = std::make_shared<CylinderBounds>(10, 2., M_PI / 10, 0.);
-  auto tf = AngleAxis3(M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()) * Transform3::Identity();
+  auto cBounds =
+      std::make_shared<CylinderBounds>(10, 2., std::numbers::pi / 10, 0.);
+  auto tf =
+      AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi, Vector3::UnitZ()) * Transform3::Identity();
   auto cSurface = Surface::makeShared<CylinderSurface>(tf, std::move(cBounds));
 
   // The Filler instance and a center based generator
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfacesGeneratorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfacesGeneratorTests.cpp
index 4f88dee007e..f95adbdcb3b 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfacesGeneratorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/IndexedSurfacesGeneratorTests.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <set>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -55,7 +56,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc1D) {
   IndexedSurfacesGenerator<decltype(rSurfaces), IndexedSurfacesNavigation>
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
-  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-M_PI, M_PI}, 44u};
+  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi},
+                                          44u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -80,9 +82,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc1D) {
 
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 
-  // Check that surfaces 0, 1, 21 build the bins at phi == -M_PI + epsilon
+  // Check that surfaces 0, 1, 21 build the bins at phi == -pi + epsilon
   reference = {0, 1, 21};
-  p = {-M_PI + 0.05};
+  p = {-std::numbers::pi + 0.05};
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 }
 
@@ -100,7 +102,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc1DWithSupport) {
   IndexedSurfacesGenerator<decltype(rSurfaces), IndexedSurfacesNavigation>
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {rSurfaces.size() - 1u}, {BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
-  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-M_PI, M_PI}, 44u};
+  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi},
+                                          44u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -126,9 +129,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc1DWithSupport) {
   GridType::point_t p = {0.05};
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 
-  // Check that surfaces 0, 1, 21 build the bins at phi == -M_PI + epsilon
+  // Check that surfaces 0, 1, 21 build the bins at phi == -pi + epsilon
   reference = {0, 1, 21, 22};
-  p = {-M_PI + 0.05};
+  p = {-std::numbers::pi + 0.05};
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2D) {
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binR, BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::VarBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {24., 74., 110.}, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 44u};
+      {24., 74., 110.}, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 44u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2D) {
 
   // Check that now two rows of surfaces are given
   std::vector<std::size_t> reference = {16, 17, 38, 39};
-  GridType::point_t p = {65., M_PI * 0.49};
+  GridType::point_t p = {65., std::numbers::pi * 0.49};
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 }
 
@@ -194,7 +197,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2DFine) {
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binR, BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {24., 152}, 8u, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 88u};
+      {24., 152}, 8u, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 88u};
 
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
@@ -217,7 +220,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2DFine) {
 
   // Fine binning created fewer candidates
   std::vector<std::size_t> reference = {38, 39};
-  GridType::point_t p = {80., M_PI * 0.49};
+  GridType::point_t p = {80., std::numbers::pi * 0.49};
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 }
 
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2DFineExpanded) {
           rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binR, BinningValue::binPhi}, {2u, 4u}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {24., 152}, 8u, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 88u};
+      {24., 152}, 8u, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 88u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2DFineExpanded) {
 
   // Bin expansion created again more elements
   std::vector<std::size_t> reference = {38, 39};
-  GridType::point_t p = {80., M_PI * 0.49};
+  GridType::point_t p = {80., std::numbers::pi * 0.49};
   BOOST_CHECK_GT(grid.atPosition(p).size(), 2u);
 }
 
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder2D) {
           surfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binZ, BinningValue::binPhi}, {1u, 1u}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {-500., 500}, 28, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 52u};
+      {-500., 500}, 28, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 52u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedCylinder = icSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -298,7 +301,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder2D) {
 
   // Bin expansion created again more elements
   std::vector<std::size_t> reference = {676, 677, 725, 726, 727};
-  GridType::point_t p = {490., M_PI * 0.99};
+  GridType::point_t p = {490., std::numbers::pi * 0.99};
   BOOST_CHECK(grid.atPosition(p) == reference);
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/LayerStructureBuilderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/LayerStructureBuilderTests.cpp
index a109a61931a..bf4009335c6 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/LayerStructureBuilderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/LayerStructureBuilderTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -66,9 +67,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(LayerStructureBuilder_creationRing) {
   Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder::Config lsConfig;
   lsConfig.auxiliary = "*** Endcap with 22 surfaces ***";
   lsConfig.surfacesProvider = endcapSurfaces;
-  lsConfig.binnings = {ProtoBinning(Acts::BinningValue::binPhi,
-                                    Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI, M_PI,
-                                    22u, 1u)};
+  lsConfig.binnings = {
+      ProtoBinning(Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+                   -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 22u, 1u)};
 
   auto endcapBuilder = Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder(
       lsConfig, Acts::getDefaultLogger("EndcapBuilder", Logging::VERBOSE));
@@ -189,9 +190,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(LayerStructureBuilder_creationCylinder) {
       Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning{Acts::BinningValue::binZ,
                                        Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound, -480.,
                                        480., 14u, 1u},
-      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(Acts::BinningValue::binPhi,
-                                       Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI,
-                                       M_PI, 32u, 1u)};
+      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
+          Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+          -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 32u, 1u)};
 
   auto barrelBuilder = Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder(
       lsConfig, Acts::getDefaultLogger("BarrelBuilder", Logging::VERBOSE));
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/MultiWireStructureBuilderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/MultiWireStructureBuilderTests.cpp
index 99839806aae..471594170df 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/MultiWireStructureBuilderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/MultiWireStructureBuilderTests.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Multi_Wire_Structure_Builder_StrawSurfacesCreation) {
   // The transform of the 1st surface
   Vector3 ipos = {-0.5 * nSurfacesX * 2 * radius + radius,
                   -0.5 * nSurfacesY * 2 * radius + radius, 0.};
-  AngleAxis3 rotation(M_PI / 2, Acts::Vector3(0., 1., 0.));
+  AngleAxis3 rotation(std::numbers::pi / 2., Acts::Vector3(0., 1., 0.));
 
   Vector3 pos = ipos;
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/PortalGeneratorsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/PortalGeneratorsTests.cpp
index 79a402137ea..ba9b2bb7e6e 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/PortalGeneratorsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/PortalGeneratorsTests.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 using namespace Acts::Experimental;
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylindricalPortalGenerator) {
   testDetectorVolumeUpdate(*cTubePortals[3], innerPos, -innerDir, nullptr);
 
   // Sectoral tube cylinder
-  Acts::ActsScalar alpha = 0.25 * M_PI;
+  Acts::ActsScalar alpha = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
   Acts::ActsScalar r = 50;
 
   Acts::Vector3 negPhiSecPos(r * std::cos(-alpha), r * std::sin(-alpha), 0.);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/ProtoBinningTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/ProtoBinningTests.cpp
index 725331ae8b7..e2de5cc1369 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/ProtoBinningTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/ProtoBinningTests.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/FloatComparisons.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinUtility.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 using namespace Acts::Experimental;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(Detector)
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ProtoBinningVariable) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningDescriptionFromAndToBinUtility) {
   // A valid binning
   Acts::BinUtility bUtility(5u, 0., 10., Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binR);
-  std::vector<float> edges = {-M_PI, 0.1, M_PI};
+  std::vector<float> edges = {-std::numbers::pi, 0.1, std::numbers::pi};
   bUtility += Acts::BinUtility(edges, Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
 
   auto bDescription = BinningDescription::fromBinUtility(bUtility);
@@ -100,7 +102,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningDescriptionFromAndToBinUtility) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(binUtility.binningData()[0].bins(), 5u);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(binUtility.binningData()[1].bins(), 2u);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(binUtility.binningData()[1].boundaries().size(), 3u);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(binUtility.binningData()[1].boundaries()[0], -M_PI, 1e-5);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(binUtility.binningData()[1].boundaries()[0],
+                  -std::numbers::pi, 1e-5);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(binUtility.binningData()[1].boundaries()[1], 0.1, 1e-4);
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/SupportSurfacesHelperTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/SupportSurfacesHelperTests.cpp
index d8289efdc72..cfd6bb11dcc 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/SupportSurfacesHelperTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Detector/SupportSurfacesHelperTests.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DiscSupportCase) {
   // As a single disc
   // rmin = 100
   // rmax = 400
-  /// phi min = 0
+  // phi min = 0
   // phi max = 2pi
   Acts::Extent lExtent;
   lExtent.set(Acts::BinningValue::binR, 100., 400.);
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DiscSupportCase) {
   dsValues = {120., 399.};
   BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cylindricalSupport(dsComponents), std::invalid_argument);
 
-  dsValues = {120., 399., M_PI, 0.};
+  dsValues = {120., 399., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   dsType = Acts::Surface::SurfaceType::Cylinder;
   BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cylindricalSupport(dsComponents), std::invalid_argument);
 }
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/BoundTrackParametersTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/BoundTrackParametersTests.cpp
index 9daf24c8a79..eaf97f24a43 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/BoundTrackParametersTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/BoundTrackParametersTests.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ void checkParameters(const BoundTrackParameters& params, double l0, double l1,
 void runTest(const std::shared_ptr<const Surface>& surface, double l0,
              double l1, double time, double phi, double theta, double p) {
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks
-  phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI)) ? phi : 0.0;
+  phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi)) ? phi : 0.;
 
   // global direction for reference
   const Vector3 dir = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(phi, theta);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CorrectedTransformFreeToBoundTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CorrectedTransformFreeToBoundTests.cpp
index a8bfcbb6637..ab1d1c1473a 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CorrectedTransformFreeToBoundTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CorrectedTransformFreeToBoundTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <string>
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CorrectedFreeToBoundTrackParameters) {
   const auto loc0 = 0.0;
   const auto loc1 = 0.0;
   const auto phi = 0.0;
-  const auto theta = M_PI / 4;
+  const auto theta = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
   const auto qOverP = 1 / 1_GeV;
   const auto t = 1_ns;
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CorrectedFreeToBoundTrackParameters) {
   Vector3 tpos = intersection.position();
   auto s = intersection.pathLength();
 
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(s, distance * std::sqrt(2));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(s, distance * std::numbers::sqrt2);
 
   // construct the free parameters vector
   FreeVector eFreeParams = FreeVector::Zero();
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CurvilinearTrackParametersTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CurvilinearTrackParametersTests.cpp
index 143515148d4..444bf398f66 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CurvilinearTrackParametersTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/CurvilinearTrackParametersTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ void checkParameters(const CurvilinearTrackParameters& params, double phi,
                        detail::radian_sym(phi), eps, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_OR_SMALL(params.template get<eBoundTheta>(), theta, eps, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_OR_SMALL(params.template get<eBoundQOverP>(), qOverP, eps, eps);
-  // convenience accessorss
+  // convenience accessors
   CHECK_CLOSE_OR_SMALL(params.fourPosition(geoCtx), pos4, eps, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_OR_SMALL(params.position(geoCtx), pos, eps, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_OR_SMALL(params.time(), pos4[eTime], eps, eps);
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     posSymmetric* posSymmetric* posSymmetric* ts* phis* thetas* ps, x, y, z,
     time, phiInput, theta, p) {
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks
-  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI)) ? phiInput : 0.0;
+  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi)) ? phiInput : 0.;
   const Vector4 pos4(x, y, z, time);
   const Vector3 dir = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(phi, theta);
 
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     posSymmetric* posSymmetric* posSymmetric* ts* phis* thetas* ps* qsNonZero,
     x, y, z, time, phiInput, theta, p, q) {
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks
-  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI)) ? phiInput : 0.0;
+  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi)) ? phiInput : 0.;
   const Vector4 pos4(x, y, z, time);
   const Vector3 dir = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(phi, theta);
 
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     posSymmetric* posSymmetric* posSymmetric* ts* phis* thetas* ps* qsAny, x, y,
     z, time, phiInput, theta, p, q) {
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks
-  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI)) ? phiInput : 0.0;
+  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi)) ? phiInput : 0.;
   const Vector4 pos4(x, y, z, time);
   const Vector3 dir = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(phi, theta);
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TrackParametersDatasets.hpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TrackParametersDatasets.hpp
index 3174658a578..668047c6ed2 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TrackParametersDatasets.hpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TrackParametersDatasets.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/RegularSurface.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace {
@@ -40,16 +41,19 @@ const auto surfaces =
         CurvilinearSurface(Vector3::Zero(), Vector3::UnitZ()).planeSurface(),
     });
 // positions
-const auto posAngle = bdata::xrange(-M_PI, M_PI, 0.50);
+const auto posAngle = bdata::xrange(-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 0.5);
 const auto posPositiveNonzero = bdata::xrange(0.25, 1.0, 0.25);
 const auto posPositive = bdata::make(0.0) + posPositiveNonzero;
 const auto posSymmetric = bdata::xrange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.50);
 // time
 const auto ts = bdata::make(1.0);
 // direction angles
-const auto phis = bdata::make({0.0, M_PI, -M_PI, M_PI_2, -M_PI_2});
-const auto thetasNoForwardBackward = bdata::xrange(M_PI_4, M_PI, M_PI_4);
-const auto thetas = bdata::make({0.0, M_PI}) + thetasNoForwardBackward;
+const auto phis = bdata::make({0., std::numbers::pi, -std::numbers::pi,
+                               std::numbers::pi / 2., -std::numbers::pi / 2.});
+const auto thetasNoForwardBackward = bdata::xrange(
+    std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi / 4.);
+const auto thetas =
+    bdata::make({0., std::numbers::pi}) + thetasNoForwardBackward;
 // absolute momenta
 const auto ps = bdata::make({1.0, 10.0});
 // charges
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TransformHelpersTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TransformHelpersTests.cpp
index 2ae0daee9dc..2d3bcb3ce70 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TransformHelpersTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/EventData/TransformHelpersTests.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     surfaces* posSymmetric* posSymmetric* ts* phis* thetas* ps* qsNonZero,
     surface, l0, l1, time, phiInput, theta, p, q) {
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks
-  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI)) ? phiInput : 0.0;
+  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi)) ? phiInput : 0.;
   const auto qOverP = q / p;
 
   GeometryContext geoCtx;
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(GlobalToCurvilinearParameters,
                      ts* phis* thetas* ps* qsNonZero, time, phiInput, theta, p,
                      q) {
   // phi is ill-defined in forward/backward tracks
-  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < M_PI)) ? phiInput : 0.0;
+  const auto phi = ((0 < theta) && (theta < std::numbers::pi)) ? phiInput : 0.;
   const auto qOverP = q / p;
 
   GeometryContext geoCtx;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeLayerTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeLayerTests.cpp
index 95054224201..e10cac3073d 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeLayerTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeLayerTests.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -35,8 +36,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeLayerConstruction) {
   // ConeBounds) to construct
   Translation3 translation{0., 1., 2.};
   auto pTransform = Transform3(translation);
-  double alpha(M_PI / 8.0);
-  const bool symmetric(false);
+  const double alpha = std::numbers::pi / 8.;
+  const bool symmetric = false;
   auto pCone = std::make_shared<const ConeBounds>(alpha, symmetric);
   // for some reason, this one doesn't exist
   // auto         pConeLayer = ConeLayer::create(pTransform, pCone);
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeLayerConstruction) {
   const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Surface>> aSurfaces{
       Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(Transform3::Identity(), rBounds),
       Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(Transform3::Identity(), rBounds)};
-  const double thickness(1.0);
+  const double thickness = 1.;
   auto pConeLayerFromSurfaces = ConeLayer::create(pTransform, pCone, nullptr);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(pConeLayerFromSurfaces->layerType(), LayerType::active);
   // construct with thickness:
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeVolumeBoundsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
index 855fac2ff1b..f65937b386b 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ConeVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(VolumeBounds)
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeVolumeBoundsTests) {
   // Single solid Cone
-  ConeVolumeBounds solidCone(0., 0., 0.45, 50_mm, 50_mm, 0., M_PI);
+  ConeVolumeBounds solidCone(0., 0., 0.45, 50_mm, 50_mm, 0., std::numbers::pi);
 
   // Test correct parameter return
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.get(ConeVolumeBounds::eInnerAlpha), 0.);
@@ -36,7 +37,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeVolumeBoundsTests) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.get(ConeVolumeBounds::eOuterOffsetZ), 50.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.get(ConeVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ), 50.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.get(ConeVolumeBounds::eAveragePhi), 0.);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.get(ConeVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector), M_PI);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.get(ConeVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
+                    std::numbers::pi);
   // Derived quantities
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.innerTanAlpha(), 0.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidCone.innerRmin(), 0.);
@@ -51,12 +53,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeVolumeBoundsTests) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(solidConeSurfaces.size(), 2);
 
   // Single solid Cone - with cut off
-  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffCone(0., 0., 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0., M_PI);
+  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffCone(0., 0., 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0., std::numbers::pi);
   auto cutOffConeSurfaces = cutOffCone.orientedSurfaces();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cutOffConeSurfaces.size(), 3);
 
   // Cone - Cone inlay
-  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffHollowCone(0.35, 70_mm, 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0., M_PI);
+  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffHollowCone(0.35, 70_mm, 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0.,
+                                    std::numbers::pi);
   auto cutOffHollowConeSurfaces = cutOffHollowCone.orientedSurfaces();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cutOffHollowConeSurfaces.size(), 4);
 
@@ -68,18 +71,20 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeVolumeBoundsTests) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cutOffHollowSectoralConeSurfaces.size(), 6);
 
   // Sectoral Cone - Hollow Cone
-  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffHollowCylCone(10_mm, 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0., M_PI);
+  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffHollowCylCone(10_mm, 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0.,
+                                       std::numbers::pi);
   auto cutOffHollowCylConeSurfaces = cutOffHollowCylCone.orientedSurfaces();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cutOffHollowCylConeSurfaces.size(), 4);
 
   // Single Hollow Cylinder - Cone inlay
-  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffHollowConeCyl(120_mm, 0.35, 70_mm, 50_mm, 0., M_PI);
+  ConeVolumeBounds cutOffHollowConeCyl(120_mm, 0.35, 70_mm, 50_mm, 0.,
+                                       std::numbers::pi);
   auto cutOffHollowConeCylSurfaces = cutOffHollowConeCyl.orientedSurfaces();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cutOffHollowConeCylSurfaces.size(), 4);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeVolumeBoundsSurfaceOrientation) {
-  ConeVolumeBounds hcone(10_mm, 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0., M_PI);
+  ConeVolumeBounds hcone(10_mm, 0.45, 80_mm, 50_mm, 0., std::numbers::pi);
 
   auto cvbOrientedSurfaces = hcone.orientedSurfaces(Transform3::Identity());
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cvbOrientedSurfaces.size(), 4);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CuboidVolumeBuilderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CuboidVolumeBuilderTests.cpp
index ff08e5c9996..f20628b809e 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CuboidVolumeBuilderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CuboidVolumeBuilderTests.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CuboidVolumeBuilderTest) {
     cfg.position = {i * UnitConstants::m, 0., 0.};
 
     // Rotation of the surfaces
-    double rotationAngle = M_PI * 0.5;
+    double rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
     Vector3 xPos(cos(rotationAngle), 0., sin(rotationAngle));
     Vector3 yPos(0., 1., 0.);
     Vector3 zPos(-sin(rotationAngle), 0., cos(rotationAngle));
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CuboidVolumeBuilderTest) {
     cfg.position = {-i * UnitConstants::m, 0., 0.};
 
     // Rotation of the surfaces
-    double rotationAngle = M_PI * 0.5;
+    double rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
     Vector3 xPos(cos(rotationAngle), 0., sin(rotationAngle));
     Vector3 yPos(0., 1., 0.);
     Vector3 zPos(-sin(rotationAngle), 0., cos(rotationAngle));
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBoundsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
index e0d22344a9a..9de254dfb68 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ namespace Acts::Test {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(Geometry)
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsConstruction) {
-  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{M_PI / 4}, avgphi{0.};
+  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{std::numbers::pi / 4.},
+      avgphi{0.};
 
   // Test different construction modes: solid
   CylinderVolumeBounds solidCylinder(0., rmax, halfz);
@@ -76,7 +78,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsConstruction) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsRecreation) {
-  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{M_PI / 4}, avgphi{0.};
+  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{std::numbers::pi / 4.},
+      avgphi{0.};
 
   CylinderVolumeBounds original(rmin, rmax, halfz, halfphi, avgphi);
   std::array<double, CylinderVolumeBounds::eSize> values{};
@@ -87,7 +90,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsRecreation) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsExceptions) {
-  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{M_PI / 4}, avgphi{0.};
+  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{std::numbers::pi / 4.},
+      avgphi{0.};
 
   // Negative inner radius
   BOOST_CHECK_THROW(CylinderVolumeBounds(-rmin, rmax, halfz, halfphi, avgphi),
@@ -133,7 +137,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsExceptions) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsAccess) {
-  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{M_PI / 4}, avgphi{0.};
+  double rmin{10.}, rmax{20.}, halfz{30.}, halfphi{std::numbers::pi / 4.},
+      avgphi{0.};
   CylinderVolumeBounds cvBounds(rmin, rmax, halfz, halfphi, avgphi);
 
   // Test the accessors
@@ -149,16 +154,16 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsAccess) {
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     CylinderVolumeBoundsOrientedSurfaces,
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
-                   bdata::distribution =
-                       std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI, M_PI))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 2,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+                   bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                       -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 2,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 4,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-10., 10.))) ^
@@ -253,7 +258,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsBoundingBox) {
   auto bb = cvb.boundingBox();
 
   Transform3 rot;
-  rot = AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3::UnitX());
+  rot = AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitX());
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.max(), Vector3(5, 5, 10));
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsBoundingBox) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.max(), Vector3(8, 8, 12));
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.min(), Vector3(-8, -8, -12));
 
-  double angle = M_PI / 8.;
+  double angle = std::numbers::pi / 8.;
   cvb = CylinderVolumeBounds(5, 8, 13, angle);
   bb = cvb.boundingBox();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
@@ -278,14 +283,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsBoundingBox) {
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.min(),
                   Vector3(5 * std::cos(angle), -8 * std::sin(angle), -13), tol);
 
-  rot = AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3::UnitZ());
+  rot = AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ());
   bb = cvb.boundingBox(&rot);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.max(), Vector3(8 * std::sin(angle), 8, 13), tol);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.min(),
                   Vector3(-8 * std::sin(angle), 5 * std::cos(angle), -13), tol);
 
-  rot = AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3(-2, 4, 5).normalized());
+  rot = AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(-2, 4, 5).normalized());
   bb = cvb.boundingBox(&rot);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.max(), Vector3(8.40007, 15.2828, 3.88911), tol);
@@ -352,30 +357,37 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsSetValues) {
   cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ, 150);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ), 150);
 
-  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector, -M_PI),
-                    std::invalid_argument);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector), M_PI);
+  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(
+      cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector, -std::numbers::pi),
+      std::invalid_argument);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
+                    std::numbers::pi);
 
-  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector, 1.5 * M_PI),
-                    std::invalid_argument);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector), M_PI);
+  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(
+      cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector, 1.5 * std::numbers::pi),
+      std::invalid_argument);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
+                    std::numbers::pi);
 
-  cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector, M_PI / 2);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector), M_PI / 2);
+  cyl.set(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
+                    std::numbers::pi / 2.);
 
   for (auto bValue :
        {CylinderVolumeBounds::eAveragePhi, CylinderVolumeBounds::eBevelMaxZ,
         CylinderVolumeBounds::eBevelMinZ}) {
-    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cyl.set(bValue, -1.5 * M_PI), std::invalid_argument);
+    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cyl.set(bValue, -1.5 * std::numbers::pi),
+                      std::invalid_argument);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(bValue), 0);
 
-    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cyl.set(bValue, 1.5 * M_PI), std::invalid_argument);
+    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(cyl.set(bValue, 1.5 * std::numbers::pi),
+                      std::invalid_argument);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(bValue), 0);
 
-    cyl.set(bValue, 0.5 * M_PI);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(bValue), 0.5 * M_PI);
-    cyl.set(bValue, -0.5 * M_PI);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(bValue), -0.5 * M_PI);
+    cyl.set(bValue, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(bValue), std::numbers::pi / 2.);
+    cyl.set(bValue, -std::numbers::pi / 2.);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(bValue), -std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   }
 
   cyl = CylinderVolumeBounds(100, 300, 200);
@@ -400,7 +412,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CylinderVolumeBoundsSetValues) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eMinR), 50);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eMaxR), 200);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfLengthZ), 150);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector), M_PI);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eHalfPhiSector),
+                    std::numbers::pi);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eAveragePhi), 0);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eBevelMinZ), 0);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cyl.get(CylinderVolumeBounds::eBevelMaxZ), 0);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStackTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStackTests.cpp
index 19850be4bbe..3f9b2649bb7 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStackTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStackTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Zip.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
@@ -1821,15 +1823,17 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(JoinCylinderVolumesInvalidInput,
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("Volume has phi values or bevel values") {
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CylinderVolumeBounds>> invalidVolumeBounds = {
         std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm,
-                                               0.2 * M_PI),
+                                               0.2 * std::numbers::pi),
 
-        std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm, M_PI,
-                                               0.3 * M_PI),
+        std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(
+            100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm, std::numbers::pi, 0.3 * std::numbers::pi),
 
-        std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm, M_PI,
-                                               0.0, 0.3 * M_PI),
-        std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm, M_PI,
-                                               0.0, 0.0, 0.3 * M_PI),
+        std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm,
+                                               std::numbers::pi, 0.,
+                                               0.3 * std::numbers::pi),
+        std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(100_mm, 400_mm, 400_mm,
+                                               std::numbers::pi, 0., 0.,
+                                               0.3 * std::numbers::pi),
     };
 
     for (const auto& invalid : invalidVolumeBounds) {
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/GenericCuboidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/GenericCuboidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
index 1a7f5a7d056..62f94975a48 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/GenericCuboidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/GenericCuboidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GenericCuboidBoundsOrientedSurfaces) {
 
   Transform3 trf;
   trf = Translation3(Vector3(0, 8, -5)) *
-        AngleAxis3(M_PI / 3., Vector3(1, -3, 9).normalized());
+        AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 3., Vector3(1, -3, 9).normalized());
 
   surfaces = cubo.orientedSurfaces(trf);
   for (const auto& srf : surfaces) {
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bounding_box_creation) {
   auto bb = gcvb.boundingBox();
 
   Transform3 rot;
-  rot = AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3::UnitX());
+  rot = AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitX());
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.max(), Vector3(2, 1, 1));
@@ -172,14 +173,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bounding_box_creation) {
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.max(), Vector3(2, 0, 1), tol);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.min(), Vector3(0, -1, 0));
 
-  rot = AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3::UnitZ());
+  rot = AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ());
   bb = gcvb.boundingBox(&rot);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.max(), Vector3(0, 2, 1), tol);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.min(), Vector3(-1, 0., 0.), tol);
 
   rot = AngleAxis3(0.542, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
-        AngleAxis3(M_PI / 5., Vector3(1, 3, 6).normalized());
+        AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 5., Vector3(1, 3, 6).normalized());
 
   bb = gcvb.boundingBox(&rot);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bounding_box_creation) {
 
   // Redo the check from above
   rot = AngleAxis3(0.542, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
-        AngleAxis3(M_PI / 5., Vector3(1, 3, 6).normalized());
+        AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 5., Vector3(1, 3, 6).normalized());
 
   bb = gcvbCopy.boundingBox(&rot);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bb.entity(), nullptr);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/LayerCreatorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/LayerCreatorTests.cpp
index 866a714a7ff..13aec3ff545 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/LayerCreatorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/LayerCreatorTests.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ struct LayerCreatorFixture {
                                double zbase = 0, double r = 10) {
     SrfVec res;
 
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / n;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / n;
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       double z = zbase + ((i % 2 == 0) ? 1 : -1) * 0.2;
 
@@ -146,11 +147,11 @@ struct LayerCreatorFixture {
   }
 
   SrfVec fullPhiTestSurfacesBRL(int n = 10, double shift = 0, double zbase = 0,
-                                double incl = M_PI / 9., double w = 2,
-                                double h = 1.5) {
+                                double incl = std::numbers::pi / 9.,
+                                double w = 2, double h = 1.5) {
     SrfVec res;
 
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / n;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / n;
     for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       double z = zbase;
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ struct LayerCreatorFixture {
       trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(i * phiStep + shift, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
       trans.translate(Vector3(10, 0, z));
       trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(incl, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
-      trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(M_PI / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
+      trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
 
       auto bounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(w, h);
       std::shared_ptr<PlaneSurface> srf =
@@ -180,7 +181,8 @@ struct LayerCreatorFixture {
     for (int i = 0; i < nZ; i++) {
       double z = i * w * 2 + z0;
       std::cout << "z=" << z << std::endl;
-      SrfVec ring = fullPhiTestSurfacesBRL(nPhi, 0, z, M_PI / 9., w, h);
+      SrfVec ring =
+          fullPhiTestSurfacesBRL(nPhi, 0, z, std::numbers::pi / 9., w, h);
       res.insert(res.end(), ring.begin(), ring.end());
     }
 
@@ -188,8 +190,9 @@ struct LayerCreatorFixture {
   }
 
   std::pair<SrfVec, std::vector<std::pair<const Surface*, const Surface*>>>
-  makeBarrelStagger(int nPhi, int nZ, double shift = 0, double incl = M_PI / 9.,
-                    double w = 2, double h = 1.5) {
+  makeBarrelStagger(int nPhi, int nZ, double shift = 0,
+                    double incl = std::numbers::pi / 9., double w = 2,
+                    double h = 1.5) {
     double z0 = -(nZ - 1) * w;
     SrfVec res;
 
@@ -198,14 +201,15 @@ struct LayerCreatorFixture {
     for (int i = 0; i < nZ; i++) {
       double z = i * w * 2 + z0;
 
-      double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / nPhi;
+      double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / nPhi;
       for (int j = 0; j < nPhi; ++j) {
         Transform3 trans;
         trans.setIdentity();
         trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(j * phiStep + shift, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
         trans.translate(Vector3(10, 0, z));
         trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(incl, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
-        trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(M_PI / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
+        trans.rotate(
+            Eigen::AngleAxisd(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
 
         auto bounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(w, h);
         std::shared_ptr<PlaneSurface> srfA =
@@ -258,8 +262,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createCylinderLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   auto axes = layer->surfaceArray()->getAxes();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(0)->getNBins(), 30u);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), 7u);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -14, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), 14, 1e-3);
 
@@ -278,8 +282,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createCylinderLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   axes = layer->surfaceArray()->getAxes();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(0)->getNBins(), 30u);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), 7u);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -14, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), 14, 1e-3);
 
@@ -295,8 +299,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createCylinderLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   axes = layer->surfaceArray()->getAxes();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(0)->getNBins(), 13u);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), 3u);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -14, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), 14, 1e-3);
 
@@ -319,8 +323,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createCylinderLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   axes = layer->surfaceArray()->getAxes();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(0)->getNBins(), 30u);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), 7u);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -25, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), 25, 1e-3);
 }
@@ -351,14 +355,14 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createDiscLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), 30u);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), 5, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), 25, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   checkBinContentSize(layer->surfaceArray(), 1);
 
   // check that it's applying a rotation transform to improve phi binning
   // BOOST_CHECK_NE(bu->transform(), nullptr);
   // double actAngle = ((*bu->transform()) * Vector3(1, 0, 0)).phi();
-  // double expAngle = -2 * M_PI / 30 / 2.;
+  // double expAngle = -2 * std::numbers::pi / 30 / 2.;
   // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(actAngle, expAngle, 1e-3);
 
   double envMinR = 1, envMaxR = 1, envZ = 5;
@@ -380,14 +384,14 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createDiscLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), nBinsPhi);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), rMin, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), rMax, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   checkBinContentSize(layer->surfaceArray(), 1);
 
   // check that it's applying a rotation transform to improve phi binning
   // BOOST_CHECK_NE(bu->transform(), nullptr);
   // actAngle = ((*bu->transform()) * Vector3(1, 0, 0)).phi();
-  // expAngle = -2 * M_PI / 30 / 2.;
+  // expAngle = -2 * std::numbers::pi / 30 / 2.;
   // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(actAngle, expAngle, 1e-3);
 
   layer = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<DiscLayer>(
@@ -402,19 +406,19 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_createDiscLayer, LayerCreatorFixture) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axes.at(1)->getNBins(), nBinsPhi);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMin(), rMin, 1e-3);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(0)->getMax(), rMax, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -M_PI, 1e-3);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), M_PI, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMin(), -std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axes.at(1)->getMax(), std::numbers::pi, 1e-3);
   checkBinContentSize(layer->surfaceArray(), 1);
 
   // check that it's applying a rotation transform to improve phi binning
   // BOOST_CHECK_NE(bu->transform(), nullptr);
   // actAngle = ((*bu->transform()) * Vector3(1, 0, 0)).phi();
-  // expAngle = -2 * M_PI / 30 / 2.;
+  // expAngle = -2 * std::numbers::pi / 30 / 2.;
   // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(actAngle, expAngle, 1e-3);
 }
 
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(LayerCreator_barrelStagger, LayerCreatorFixture) {
-  auto barrel = makeBarrelStagger(30, 7, 0, M_PI / 9.);
+  auto barrel = makeBarrelStagger(30, 7, 0, std::numbers::pi / 9.);
   auto brl = barrel.first;
   draw_surfaces(brl, "LayerCreator_barrelStagger.obj");
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalLinkTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalLinkTests.cpp
index e5345268e84..d44df588af5 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalLinkTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalLinkTests.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
@@ -152,7 +153,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder) {
     const auto* axis1 = grid2dCyl1->grid().axes().front();
     const auto* axis2 = grid2dCyl1->grid().axes().back();
 
-    Axis axis1Expected{AxisClosed, -M_PI * 30_mm, M_PI * 30_mm, 1};
+    Axis axis1Expected{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi * 30_mm,
+                       std::numbers::pi * 30_mm, 1};
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(*axis1, axis1Expected);
     Axis axis2Expected{AxisBound, -100_mm, 100_mm, 10};
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(*axis2, axis2Expected);
@@ -163,7 +165,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder) {
 
     checkAllBins(concrete);
 
-    Axis axis1Explicit{AxisClosed, -M_PI * 30_mm, M_PI * 30_mm, 13};
+    Axis axis1Explicit{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi * 30_mm,
+                       std::numbers::pi * 30_mm, 13};
     auto grid2dCyl1Explicit = grid1dCyl->extendTo2d(&axis1Explicit);
     BOOST_REQUIRE(grid2dCyl1Explicit);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(grid2dCyl1Explicit->grid().axes().size(), 2);
@@ -497,7 +500,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FromTrivial) {
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(gridRPhi->grid().axes().size(), 1);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(gridRPhi->surface().bounds(), cyl->bounds());
-    Axis axisRPhiExpected{AxisClosed, -M_PI * 30_mm, M_PI * 30_mm, 1};
+    Axis axisRPhiExpected{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi * 30_mm,
+                          std::numbers::pi * 30_mm, 1};
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(*gridRPhi->grid().axes().front(), axisRPhiExpected);
 
     auto cylPhi = Surface::makeShared<CylinderSurface>(
@@ -556,7 +560,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FromTrivial) {
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(gridPhi->grid().axes().size(), 1);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(gridPhi->surface().bounds(), disc->bounds());
-    Axis axisPhiExpected{AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 1};
+    Axis axisPhiExpected{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 1};
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(*gridPhi->grid().axes().front(), axisPhiExpected);
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
@@ -2310,8 +2314,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TrivialGridR) {
   auto trivial = std::make_unique<TrivialPortalLink>(disc2, *vol2);
   BOOST_REQUIRE(trivial);
 
-  auto gridPhi = GridPortalLink::make(disc1, BinningValue::binPhi,
-                                      Axis{AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 2});
+  auto gridPhi = GridPortalLink::make(
+      disc1, BinningValue::binPhi,
+      Axis{AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 2});
   gridPhi->setVolume(vol1.get());
 
   auto gridR = GridPortalLink::make(disc1, BinningValue::binR,
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ProtoLayerTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ProtoLayerTests.cpp
index efde97d9b41..3fdf8ec1c16 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ProtoLayerTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/ProtoLayerTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -41,12 +42,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ProtoLayerTests) {
   auto recBounds = std::make_shared<RectangleBounds>(3., 6.);
 
   // Planar definitions to help construct the boundary surfaces
-  static const Transform3 planeYZ = AngleAxis3(0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitY()) *
-                                    AngleAxis3(0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
-                                    Transform3::Identity();
-  static const Transform3 planeZX = AngleAxis3(-0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitX()) *
-                                    AngleAxis3(-0.5 * M_PI, Vector3::UnitZ()) *
-                                    Transform3::Identity();
+  static const Transform3 planeYZ =
+      AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitY()) *
+      AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()) *
+      Transform3::Identity();
+  static const Transform3 planeZX =
+      AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitX()) *
+      AngleAxis3(-std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()) *
+      Transform3::Identity();
 
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Surface>> surfaceStore;
   surfaceStore.reserve(100);
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(OrientedLayer) {
     detectorElements.clear();
 
     std::size_t nSensors = 8;
-    double deltaPhi = 2 * M_PI / nSensors;
+    double deltaPhi = 2 * std::numbers::pi / nSensors;
     double r = 20_mm;
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Surface>> surfaces;
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nSensors; i++) {
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreatorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreatorTests.cpp
index 91eaebabe8e..00b6509ef25 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreatorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceArrayCreatorTests.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <set>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
     SrfVec res;
     // TODO: The test is extremely numerically unstable in the face of upward
     //       rounding in this multiplication and division. Find out why.
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / n;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / n;
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       double z = zbase + ((i % 2 == 0) ? 1 : -1) * 0.2;
       double phi = std::fma(i, phiStep, shift);
@@ -115,12 +116,13 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
   }
 
   SrfVec fullPhiTestSurfacesBRL(std::size_t n = 10, double shift = 0,
-                                double zbase = 0, double incl = M_PI / 9.,
+                                double zbase = 0,
+                                double incl = std::numbers::pi / 9.,
                                 double w = 2, double h = 1.5) {
     SrfVec res;
     // TODO: The test is extremely numerically unstable in the face of upward
     //       rounding in this multiplication and division. Find out why.
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / n;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / n;
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       double z = zbase;
       double phi = std::fma(i, phiStep, shift);
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
       trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(phi, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
       trans.translate(Vector3(10, 0, z));
       trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(incl, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
-      trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(M_PI / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
+      trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
 
       auto bounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(w, h);
       std::shared_ptr<Surface> srf =
@@ -153,8 +155,8 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
       Transform3 trans;
       trans.setIdentity();
       trans.translate(origin + dir * step * i);
-      // trans.rotate(AngleAxis3(M_PI/9., Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
-      trans.rotate(AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3(1, 0, 0)));
+      // trans.rotate(AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 9., Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
+      trans.rotate(AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(1, 0, 0)));
       trans = trans * pretrans;
 
       auto bounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(2, 1.5);
@@ -177,7 +179,8 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
     for (int i = 0; i < nZ; i++) {
       double z = i * w * 2 + z0;
       // std::cout << "z=" << z << std::endl;
-      SrfVec ring = fullPhiTestSurfacesBRL(nPhi, 0, z, M_PI / 9., w, h);
+      SrfVec ring =
+          fullPhiTestSurfacesBRL(nPhi, 0, z, std::numbers::pi / 9., w, h);
       res.insert(res.end(), ring.begin(), ring.end());
     }
 
@@ -185,14 +188,15 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
   }
 
   std::pair<SrfVec, std::vector<std::pair<const Surface*, const Surface*>>>
-  makeBarrelStagger(int nPhi, int nZ, double shift = 0, double incl = M_PI / 9.,
-                    double w = 2, double h = 1.5) {
+  makeBarrelStagger(int nPhi, int nZ, double shift = 0,
+                    double incl = std::numbers::pi / 9., double w = 2,
+                    double h = 1.5) {
     double z0 = -(nZ - 1) * w;
     SrfVec res;
     std::vector<std::pair<const Surface*, const Surface*>> pairs;
     // TODO: The test is extremely numerically unstable in the face of upward
     //       rounding in this multiplication and division. Find out why.
-    double phiStep = 2 * M_PI / nPhi;
+    double phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / nPhi;
     for (int i = 0; i < nZ; i++) {
       double z = i * w * 2 + z0;
       for (int j = 0; j < nPhi; ++j) {
@@ -202,7 +206,8 @@ struct SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture {
         trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(phi, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
         trans.translate(Vector3(10, 0, z));
         trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(incl, Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
-        trans.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(M_PI / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
+        trans.rotate(
+            Eigen::AngleAxisd(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(0, 1, 0)));
 
         auto bounds = std::make_shared<const RectangleBounds>(w, h);
         std::shared_ptr<PlaneSurface> srfA =
@@ -278,7 +283,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
       1.25664,  1.46608,  1.67552,  1.88496,  2.09439,   2.30383,   2.51327,
       2.72271,  2.93215,  3.14159};
 
-  double step = 2 * M_PI / 30.;
+  double step = 2 * std::numbers::pi / 30.;
 
   // endcap style modules
 
@@ -294,8 +299,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
                                       BinningValue::binPhi, pl, tr);
 
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     CHECK_SMALL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), 1e-6);
 
@@ -310,8 +315,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_EC_2.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(bdExp, axis.binEdges, 0.001);
     CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), -0.5 * step, 1e-3);
@@ -326,8 +331,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_EC_3.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), step / -4., 1e-3);
 
@@ -344,8 +349,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_EC_4.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), step / 4., 1e-3);
   }
@@ -363,8 +368,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_BRL_1.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     CHECK_SMALL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), 1e-6);
 
@@ -379,8 +384,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_BRL_2.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(bdExp, axis.binEdges, 0.001);
     CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), -0.5 * step, 1e-3);
@@ -396,8 +401,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_BRL_3.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(bdExp, axis.binEdges, 0.001);
     CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), step / -4., 1e-3);
@@ -413,8 +418,8 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Phi,
     draw_surfaces(surfaces,
                   "SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_BRL_4.obj");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.nBins, 30u);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, M_PI, 1e-6);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -M_PI, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.max, std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_REL(axis.min, -std::numbers::pi, 1e-6);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(axis.bType, equidistant);
     // CHECK_CLOSE_REL(bdExp, axis.binEdges, 0.001);
     CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phi(tr * Vector3::UnitX()), step / 4., 1e-3);
@@ -477,7 +482,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_createEquidistantAxis_Z,
 
   // z row where elements are rotated around y
   Transform3 tr = Transform3::Identity();
-  tr.rotate(AngleAxis3(M_PI / 4., Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
+  tr.rotate(AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 4., Vector3(0, 0, 1)));
   surfaces = straightLineSurfaces(10, 3, Vector3(0, 0, 0 + 1.5), tr);
   surfacesRaw = unpack_shared_vector(surfaces);
   pl = ProtoLayer(tgContext, surfacesRaw);
@@ -563,16 +568,16 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_completeBinning,
   std::vector<const Surface*> brlRaw = unpack_shared_vector(brl);
   draw_surfaces(brl, "SurfaceArrayCreator_completeBinning_BRL.obj");
 
-  Axis<AxisType::Equidistant, AxisBoundaryType::Closed> phiAxis(-M_PI, M_PI,
-                                                                30u);
+  Axis<AxisType::Equidistant, AxisBoundaryType::Closed> phiAxis(
+      -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 30u);
   Axis<AxisType::Equidistant, AxisBoundaryType::Bound> zAxis(-14, 14, 7u);
 
   double R = 10.;
   auto globalToLocal = [](const Vector3& pos) {
-    return Vector2(phi(pos) + 2 * M_PI / 30 / 2, pos.z());
+    return Vector2(phi(pos) + 2 * std::numbers::pi / 30 / 2, pos.z());
   };
   auto localToGlobal = [R](const Vector2& loc) {
-    double phi = loc[0] - 2 * M_PI / 30 / 2;
+    double phi = loc[0] - 2 * std::numbers::pi / 30 / 2;
     return Vector3(R * std::cos(phi), R * std::sin(phi), loc[1]);
   };
 
@@ -600,7 +605,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_completeBinning,
 
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_barrelStagger,
                         SurfaceArrayCreatorFixture) {
-  auto barrel = makeBarrelStagger(30, 7, 0, M_PI / 9.);
+  auto barrel = makeBarrelStagger(30, 7, 0, std::numbers::pi / 9.);
   auto brl = barrel.first;
   std::vector<const Surface*> brlRaw = unpack_shared_vector(brl);
   draw_surfaces(brl, "SurfaceArrayCreator_barrelStagger.obj");
@@ -696,7 +701,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(SurfaceArrayCreator_barrelStagger,
     for (const auto& edge : axes.at(0)->getBinEdges()) {
       BOOST_TEST_INFO("phi edge index " << i);
       auto phiEdge = phiEdgesExp.at(i);
-      CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(edge, phiEdge, 1e-5 * M_PI);
+      CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(edge, phiEdge, 1e-5 * std::numbers::pi);
       i++;
     }
     i = 0;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceBinningMatcherTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceBinningMatcherTests.cpp
index 398e4279a9d..6a3c92aa8a3 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceBinningMatcherTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/SurfaceBinningMatcherTests.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/format.hpp>
@@ -37,20 +38,22 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PlaneSurfaceMatcher) {
 
   double phiTol = 0.1;
 
-  auto oneBounds = std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(rMin, rMax, M_PI / 16, 0.);
+  auto oneBounds =
+      std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(rMin, rMax, std::numbers::pi / 16., 0.);
   auto oneSurface = Surface::makeShared<DiscSurface>(identity, oneBounds);
 
-  auto otherBounds =
-      std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(2 * rMax, 4 * rMax, M_PI / 16, 0.5 * M_PI);
+  auto otherBounds = std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(
+      2 * rMax, 4 * rMax, std::numbers::pi / 16., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   auto otherSurface = Surface::makeShared<DiscSurface>(identity, otherBounds);
 
   auto similarRbounds = std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(
-      rMin - 0.5 * rMinTol, rMax + 0.5 * rMaxTol, M_PI / 16, 0.5 * M_PI);
+      rMin - 0.5 * rMinTol, rMax + 0.5 * rMaxTol, std::numbers::pi / 1.,
+      std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   auto similarRSurface =
       Surface::makeShared<DiscSurface>(identity, similarRbounds);
 
-  auto similarPhiBounds =
-      std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(0.25 * rMin, 0.5 * rMin, M_PI / 16, 0.);
+  auto similarPhiBounds = std::make_shared<RadialBounds>(
+      0.25 * rMin, 0.5 * rMin, std::numbers::pi / 16., 0.);
   auto similarPhiSurface =
       Surface::makeShared<DiscSurface>(identity, similarPhiBounds);
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
index 79e21127ba1..a6bd725bd3d 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/TrapezoidVolumeBoundsTests.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bounding_box_creation) {
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.max(), Vector3(10, 38, 24), tol);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.min(), Vector3(-10, 22, 16), tol);
 
-  trf = AngleAxis3(M_PI / 2., Vector3(-2, 4, 5).normalized());
+  trf = AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3(-2, 4, 5).normalized());
 
   bb = tvb.boundingBox(&trf);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb.max(), Vector3(9.32577, 11.4906, 11.5777), tol);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterialAccumulaterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterialAccumulaterTests.cpp
index 36a7941e0fd..a249d22ba4b 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterialAccumulaterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterialAccumulaterTests.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinUtility.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -85,7 +86,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(AccumulationTest) {
       std::make_shared<HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial>(mp, 1.));
 
   // Second surface is binned Phi / Z
-  BinUtility sb1(4, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+  BinUtility sb1(4, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                 BinningValue::binPhi);
   sb1 += BinUtility(2, -100., 100., open, BinningValue::binZ);
   surfaces[1u]->assignSurfaceMaterial(
       std::make_shared<ProtoSurfaceMaterial>(sb1));
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
index 52b3af3358b..fbce80b8d5e 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/GridAxisGenerators.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 // this is a global access to the x coordinate
@@ -206,18 +207,20 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GridIndexedMaterial2D) {
   using EqEqGrid = EqBoundEqClosed::grid_type<std::size_t>;
   using Point = EqEqGrid::point_t;
 
-  EqBoundEqClosed eqeqBound{{-1., 1.}, 2, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 4};
+  EqBoundEqClosed eqeqBound{
+      {-1., 1.}, 2, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 4};
   EqEqGrid eqeqGrid{eqeqBound()};
 
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -M_PI * 0.75}) = 1u;  // material 1
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -M_PI * 0.25}) = 1u;  // material 1
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, M_PI * 0.25}) = 0u;   // vacuum
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, M_PI * 0.75}) = 2u;   // material 2
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) =
+      1u;                                                          // material 1
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 1u;   // material 1
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 0u;    // vacuum
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) = 2u;  // material 2
 
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -M_PI * 0.75}) = 0u;  // vacuum
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -M_PI * 0.25}) = 3u;  // material 3
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, M_PI * 0.25}) = 3u;   // material 3
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, M_PI * 0.75}) = 0u;   // vacuum
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) = 0u;  // vacuum
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 3u;    // material 3
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 3u;     // material 3
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) = 0u;   // vacuum
 
   // With radius 20
   auto boundToGrid = std::make_unique<const LocalToZPhi>(20.);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialGridHelperTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialGridHelperTests.cpp
index dde3a05edba..1c76cf866f7 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialGridHelperTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialGridHelperTests.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -129,7 +130,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Square_Grid_test) {
 /// with a 2D grid
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PhiZ_Grid_test) {
   BinUtility bu(2, -2., 2., open, BinningValue::binZ);
-  bu += BinUtility(3, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+  bu += BinUtility(3, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                   BinningValue::binPhi);
   auto bd = bu.binningData();
   std::function<Acts::Vector2(Acts::Vector3)> transfoGlobalToLocal;
 
@@ -309,7 +311,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cubic_Grid_test) {
 /// @brief Various test for the Material in the case of a Cylindrical volume
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylindrical_Grid_test) {
   BinUtility bu(4, 1., 4., open, BinningValue::binR);
-  bu += BinUtility(3, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+  bu += BinUtility(3, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                   BinningValue::binPhi);
   bu += BinUtility(2, -2., 2., open, BinningValue::binZ);
   auto bd = bu.binningData();
   std::function<Acts::Vector3(Acts::Vector3)> transfoGlobalToLocal;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialValidaterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialValidaterTests.cpp
index af98a7df659..7a8004f1b65 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialValidaterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/MaterialValidaterTests.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/FloatComparisons.hpp"
 
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
 
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(MaterialValidaterFlowTest) {
       tContext, MagneticFieldContext(), Vector3(0, 0, 0),
       Vector3(1, 0, 1).normalized());
 
-  ActsScalar pathCorrection = std::sqrt(2.);
+  ActsScalar pathCorrection = std::numbers::sqrt2;
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(rMaterial2.materialInX0,
                   pathCorrection * (2. / 21. + 4. / 41. + 6. / 61.), 1e-6);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(rMaterial2.materialInL0,
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/CovarianceEngineTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/CovarianceEngineTests.cpp
index fb1a1717b5c..5ba2af8da41 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/CovarianceEngineTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/CovarianceEngineTests.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ auto makeDist(double a, double b) {
 
 const auto locDist = makeDist(-5_mm, 5_mm);
 const auto bFieldDist = makeDist(0, 3_T);
-const auto angleDist = makeDist(-2 * M_PI, 2 * M_PI);
+const auto angleDist = makeDist(-2 * std::numbers::pi, 2 * std::numbers::pi);
 const auto posDist = makeDist(-50_mm, 50_mm);
 
 #define MAKE_SURFACE()                                    \
@@ -286,7 +287,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(CovarianceConversionSamePlane,
   covA.diagonal() << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
 
   BoundVector parA;
-  parA << l0, l1, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  parA << l0, l1, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9,
+      -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
 
   // identical surface, this should work
   auto [parB, covB] =
@@ -336,7 +338,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(CovarianceConversionRotatedPlane,
   covA.diagonal() << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
 
   BoundVector parA;
-  parA << l0, l1, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  parA << l0, l1, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9,
+      -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
 
   auto [parB, covB] =
       boundToBound(parA, covA, *planeSurfaceA, *planeSurfaceB, bField);
@@ -384,7 +387,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(CovarianceConversionL0TiltedPlane,
 
   BoundVector parA;
   // loc 0 must be zero so we're on the intersection of both surfaces.
-  parA << 0, l1, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  parA << 0, l1, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV,
+      5_ns;
 
   BoundMatrix covA;
   covA.setZero();
@@ -432,7 +436,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(CovarianceConversionL1TiltedPlane,
 
   BoundVector parA;
   // loc 1 must be zero so we're on the intersection of both surfaces.
-  parA << l0, 0, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  parA << l0, 0, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV,
+      5_ns;
 
   BoundMatrix covA;
   covA.setZero();
@@ -470,7 +475,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(CovarianceConversionPerigee,
   auto planeSurfaceA = MAKE_SURFACE();
 
   BoundVector parA;
-  parA << l0, l1, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  parA << l0, l1, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9,
+      -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
 
   BoundMatrix covA;
   covA.setZero();
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/DirectNavigatorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/DirectNavigatorTests.cpp
index f01e2da6339..586e51bfc31 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/DirectNavigatorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/DirectNavigatorTests.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -178,14 +179,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 20,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.15_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 23,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/EigenStepperTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/EigenStepperTests.cpp
index e818e220915..d784c0b26bb 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/EigenStepperTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/EigenStepperTests.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -968,7 +969,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(step_extension_vacmatvac_test) {
 // Test case a). The DenseEnvironmentExtension should state that it is not
 // valid in this case.
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(step_extension_trackercalomdt_test) {
-  double rotationAngle = M_PI * 0.5;
+  double rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
   Vector3 xPos(cos(rotationAngle), 0., sin(rotationAngle));
   Vector3 yPos(0., 1., 0.);
   Vector3 zPos(-sin(rotationAngle), 0., cos(rotationAngle));
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/ExtrapolatorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/ExtrapolatorTests.cpp
index 4316c7ba563..e8171faf004 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/ExtrapolatorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/ExtrapolatorTests.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -85,14 +86,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 0,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.4_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 2,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -127,14 +128,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 10,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.4_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 11,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 11,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 12,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 13,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -193,14 +194,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 20,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.4_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 23,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -240,14 +241,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 20,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.1_GeV, 0.5_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 23,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -279,7 +280,8 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
   auto bCache = bField->makeCache(mfContext);
   double pmax =
       options.pathLimit *
-      bField->getField(start.position(tgContext), bCache).value().norm() / M_PI;
+      bField->getField(start.position(tgContext), bCache).value().norm() /
+      std::numbers::pi;
   if (p < pmax) {
     BOOST_CHECK_LT(status.pathLength, options.pathLimit);
   } else {
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/LoopProtectionTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/LoopProtectionTests.cpp
index 20493c86f45..ecb3fab014b 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/LoopProtectionTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/LoopProtectionTests.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
@@ -122,12 +123,12 @@ struct PropagatorState {
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     loop_aborter_test,
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                   bdata::distribution =
-                       std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI, M_PI))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+                   bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                       -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::xrange(1),
     phi, deltaPhi, index) {
   (void)index;
@@ -165,14 +166,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 20,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.5_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 23,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MaterialCollectionTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MaterialCollectionTests.cpp
index 1e729221425..e7f8f70080c 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MaterialCollectionTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MaterialCollectionTests.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -355,14 +356,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 20,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.5_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 21,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 22,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 23,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MultiStepperTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MultiStepperTests.cpp
index e7edefb1f03..3fee9d4b6dd 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MultiStepperTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/MultiStepperTests.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <stdexcept>
@@ -127,11 +128,11 @@ auto makeDefaultBoundPars(bool cov = true, std::size_t n = 4,
 
   // note that we are using the default random device
   std::mt19937 gen;
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<> locDis(-10.0, 10.0);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<> phiDis(-M_PI, M_PI);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<> thetaDis(0, M_PI);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<> qOverPDis(-10.0, 10.0);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<> timeDis(0.0, 100.0);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> locDis(-10., 10.);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> phiDis(-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> thetaDis(0., std::numbers::pi);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> qOverPDis(-10., 10.);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> timeDis(0., 100.);
 
   for (auto i = 0ul; i < n; ++i) {
     BoundVector params = BoundVector::Zero();
@@ -451,9 +452,9 @@ void test_multi_stepper_surface_status_update() {
 
   std::vector<std::tuple<double, BoundVector, std::optional<BoundSquareMatrix>>>
       cmps(2, {0.5, BoundVector::Zero(), std::nullopt});
-  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[0])[eBoundTheta] = M_PI_2;
-  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundPhi] = M_PI;
-  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundTheta] = M_PI_2;
+  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[0])[eBoundTheta] = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
+  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundPhi] = std::numbers::pi;
+  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundTheta] = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
   std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[0])[eBoundQOverP] = 1.0;
   std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundQOverP] = 1.0;
 
@@ -563,9 +564,9 @@ void test_component_bound_state() {
 
   std::vector<std::tuple<double, BoundVector, std::optional<BoundSquareMatrix>>>
       cmps(2, {0.5, BoundVector::Zero(), std::nullopt});
-  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[0])[eBoundTheta] = M_PI_2;
-  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundPhi] = M_PI;
-  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundTheta] = M_PI_2;
+  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[0])[eBoundTheta] = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
+  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundPhi] = std::numbers::pi;
+  std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundTheta] = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
   std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[0])[eBoundQOverP] = 1.0;
   std::get<BoundVector>(cmps[1])[eBoundQOverP] = 1.0;
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/PropagatorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/PropagatorTests.cpp
index c434aa0044d..3728ca7b78e 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/PropagatorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Propagator/PropagatorTests.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -165,14 +166,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 0,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.4_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 2,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -225,14 +226,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 0,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.4_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 2,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -305,14 +306,14 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(
     bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 0,
                    bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
                        0.4_GeV, 10_GeV))) ^
-        bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
-                       bdata::distribution =
-                           std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(-M_PI,
-                                                                  M_PI))) ^
+        bdata::random(
+            (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 1,
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi))) ^
         bdata::random(
             (bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 2,
-             bdata::distribution =
-                 std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(1.0, M_PI - 1.0))) ^
+             bdata::distribution = std::uniform_real_distribution<double>(
+                 1., std::numbers::pi - 1.))) ^
         bdata::random((bdata::engine = std::mt19937(), bdata::seed = 3,
                        bdata::distribution =
                            std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint8_t>(0, 1))) ^
@@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BasicPropagatorInterface) {
           .planeSurface();
 
   BoundVector startPars;
-  startPars << 0, 0, 0, M_PI / 2, 1 / 1_GeV, 0;
+  startPars << 0, 0, 0, std::numbers::pi / 2., 1 / 1_GeV, 0;
 
   BoundTrackParameters startParameters{startSurface, startPars, std::nullopt,
                                        ParticleHypothesis::pion()};
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/BinnedGroupTest.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/BinnedGroupTest.cpp
index 1549472f1f6..97c6df0ae4a 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/BinnedGroupTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/BinnedGroupTest.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(binned_group_fill_2d) {
   using value_t = std::size_t;
   using binfinder_t = Acts::GridBinFinder<2ul>;
 
-  Axis phiAxis(AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 40);
+  Axis phiAxis(AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 40);
   Axis zAxis(AxisBound, 0, 100, 10);
 
   Grid grid(Type<std::vector<value_t>>, std::move(phiAxis), std::move(zAxis));
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(binned_group_fill_3d) {
   using grid_t = Acts::Grid<std::vector<value_t>, phiAxis_t, zAxis_t, rAxis_t>;
   using binfinder_t = Acts::GridBinFinder<3ul>;
 
-  phiAxis_t phiAxis(-M_PI, M_PI, 40);
+  phiAxis_t phiAxis(-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 40);
   zAxis_t zAxis(0, 100, 10);
   rAxis_t rAxis(0, 11000, 1);
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/PathSeederTest.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/PathSeederTest.cpp
index e8338925747..428c5b0ef1f 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/PathSeederTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Seeding/PathSeederTest.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Tests/CommonHelpers/MeasurementsCreator.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(PathSeeder)
 
 using namespace Acts;
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ const ActsScalar deltaYZ = 1.;
 const Vector4 trueVertex(-5., 0., 0., 0);
 const std::vector<ActsScalar> truePhis = {-0.15, -0.1, -0.05, 0,
                                           0.05,  0.1,  0.15};
-const ActsScalar trueTheta = M_PI_2;
+const ActsScalar trueTheta = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
 const ActsScalar trueQOverP = 1. / 1._GeV;
 
 // Intersection finding to get the
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/ConeBoundsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/ConeBoundsTests.cpp
index ba38f5d11c1..057f4164514 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/ConeBoundsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/ConeBoundsTests.cpp
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConeBoundsExceptions) {
   BOOST_CHECK_THROW(ConeBounds(-alpha, zMin, zMax, halfPhi, averagePhi),
                     std::logic_error);
 
-  // Exception for opening angle bigger std::numbers::pi
+  // Exception for opening angle bigger pi
   BOOST_CHECK_THROW(
       ConeBounds(std::numbers::pi, zMin, zMax, halfPhi, averagePhi),
       std::logic_error);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp
index af7eef54015..d97369fbfef 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFinding/TrackSelectorTests.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/AngleHelpers.hpp"
 
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 
 using namespace Acts;
 namespace bdata = boost::unit_test::data;
@@ -639,7 +640,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SubsetHitCountCut) {
     auto track = tc.makeTrack();
 
     using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
-    track.parameters() << 0, 0, M_PI / 2, M_PI / 2, 1 / 1_GeV, 0;
+    track.parameters() << 0, 0, std::numbers::pi / 2., std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+        1 / 1_GeV, 0;
     auto perigee = Surface::makeShared<PerigeeSurface>(Vector3::Zero());
     track.setReferenceSurface(perigee);
     return track;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixSmootherTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixSmootherTests.cpp
index ec8845ade2e..f92c8f50e87 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixSmootherTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixSmootherTests.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -46,12 +47,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   covTrk.setIdentity();
   covTrk.diagonal() << 0.08, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 1;
   BoundVector parValues;
-  parValues << 0.3, 0.5, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  parValues << 0.3, 0.5, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
 
   ts.predicted() = parValues;
   ts.predictedCovariance() = covTrk;
 
-  parValues << 0.301, 0.503, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  parValues << 0.301, 0.503, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
 
   ts.filtered() = parValues;
   ts.filteredCovariance() = covTrk;
@@ -61,11 +62,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts_idx = traj.addTrackState(TrackStatePropMask::All, ts_idx);
   ts = traj.getTrackState(ts_idx);
 
-  parValues << 0.2, 0.5, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  parValues << 0.2, 0.5, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.predicted() = parValues;
   ts.predictedCovariance() = covTrk;
 
-  parValues << 0.27, 0.53, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  parValues << 0.27, 0.53, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.filtered() = parValues;
   ts.filteredCovariance() = covTrk;
   ts.pathLength() = 2.;
@@ -74,11 +75,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts_idx = traj.addTrackState(TrackStatePropMask::All, ts_idx);
   ts = traj.getTrackState(ts_idx);
 
-  parValues << 0.35, 0.49, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  parValues << 0.35, 0.49, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.predicted() = parValues;
   ts.predictedCovariance() = covTrk;
 
-  parValues << 0.33, 0.43, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  parValues << 0.33, 0.43, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.filtered() = parValues;
   ts.filteredCovariance() = covTrk;
   ts.pathLength() = 3.;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixUpdaterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixUpdaterTests.cpp
index 6123b8ca81e..57c9f49f05d 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixUpdaterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GainMatrixUpdaterTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Update) {
 
   // Make dummy track parameters
   ParametersVector trkPar;
-  trkPar << 0.3, 0.5, 0.5 * M_PI, 0.3 * M_PI, 0.01, 0.;
+  trkPar << 0.3, 0.5, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.3 * std::numbers::pi, 0.01, 0.;
   CovarianceMatrix trkCov = CovarianceMatrix::Zero();
   trkCov.diagonal() << 0.08, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 0;
 
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(UpdateFailed) {
 
   // Make dummy track parameters
   ParametersVector trkPar;
-  trkPar << 0.3, 0.5, 0.5 * M_PI, 0.3 * M_PI, 0.01, 0.;
+  trkPar << 0.3, 0.5, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.3 * std::numbers::pi, 0.01, 0.;
   CovarianceMatrix trkCov = CovarianceMatrix::Zero();
 
   // Make trajectory w/ one state
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GsfComponentMergingTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GsfComponentMergingTests.cpp
index 49b8304928e..8f6e9be94d3 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GsfComponentMergingTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/GsfComponentMergingTests.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -231,8 +232,8 @@ void test_surface(const Surface &surface, const angle_description_t &desc,
           a.boundPars = BoundVector::Ones();
           a.boundPars[eBoundLoc0] *= p_it->first;
           a.boundPars[eBoundLoc1] *= p_it->second;
-          a.boundPars[eBoundPhi] =
-              detail::wrap_periodic(phi + dphi, -M_PI, 2 * M_PI);
+          a.boundPars[eBoundPhi] = detail::wrap_periodic(
+              phi + dphi, -std::numbers::pi, 2 * std::numbers::pi);
           a.boundPars[eBoundTheta] = theta + dtheta;
 
           // We don't look at covariance in this test
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_with_data_circular) {
   const auto boundCov_data = boundCov(samples, mean_data, [](auto a, auto b) {
     Vector2 res = Vector2::Zero();
     for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
-      res[i] = detail::difference_periodic(a[i], b[i], 2 * M_PI);
+      res[i] = detail::difference_periodic(a[i], b[i], 2 * std::numbers::pi);
     }
     return res;
   });
@@ -303,10 +304,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_with_data_circular) {
   const auto [mean_test, boundCov_test] =
       detail::gaussianMixtureMeanCov(cmps, std::identity{}, d);
 
-  BOOST_CHECK(std::abs(detail::difference_periodic(mean_data[0], mean_test[0],
-                                                   2 * M_PI)) < 1.e-1);
-  BOOST_CHECK(std::abs(detail::difference_periodic(mean_data[1], mean_test[1],
-                                                   2 * M_PI)) < 1.e-1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(std::abs(detail::difference_periodic(
+                  mean_data[0], mean_test[0], 2 * std::numbers::pi)) < 1.e-1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(std::abs(detail::difference_periodic(
+                  mean_data[1], mean_test[1], 2 * std::numbers::pi)) < 1.e-1);
   CHECK_CLOSE_MATRIX(boundCov_data, boundCov_test, 1.e-1);
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/Gx2fTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/Gx2fTests.cpp
index bce69cba0b2..e3dbe1d4cde 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/Gx2fTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/Gx2fTests.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Visualization/GeometryView3D.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Visualization/ObjVisualization3D.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "FitterTestsCommon.hpp"
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<const TrackingGeometry> makeToyDetector(
   const double halfSizeSurface = 1_m;
 
   // Rotation of the surfaces around the y-axis
-  const double rotationAngle = M_PI * 0.5;
+  const double rotationAngle = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
   const Vector3 xPos(cos(rotationAngle), 0., sin(rotationAngle));
   const Vector3 yPos(0., 1., 0.);
   const Vector3 zPos(-sin(rotationAngle), 0., cos(rotationAngle));
@@ -394,7 +395,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Fit5Iterations) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc0], -11., 7e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc1], -15., 6e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundPhi], 1e-5, 1e3);
-  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], M_PI / 2, 1e-3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], std::numbers::pi / 2,
+                    1e-3);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(track.parameters()[eBoundQOverP], 1);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTime],
                     startParametersFit.parameters()[eBoundTime], 1e-6);
@@ -499,7 +501,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(MixedDetector) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc0], -11., 7e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc1], -15., 6e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundPhi], 1e-5, 1e3);
-  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], M_PI / 2, 1e-3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], std::numbers::pi / 2,
+                    1e-3);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(track.parameters()[eBoundQOverP], 1);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTime],
                     startParametersFit.parameters()[eBoundTime], 1e-6);
@@ -596,7 +599,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FitWithBfield) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc0], -11., 8e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc1], -15., 6e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundPhi], 1e-4, 1e3);
-  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], M_PI / 2, 1e-3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], std::numbers::pi / 2,
+                    1e-3);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundQOverP], 0.5, 2e-1);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTime],
                     startParametersFit.parameters()[eBoundTime], 1e-6);
@@ -693,7 +697,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(relChi2changeCutOff) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc0], -11., 7e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc1], -15., 6e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundPhi], 1e-5, 1e3);
-  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], M_PI / 2, 1e-3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], std::numbers::pi / 2,
+                    1e-3);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(track.parameters()[eBoundQOverP], 1);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTime],
                     startParametersFit.parameters()[eBoundTime], 1e-6);
@@ -955,7 +960,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FindHoles) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc0], -11., 7e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc1], -15., 6e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundPhi], 1e-5, 1e3);
-  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], M_PI / 2, 1e-3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], std::numbers::pi / 2,
+                    1e-3);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(track.parameters()[eBoundQOverP], 1);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTime],
                     startParametersFit.parameters()[eBoundTime], 1e-6);
@@ -1105,7 +1111,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Material) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc0], -11., 7e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundLoc1], -15., 6e0);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundPhi], 1e-5, 1e3);
-  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], M_PI / 2, 1e-3);
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTheta], std::numbers::pi / 2,
+                    1e-3);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(track.parameters()[eBoundQOverP], 1);
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(track.parameters()[eBoundTime],
                     startParametersFit.parameters()[eBoundTime], 1e-6);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/MbfSmootherTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/MbfSmootherTests.cpp
index ab720dba11b..21d0a347e56 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/MbfSmootherTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/TrackFitting/MbfSmootherTests.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   auto ts = traj.getTrackState(ts_idx);
   ts.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::MeasurementFlag);
 
-  ts.predicted() << 0.3, 0.5, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  ts.predicted() << 0.3, 0.5, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.predictedCovariance() = covTrk;
 
   ts.allocateCalibrated(2);
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts.calibratedCovariance<2>() << 1e+8, 0., 0., 1e+8;
   ts.setSubspaceIndices<2>(projector);
 
-  ts.filtered() << 0.301, 0.503, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  ts.filtered() << 0.301, 0.503, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.filteredCovariance() = covTrk;
   ts.pathLength() = 1.;
   ts.jacobian().setIdentity();
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts = traj.getTrackState(ts_idx);
   ts.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::MeasurementFlag);
 
-  ts.predicted() << 0.2, 0.5, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  ts.predicted() << 0.2, 0.5, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.predictedCovariance() = covTrk;
 
   ts.allocateCalibrated(2);
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts.calibratedCovariance<2>() << 1e+8, 0., 0., 1e+8;
   ts.setSubspaceIndices<2>(projector);
 
-  ts.filtered() << 0.27, 0.53, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  ts.filtered() << 0.27, 0.53, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.filteredCovariance() = covTrk;
   ts.pathLength() = 2.;
   ts.jacobian().setIdentity();
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts = traj.getTrackState(ts_idx);
   ts.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::MeasurementFlag);
 
-  ts.predicted() << 0.35, 0.49, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  ts.predicted() << 0.35, 0.49, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.predictedCovariance() = covTrk;
 
   ts.allocateCalibrated(2);
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Smooth) {
   ts.calibratedCovariance<2>() << 1e+8, 0., 0., 1e+8;
   ts.setSubspaceIndices<2>(projector);
 
-  ts.filtered() << 0.33, 0.43, 0.5 * M_PI, 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
+  ts.filtered() << 0.33, 0.43, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0., 1 / 100., 0.;
   ts.filteredCovariance() = covTrk;
   ts.pathLength() = 3.;
   ts.jacobian().setIdentity();
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentTests.cpp
index 6b755ddd386..1db5ee9ccfe 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentTests.cpp
@@ -19,13 +19,14 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
 
 // Test Radial
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinAdjustment_Radial) {
-  RadialBounds bound(50, 75, M_PI, 0);
+  RadialBounds bound(50, 75, std::numbers::pi, 0);
   BinUtility bu;
   bu += BinUtility(1, 0, 1, Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binR);
   bu += BinUtility(1, 0, 1, Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
@@ -34,21 +35,23 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinAdjustment_Radial) {
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].min, 50);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].max, 75);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min, float{-M_PI});
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max, float{M_PI});
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min, -std::numbers::pi_v<float>);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max, std::numbers::pi_v<float>);
 }
 
 // Test Cylinder
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinAdjustment_Cylinder) {
-  CylinderBounds bound(25, 50, M_PI / 4, 0);
+  CylinderBounds bound(25, 50, std::numbers::pi / 4, 0);
   BinUtility bu;
   bu += BinUtility(1, 0, 1, Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
   bu += BinUtility(1, 0, 1, Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binZ);
 
   BinUtility buAdjust = adjustBinUtility(bu, bound, Transform3::Identity());
 
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].min, float{-M_PI / 4});
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].max, float{M_PI / 4});
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].min,
+                    -static_cast<float>(std::numbers::pi / 4.));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].max,
+                    static_cast<float>(std::numbers::pi / 4.));
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min, -50);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max, 50);
 }
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolumeTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolumeTests.cpp
index 202f9be263d..1b91120dd7f 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolumeTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinAdjustmentVolumeTests.cpp
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
 
 // Test Cylinder
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinAdjustmentVolume_Cylinder) {
-  CylinderVolumeBounds bound(10, 50, 150, M_PI / 2, 0);
+  CylinderVolumeBounds bound(10, 50, 150, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0);
   BinUtility bu;
   bu += BinUtility(1, 0, 1, Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binR);
   bu += BinUtility(1, 0, 1, Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
@@ -34,8 +35,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinAdjustmentVolume_Cylinder) {
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].min, 10);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].max, 50);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min, float{-M_PI / 2});
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max, float{M_PI / 2});
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min,
+                    -static_cast<float>(std::numbers::pi / 2.));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max,
+                    static_cast<float>(std::numbers::pi / 2.));
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[2].min, -150);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[2].max, 150);
 }
@@ -52,8 +55,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinAdjustmentVolume_CutoutCylinder) {
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].min, 10);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[0].max, 50);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min, float{-M_PI});
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max, float{M_PI});
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].min, -std::numbers::pi_v<float>);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[1].max, std::numbers::pi_v<float>);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[2].min, -100);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(buAdjust.binningData()[2].max, 100);
 }
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinUtilityTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinUtilityTests.cpp
index e861a2331b7..b44d939831f 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinUtilityTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinUtilityTests.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -89,12 +90,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinUtility_arbitrary_binning) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinUtility_transform) {
   Transform3 transform_LtoG = Transform3::Identity();
   transform_LtoG = transform_LtoG * Translation3(0., 0., -50);
-  transform_LtoG = transform_LtoG * AngleAxis3(M_PI / 4, Vector3(0, 0, 1));
+  transform_LtoG =
+      transform_LtoG * AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 4., Vector3(0, 0, 1));
 
   Transform3 transform_GtoL = transform_LtoG.inverse();
 
   BinUtility rUtil(10, 0., 100., open, BinningValue::binR);
-  BinUtility phiUtil(10, -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+  BinUtility phiUtil(10, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                     BinningValue::binPhi);
   BinUtility zUtil(10, -100., 100., open, BinningValue::binZ);
 
   BinUtility noTranform;
@@ -109,9 +112,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinUtility_transform) {
 
   Vector3 pos1(0, 0, 0);
   Vector3 pos2(60, 0, 0);
-  Vector3 pos3(34, M_PI / 2, 0);
+  Vector3 pos3(34, std::numbers::pi / 2., 0);
   Vector3 pos4(0, 0, -80);
-  Vector3 pos5(80, -M_PI / 4, 50);
+  Vector3 pos5(80, -std::numbers::pi / 4., 50);
 
   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(withTranform.bin(pos1, i),
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinningDataTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinningDataTests.cpp
index d2585905589..95de3899f92 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinningDataTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BinningDataTests.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ Vector3 eta0Position(0.5, 1.5, 0.);
 // the test positions in 2D
 Vector2 xyPosition(0.5, 1.5);
 Vector2 rphizPosition(0.1, 2.5);
-Vector2 rphiPosition(3.5, M_PI / 8.);
+Vector2 rphiPosition(3.5, std::numbers::pi / 8.);
 
 // the binnings - equidistant
 // x/y/zData
@@ -44,12 +45,11 @@ BinningData zData_eq(open, BinningValue::binZ, 10, 0., 10.);
 // | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
 BinningData rData_eq(open, BinningValue::binR, 10, 0., 10.);
 // bin boundaries
-// > -M_PI | -3/5 M_PI | -1/5 M_PI | 1/5 M_PI | 3/5 M_PI | M_PI <
-BinningData phiData_eq(closed, BinningValue::binPhi, 5, -M_PI, M_PI);
-// BinningData rPhiData_eq(closed, BinningValue::binRPhi, 5, -M_PI, M_PI);
-// h/etaData
-// bin boundaries
-// | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 |
+// > -PI | -3/5 PI | -1/5 PI | 1/5 PI | 3/5 PI | PI <
+BinningData phiData_eq(closed, BinningValue::binPhi, 5, -std::numbers::pi,
+                       std::numbers::pi);
+// BinningData rPhiData_eq(closed, BinningValue::binRPhi, 5, -std::numbers::pi,
+// std::numbers::pi); h/etaData bin boundaries | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 |
 // BinningData hData_eq(open, BinningValue::binH, 5, 0., 10.);
 // | -2.5 | -1.5 | -0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
 BinningData etaData_eq(open, BinningValue::binEta, 5, -2.5, 2.5);
@@ -63,15 +63,16 @@ std::vector<float> values = {0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 10.};
 // | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
 BinningData xData_arb(open, BinningValue::binX, values);
 BinningData yData_arb(open, BinningValue::binY, values);
-// | -M_PI |  -2 |  -1 |  1 |  2 |  M_PI |
-std::vector<float> phiValues = {-M_PI, -2., -1., 1., 2., M_PI};
+// | -PI |  -2 |  -1 |  1 |  2 |  PI |
+std::vector<float> phiValues = {-std::numbers::pi, -2., -1., 1., 2.,
+                                std::numbers::pi};
 BinningData phiData_arb(closed, BinningValue::binPhi, phiValues);
 
 // the binnings - arbitrary when switching to binary search - for boundary
 // sizes >= 50
 std::size_t nBins_binary = 59;
 double valueMin = 0.;
-double phiMin = -M_PI;
+double phiMin = -std::numbers::pi;
 double delta = 0.5;
 double phiDelta = 0.1064;
 
@@ -146,8 +147,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningData_BinningValue) {
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(rData_eq.value(xyzPosition), std::hypot(0.5, 1.5), 1e-5);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(rData_eq.value(rphiPosition), 3.5);
 
-  CHECK_SMALL(phiData_eq.value(phi0Position), 1e-6 * M_PI);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phiData_eq.value(phiPihPosition), M_PI / 2, 1e-5);
+  CHECK_SMALL(phiData_eq.value(phi0Position), 1e-6 * std::numbers::pi);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phiData_eq.value(phiPihPosition), std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                  1e-5);
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_eq.bins(), std::size_t{5});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_arb.bins(), std::size_t{5});
@@ -219,7 +221,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningData_bins) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(rData_eq.searchLocal(rphiPosition), std::size_t{3});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_eq.searchGlobal(phi0Position), std::size_t{2});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_eq.searchGlobal(phiPihPosition), std::size_t{3});
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_arb_binary.search(M_PI), std::size_t{0});
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_arb_binary.search(std::numbers::pi),
+                    std::size_t{0});
 
   // h/etaData
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(etaData_eq.searchGlobal(eta0Position), std::size_t{2});
@@ -310,14 +313,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningData_boundaries) {
                                 xData_eq.boundaries().end(), boundaries.begin(),
                                 boundaries.end());
 
-  float phiStep = M_PI * 2. / 5.;
-  std::vector<float> phiBoundaries_eq = {
-      -M_PI,
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 1 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 2 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 3 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 4 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 5 * phiStep)};
+  const float phiStep = std::numbers::pi * 2. / 5.;
+  std::vector<float> phiBoundaries_eq;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i <= 5; ++i) {
+    phiBoundaries_eq.push_back(
+        static_cast<float>(-std::numbers::pi + i * phiStep));
+  }
+
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phiData_eq.boundaries(), phiBoundaries_eq, 1e-5);
 }
 
@@ -362,13 +365,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningData_bincenter) {
   }
 
   // running into rounding errors here
-  float phiStep = M_PI * 2. / 5.;
-  std::vector<float> phiCenters_eq = {
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 0.5 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 1.5 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 2.5 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 3.5 * phiStep),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 4.5 * phiStep)};
+  const float phiStep = std::numbers::pi * 2. / 5.;
+  std::vector<float> phiCenters_eq;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+    phiCenters_eq.push_back(
+        static_cast<float>(-std::numbers::pi + (i + 0.5) * phiStep));
+  }
 
   for (std::size_t ib = 0; ib < phiCenters_eq.size(); ++ib) {
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phiData_eq.center(ib), phiCenters_eq[ib], 1e-3);
@@ -377,41 +380,43 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningData_bincenter) {
 
 // special test for phi binning
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinningData_phi_modules) {
-  // n phi modules with phi boundary at -M_Pi/+M_PI are checked above
-  // one module expands over -M_Pi/+M_PI
-  float deltaPhi = 0.1;
-  BinningData phiData_mod(closed, BinningValue::binPhi, 5, -M_PI + deltaPhi,
-                          M_PI + deltaPhi);
-  float phiStep = M_PI * 2. / 5.;
-  std::vector<float> phiBoundaries_mod = {
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + deltaPhi),
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 1 * phiStep) + deltaPhi,
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 2 * phiStep) + deltaPhi,
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 3 * phiStep) + deltaPhi,
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 4 * phiStep) + deltaPhi,
-      static_cast<float>(-M_PI + 5 * phiStep) + deltaPhi};
+  // n phi modules with phi boundary at -pi/+pi are checked above one module
+  // expands over -pi/+pi
+  const float deltaPhi = 0.1;
+  BinningData phiData_mod(closed, BinningValue::binPhi, 5,
+                          -std::numbers::pi + deltaPhi,
+                          std::numbers::pi + deltaPhi);
+
+  const float phiStep = std::numbers::pi * 2. / 5.;
+  std::vector<float> phiBoundaries_mod;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i <= 5; ++i) {
+    phiBoundaries_mod.push_back(
+        static_cast<float>(-std::numbers::pi + i * phiStep) + deltaPhi);
+  }
+
   // this is the boundary test
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(phiData_mod.boundaries(), phiBoundaries_mod, 1e-5);
 
   // now test the bin jump 0/maxbin
 
-  float firstAngle = (-M_PI + 1.5 * deltaPhi);
+  float firstAngle = (-std::numbers::pi + 1.5 * deltaPhi);
   Vector3 firstBin(cos(firstAngle), sin(firstAngle), 0.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.search(firstAngle), std::size_t{0});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.searchGlobal(firstBin), std::size_t{0});
 
-  float firstAngleNeg = (-M_PI + 0.5 * deltaPhi);
+  float firstAngleNeg = (-std::numbers::pi + 0.5 * deltaPhi);
   Vector3 lastBinNeg(cos(firstAngleNeg), sin(firstAngleNeg), 0.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.search(firstAngleNeg), std::size_t{4});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.searchGlobal(lastBinNeg), std::size_t{4});
 
-  float lastAnglePos = (M_PI + 0.5 * deltaPhi);
+  float lastAnglePos = (std::numbers::pi + 0.5 * deltaPhi);
   Vector3 lastBinPos(cos(lastAnglePos), sin(lastAnglePos), 0.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.search(lastAnglePos), std::size_t{4});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.searchGlobal(lastBinPos), std::size_t{4});
 
   // now test the (remaining) phi scaling
-  float underscaledAngle = -M_PI - 0.5 * deltaPhi;
+  float underscaledAngle = -std::numbers::pi - 0.5 * deltaPhi;
   Vector3 underscaledPos(cos(underscaledAngle), sin(underscaledAngle), 0.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.search(underscaledAngle), std::size_t{4});
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phiData_mod.searchGlobal(underscaledPos), std::size_t{4});
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp
index 5541e3e8d36..f3aa6b2de14 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <set>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(box_construction) {
     Box bb(&o, {-1, -1}, {2, 2});
 
     typename Box::transform_type rot;
-    rot = Eigen::Rotation2D<BoundingBoxScalar>(M_PI / 7.);
+    rot = Eigen::Rotation2D<BoundingBoxScalar>(std::numbers::pi / 7.);
     Box bb_rot = bb.transformed(rot);
 
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb_rot.min(), Vector2F(-1.76874, -1.33485), 1e-4);
@@ -75,13 +76,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(box_construction) {
     Box bb(&o, {-1, -1, -1}, {2, 2, 2});
 
     typename Box::transform_type rot;
-    rot = AngleAxis3F(M_PI / 3., Vector3F::UnitZ());
+    rot = AngleAxis3F(std::numbers::pi / 3., Vector3F::UnitZ());
     Box bb_rot = bb.transformed(rot);
 
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb_rot.min(), Vector3F(-2.23205, -1.36603, -1), 1e-4);
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb_rot.max(), Vector3F(1.86603, 2.73205, 2), 1e-4);
 
-    rot *= AngleAxis3F(M_PI / 5., Vector3F(1, 1, 0).normalized());
+    rot *= AngleAxis3F(std::numbers::pi / 5., Vector3F(1, 1, 0).normalized());
     Box bb_rot2 = bb.transformed(rot);
 
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bb_rot2.min(), Vector3F(-2.40848, -1.51816, -2.0559), 1e-4);
@@ -408,8 +409,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ray_obb_intersect) {
                {1.8, 1, 1},
                {0, 1, 1}}};
   auto cubo = std::make_shared<GenericCuboidVolumeBounds>(vertices);
-  auto trf = Transform3(Translation3(Vector3(0, 8, -5)) *
-                        AngleAxis3(M_PI / 3., Vector3(1, -3, 9).normalized()));
+  auto trf = Transform3(
+      Translation3(Vector3(0, 8, -5)) *
+      AngleAxis3(std::numbers::pi / 3., Vector3(1, -3, 9).normalized()));
 
   Volume vol(trf, cubo);
 
@@ -440,15 +442,15 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ray_obb_intersect) {
   for (const auto& vtx_ : vertices) {
     Vector3 vtx = trf * vtx_;
 
-    // this ray goes straight to the actual vertex, this should
-    // definitely intersect the OBB
+    // this ray goes straight to the actual vertex, this should definitely
+    // intersect the OBB
     Ray ray(origin, (vtx - origin).normalized());
     ray = ray.transformed(trf.inverse());
     BOOST_CHECK(obb.intersect(ray));
     ray.draw(ply, (vtx - origin).norm());
 
-    // now shift the target point away from the centroid
-    // this should definitely NOT intersect the OBB
+    // now shift the target point away from the centroid this should definitely
+    // NOT intersect the OBB
     vtx += (vtx - centroid);
     ray = Ray(origin, (vtx - origin).normalized());
     ray = ray.transformed(trf.inverse());
@@ -471,8 +473,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     std::ofstream os;
 
-    std::size_t w = 1000;
-    std::size_t n = 10;
+    const std::size_t w = 1000;
+    const std::size_t n = 10;
 
     // BEGIN VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
 
@@ -485,9 +487,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,2> dir    = {1, 0};
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,2> origin = {min + step * i, min + step *
     // j}; origin.x() *= 1.10;  // visual Eigen::Rotation2D<BoundingBoxScalar>
-    // rot(2 * M_PI / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i); BoundingBoxScalar
-    // angle = 0.5 * M_PI / n * j; Frustum2                 fr(origin, rot *
-    // dir, angle); fr.svg(os, w, w, 2);
+    // rot(2 * std::numbers::pi / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i);
+    // BoundingBoxScalar angle = std::numbers::pi / 2. / n * j; Frustum2
+    // fr(origin, rot * dir, angle); fr.svg(os, w, w, 2);
     //}
     //}
 
@@ -496,14 +498,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     // END VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
 
-    w = 1000;
-    BoundingBoxScalar unit = 20;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar unit = 20;
 
     using Box = AxisAlignedBoundingBox<Object, BoundingBoxScalar, 2>;
     Object o;
     Box::Size size(Eigen::Matrix<BoundingBoxScalar, 2, 1>(2, 2));
 
-    n = 10;
     BoundingBoxScalar minx = -20;
     BoundingBoxScalar miny = -20;
     BoundingBoxScalar maxx = 20;
@@ -516,66 +516,66 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // clang-format off
     std::vector<std::pair<Frustum2, std::set<std::size_t>>> fr_exp;
     fr_exp = {
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {60,  70,  71,  72,  80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  90,  91,  92,
           93,  94,  95,  96,  100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
           108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {60,  71,  81,  82,  83,  92,  93,  94, 102,
           103, 104, 105, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, 0.2 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, 0.2 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {60, 71, 82, 93, 104, 114, 115, 116}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0},  3 * M_PI / 4.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0},  3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.),
          {60, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,
           84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
           99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
           112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {0, 1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {0, 1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {-1, 0}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {-1, 0}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 27, 28, 37, 38, 39, 49, 60}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {0, -1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {0, -1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {33, 34, 44, 45, 46, 47, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 69, 77, 78}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {60, 72, 73, 74, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 106, 107,
           108, 109, 117, 118, 119, 120}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {-1, 1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {-1, 1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42,
           43, 50, 51, 52, 60}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {-1, -1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {-1, -1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36,
           37, 46, 47, 48, 60}
         },
-        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, -1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, -1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {60, 68, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, 100,
           101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 113}
         },
-        {Frustum2({1, 1}, {1, -1}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({1, 1}, {1, -1}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80,
           81, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115}
         },
-        {Frustum2({-1, -1}, {1, -1}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({-1, -1}, {1, -1}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80,
           81, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115}
         },
-        {Frustum2({10, -10}, {1, 1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({10, -10}, {1, 1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {91, 92, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119}
         },
-        {Frustum2({-10.3, 12.8}, {0.3, -1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({-10.3, 12.8}, {0.3, -1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
           44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68,
           69, 70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 88, 89, 99}
         },
-        {Frustum2({17.2, 19.45}, {-1, -0.1}, 0.5 * M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum2({17.2, 19.45}, {-1, -0.1}, 0.5 * std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40,
           41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87, 97,
           98, 109}
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> origin(
     // min + i * step, min + j * step, min + k * step);
     //// std::cout << origin.transpose() << std::endl;
-    // make(M_PI / 4., origin, os);
+    // make(std::numbers::pi / 4., origin, os);
     //}
     //}
     //}
@@ -677,9 +677,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // Eigen::Affine3f rot;
     // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> origin(i * 4, 0, 0);
-    // rot = Eigen::AngleAxisf(M_PI / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i,
+    // rot = Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi /
+    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i,
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitY()); BoundingBoxScalar angle =
-    // (M_PI / 2.) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * (1 + i);
+    // (std::numbers::pi / 2.) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * (1 + i);
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0); Frustum3 fr(origin, rot *
     // dir, angle); fr.draw(helper, 2);
     //}
@@ -693,7 +694,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     std::vector<std::pair<Frustum3, std::set<std::size_t>>> fr_exp;
     fr_exp = {
-        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {
              665,  763,  774,  775,  785,  786,  787,  788,  796,  797,  807,
              872,  873,  883,  884,  885,  886,  894,  895,  896,  897,  898,
@@ -724,7 +725,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
              1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326,
              1327,
          }},
-        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {93,   102,  103,  104,  105,  106,  112,  113,  114,  115,  116,
           117,  118,  203,  213,  214,  215,  223,  224,  225,  226,  227,
           233,  234,  235,  236,  237,  238,  239,  324,  333,  334,  335,
@@ -753,7 +754,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208,
           1209, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329,
           1330}},
-        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {32,   42,   43,   53,   54,   63,   64,   65,   75,   76,   86,
           87,   98,   153,  163,  164,  173,  174,  175,  183,  184,  185,
           186,  195,  196,  197,  207,  208,  219,  263,  273,  274,  283,
@@ -782,17 +783,17 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1153, 1154, 1164, 1165, 1175, 1176, 1186, 1187, 1197, 1198, 1208,
           1209, 1220, 1231, 1242, 1253, 1264, 1275, 1286, 1297, 1308, 1319,
           1330}},
-        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 4.),
+        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 4.),
          {186, 305, 306, 307, 416, 417, 425, 426, 427, 428, 438, 439,
           527, 536, 537, 538, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 558, 559, 560,
           571, 647, 648, 656, 657, 658, 659, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669,
           670, 678, 679, 680, 681, 691, 692, 758, 767, 768, 769, 777,
           778, 779, 780, 788, 789, 790, 791, 799, 800, 801, 802, 811,
           812, 813, 824, 879, 890, 901, 912, 923, 934, 945}},
-        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 8.),
+        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 8.),
          {427, 428, 546, 547, 548, 549, 658, 659, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670,
           680, 681, 780, 791, 802}},
-        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI * 3. / 4.),
+        {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi * 3. / 4.),
          {8,    9,    10,   19,   20,   21,   29,   30,   31,   32,   40,
           41,   42,   43,   51,   52,   53,   54,   61,   62,   63,   64,
           65,   73,   74,   75,   76,   84,   85,   86,   87,   95,   96,
@@ -841,7 +842,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1273, 1274, 1275, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297,
           1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1327, 1328, 1329,
           1330}},
-        {Frustum3({1.3, -5.9, 3.5}, {0.2, 0.4, 1}, M_PI / 3.),
+        {Frustum3({1.3, -5.9, 3.5}, {0.2, 0.4, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 3.),
          {318,  426,  427,  428,  438,  439,  450,  538,  546,  547,  548,
           549,  558,  559,  560,  570,  571,  582,  655,  656,  657,  658,
           659,  667,  668,  669,  670,  678,  679,  680,  681,  690,  691,
@@ -922,7 +923,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // helper.clear();
     // os = tmp("frust3d-4s_dir.ply");
 
-    // double angle = M_PI / 4.;
+    // double angle = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
     // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= s; i++) {
     // for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= s; j++) {
     // for (std::size_t k = 0; k <= s; k++) {
@@ -931,11 +932,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0);
 
     // Eigen::Affine3f rot;
-    // rot = Eigen::AngleAxisf(M_PI / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) * i,
+    // rot = Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi /
+    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) * i,
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitX())
-    //* Eigen::AngleAxisf(M_PI / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) * j,
+    //* Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) *
+    // j,
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitY())
-    //* Eigen::AngleAxisf(M_PI / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) * k,
+    //* Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) *
+    // k,
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitZ());
 
     // Frustum34 fr(origin, rot * dir, angle);
@@ -953,12 +957,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>  origin(i * 4, 0, 0);
     // Eigen::Affine3f rot;
-    // rot   = Eigen::AngleAxisf(M_PI / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i,
+    // rot   = Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi /
+    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i,
     // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitY());
-    // angle = (M_PI / 2.) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * (1 + i);
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0);
-    // Frustum34      fr(origin, rot * dir, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, 2);
+    // angle = (std::numbers::pi / 2.) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * (1
+    // + i); ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0); Frustum34 fr(origin,
+    // rot * dir, angle); fr.draw(helper, 2);
     //}
 
     // os << helper << std::flush;
@@ -970,7 +974,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     std::vector<std::pair<Frustum34, std::set<std::size_t>>> fr_exp;
     fr_exp = {
-        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {665,  774,  775,  776,  785,  786,  787,  796,  797,  798,  883,
           884,  885,  886,  887,  894,  895,  896,  897,  898,  905,  906,
           907,  908,  909,  916,  917,  918,  919,  920,  927,  928,  929,
@@ -997,7 +1001,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308,
           1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319,
           1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330}},
-        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {110,  111,  112,  113,  114,  115,  116,  117,  118,  119,  120,
           221,  222,  223,  224,  225,  226,  227,  228,  229,  231,  232,
           233,  234,  235,  236,  237,  238,  239,  240,  241,  332,  333,
@@ -1024,7 +1028,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1087, 1088, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197,
           1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209,
           1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330}},
-        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 2.),
+        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {10,   21,   32,   43,   54,   65,   76,   87,   98,   109,  120,
           131,  141,  142,  152,  153,  163,  164,  174,  175,  185,  186,
           196,  197,  207,  208,  218,  219,  229,  230,  241,  252,  262,
@@ -1051,15 +1055,15 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1077, 1088, 1099, 1109, 1110, 1120, 1121, 1131, 1132, 1142, 1143,
           1153, 1154, 1164, 1165, 1175, 1176, 1186, 1187, 1197, 1198, 1209,
           1220, 1231, 1242, 1253, 1264, 1275, 1286, 1297, 1308, 1319, 1330}},
-        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 4.),
+        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 4.),
          {406, 417, 428, 439, 450, 527, 535, 536, 537, 538, 546, 547, 548, 549,
           557, 558, 559, 560, 571, 648, 656, 657, 658, 659, 665, 666, 667, 668,
           669, 670, 678, 679, 680, 681, 692, 769, 777, 778, 779, 780, 788, 789,
           790, 791, 799, 800, 801, 802, 813, 890, 901, 912, 923, 934}},
-        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 8.),
+        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 8.),
          {538, 549, 560, 659, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 681, 780, 791,
           802}},
-        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI * 3. / 4.),
+        {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi * 3. / 4.),
          {7,    8,    9,    10,   18,   19,   20,   21,   29,   30,   31,
           32,   40,   41,   42,   43,   51,   52,   53,   54,   62,   63,
           64,   65,   73,   74,   75,   76,   84,   85,   86,   87,   95,
@@ -1107,7 +1111,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1263, 1264, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1294,
           1295, 1296, 1297, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319,
           1327, 1328, 1329, 1330}},
-        {Frustum34({1.3, -5.9, 3.5}, {0.2, 0.4, 1}, M_PI / 3.),
+        {Frustum34({1.3, -5.9, 3.5}, {0.2, 0.4, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 3.),
          {461,  472,  537,  538,  548,  549,  558,  559,  560,  569,  570,
           571,  581,  582,  593,  655,  656,  657,  658,  659,  666,  667,
           668,  669,  670,  678,  679,  680,  681,  690,  691,  692,  702,
@@ -1179,7 +1183,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     PlyVisualization3D<BoundingBoxScalar> ply;
 
-    Frustum fr({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI / 8.);
+    Frustum fr({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 8.);
     fr.draw(ply, 10);
 
     Box bb(&o, {0, 0, 10}, size);
@@ -1202,7 +1206,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     PlyVisualization3D<BoundingBoxScalar> ply;
 
-    // Frustum fr({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, M_PI/8.);
+    // Frustum fr({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi/8.);
     vec3 pos = {-12.4205, 29.3578, 44.6207};
     vec3 dir = {-0.656862, 0.48138, 0.58035};
     Frustum fr(pos, dir, 0.972419);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/FrustumTest.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/FrustumTest.cpp
index 7b7221abfa0..52b713349a9 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/FrustumTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/FrustumTest.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_construction) {
   using Vector2F = Eigen::Matrix<float, 2, 1>;
 
   using Frustum2f2 = Frustum<float, 2, 2>;
-  Frustum2f2 fr({1, 0}, {0, 2}, M_PI / 2.);
+  Frustum2f2 fr({1, 0}, {0, 2}, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(fr.origin(), Vector2F(1, 0));
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(fr.dir(), Vector2F(0, 1), 1e-6);
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_construction) {
   using Vector3F = Eigen::Matrix<float, 3, 1>;
 
   using Frustum3f3 = Frustum<float, 3, 3>;
-  Frustum3f3 fr33({1, 0, 0}, {0, 2, 1}, M_PI / 2.);
+  Frustum3f3 fr33({1, 0, 0}, {0, 2, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(fr33.origin(), Vector3F(1, 0, 0));
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(fr33.dir(), Vector3F(0, 2, 1).normalized(), 1e-6);
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_construction) {
   // fr33.draw(hlp);
 
   using Frustum3f4 = Frustum<float, 3, 4>;
-  Frustum3f4 fr34({1, 0, 0}, {0, 2, 1}, M_PI / 2.);
+  Frustum3f4 fr34({1, 0, 0}, {0, 2, 1}, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
 
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(fr34.origin(), Vector3F(1, 0, 0));
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(fr34.dir(), Vector3F(0, 2, 1).normalized(), 1e-6);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/GridAxisGeneratorsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/GridAxisGeneratorsTests.cpp
index a7f3eefdeba..4cfb0ea6088 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/GridAxisGeneratorsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/GridAxisGeneratorsTests.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/GridAxisGenerators.hpp"
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Eq1D) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EqEq2D) {
-  EqOpenEqClosed eoec{{0, 10}, 10u, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 16u};
+  EqOpenEqClosed eoec{{0, 10}, 10u, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 16u};
   auto axisTuple = eoec();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(std::tuple_size<decltype(axisTuple)>{}, 2u);
   auto axisVar = std::get<0u>(axisTuple);
@@ -76,7 +77,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EqVar2D) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(VarEq2D) {
-  VarBoundEqClosed vbec{{10., 20, 30, 40}, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 12u};
+  VarBoundEqClosed vbec{
+      {10., 20, 30, 40}, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 12u};
   auto axisTuple = vbec();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(std::tuple_size<decltype(axisTuple)>{}, 2u);
   auto axisVar = std::get<0u>(axisTuple);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/HelpersTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/HelpersTests.cpp
index 68f173db492..85e8454d052 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/HelpersTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/HelpersTests.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ struct MyStruct {
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(phi_helper_test) {
   Vector3 v(0, 1, 0);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi(v), M_PI / 2., 1e-9);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi(v), std::numbers::pi / 2., 1e-9);
 
   MyStruct s;
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(phi(s), 42u);
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(incidentAnglesTest) {
     Vector3 dir = Vector3::Zero();
     dir[i] = 1;
     std::pair<double, double> angles = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    double expect = (i < 2) ? 0 : M_PI_2;
+    double expect = (i < 2) ? 0 : std::numbers::pi / 2.;
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(angles.first, expect,
                     std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(angles.second, expect,
@@ -238,62 +239,74 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(incidentAnglesTest) {
   {
     Vector3 dir = Vector3({1, 1, 1}).normalized();
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 
   // 45 degree on first axis
   {
     Vector3 dir = Vector3({1, 0, 1}).normalized();
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, M_PI_2, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 
   // 45 degree on second axis
   {
     Vector3 dir = Vector3({0, 1, 1}).normalized();
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, M_PI_2, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 
   // Reverse crossing
   {
     Vector3 dir = {0, 0, -1};
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, -M_PI_2, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, -M_PI_2, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, -std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, -std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 
   // 45 degree but different quadrant
   {
     Vector3 dir = {-1, -1, 1};
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, 3 * M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, 3 * M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, 3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, 3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 
   // 45 degree but different quadrant & other side
   {
     Vector3 dir = {-1, -1, -1};
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, -3 * M_PI_4,
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, -3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.,
                     std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, -3 * M_PI_4,
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, -3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.,
                     std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 
   // Rotate the reference frame instead
   {
-    double s45 = std::sin(M_PI_4);
-    double c45 = std::cos(M_PI_4);
+    double s45 = std::sin(std::numbers::pi / 4.);
+    double c45 = std::cos(std::numbers::pi / 4.);
     RotationMatrix3 ref45;
     ref45 << c45, 0, s45, 0, 1, 0, -s45, 0, c45;
     Vector3 dir = {0, 0, 1};
     auto [a0, a1] = incidentAngles(dir, ref45);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, M_PI_4, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, M_PI_2, std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a0, std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(a1, std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                    std::numeric_limits<ActsScalar>::epsilon());
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/PeriodicTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/PeriodicTests.cpp
index da575ce2a83..a6f66328689 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/PeriodicTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/PeriodicTests.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -51,9 +52,10 @@ constexpr std::tuple<double, double, double, double>
         {0.75, 5.25, 2.0, -0.5},
         {1.25, -2.5, 2.0, -0.25},
         // one of lhs,rhs is over the edge and close together
-        {-0.25, +0.25, 2 * M_PI, -0.5},
-        {+0.25, -0.25, 2 * M_PI, +0.5},
-        {2 * M_PI - 0.25, 2 * M_PI + 0.25, 2 * M_PI, -0.5},
+        {-0.25, +0.25, 2 * std::numbers::pi, -0.5},
+        {+0.25, -0.25, 2 * std::numbers::pi, +0.5},
+        {2 * std::numbers::pi - 0.25, 2 * std::numbers::pi + 0.25,
+         2 * std::numbers::pi, -0.5},
 };
 }  // namespace
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(DifferencePeriodic, bd::make(kDifferencePeriodicDataset),
@@ -62,29 +64,38 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(DifferencePeriodic, bd::make(kDifferencePeriodicDataset),
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(difference_periodic(rhs, lhs, range), -diff, tol);
 }
 
-BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(RadianPos, bd::xrange(0.25, M_PI, 0.5), delta) {
+BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(RadianPos, bd::xrange(0.25, std::numbers::pi, 0.5),
+                     delta) {
   // above upper limit folds back just above lower limit
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(0 - delta), 2 * M_PI - delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(0 - delta), 2 * std::numbers::pi - delta, tol);
   // below lower limit folds back just below upper limit
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(2 * M_PI + delta), delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(2 * std::numbers::pi + delta), delta, tol);
   // same as above but with additional 2pi shifts
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(-2 * M_PI - delta), 2 * M_PI - delta, tol);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(4 * M_PI + delta), delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(-2 * std::numbers::pi - delta),
+                  2 * std::numbers::pi - delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_pos(4 * std::numbers::pi + delta), delta, tol);
 }
 
-BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(RadianSym, bd::xrange(0.25, M_PI, 0.5), delta) {
+BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(RadianSym, bd::xrange(0.25, std::numbers::pi, 0.5),
+                     delta) {
   // above upper limit folds back just above lower limit
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(-M_PI - delta), M_PI - delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(-std::numbers::pi - delta),
+                  std::numbers::pi - delta, tol);
   // below lower limit folds back just below upper limit
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(M_PI + delta), -M_PI + delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(std::numbers::pi + delta),
+                  -std::numbers::pi + delta, tol);
   // same as above but with additional 2pi shifts
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(-M_PI - delta - 2 * M_PI), M_PI - delta, tol);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(M_PI + delta + 2 * M_PI), -M_PI + delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(-std::numbers::pi - delta - 2 * std::numbers::pi),
+                  std::numbers::pi - delta, tol);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(radian_sym(std::numbers::pi + delta + 2 * std::numbers::pi),
+                  -std::numbers::pi + delta, tol);
 }
 
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(NormalizePhiThetaInBounds,
-                     bd::xrange(-M_PI, M_PI, M_PI_2) *
-                         bd::xrange(0.0, M_PI, M_PI_4),
+                     bd::xrange(-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi,
+                                std::numbers::pi / 2.) *
+                         bd::xrange(0., std::numbers::pi,
+                                    std::numbers::pi / 4.),
                      phix, thetax) {
   // both phi and theta are in bounds and should remain unchanged
   auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(phix, thetax);
@@ -93,38 +104,41 @@ BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(NormalizePhiThetaInBounds,
 }
 
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(NormalizePhiThetaCyclicPhi,
-                     bd::xrange(0.25, M_PI, 0.5) *
-                         bd::xrange(0.0, M_PI, M_PI_4),
+                     bd::xrange(0.25, std::numbers::pi, 0.5) *
+                         bd::xrange(0., std::numbers::pi,
+                                    std::numbers::pi / 4.),
                      deltaPhi, thetax) {
   // phi is outside bounds, but theta is within and should remain unchanged
   {
     // phi is too large
-    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(M_PI + deltaPhi, thetax);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, -M_PI + deltaPhi, tol);
+    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(std::numbers::pi + deltaPhi, thetax);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, -std::numbers::pi + deltaPhi, tol);
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(theta, thetax, tol);
   }
   {
     // phi is too small
-    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(-M_PI - deltaPhi, thetax);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, M_PI - deltaPhi, tol);
+    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(-std::numbers::pi - deltaPhi, thetax);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, std::numbers::pi - deltaPhi, tol);
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(theta, thetax, tol);
   }
 }
 
 BOOST_DATA_TEST_CASE(NormalizePhiThetaOutOfBoundsTheta,
-                     bd::xrange(0.0, M_PI, 1.0) * bd::xrange(0.25, M_PI, 1.0),
+                     bd::xrange(0., std::numbers::pi, 1.) *
+                         bd::xrange(0.25, std::numbers::pi, 1.),
                      positivePhi, deltaTheta) {
   // theta is outside bounds, both phi and theta are updated
   {
     // theta is too large
-    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(positivePhi, M_PI + deltaTheta);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, -M_PI + positivePhi, tol);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(theta, M_PI - deltaTheta, tol);
+    auto [phi, theta] =
+        normalizePhiTheta(positivePhi, std::numbers::pi + deltaTheta);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, -std::numbers::pi + positivePhi, tol);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(theta, std::numbers::pi - deltaTheta, tol);
   }
   {
     // theta is too small
-    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(positivePhi, 0.0 - deltaTheta);
-    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, -M_PI + positivePhi, tol);
+    auto [phi, theta] = normalizePhiTheta(positivePhi, 0. - deltaTheta);
+    CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(phi, -std::numbers::pi + positivePhi, tol);
     CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(theta, deltaTheta, tol);
   }
 }
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/UnitVectorsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/UnitVectorsTests.cpp
index 7fc467d1971..150479a02b5 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/UnitVectorsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/UnitVectorsTests.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 
 using Acts::Vector3;
 
@@ -31,28 +32,28 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DirectionPhiEta) {
   const auto xPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(0.0, 0.0);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos1.dot(Vector3(1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto xPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(2 * M_PI, 0.0);
+  const auto xPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(2 * std::numbers::pi, 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos2.dot(Vector3(1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
   // along negative x
-  const auto xNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(M_PI, 0.0);
+  const auto xNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(std::numbers::pi, 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg1.dot(Vector3(-1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto xNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-M_PI, 0.0);
+  const auto xNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-std::numbers::pi, 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg2.dot(Vector3(-1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
   // along positive y
-  const auto yPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(M_PI_2, 0.0);
+  const auto yPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos1.dot(Vector3(0, 1, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto yPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-3 * M_PI_2, 0.0);
+  const auto yPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-3 * std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos2.dot(Vector3(0, 1, 0)), 1, eps);
   // along negative y
-  const auto yNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-M_PI_2, 0.0);
+  const auto yNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg1.dot(Vector3(0, -1, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto yNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(3 * M_PI_2, 0.0);
+  const auto yNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(3 * std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg2.dot(Vector3(0, -1, 0)), 1, eps);
 
@@ -61,63 +62,74 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DirectionPhiEta) {
   const auto zPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(0.0, inf);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos1.dot(Vector3(0, 0, 1)), 1, eps);
-  const auto zPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(M_PI_2, inf);
+  const auto zPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(std::numbers::pi / 2., inf);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos2.dot(Vector3(0, 0, 1)), 1, eps);
   // along negative z
   const auto zNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(0.0, -inf);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg1.dot(Vector3(0, 0, -1)), 1, eps);
-  const auto zNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(M_PI_2, -inf);
+  const auto zNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(std::numbers::pi / 2., -inf);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg2.dot(Vector3(0, 0, -1)), 1, eps);
 
   // mixed direction
-  const auto mixed1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(M_PI_4, 1.0);
+  const auto mixed1 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(std::numbers::pi / 4., 1.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(
-      mixed1.dot(Vector3(1, 1, M_SQRT2 * std::sinh(1.0)).normalized()), 1, eps);
-  const auto mixed2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(M_PI_4, -1.0);
+      mixed1.dot(
+          Vector3(1, 1, std::numbers::sqrt2 * std::sinh(1.0)).normalized()),
+      1, eps);
+  const auto mixed2 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(std::numbers::pi / 4., -1.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(
-      mixed2.dot(Vector3(1, 1, M_SQRT2 * std::sinh(-1.0)).normalized()), 1,
-      eps);
-  const auto mixed3 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-M_PI_4, -1.0);
+      mixed2.dot(
+          Vector3(1, 1, std::numbers::sqrt2 * std::sinh(-1.0)).normalized()),
+      1, eps);
+  const auto mixed3 = makeDirectionFromPhiEta(-std::numbers::pi / 4., -1.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed3.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(
-      mixed3.dot(Vector3(1, -1, M_SQRT2 * std::sinh(-1.0)).normalized()), 1,
-      eps);
+      mixed3.dot(
+          Vector3(1, -1, std::numbers::sqrt2 * std::sinh(-1.)).normalized()),
+      1, eps);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DirectionPhiTheta) {
   using Acts::makeDirectionFromPhiTheta;
 
   // along positive x
-  const auto xPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(0.0, M_PI_2);
+  const auto xPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(0., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos1.dot(Vector3(1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto xPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(2 * M_PI, M_PI_2);
+  const auto xPos2 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(2 * std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xPos2.dot(Vector3(1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
   // along negative x
-  const auto xNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(M_PI, M_PI_2);
+  const auto xNeg1 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg1.dot(Vector3(-1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto xNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-M_PI, M_PI_2);
+  const auto xNeg2 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(xNeg2.dot(Vector3(-1, 0, 0)), 1, eps);
   // along positive y
-  const auto yPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(M_PI_2, M_PI_2);
+  const auto yPos1 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(std::numbers::pi / 2., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos1.dot(Vector3(0, 1, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto yPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-3 * M_PI_2, M_PI_2);
+  const auto yPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-3 * std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                                               std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yPos2.dot(Vector3(0, 1, 0)), 1, eps);
   // along negative y
-  const auto yNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-M_PI_2, M_PI_2);
+  const auto yNeg1 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-std::numbers::pi / 2., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg1.dot(Vector3(0, -1, 0)), 1, eps);
-  const auto yNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(3 * M_PI_2, M_PI_2);
+  const auto yNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(3 * std::numbers::pi / 2.,
+                                               std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(yNeg2.dot(Vector3(0, -1, 0)), 1, eps);
 
@@ -125,27 +137,34 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DirectionPhiTheta) {
   const auto zPos1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(0.0, 0.0);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos1.dot(Vector3(0, 0, 1)), 1, eps);
-  const auto zPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(M_PI_2, 0.0);
+  const auto zPos2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(std::numbers::pi / 2., 0.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zPos2.dot(Vector3(0, 0, 1)), 1, eps);
   // along negative z
-  const auto zNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(0.0, M_PI);
+  const auto zNeg1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(0., std::numbers::pi);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg1.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg1.dot(Vector3(0, 0, -1)), 1, eps);
-  const auto zNeg2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(M_PI_2, M_PI);
+  const auto zNeg2 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(std::numbers::pi / 2., std::numbers::pi);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg2.norm(), 1, eps);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(zNeg2.dot(Vector3(0, 0, -1)), 1, eps);
 
   // mixed direction
-  const auto mixed1 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(M_PI_4, M_PI_4);
+  const auto mixed1 =
+      makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 4.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed1.norm(), 1, eps);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed1.dot(Vector3(1, 1, M_SQRT2).normalized()), 1, eps);
-  const auto mixed2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(M_PI_4, 3 * M_PI_4);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed1.dot(Vector3(1, 1, std::numbers::sqrt2).normalized()),
+                  1, eps);
+  const auto mixed2 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                                                3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed2.norm(), 1, eps);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed2.dot(Vector3(1, 1, -M_SQRT2).normalized()), 1, eps);
-  const auto mixed3 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-M_PI_4, 3 * M_PI_4);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed2.dot(Vector3(1, 1, -std::numbers::sqrt2).normalized()),
+                  1, eps);
+  const auto mixed3 = makeDirectionFromPhiTheta(-std::numbers::pi / 4.,
+                                                3 * std::numbers::pi / 4.);
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed3.norm(), 1, eps);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed3.dot(Vector3(1, -1, -M_SQRT2).normalized()), 1, eps);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(mixed3.dot(Vector3(1, -1, -std::numbers::sqrt2).normalized()),
+                  1, eps);
 }
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveGridTrackDensityTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveGridTrackDensityTests.cpp
index 89d5385c125..337ca19a9e6 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveGridTrackDensityTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveGridTrackDensityTests.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Vertexing/AdaptiveGridTrackDensity.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -105,8 +106,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(compare_to_analytical_solution_for_single_track) {
   // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_width_at_half_maximum#Normal_distribution
   // but the calculation needs to be slightly modified in our case)
   double correctFWHM =
-      2. *
-      std::sqrt(2 * std::log(2.) * subCovMat.determinant() / subCovMat(0, 0));
+      2. * std::sqrt(2 * std::numbers::ln2 * subCovMat.determinant() /
+                     subCovMat(0, 0));
 
   // Estimate maximum z position and seed width
   auto res = grid.getMaxZTPositionAndWidth(mainDensityMap);
@@ -210,7 +211,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(
   ActsScalar correctMaxT = tNom / denom * d0 + t0;
 
   // Analytical FWHM of the Gaussian
-  ActsScalar correctFWHM = 2. * std::sqrt(2 * std::log(2.) / ipWeights(1, 1));
+  ActsScalar correctFWHM =
+      2. * std::sqrt(2 * std::numbers::ln2 / ipWeights(1, 1));
 
   // Estimate maximum z position and seed width
   auto res = grid.getMaxZTPositionAndWidth(mainDensityMap);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFinderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFinderTests.cpp
index bbb5caa7111..0b6c5982067 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFinderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFinderTests.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <system_error>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -85,7 +86,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(adaptive_multi_vertex_finder_test) {
   ImpactPointEstimator::Config ipEstimatorCfg(bField, propagator);
   ImpactPointEstimator ipEstimator(ipEstimatorCfg);
 
-  std::vector<double> temperatures{8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.4142136, 1.2247449, 1.0};
+  std::vector<double> temperatures{
+      8., 4., 2., std::numbers::sqrt2, std::sqrt(3. / 2.), 1.};
   AnnealingUtility::Config annealingConfig;
   annealingConfig.setOfTemperatures = temperatures;
   AnnealingUtility annealingUtility(annealingConfig);
@@ -243,7 +245,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(adaptive_multi_vertex_finder_usertype_test) {
   ImpactPointEstimator::Config ipEstimatorCfg(bField, propagator);
   ImpactPointEstimator ipEstimator(ipEstimatorCfg);
 
-  std::vector<double> temperatures{8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.4142136, 1.2247449, 1.0};
+  std::vector<double> temperatures{
+      8., 4., 2., std::numbers::sqrt2, std::sqrt(3. / 2.), 1.};
   AnnealingUtility::Config annealingConfig;
   annealingConfig.setOfTemperatures = temperatures;
   AnnealingUtility annealingUtility(annealingConfig);
@@ -386,7 +389,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(adaptive_multi_vertex_finder_grid_seed_finder_test) {
   ImpactPointEstimator::Config ipEstCfg(bField, propagator);
   ImpactPointEstimator ipEst(ipEstCfg);
 
-  std::vector<double> temperatures{8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.4142136, 1.2247449, 1.0};
+  std::vector<double> temperatures{
+      8., 4., 2., std::numbers::sqrt2, std::sqrt(3. / 2.), 1.};
   AnnealingUtility::Config annealingConfig;
   annealingConfig.setOfTemperatures = temperatures;
   AnnealingUtility annealingUtility(annealingConfig);
@@ -535,7 +539,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(
   ImpactPointEstimator::Config ipEstCfg(bField, propagator);
   ImpactPointEstimator ipEst(ipEstCfg);
 
-  std::vector<double> temperatures{8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.4142136, 1.2247449, 1.0};
+  std::vector<double> temperatures{
+      8., 4., 2., std::numbers::sqrt2, std::sqrt(3. / 2.), 1.};
   AnnealingUtility::Config annealingConfig;
   annealingConfig.setOfTemperatures = temperatures;
   AnnealingUtility annealingUtility(annealingConfig);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFitterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFitterTests.cpp
index 15a815eb8f5..3b3acf01bfd 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFitterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/AdaptiveMultiVertexFitterTests.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -75,9 +76,10 @@ std::uniform_real_distribution<double> z0Dist(-0.2_mm, 0.2_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(1._GeV, 30._GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track theta distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1.0, M_PI - 1.0);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1., std::numbers::pi - 1.);
 // Track charge helper distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(-1, 1);
 // Distribution of track time (relative to vertex time). Values are unrealistic
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/FullBilloirVertexFitterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/FullBilloirVertexFitterTests.cpp
index 805081eab79..5c4deb84a38 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/FullBilloirVertexFitterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/FullBilloirVertexFitterTests.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -69,9 +70,10 @@ std::uniform_real_distribution<double> z0Dist(-0.2_mm, 0.2_mm);
 // pT
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.4_GeV, 10_GeV);
 // phi
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // theta
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1.0, M_PI - 1.0);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1., std::numbers::pi - 1.);
 // charge helper
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(-1, 1);
 // time
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/GridDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/GridDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp
index 8775fe1a76f..d8aa16a1c94 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/GridDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/GridDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <system_error>
 #include <vector>
@@ -60,7 +61,8 @@ std::normal_distribution<double> z2dist(zVertexPos2 * 1_mm, 0.5_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.1_GeV, 100_GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track eta distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> etaDist(-4., 4.);
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/IterativeVertexFinderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/IterativeVertexFinderTests.cpp
index 9e35453759e..37925947d28 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/IterativeVertexFinderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/IterativeVertexFinderTests.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
@@ -79,9 +80,10 @@ std::uniform_real_distribution<double> z0Dist(-0.2_mm, 0.2_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.4_GeV, 10_GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track theta distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1.0, M_PI - 1.0);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1., std::numbers::pi - 1.);
 // Track charge helper distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(-1, 1);
 // Track IP resolution distribution
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/KalmanVertexUpdaterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/KalmanVertexUpdaterTests.cpp
index de89859bc51..641d48aafb5 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/KalmanVertexUpdaterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/KalmanVertexUpdaterTests.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -65,9 +66,10 @@ std::uniform_real_distribution<double> z0Dist(-0.2_mm, 0.2_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.4_GeV, 10_GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track theta distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1.0, M_PI - 1.0);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1., std::numbers::pi - 1.);
 // Track charge helper distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(-1, 1);
 // Track IP resolution distribution
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/LinearizedTrackFactoryTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/LinearizedTrackFactoryTests.cpp
index 99b0d6c03ac..f8e1c545373 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/LinearizedTrackFactoryTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/LinearizedTrackFactoryTests.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -70,9 +71,10 @@ std::uniform_real_distribution<double> z0Dist(-0.2_mm, 0.2_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.4_GeV, 10_GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track theta distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1.0, M_PI - 1.0);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1., std::numbers::pi - 1.);
 // Track charge helper distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(-1, 1);
 // Track time distribution
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/TrackDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/TrackDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp
index b45943217b7..a865a19f7ba 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/TrackDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/TrackDensityVertexFinderTests.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
 #include <system_error>
@@ -204,7 +205,8 @@ std::normal_distribution<double> z2dist(-3_mm, 0.5_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.1_GeV, 100_GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track eta distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> etaDist(-4., 4.);
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/ZScanVertexFinderTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/ZScanVertexFinderTests.cpp
index 6fa0c81a928..01d0c033bb1 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/ZScanVertexFinderTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Vertexing/ZScanVertexFinderTests.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
 #include <system_error>
@@ -66,9 +67,10 @@ std::uniform_real_distribution<double> z0Dist(-0.2_mm, 0.2_mm);
 // Track pT distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> pTDist(0.4_GeV, 10_GeV);
 // Track phi distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                               std::numbers::pi);
 // Track theta distribution
-std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1.0, M_PI - 1.0);
+std::uniform_real_distribution<double> thetaDist(1., std::numbers::pi - 1.);
 // Track charge helper distribution
 std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(-1, 1);
 // Track IP resolution distribution
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/PrimitivesView3DTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/PrimitivesView3DTests.cpp
index 37b0abbee82..ee10409261a 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/PrimitivesView3DTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/PrimitivesView3DTests.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Visualization3DHelpers) {
   decops = Acts::EventDataView3D::decomposeCovariance(covariance);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(decops[0], 8.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(decops[1], 0.);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(decops[2], M_PI / 4, 0.0001);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(decops[2], std::numbers::pi / 4., 0.0001);
 
   // Fully negatively correlated
   covariance.setZero();
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Visualization3DHelpers) {
   decops = Acts::EventDataView3D::decomposeCovariance(covariance);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(decops[0], 8.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(decops[1], 0.);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(decops[2], 3 * M_PI / 4, 0.0001);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(decops[2], 3 * std::numbers::pi / 4., 0.0001);
 
   // Correlation coefficient 0.5 (off-diagonal: 3*2*0.5)
   covariance.setZero();
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Visualization3DHelpers) {
   decops = Acts::EventDataView3D::decomposeCovariance(covariance);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(decops[0], 6.);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(decops[1], 2.);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(decops[2], M_PI / 4, 0.0001);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(decops[2], std::numbers::pi / 4., 0.0001);
 
   // Correlation coefficient -0.5 & different diagonal (off-diagonal: 3*2*0.5)
   covariance.setZero();
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/SurfaceView3DBase.hpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/SurfaceView3DBase.hpp
index 146935279f0..efbabb202a3 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/SurfaceView3DBase.hpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/SurfaceView3DBase.hpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Visualization/IVisualization3D.hpp"
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   auto identity = Transform3::Identity();
   std::stringstream cStream;
 
-  double halfPhiSector = M_PI / 4.;
-  double centralPhi = M_PI / 2.;
+  const double halfPhiSector = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
+  const double centralPhi = std::numbers::pi / 2.;
 
   ViewConfig sConfig = s_viewSensitive;
   sConfig.triangulate = triangulate;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/VolumeView3DBase.hpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/VolumeView3DBase.hpp
index a485086bd5e..28620637d8d 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/VolumeView3DBase.hpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Visualization/VolumeView3DBase.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Visualization/IVisualization3D.hpp"
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   auto identity = Transform3::Identity();
   std::stringstream cStream;
 
-  double halfPhiSector = M_PI / 4.;
+  const double halfPhiSector = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
 
   ViewConfig vConfig = s_viewVolume;
   vConfig.triangulate = triangulate;
@@ -55,8 +56,8 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   //----------------------------------------------------
   // Cone volume section
   // Single solid Cone
-  auto solidCone =
-      std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(0., 0., 0.45, 5., 5., 0., M_PI);
+  auto solidCone = std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(0., 0., 0.45, 5., 5., 0.,
+                                                      std::numbers::pi);
   auto cone = std::make_shared<Volume>(identity, solidCone);
   GeometryView3D::drawVolume(helper, *cone, gctx, Transform3::Identity(),
                              vConfig);
@@ -65,8 +66,8 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   helper.clear();
 
   // Single solid Cone - with cut off
-  auto cutOffCone =
-      std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(0., 0., 0.45, 8., 5., 0., M_PI);
+  auto cutOffCone = std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(0., 0., 0.45, 8., 5., 0.,
+                                                       std::numbers::pi);
   cone = std::make_shared<Volume>(identity, cutOffCone);
   GeometryView3D::drawVolume(helper, *cone, gctx, Transform3::Identity(),
                              vConfig);
@@ -75,8 +76,8 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   helper.clear();
 
   // Cone - Cone inlay
-  auto cutOffHollowCone =
-      std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(0.35, 7., 0.45, 8., 5, 0., M_PI);
+  auto cutOffHollowCone = std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(
+      0.35, 7., 0.45, 8., 5, 0., std::numbers::pi);
   cone = std::make_shared<Volume>(identity, cutOffHollowCone);
   GeometryView3D::drawVolume(helper, *cone, gctx, Transform3::Identity(),
                              vConfig);
@@ -95,8 +96,8 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   helper.clear();
 
   // Single Hollow Cone - cylindrical inlay
-  auto cutOffHollowCylCone =
-      std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(1., 0.45, 8., 5., 0., M_PI);
+  auto cutOffHollowCylCone = std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(
+      1., 0.45, 8., 5., 0., std::numbers::pi);
   cone = std::make_shared<Volume>(identity, cutOffHollowCylCone);
   GeometryView3D::drawVolume(helper, *cone, gctx, Transform3::Identity(),
                              vConfig);
@@ -105,8 +106,8 @@ static inline std::string run(IVisualization3D& helper, bool triangulate,
   helper.clear();
 
   // Single Hollow Cylinder - Cone inlay
-  auto cutOffHollowConeCyl =
-      std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(12., 0.35, 7., 5., 0., M_PI);
+  auto cutOffHollowConeCyl = std::make_shared<ConeVolumeBounds>(
+      12., 0.35, 7., 5., 0., std::numbers::pi);
   cone = std::make_shared<Volume>(identity, cutOffHollowConeCyl);
   GeometryView3D::drawVolume(helper, *cone, gctx, Transform3::Identity(),
                              vConfig);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMaskTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMaskTests.cpp
index f389b50237b..f17e4432e6b 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMaskTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceMaskTests.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -81,8 +82,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PlaneMaskRectangleBounds) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DiscMaskRadialBounds) {
-  auto discRadial =
-      std::make_shared<Acts::RadialBounds>(2., 7.5, M_PI_4, M_PI_2);
+  auto discRadial = std::make_shared<Acts::RadialBounds>(
+      2., 7.5, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   auto discSurface = Acts::Surface::makeShared<Acts::DiscSurface>(
       Acts::Transform3::Identity(), discRadial);
 
@@ -117,13 +118,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DiscMaskRadialBounds) {
   /// Case four: outside phi min
   segment = {Acts::Vector2(2.8, 2.5), Acts::Vector2(0., 3.5)};
   clipped = psm.apply(*discSurface, segment).value();
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(clipped[0]), M_PI_4,
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(clipped[0]), std::numbers::pi / 4.,
                   Acts::s_epsilon);
 
   /// Case five: outside phi max
   segment = {Acts::Vector2(0., 3.5), Acts::Vector2(-8., 5.)};
   clipped = psm.apply(*discSurface, segment).value();
-  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(clipped[1]), M_PI_2 + M_PI_4,
+  CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(Acts::VectorHelpers::phi(clipped[1]),
+                  std::numbers::pi / 2. + std::numbers::pi / 4.,
                   Acts::s_epsilon);
 }
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceTestBeds.hpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceTestBeds.hpp
index 467d2b9952e..42327d7e5eb 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceTestBeds.hpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Digitization/PlanarSurfaceTestBeds.hpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
 
 #include <array>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -87,23 +88,28 @@ struct PlanarSurfaceTestBeds {
         Acts::Transform3::Identity(), discTrapezoid);
     Acts::BinUtility stripsPhi(1, rmin, rmax, Acts::open,
                                Acts::BinningValue::binR);
-    stripsPhi += Acts::BinUtility(25, M_PI_2 - alpha, M_PI_2 + alpha,
-                                  Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
+    stripsPhi += Acts::BinUtility(25, std::numbers::pi / 2. - alpha,
+                                  std::numbers::pi / 2. + alpha, Acts::open,
+                                  Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
     TrapezoidRandom dtRandom(xmin * rScale, xmax * rScale, rmin * irScale,
                              ymax * rScale);
 
     // Raidal disc test
-    auto discRadial =
-        std::make_shared<Acts::RadialBounds>(rmin, rmax, M_PI_4, M_PI_2);
+    auto discRadial = std::make_shared<Acts::RadialBounds>(
+        rmin, rmax, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
     auto dSurface = Acts::Surface::makeShared<Acts::DiscSurface>(
         Acts::Transform3::Identity(), discRadial);
     Acts::BinUtility rphiseg(10, rmin, rmax, Acts::open,
                              Acts::BinningValue::binR);
-    rphiseg += Acts::BinUtility(20, (M_PI_2 - M_PI_4), (M_PI_2 + M_PI_4),
-                                Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
-
-    DiscRandom dRandom(rmin * irScale, rmax * rScale,
-                       (M_PI_2 - M_PI_4) * irScale, (M_PI_2 + M_PI_4) * rScale);
+    rphiseg +=
+        Acts::BinUtility(20, (std::numbers::pi / 2. - std::numbers::pi / 4.),
+                         (std::numbers::pi / 2. + std::numbers::pi / 4.),
+                         Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
+
+    DiscRandom dRandom(
+        rmin * irScale, rmax * rScale,
+        (std::numbers::pi / 2. - std::numbers::pi / 4.) * irScale,
+        (std::numbers::pi / 2. + std::numbers::pi / 4.) * rScale);
 
     // Annulus disc test
     rmin = 2.5;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Physics/ScatteringTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Physics/ScatteringTests.cpp
index a68326ae1f7..5f2015d844f 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Physics/ScatteringTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Fatras/Physics/ScatteringTests.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 #include "Dataset.hpp"
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(HighlandRms) {
   double rmsTheta3D = rms(theta3Ds, 0);
 
   CHECK_CLOSE_REL(rmsThetaYZ, theta0, 0.02);
-  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(rmsTheta3D, M_SQRT2 * theta0, 0.02);
+  CHECK_CLOSE_REL(rmsTheta3D, std::numbers::sqrt2 * theta0, 0.02);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/DetectorVolumeSvgConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/DetectorVolumeSvgConverterTests.cpp
index 0d7ee71c62a..28b69de1050 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/DetectorVolumeSvgConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/DetectorVolumeSvgConverterTests.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace {
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TubeSectorCylindricalDetectorVolume) {
   Acts::ActsScalar rInner = 10.;
   Acts::ActsScalar rOuter = 100.;
   Acts::ActsScalar zHalfL = 300.;
-  Acts::ActsScalar phiSector = 0.25 * M_PI;
+  Acts::ActsScalar phiSector = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
   std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar> avgPhi = {0., 0.75};
   std::vector<std::string> avgPhiTag = {"zero", "nonzero"};
 
@@ -149,8 +150,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EndcapVolumeWithSurfaces) {
   lsConfig.auxiliary = "*** Endcap with 22 surfaces ***";
   lsConfig.surfacesProvider = endcapSurfaces;
   lsConfig.binnings = {Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
-      Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI, M_PI,
-      22u, 1u)};
+      Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+      -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 22u, 1u)};
 
   auto layerBuilder =
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder>(
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EndcapVolumeWithSurfaces) {
                                            Acts::Logging::VERBOSE));
 
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config shapeConfig;
-  shapeConfig.boundValues = {10, 100, 10., M_PI, 0.};
+  shapeConfig.boundValues = {10, 100, 10., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   shapeConfig.transform =
       Acts::Transform3{Acts::Transform3::Identity()}.pretranslate(
           Acts::Vector3(0., 0., -800.));
@@ -222,9 +223,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BarrelVolumeWithSurfaces) {
       Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning{Acts::BinningValue::binZ,
                                        Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound, -480.,
                                        480., 14u, 1u},
-      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(Acts::BinningValue::binPhi,
-                                       Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI,
-                                       M_PI, 32u, 1u)};
+      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
+          Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+          -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 32u, 1u)};
 
   auto barrelBuilder =
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder>(
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BarrelVolumeWithSurfaces) {
                                            Acts::Logging::VERBOSE));
 
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config shapeConfig;
-  shapeConfig.boundValues = {60., 80., 800., M_PI, 0.};
+  shapeConfig.boundValues = {60., 80., 800., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   shapeConfig.boundsType = Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder;
 
   auto shapeBuilder =
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/GridSvgConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/GridSvgConverterTests.cpp
index a0741ca8136..d1368653f23 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/GridSvgConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/GridSvgConverterTests.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ClosedCylinderGridZPhi) {
 
   // z-phi Axes & Grid
   Axis axisZ(AxisBound, -200., 200., 3);
-  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 6);
+  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 6);
   Grid gridZPhi(Type<std::tuple<GlobalBin, LocalBin>>, axisZ, axisPhi);
 
   Svg::GridConverter::Options cOptions;
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ClosedDiscGridRPhi) {
 
   // r-phi Axes & Grid
   Axis axisR(AxisBound, 100., 400., 3);
-  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -M_PI, M_PI, 4);
+  Axis axisPhi(AxisClosed, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 4);
   Grid gridRPhi(Type<std::tuple<GlobalBin, LocalBin>>, axisR, axisPhi);
 
   Svg::GridConverter::Options cOptions;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/IndexedSurfacesSvgConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/IndexedSurfacesSvgConverterTests.cpp
index 6f2c78620e9..f7f7e247bbb 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/IndexedSurfacesSvgConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/IndexedSurfacesSvgConverterTests.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Grid.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/GridAxisGenerators.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
 #include <tuple>
 
 using namespace Acts;
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc1D) {
   IndexedSurfacesGenerator<decltype(rSurfaces), IndexedSurfacesNavigation>
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
-  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-M_PI, M_PI}, 44u};
+  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi},
+                                          44u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -102,7 +104,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc1DWithSupport) {
   IndexedSurfacesGenerator<decltype(rSurfaces), IndexedSurfacesNavigation>
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {rSurfaces.size() - 1u}, {BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
-  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-M_PI, M_PI}, 44u};
+  GridAxisGenerators::EqClosed aGenerator{{-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi},
+                                          44u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2D) {
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binR, BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::VarBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {24., 74., 110.}, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 44u};
+      {24., 74., 110.}, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 44u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2DFine) {
       irSurfaces{rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binR, BinningValue::binPhi}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {24., 152}, 8u, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 88u};
+      {24., 152}, 8u, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 88u};
 
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -194,7 +197,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RingDisc2DFineExpanded) {
           rSurfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binR, BinningValue::binPhi}, {2u, 4u}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {24., 152}, 8u, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 88u};
+      {24., 152}, 8u, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 88u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedRing = irSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder2D) {
           surfaces, {}, {BinningValue::binZ, BinningValue::binPhi}, {1u, 1u}};
 
   GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed aGenerator{
-      {-500., 500}, 28, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 52u};
+      {-500., 500}, 28, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 52u};
   PolyhedronReferenceGenerator<1u, true> rGenerator;
 
   auto indexedCylinder = icSurfaces(tContext, aGenerator, rGenerator);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverterTests.cpp
index ff4afc789b6..de022263c73 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/LayerSvgConverterTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(ActSvg)
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<Acts::Layer> generateDiscLayer(Acts::ActsScalar rInner,
   setupTools();
   unsigned int fullSegments = 4 * quarterSegments;
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Acts::Surface>> moduleSurfaces;
-  Acts::ActsScalar phiStep = 2 * M_PI / fullSegments;
+  Acts::ActsScalar phiStep = 2 * std::numbers::pi / fullSegments;
   Acts::ActsScalar rStep = (rOuter - rInner) / nRings;
   // Reserve & fill
   moduleSurfaces.reserve(fullSegments * nRings);
@@ -83,16 +84,16 @@ std::shared_ptr<Acts::Layer> generateDiscLayer(Acts::ActsScalar rInner,
       Acts::ActsScalar yHalf = rStep * 0.5125;
 
       Acts::ActsScalar xHalfMin =
-          1.15 * (rInner + ir * rStep) * M_PI / fullSegments;
+          1.15 * (rInner + ir * rStep) * std::numbers::pi / fullSegments;
       Acts::ActsScalar xHalfMax =
-          1.15 * (rInner + (ir + 1) * rStep) * M_PI / fullSegments;
+          1.15 * (rInner + (ir + 1) * rStep) * std::numbers::pi / fullSegments;
 
       std::shared_ptr<const Acts::TrapezoidBounds> tBounds =
           std::make_shared<const Acts::TrapezoidBounds>(xHalfMin, xHalfMax,
                                                         yHalf);
       for (unsigned int is = 0; is < fullSegments; ++is) {
         // Setting the phi
-        Acts::ActsScalar cphi = -M_PI + is * phiStep;
+        Acts::ActsScalar cphi = -std::numbers::pi + is * phiStep;
         Acts::Vector3 center(radius * std::cos(cphi), radius * std::sin(cphi),
                              (is % 2) * 2 + (ir % 2) * 5);
         // Local axis system
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/SurfaceSvgConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/SurfaceSvgConverterTests.cpp
index 8450453720c..686f7bbb765 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/SurfaceSvgConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/ActSVG/SurfaceSvgConverterTests.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/TrapezoidBounds.hpp"
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <numbers>
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(ActSvg)
 
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PlanarSurfaces) {
   runPlanarTests(*trapeozidPlane, planarStyle, "trapezoid");
 
   // Trapezoid case shifted and rotated
-  Acts::ActsScalar phi = 0.125 * M_PI;
+  Acts::ActsScalar phi = std::numbers::pi / 8.;
   Acts::ActsScalar radius = 150.;
   Acts::Vector3 center(radius * std::cos(phi), radius * std::sin(phi), 0.);
 
@@ -187,8 +188,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DiscSurfaces) {
   runPlanarTests(*fullRing, discStyle, "full_ring");
 
   // Sectorial disc case
-  auto sectoralDiscBounds =
-      std::make_shared<Acts::RadialBounds>(0., 64., 0.25 * M_PI, 0.5 * M_PI);
+  auto sectoralDiscBounds = std::make_shared<Acts::RadialBounds>(
+      0., 64., std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2.);
   auto sectoralDisc = Acts::Surface::makeShared<Acts::DiscSurface>(
       transform, sectoralDiscBounds);
   runPlanarTests(*sectoralDisc, discStyle, "full_disc");
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayGeometryConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayGeometryConverterTests.cpp
index 2ed99f4a68b..96f0f174ce0 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayGeometryConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayGeometryConverterTests.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <detray/io/frontend/payloads.hpp>
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(DetrayConversion)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DetrayTransformConversion) {
   auto transform = Transform3::Identity();
   transform.pretranslate(Vector3(1., 2., 3.));
-  transform.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(M_PI / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()));
+  transform.rotate(Eigen::AngleAxisd(std::numbers::pi / 2., Vector3::UnitZ()));
 
   detray::io::transform_payload payload =
       DetrayGeometryConverter::convertTransform(transform);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayMaterialConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayMaterialConverterTests.cpp
index 56507b6c322..1e3f18ea512 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayMaterialConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Detray/DetrayMaterialConverterTests.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinUtility.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
+#include <numbers>
+
 #include <detray/definitions/grid_axis.hpp>
 #include <detray/io/frontend/payloads.hpp>
 
@@ -307,8 +309,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DetrayBinnedMaterialConversionRPhi) {
   std::vector<float> binEdges = {0., 5., 20.};
   Acts::BinUtility binUtility(binEdges, Acts::BinningOption::open,
                               Acts::BinningValue::binR);
-  binUtility += Acts::BinUtility(2u, -M_PI, M_PI, Acts::BinningOption::closed,
-                                 Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
+  binUtility +=
+      Acts::BinUtility(2u, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi,
+                       Acts::BinningOption::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
 
   std::vector<Acts::MaterialSlab> materialSlabs0 = {materialSlab12345,
                                                     materialSlab678910};
@@ -384,8 +387,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DetrayBinnedMaterialConversionZPhi) {
   // Create a binned material in 2 x2  bins in x-y direction
   Acts::BinUtility binUtility(2u, -1., 1., Acts::BinningOption::open,
                               Acts::BinningValue::binZ);
-  binUtility += Acts::BinUtility(2u, -M_PI, M_PI, Acts::BinningOption::closed,
-                                 Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
+  binUtility +=
+      Acts::BinUtility(2u, -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi,
+                       Acts::BinningOption::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
 
   std::vector<Acts::MaterialSlab> materialSlabs0 = {materialSlab12345,
                                                     materialSlab678910};
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/EDM4hep/ConvertTrackEDM4hepTest.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/EDM4hep/ConvertTrackEDM4hepTest.cpp
index 48cfe29e2fc..45ed254ddd0 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/EDM4hep/ConvertTrackEDM4hepTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/EDM4hep/ConvertTrackEDM4hepTest.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <random>
 
 #include <edm4hep/TrackCollection.h>
@@ -40,14 +41,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(EDM4hepParameterConversion)
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(JacobianRoundtrip) {
   BoundVector par;
-  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, 0.1, M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, 0.1, std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
 
   BoundMatrix cov;
   cov.setIdentity();
 
   double Bz = 2_T;
 
-  double tanLambda = std::tan(M_PI_2 - par[Acts::eBoundTheta]);
+  double tanLambda = std::tan(std::numbers::pi / 2. - par[Acts::eBoundTheta]);
   double omega =
       par[Acts::eBoundQOverP] / std::sin(par[Acts::eBoundTheta]) * Bz;
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConvertTrackParametersToEdm4hepWithPerigee) {
   auto refSurface = Surface::makeShared<PerigeeSurface>(Vector3{50, 30, 20});
 
   BoundVector par;
-  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, 0, M_PI_2, -1 / 1_GeV,
+  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, 0, std::numbers::pi / 2., -1 / 1_GeV,
       5_ns;  // -> perpendicular to perigee and pointing right, should be PCA
 
   BoundMatrix cov;
@@ -112,7 +113,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConvertTrackParametersToEdm4hepWithOutPerigee) {
           .planeSurface();
 
   BoundVector par;
-  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2 * 0.9, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2. * 0.9,
+      -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
 
   BoundMatrix cov;
   cov.setIdentity();
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConvertTrackParametersToEdm4hepWithPerigeeNoCov) {
   auto refSurface = Surface::makeShared<PerigeeSurface>(Vector3{50, 30, 20});
 
   BoundVector par;
-  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, 0, M_PI_2, -1 / 1_GeV,
+  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, 0, std::numbers::pi / 2., -1 / 1_GeV,
       5_ns;  // -> perpendicular to perigee and pointing right, should be PCA
 
   BoundTrackParameters boundPar{refSurface, par, std::nullopt,
@@ -211,7 +213,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConvertTrackParametersToEdm4hepWithOutPerigeeNoCov) {
           .planeSurface();
 
   BoundVector par;
-  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, M_PI / 4., M_PI_2, -1 / 1_GeV, 5_ns;
+  par << 1_mm, 5_mm, std::numbers::pi / 4., std::numbers::pi / 2., -1 / 1_GeV,
+      5_ns;
 
   BoundTrackParameters boundPar{refSurface, par, std::nullopt,
                                 ParticleHypothesis::pion()};
@@ -274,7 +277,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RoundTripTests) {
   std::uniform_real_distribution<double> r(0, 1);
   std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint32_t> nTracks(2, 20);
   std::uniform_int_distribution<std::uint32_t> nTs(1, 20);
-  std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-M_PI, M_PI);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<double> phiDist(-std::numbers::pi,
+                                                 std::numbers::pi);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<double> etaDist(-4, 4);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<double> ptDist(1_MeV, 10_GeV);
   std::uniform_real_distribution<double> qDist(0., 1.);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4ConvertersTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4ConvertersTests.cpp
index c748921b4d0..e0064b02a09 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4ConvertersTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4ConvertersTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <tuple>
 
@@ -61,8 +62,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4AlgebraConversion) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4CylinderConversion) {
-  G4Tubs cylinder("Cylinder", 399., 401., 800., -M_PI * CLHEP::radian,
-                  2 * M_PI * CLHEP::radian);
+  G4Tubs cylinder("Cylinder", 399., 401., 800.,
+                  -std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian,
+                  2 * std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian);
   auto [bounds, thickness] =
       Acts::Geant4ShapeConverter{}.cylinderBounds(cylinder);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eR), 400.,
@@ -70,30 +72,30 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4CylinderConversion) {
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ),
                   800., 10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(
-      bounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector), M_PI,
-      10e-10);
+      bounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector),
+      std::numbers::pi, 10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi),
                   0., 10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(thickness, 2., 10e-10);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4RadialConversion) {
-  G4Tubs disc("disc", 40., 400., 2., -M_PI * CLHEP::radian,
-              2 * M_PI * CLHEP::radian);
+  G4Tubs disc("disc", 40., 400., 2., -std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian,
+              2 * std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian);
   auto [bounds, thickness] = Acts::Geant4ShapeConverter{}.radialBounds(disc);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::BoundValues::eMinR), 40.,
                   10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR), 400.,
                   10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector),
-                  M_PI, 10e-10);
+                  std::numbers::pi, 10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::RadialBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi), 0.,
                   10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(thickness, 4., 10e-10);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4LineConversion) {
-  G4Tubs line("line", 0., 20., 400., 0., 2 * M_PI);
+  G4Tubs line("line", 0., 20., 400., 0., 2 * std::numbers::pi);
   auto bounds = Acts::Geant4ShapeConverter{}.lineBounds(line);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::LineBounds::BoundValues::eR), 20., 10e-10);
   CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bounds->get(Acts::LineBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ),
@@ -281,7 +283,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4CylVPhysConversion) {
   Acts::ActsScalar halfLengthZ = 200;
 
   G4Tubs* g4Tube = new G4Tubs("Tube", radius, radius + thickness, halfLengthZ,
-                              -M_PI * CLHEP::radian, 2 * M_PI * CLHEP::radian);
+                              -std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian,
+                              2 * std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian);
 
   G4RotationMatrix* g4Rot = new G4RotationMatrix({0., 0., 1.}, 0.);
   G4LogicalVolume* g4TubeLog =
@@ -324,7 +327,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4VDiscVPhysConversion) {
   Acts::ActsScalar thickness = 2.;
 
   G4Tubs* g4Tube = new G4Tubs("Disc", innerRadius, outerRadius, 0.5 * thickness,
-                              -M_PI * CLHEP::radian, 2 * M_PI * CLHEP::radian);
+                              -std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian,
+                              2 * std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian);
 
   G4RotationMatrix* g4Rot = new G4RotationMatrix({0., 0., 1.}, 0.);
   G4LogicalVolume* g4TubeLog =
@@ -356,7 +360,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4LineVPhysConversion) {
   Acts::ActsScalar thickness = 400.;
 
   G4Tubs* g4Tube = new G4Tubs("Line", innerRadius, outerRadius, 0.5 * thickness,
-                              -M_PI * CLHEP::radian, 2 * M_PI * CLHEP::radian);
+                              -std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian,
+                              2 * std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian);
 
   G4RotationMatrix* g4Rot = new G4RotationMatrix({0., 0., 1.}, 0.);
   G4LogicalVolume* g4TubeLog =
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4DetectorSurfaceFactoryTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4DetectorSurfaceFactoryTests.cpp
index f2149bacfe8..e4e2b9043c1 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4DetectorSurfaceFactoryTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Geant4/Geant4DetectorSurfaceFactoryTests.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Visualization/ObjVisualization3D.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "G4Box.hh"
@@ -67,8 +68,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4DetecturSurfaceFactory_Cylinder) {
   G4LogicalVolume* worldLV = new G4LogicalVolume(worldS, nullptr, "World");
 
   G4Tubs* cylinderS =
-      new G4Tubs("cylinder", 99, 100, 100, -M_PI * CLHEP::radian,
-                 2 * M_PI * CLHEP::radian);
+      new G4Tubs("cylinder", 99, 100, 100, -std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian,
+                 2 * std::numbers::pi * CLHEP::radian);
 
   G4LogicalVolume* cylinderLV =
       new G4LogicalVolume(cylinderS, nullptr, "World");
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4DetecturSurfaceFactory_Transforms) {
   auto vol1S = new G4Box("volume1", 25, 10, 50);
   auto vol1L = new G4LogicalVolume(vol1S, nullptr, "Volume1");
 
-  G4Transform3D transformVol1(CLHEP::HepRotationX(M_PI / 4),
+  G4Transform3D transformVol1(CLHEP::HepRotationX(std::numbers::pi / 4.),
                               G4ThreeVector(20, 0, 0));
 
   [[maybe_unused]] auto vol1PV = new G4PVPlacement(
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4DetecturSurfaceFactory_Transforms) {
   auto vol2S = new G4Box("volume2", 25, 10, 50);
   auto vol2L = new G4LogicalVolume(vol2S, nullptr, "Volume2");
 
-  G4Transform3D transformVol2(CLHEP::HepRotationY(M_PI / 6),
+  G4Transform3D transformVol2(CLHEP::HepRotationY(std::numbers::pi / 6.),
                               G4ThreeVector(0, 100, 20));
 
   [[maybe_unused]] auto vol2PV = new G4PVPlacement(
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Geant4DetecturSurfaceFactory_Transforms) {
   auto vol3S = new G4Box("volume3", 25, 10, 50);
   auto vol3L = new G4LogicalVolume(vol3S, nullptr, "Volume3");
 
-  G4Transform3D transformVol3(CLHEP::HepRotationZ(M_PI / 12),
+  G4Transform3D transformVol3(CLHEP::HepRotationZ(std::numbers::pi / 12.),
                               G4ThreeVector(30, 100, 0));
 
   [[maybe_unused]] auto vol3PV = new G4PVPlacement(
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp
index a7e25729b7f..2d18bd98a45 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
@@ -169,8 +170,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
     lsConfig.auxiliary = "*** Endcap with 22 surfaces ***";
     lsConfig.surfacesProvider = endcapSurfaces;
     lsConfig.binnings = {Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
-        Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI, M_PI,
-        22u, 1u)};
+        Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+        -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 22u, 1u)};
 
     auto layerBuilder =
         std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder>(
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
                                              Acts::Logging::VERBOSE));
 
     Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config shapeConfig;
-    shapeConfig.boundValues = {18, 100, 10., M_PI, 0.};
+    shapeConfig.boundValues = {18, 100, 10., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
     shapeConfig.transform =
         Acts::Transform3{Acts::Transform3::Identity()}.pretranslate(
             Acts::Vector3(0., 0., ep));
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
 
   // Central barrel
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config innerShapeConfig;
-  innerShapeConfig.boundValues = {18., 60., 700., M_PI, 0.};
+  innerShapeConfig.boundValues = {18., 60., 700., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   innerShapeConfig.boundsType = Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder;
 
   auto innerShapeBuilder =
@@ -234,9 +235,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
       Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning{Acts::BinningValue::binZ,
                                        Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound, -480.,
                                        480., 14u, 1u},
-      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(Acts::BinningValue::binPhi,
-                                       Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI,
-                                       M_PI, 32u, 1u)};
+      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
+          Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+          -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 32u, 1u)};
 
   auto barrelBuilder =
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder>(
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
                                            Acts::Logging::VERBOSE));
 
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config shapeConfig;
-  shapeConfig.boundValues = {60., 80., 700., M_PI, 0.};
+  shapeConfig.boundValues = {60., 80., 700., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   shapeConfig.boundsType = Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder;
 
   auto shapeBuilder =
@@ -262,7 +263,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
 
   // Outer shape
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config outerShapeConfig;
-  outerShapeConfig.boundValues = {80., 100., 700., M_PI, 0.};
+  outerShapeConfig.boundValues = {80., 100., 700., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   outerShapeConfig.boundsType = Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder;
 
   auto outerShapeBuilder =
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BeamPipeEndcapBarrelDetector) {
 
   // Beam Pipe
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config bpShapeConfig;
-  bpShapeConfig.boundValues = {0., 18., 720., M_PI, 0.};
+  bpShapeConfig.boundValues = {0., 18., 720., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   bpShapeConfig.boundsType = Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder;
 
   auto bpShapeBuilder =
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorVolumeJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorVolumeJsonConverterTests.cpp
index 21405647769..b1701f06128 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorVolumeJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/DetectorVolumeJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
@@ -148,8 +149,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EndcapVolumeWithSurfaces) {
   lsConfig.auxiliary = "*** Endcap with 22 surfaces ***";
   lsConfig.surfacesProvider = endcapSurfaces;
   lsConfig.binnings = {Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
-      Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI, M_PI,
-      22u, 1u)};
+      Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+      -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 22u, 1u)};
 
   auto layerBuilder =
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder>(
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(EndcapVolumeWithSurfaces) {
                                            Acts::Logging::VERBOSE));
 
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config shapeConfig;
-  shapeConfig.boundValues = {10, 100, 10., M_PI, 0.};
+  shapeConfig.boundValues = {10, 100, 10., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   shapeConfig.transform =
       Acts::Transform3{Acts::Transform3::Identity()}.pretranslate(
           Acts::Vector3(0., 0., -800.));
@@ -230,9 +231,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BarrelVolumeWithSurfaces) {
       Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning{Acts::BinningValue::binZ,
                                        Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound, -480.,
                                        480., 14u, 1u},
-      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(Acts::BinningValue::binPhi,
-                                       Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed, -M_PI,
-                                       M_PI, 32u, 1u)};
+      Acts::Experimental::ProtoBinning(
+          Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed,
+          -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, 32u, 1u)};
 
   auto barrelBuilder =
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::LayerStructureBuilder>(
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BarrelVolumeWithSurfaces) {
                                            Acts::Logging::VERBOSE));
 
   Acts::Experimental::VolumeStructureBuilder::Config shapeConfig;
-  shapeConfig.boundValues = {60., 80., 800., M_PI, 0.};
+  shapeConfig.boundValues = {60., 80., 800., std::numbers::pi, 0.};
   shapeConfig.boundsType = Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder;
 
   auto shapeBuilder =
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/GridJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/GridJsonConverterTests.cpp
index 8f73a12c6b2..cac514a18ac 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/GridJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/GridJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Grid2DSingleEntryBound) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Grid2DSingleEntryBoundClosed) {
   using EqBoundEqClosed = Acts::GridAxisGenerators::EqBoundEqClosed;
 
-  EqBoundEqClosed eqBoundEqClosed{{-6., 6.}, 3, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 3};
+  EqBoundEqClosed eqBoundEqClosed{
+      {-6., 6.}, 3, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 3};
   // Create the grid with the provided axis generator
   using GridTypeEQBEQC =
       typename EqBoundEqClosed::template grid_type<std::size_t>;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverterTests.cpp
index b68a2606e61..6647ee69fe4 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
@@ -108,18 +109,20 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IndexedSurfaceMaterial2DTests) {
   using EqEqGrid = EqBoundEqClosed::grid_type<std::size_t>;
   using Point = EqEqGrid::point_t;
 
-  EqBoundEqClosed eqeqBound{{-1., 1.}, 2, {-M_PI, M_PI}, 4};
+  EqBoundEqClosed eqeqBound{
+      {-1., 1.}, 2, {-std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi}, 4};
   EqEqGrid eqeqGrid{eqeqBound()};
 
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -M_PI * 0.75}) = 1u;  // material 1
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -M_PI * 0.25}) = 1u;  // material 1
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, M_PI * 0.25}) = 0u;   // vacuum
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, M_PI * 0.75}) = 2u;   // material 2
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) =
+      1u;                                                          // material 1
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, -std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 1u;   // material 1
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 0u;    // vacuum
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{-0.5, std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) = 2u;  // material 2
 
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -M_PI * 0.75}) = 0u;  // vacuum
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -M_PI * 0.25}) = 3u;  // material 3
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, M_PI * 0.25}) = 3u;   // material 3
-  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, M_PI * 0.75}) = 0u;   // vacuum
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) = 0u;  // vacuum
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, -std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 3u;    // material 3
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, std::numbers::pi / 4.}) = 3u;     // material 3
+  eqeqGrid.atPosition(Point{0.5, std::numbers::pi * 0.75}) = 0u;   // vacuum
 
   auto boundToGrid =
       std::make_unique<const Acts::GridAccess::LocalSubspace<0u, 1u>>();
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/ProtoDetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/ProtoDetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp
index 66cf86092a2..e5fbc8cf797 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/ProtoDetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/ProtoDetectorJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -174,8 +175,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ProtoDetectorRoundTrip) {
 
   Acts::BinningData pixEcBinningR =
       Acts::BinningData(Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binR, 2., 0., 1.);
-  Acts::BinningData pixEcBinningPhi = Acts::BinningData(
-      Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, 30., -M_PI, M_PI);
+  Acts::BinningData pixEcBinningPhi =
+      Acts::BinningData(Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, 30.,
+                        -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi);
 
   for (auto& cv : pixelNec.container.value().constituentVolumes) {
     cv.extent.setEnvelope(discLayerEnvelope);
@@ -278,8 +280,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ProtoDetectorRoundTrip) {
 
   Acts::BinningData sstripEcBinningR =
       Acts::BinningData(Acts::open, Acts::BinningValue::binR, 3., 0., 1.);
-  Acts::BinningData sstripEcBinningPhi = Acts::BinningData(
-      Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, 42., -M_PI, M_PI);
+  Acts::BinningData sstripEcBinningPhi =
+      Acts::BinningData(Acts::closed, Acts::BinningValue::binPhi, 42.,
+                        -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi);
 
   Acts::ProtoVolume sstripNec;
   sstripNec.name = "odd-sstrip-nec";
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/UtilitiesJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/UtilitiesJsonConverterTests.cpp
index 08ec49e1bed..24831d53de0 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/UtilitiesJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/UtilitiesJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <initializer_list>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -54,7 +55,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(BinUtilityRoundTripTests) {
   BOOST_CHECK(isEqual(reference, test, 0.0001));
 
   // Increase to two dimensions
-  reference += BinUtility(10., -M_PI, M_PI, closed, BinningValue::binPhi);
+  reference += BinUtility(10., -std::numbers::pi, std::numbers::pi, closed,
+                          BinningValue::binPhi);
   nlohmann::json jtwoDimOut;
   to_json(jtwoDimOut, reference);
   out.open("BinUtility_2D.json");
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/VolumeBoundsJsonConverterTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/VolumeBoundsJsonConverterTests.cpp
index 25fa9326e79..ff850dcd48b 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/VolumeBoundsJsonConverterTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/Json/VolumeBoundsJsonConverterTests.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -56,8 +57,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cuboid) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder) {
   std::ofstream out("CylinderVolumeBounds.json");
 
-  auto cylinderRef =
-      std::make_shared<const CylinderVolumeBounds>(10., 20., 30., M_PI / 4, 0);
+  auto cylinderRef = std::make_shared<const CylinderVolumeBounds>(
+      10., 20., 30., std::numbers::pi / 4., 0);
   nlohmann::json cylinderOut = VolumeBoundsJsonConverter::toJson(*cylinderRef);
   out << cylinderOut.dump(2);
   out.close();
@@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cylinder) {
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Cone) {
   std::ofstream out("ConeVolumeBounds.json");
 
-  auto coneRef = std::make_shared<const ConeVolumeBounds>(0., 0., 0.45, 0.050,
-                                                          0.050, 0., M_PI);
+  auto coneRef = std::make_shared<const ConeVolumeBounds>(
+      0., 0., 0.45, 0.050, 0.050, 0., std::numbers::pi);
   nlohmann::json coneOut = VolumeBoundsJsonConverter::toJson(*coneRef);
   out << coneOut.dump(2);
   out.close();
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoTubeConversionTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoTubeConversionTests.cpp
index 2f18c391958..180e9eaaa6d 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoTubeConversionTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Plugins/TGeo/TGeoTubeConversionTests.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numbers>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TGeoTube_to_CylinderSurface) {
       double mphi = boundsSegment->get(CylinderBounds::eAveragePhi);
       CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bR, 10.5, s_epsilon);
       CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bhZ, hz, s_epsilon);
-      CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(hphi, 0.25 * M_PI, s_epsilon);
+      CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(hphi, std::numbers::pi / 4., s_epsilon);
       CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(mphi, 0., s_epsilon);
       GeometryView3D::drawSurface(objVis, *cylinderSegment, tgContext);
       GeometryView3D::drawArrowForward(
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TGeoTube_to_DiscSurface) {
       double mphi = boundsSegment->get(RadialBounds::eAveragePhi);
       CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bminr, rmin, s_epsilon);
       CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(bmaxr, rmax, s_epsilon);
-      CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(hphi, 0.25 * M_PI, s_epsilon);
+      CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(hphi, std::numbers::pi / 4., s_epsilon);
       CHECK_CLOSE_ABS(mphi, 0., s_epsilon);
       GeometryView3D::drawSurface(objVis, *discSegment, tgContext);
       GeometryView3D::drawArrowForward(objVis, center,

From 54d61d4d28c540c260ff3da7c6262671f52eec14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 12:45:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/24] ci: Add check for mathematical constants (no macros)
 (#3774)

The firstly intended clang tidy check `modernize-use-std-numbers` is not suited for us:
- it doesn't flag macros like `M_PI`
- it flags values in our tables that get close to constants, which have a different basis.

benefit would have been to detect cases like `static_cast<float>(std::numbers::pi)` instead of `std::numbers::pi_v<float>` or usages of `std::sqrt(2.)` instead of `std::numbers::sqrt2`.

The updated test now checks for the classical `M_*` macros that could be accidentally used.

blocked:
- https://github.com/acts-project/acts/pull/3781
---
 .github/workflows/checks.yml |  10 +++
 .pre-commit-config.yaml      |   8 +++
 CI/check_math_macros.py      | 120 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 138 insertions(+)
 create mode 100755 CI/check_math_macros.py

diff --git a/.github/workflows/checks.yml b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
index 5686d842b66..edd31d051a4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/checks.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
@@ -116,6 +116,16 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check
         run: >
           CI/check_spelling
+  math_macros:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.12'
+      - name: Check
+        run: >
+          CI/check_math_macros.py . --exclude "thirdparty/*"
   missing_includes:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 76af4847b7f..68c78341c5d 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -93,3 +93,11 @@ repos:
       name: Leftover conflict markers
       language: system
       entry: git diff --staged --check
+
+  - repo: local
+    hooks:
+    - id: math_macros
+      name: math_macros
+      language: system
+      entry: CI/check_math_macros.py
+      files: \.(cpp|hpp|ipp|cu|cuh)$
diff --git a/CI/check_math_macros.py b/CI/check_math_macros.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..29da233372e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CI/check_math_macros.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from pathlib import Path
+import os
+import argparse
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+import re
+import sys
+
+
+math_constants = [
+    ("M_PI", "std::numbers::pi"),
+    ("M_PI_2", "std::numbers::pi / 2."),
+    ("M_PI_4", "std::numbers::pi / 4."),
+    ("M_1_PI", "std::numbers::inv_pi"),
+    ("M_2_PI", "2. * std::numbers::inv_pi"),
+    ("M_2_SQRTPI", "2. * std::numbers::inv_sqrtpi"),
+    ("M_E", "std::numbers::e"),
+    ("M_LOG2E", "std::numbers::log2e"),
+    ("M_LOG10E", "std::numbers::log10e"),
+    ("M_LN2", "std::numbers::ln2"),
+    ("M_LN10", "std::numbers::ln10"),
+    ("M_SQRT2", "std::numbers::sqrt2"),
+    ("M_SQRT1_2", "1. / std::numbers::sqrt2"),
+    ("M_SQRT3", "std::numbers::sqrt3"),
+    ("M_INV_SQRT3", "std::numbers::inv_sqrt3"),
+    ("M_EGAMMA", "std::numbers::egamma"),
+    ("M_PHI", "std::numbers::phi"),
+]
+
+
+github = "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+
+
+def handle_file(
+    file: Path, fix: bool, math_const: tuple[str, str]
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
+    ex = re.compile(rf"(?<!\w){math_const[0]}(?!\w)")
+
+    content = file.read_text()
+    lines = content.splitlines()
+
+    changed_lines = []
+
+    for i, oline in enumerate(lines):
+        line, n_subs = ex.subn(rf"{math_const[1]}", oline)
+        lines[i] = line
+        if n_subs > 0:
+            changed_lines.append((i, oline))
+
+    if fix and len(changed_lines) > 0:
+        file.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n")
+
+    return changed_lines
+
+
+def main():
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    p.add_argument("input", nargs="+")
+    p.add_argument("--fix", action="store_true", help="Attempt to fix M_* macros.")
+    p.add_argument("--exclude", "-e", action="append", default=[])
+
+    args = p.parse_args()
+
+    exit_code = 0
+
+    inputs = []
+
+    if len(args.input) == 1 and os.path.isdir(args.input[0]):
+        # walk over all files
+        for root, _, files in os.walk(args.input[0]):
+            root = Path(root)
+            for filename in files:
+                # get the full path of the file
+                filepath = root / filename
+                if filepath.suffix not in (
+                    ".hpp",
+                    ".cpp",
+                    ".ipp",
+                    ".h",
+                    ".C",
+                    ".c",
+                    ".cu",
+                    ".cuh",
+                ):
+                    continue
+
+                if any([fnmatch(str(filepath), e) for e in args.exclude]):
+                    continue
+
+                inputs.append(filepath)
+    else:
+        for file in args.input:
+            inputs.append(Path(file))
+
+    for filepath in inputs:
+        for math_const in math_constants:
+            changed_lines = handle_file(
+                file=filepath, fix=args.fix, math_const=math_const
+            )
+            if len(changed_lines) > 0:
+                exit_code = 1
+                print()
+                print(filepath)
+                for i, oline in changed_lines:
+                    print(f"{i}: {oline}")
+
+                    if github:
+                        print(
+                            f"::error file={filepath},line={i+1},title=Do not use macro {math_const[0]}::Replace {math_const[0]} with std::{math_const[1]}"
+                        )
+
+    if exit_code == 1 and github:
+        print(f"::info You will need in each flagged file #include <numbers>")
+
+    return exit_code
+
+
+if "__main__" == __name__:
+    sys.exit(main())

From bf3faa3b248d53c4537ad9f49026f6dc144b777d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 18:46:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/24] refactor(gx2f): pull out material counting (#3839)

Pulling out, as suggested in https://github.com/acts-project/acts/pull/3726/files#r1835623388
---
 .../TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp    | 84 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
index c5fb8483aa7..867b161201c 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
@@ -392,10 +392,8 @@ void addMeasurementToGx2fSums(Gx2fSystem& extendedSystem,
   }
 
   // Create an extended Jacobian. This one contains only eBoundSize rows,
-  // because the rest is irrelevant. We fill it in the next steps
+  // because the rest is irrelevant. We fill it in the next steps.
   // TODO make dimsExtendedParams template with unrolling
-
-  // We create an empty Jacobian and fill it in the next steps
   Eigen::MatrixXd extendedJacobian =
       Eigen::MatrixXd::Zero(eBoundSize, extendedSystem.nDims());
 
@@ -566,10 +564,11 @@ void addMaterialToGx2fSums(
 ///
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t The type of the track proxy
 ///
-/// @param track A mutable track proxy to operate on
+/// @param track A constant track proxy to inspect
 /// @param extendedSystem All parameters of the current equation system
 /// @param multipleScattering Flag to consider multiple scattering in the calculation
-/// @param scatteringMap Map of geometry identifiers to scattering properties, containing all scattering angles and covariances
+/// @param scatteringMap Map of geometry identifiers to scattering properties,
+///        containing scattering angles and validation status
 /// @param geoIdVector A vector to store geometry identifiers for tracking processed elements
 /// @param logger A logger instance
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
@@ -650,6 +649,51 @@ void fillGx2fSystem(
   }
 }
 
+/// @brief Count the valid material states in a track for scattering calculations.
+///
+/// This function counts the valid material surfaces encountered in a track
+/// by examining each track state. The count is based on the presence of
+/// material flags and the availability of scattering information for each
+/// surface.
+///
+/// @tparam track_proxy_t The type of the track proxy
+///
+/// @param track A constant track proxy to inspect
+/// @param scatteringMap Map of geometry identifiers to scattering properties,
+///        containing scattering angles and validation status
+/// @param logger A logger instance
+template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
+std::size_t countMaterialStates(
+    const track_proxy_t track,
+    const std::unordered_map<GeometryIdentifier, ScatteringProperties>&
+        scatteringMap,
+    const Logger& logger) {
+  std::size_t nMaterialSurfaces = 0;
+  ACTS_DEBUG("Count the valid material surfaces.");
+  for (const auto& trackState : track.trackStates()) {
+    const auto typeFlags = trackState.typeFlags();
+    const bool stateHasMaterial = typeFlags.test(TrackStateFlag::MaterialFlag);
+
+    if (!stateHasMaterial) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Get and store geoId for the current material surface
+    const GeometryIdentifier geoId = trackState.referenceSurface().geometryId();
+
+    const auto scatteringMapId = scatteringMap.find(geoId);
+    assert(scatteringMapId != scatteringMap.end() &&
+           "No scattering angles found for material surface.");
+    if (!scatteringMapId->second.materialIsValid()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    nMaterialSurfaces++;
+  }
+
+  return nMaterialSurfaces;
+}
+
 /// @brief Calculate and update the covariance of the fitted parameters
 ///
 /// This function calculates the covariance of the fitted parameters using
@@ -1303,32 +1347,10 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
 
       // Count the material surfaces, to set up the system. In the multiple
       // scattering case, we need to extend our system.
-      std::size_t nMaterialSurfaces = 0;
-      if (multipleScattering) {
-        ACTS_DEBUG("Count the valid material surfaces.");
-        for (const auto& trackState : track.trackStates()) {
-          const auto typeFlags = trackState.typeFlags();
-          const bool stateHasMaterial =
-              typeFlags.test(TrackStateFlag::MaterialFlag);
-
-          if (!stateHasMaterial) {
-            continue;
-          }
-
-          // Get and store geoId for the current material surface
-          const GeometryIdentifier geoId =
-              trackState.referenceSurface().geometryId();
-
-          const auto scatteringMapId = scatteringMap.find(geoId);
-          assert(scatteringMapId != scatteringMap.end() &&
-                 "No scattering angles found for material surface.");
-          if (!scatteringMapId->second.materialIsValid()) {
-            continue;
-          }
-
-          nMaterialSurfaces++;
-        }
-      }
+      const std::size_t nMaterialSurfaces =
+          multipleScattering
+              ? countMaterialStates(track, scatteringMap, *m_addToSumLogger)
+              : 0u;
 
       // We need 6 dimensions for the bound parameters and 2 * nMaterialSurfaces
       // dimensions for the scattering angles.

From 637ee0175bda47d5f0ff724fc0b7c3ce986dca3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 19:47:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/24] chore: remove `M_PI` relics (#3845)

---
 docs/codeguide.md | 2 +-
 docs/conf.py      | 1 -
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/codeguide.md b/docs/codeguide.md
index 402ba00be6f..0030cef319d 100644
--- a/docs/codeguide.md
+++ b/docs/codeguide.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pos4[eTime] = 12.3;
 BoundVector pars;
 pars[eBoundLoc0] = 1.2;
 ...
-pars[eBoundPhi] = M_PI;
+pars[eBoundPhi] = std::numbers::pi;
 ...
 ```
 
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 7788dad8dce..0f333f385a5 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@
 nitpick_ignore = [
     ("cpp:identifier", "Acts"),
     ("cpp:identifier", "detail"),
-    ("cpp:identifier", "M_PI"),
     ("cpp:identifier", "eSize"),
     ("cpp:identifier", "eBoundSize"),
     ("cpp:identifier", "eFreeSize"),

From 4f8dd3fce20d0decfc538cfcf8680690c71b2798 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 21:20:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/24] chore: remove redundant cmake flags (#3842)

These are already set with ``:
```
{
    "name": "gitlab-ci-clangtidy",
    "displayName": "GitLab-CI",
    "inherits": "ci-common",
    "cacheVariables": {
        "ACTS_BUILD_ODD": "OFF",
        "ACTS_BUILD_EXAMPLES_PYTHON_BINDINGS": "OFF",
        "ACTS_RUN_CLANG_TIDY": "ON"
    }
},
```
---
 .gitlab-ci.yml | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
index 4c6a7b166fc..14e59882291 100644
--- a/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ clang_tidy:
         -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++
         -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang
         -DPython_EXECUTABLE=$(which python3)
-        -DACTS_RUN_CLANG_TIDY=ON
-        -DACTS_BUILD_ODD=OFF
 
     # Main clang-tidy run during cmake compilation
     - CI/clang_tidy/run_clang_tidy.sh clang-tidy build

From 6ad165b064634e75a973c60f9e18c5d1c9c7dc1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 22:34:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/24] test: enable commented checks in bounding box tests
 (#3829)

- Reenable checks, that previously failed for double precision.
- Uncomment plotting functions to at least have them compile for reference.
---
 .../Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp        | 432 ++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 196 insertions(+), 236 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp
index f3aa6b2de14..675d7d49320 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/BoundingBoxTest.cpp
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ using Vector3F = Eigen::Matrix<BoundingBoxScalar, 3, 1>;
 using AngleAxis3F = Eigen::AngleAxis<BoundingBoxScalar>;
 
 std::filesystem::path tmp_path = []() {
-  auto p = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "acts_unit_tests";
-  std::filesystem::create_directory(p);
-  std::cout << "Writing test output to: " << p << std::endl;
-  return p;
+  auto tmpPath = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "acts_unit_tests";
+  std::filesystem::create_directory(tmpPath);
+  std::cout << "Writing test output to: " << tmpPath << std::endl;
+  return tmpPath;
 }();
 
 std::ofstream tmp(const std::string& path) {
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_points) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
-  /* temporarily removed, fails with double precision
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("2D") {
     using Box = AxisAlignedBoundingBox<Object, BoundingBoxScalar, 2>;
 
@@ -158,9 +157,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
     ray = {{-2, -2}, {1, 0}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
-    // upper bound is exclusive
-    ray = {{-2, 1}, {1, 0}};
-    BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
+    // upper bound is exclusive - temporarily removed, fails macOS ci
+    // ray = {{-2, 1}, {1, 0}};
+    // BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
     // lower bound is inclusive
     ray = {{-2, -1}, {1, 0}};
@@ -181,9 +180,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
     ray = {{2, -2}, {-1, 0}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
-    // upper bound is exclusive
-    ray = {{2, 1}, {-1, 0}};
-    BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
+    // upper bound is exclusive - temporarily removed, fails macOS ci
+    // ray = {{2, 1}, {-1, 0}};
+    // BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
     // lower bound is inclusive
     ray = {{2, -1}, {-1, 0}};
@@ -204,8 +203,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
     ray = {{1, -2}, {0, 1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
-    // lower bound is not inclusive,
-    // due to Eigen's NaN handling.
+    // lower bound is not inclusive, due to Eigen's NaN handling.
     ray = {{-1, -2}, {0, 1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
@@ -228,8 +226,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
     ray = {{1, 2}, {0, -1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
-    // lower bound is not inclusive,
-    // due to Eigen's NaN handling.
+    // lower bound is not inclusive, due to Eigen's NaN handling.
     ray = {{-1, 2}, {0, -1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
@@ -261,31 +258,15 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb.intersect(ray));
 
     // starting point inside
-    ray = {{
-               0,
-               0,
-           },
-           {-1, 0}};
+    ray = {{0, 0}, {-1, 0}};
     BOOST_CHECK(bb.intersect(ray));
-    ray = {{
-               0,
-               0,
-           },
-           {1, 0}};
+    ray = {{0, 0}, {1, 0}};
     BOOST_CHECK(bb.intersect(ray));
-    ray = {{
-               0,
-               0,
-           },
-           {0, -1}};
+    ray = {{0, 0}, {0, -1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(bb.intersect(ray));
-    ray = {{
-               0,
-               0,
-           },
-           {0, 1}};
+    ray = {{0, 0}, {0, 1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(bb.intersect(ray));
-  } */
+  }
 
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("3D visualize") {
     Object o;
@@ -322,21 +303,21 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(intersect_rays) {
     ray3 = {{0, -2, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb3.intersect(ray3));
 
-    // right on slab - temporarily removed, fails with double precision
+    // right on slab - temporarily removed, fails macOS ci
     // ray3 = {{0, 1, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
     // BOOST_CHECK(!bb3.intersect(ray3));
 
-    // right on slab - temporarily removed, fails with double precision
-    // ray3 = {{0, -1, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
-    // BOOST_CHECK(bb3.intersect(ray3));
+    // right on slab
+    ray3 = {{0, -1, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
+    BOOST_CHECK(bb3.intersect(ray3));
 
     // right on slab
     ray3 = {{-1, 0, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(!bb3.intersect(ray3));
 
-    // right on slab - temporarily removed, fails with double precision
-    // ray3 = {{1, 0, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
-    // BOOST_CHECK(!bb3.intersect(ray3));
+    // right on slab
+    ray3 = {{1, 0, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
+    BOOST_CHECK(!bb3.intersect(ray3));
 
     ray3 = {{-0.95, 0, -2}, {0, 0, 1}};
     BOOST_CHECK(bb3.intersect(ray3));
@@ -461,10 +442,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ray_obb_intersect) {
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("2D") {
-    auto make_svg = [](const std::string& fname, std::size_t w, std::size_t h) {
+    auto make_svg = [](const std::string& fname, std::size_t width,
+                       std::size_t height) {
       auto os = tmp(fname);
       os << "<?xml version=\"1.0\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n";
-      os << "<svg width=\"" << w << "\" height=\"" << h
+      os << "<svg width=\"" << width << "\" height=\"" << height
          << "\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n";
       return os;
     };
@@ -473,30 +455,31 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     std::ofstream os;
 
-    const std::size_t w = 1000;
-    const std::size_t n = 10;
-
-    // BEGIN VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
-
-    // BoundingBoxScalar  min = -20, max = 20;
-    // os = make_svg("frust2d.svg", w, w);
-
-    // BoundingBoxScalar  step = (max - min) /
-    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n); for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
-    // for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= n; j++) {
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,2> dir    = {1, 0};
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,2> origin = {min + step * i, min + step *
-    // j}; origin.x() *= 1.10;  // visual Eigen::Rotation2D<BoundingBoxScalar>
-    // rot(2 * std::numbers::pi / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i);
-    // BoundingBoxScalar angle = std::numbers::pi / 2. / n * j; Frustum2
-    // fr(origin, rot * dir, angle); fr.svg(os, w, w, 2);
-    //}
-    //}
-
-    // os << "</svg>";
-    // os.close();
+    const std::size_t svgWidth = 1000;
+    const std::size_t svgHeight = svgWidth;
+    const std::size_t nSteps = 10;
+
+    // Visualise the parameters
+    const BoundingBoxScalar min = -20;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar max = 20;
+    os = make_svg("frust2d_parameters.svg", svgWidth, svgHeight);
+
+    const BoundingBoxScalar step = (max - min) / nSteps;
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= nSteps; i++) {
+      for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= nSteps; j++) {
+        Vector2F dir(1, 0);
+        Vector2F origin(min + step * i, min + step * j);
+        origin.x() *= 1.10;
+        Eigen::Rotation2D<BoundingBoxScalar> rot(2 * std::numbers::pi / nSteps *
+                                                 i);
+        BoundingBoxScalar angle = std::numbers::pi / 2. / nSteps * j;
+        Frustum2 fr(origin, rot * dir, angle);
+        fr.svg(os, svgWidth, svgHeight, 2);
+      }
+    }
 
-    // END VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
+    os << "</svg>";
+    os.close();
 
     const BoundingBoxScalar unit = 20;
 
@@ -504,18 +487,18 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     Object o;
     Box::Size size(Eigen::Matrix<BoundingBoxScalar, 2, 1>(2, 2));
 
-    BoundingBoxScalar minx = -20;
-    BoundingBoxScalar miny = -20;
-    BoundingBoxScalar maxx = 20;
-    BoundingBoxScalar maxy = 20;
-    BoundingBoxScalar stepx = (maxx - minx) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n);
-    BoundingBoxScalar stepy = (maxy - miny) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n);
+    const BoundingBoxScalar minX = -20;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar minY = -20;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar maxX = 20;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar maxY = 20;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar stepX = (maxX - minX) / nSteps;
+    const BoundingBoxScalar stepY = (maxY - minY) / nSteps;
 
-    std::set<std::size_t> act_idxs;
+    std::set<std::size_t> idxsAct;
 
     // clang-format off
-    std::vector<std::pair<Frustum2, std::set<std::size_t>>> fr_exp;
-    fr_exp = {
+    std::vector<std::pair<Frustum2, std::set<std::size_t>>> frExp;
+    frExp = {
         {Frustum2({0, 0}, {1, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {60,  70,  71,  72,  80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  90,  91,  92,
           93,  94,  95,  96,  100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
@@ -583,22 +566,22 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     };
     // clang-format on
 
-    for (std::size_t l = 0; l < fr_exp.size(); l++) {
-      const Frustum2& fr = fr_exp.at(l).first;
-      const std::set<std::size_t>& exp_idxs = fr_exp.at(l).second;
+    for (std::size_t l = 0; l < frExp.size(); l++) {
+      const Frustum2& fr = frExp.at(l).first;
+      const std::set<std::size_t>& idxsExp = frExp.at(l).second;
       std::stringstream ss;
       ss << "frust2d_test_" << l << ".svg";
-      os = make_svg(ss.str(), w, w);
+      os = make_svg(ss.str(), svgWidth, svgHeight);
 
-      act_idxs.clear();
+      idxsAct.clear();
 
       std::vector<Box> boxes;
-      boxes.reserve((n + 1) * (n + 1));
-      for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
-        for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= n; j++) {
+      boxes.reserve((nSteps + 1) * (nSteps + 1));
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= nSteps; i++) {
+        for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= nSteps; j++) {
           boxes.emplace_back(&o,
                              Eigen::Matrix<BoundingBoxScalar, 2, 1>{
-                                 minx + i * stepx, miny + j * stepy},
+                                 minX + i * stepX, minY + j * stepY},
                              size);
           std::stringstream st;
           st << boxes.size() - 1;
@@ -606,16 +589,16 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           std::string color = "red";
           if (boxes.back().intersect(fr)) {
             color = "green";
-            act_idxs.insert(boxes.size() - 1);
+            idxsAct.insert(boxes.size() - 1);
           }
 
-          boxes.back().svg(os, w, w, unit, st.str(), color);
+          boxes.back().svg(os, svgWidth, svgHeight, unit, st.str(), color);
         }
       }
 
-      BOOST_CHECK(act_idxs == exp_idxs);
+      BOOST_CHECK(idxsAct == idxsExp);
 
-      fr.svg(os, w, w, maxx, unit);
+      fr.svg(os, svgWidth, svgHeight, maxX, unit);
       os << "</svg>";
 
       os.close();
@@ -627,73 +610,64 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
     using Frustum3 = Frustum<BoundingBoxScalar, 3, 3>;
     std::ofstream os;
     std::size_t n = 10;
-    std::size_t s = 5;
-    double min = -10, max = 10;
-    double step = (max - min) / s;
+    const std::size_t nSteps = 5;
+    double min = -10;
+    double max = 10;
+    double step = (max - min) / nSteps;
+
+    // Visualise the parameters
+    auto make = [&](double angle, const Vector3F& origin,
+                    std::ofstream& osTmp) {
+      helper.clear();
+      BoundingBoxScalar far = 1;
+      Frustum3 fr(origin, {0, 0, 1}, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, far);
+      fr = Frustum3(origin, {0, 0, -1}, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, far);
+      fr = Frustum3(origin, {1, 0, 0}, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, far);
+      fr = Frustum3(origin, {-1, 0, 0}, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, far);
+
+      fr = Frustum3(origin, {0, 1, 0}, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, far);
+      fr = Frustum3(origin, {0, -1, 0}, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, far);
+
+      osTmp << helper << std::flush;
+
+      helper.clear();
+    };
+
+    os = std::ofstream("frust3d_dir.ply");
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= nSteps; i++) {
+      for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= nSteps; j++) {
+        for (std::size_t k = 0; k <= nSteps; k++) {
+          Vector3F origin(min + i * step, min + j * step, min + k * step);
+          make(std::numbers::pi / 4., origin, os);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    os.close();
+
+    os = tmp("frust3D_angle.ply");
+    helper.clear();
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
+      Vector3F origin(i * 4, 0, 0);
+      AngleAxis3F rot(std::numbers::pi / n * i, Vector3F::UnitY());
+      BoundingBoxScalar angle = (std::numbers::pi / 2.) / n * (1 + i);
+      Vector3F dir(1, 0, 0);
+      Frustum3 fr(origin, rot * dir, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, 2);
+    }
+
+    os << helper << std::flush;
+    os.close();
 
-    // BEGIN VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
-
-    // std::size_t n_vtx   = 1;
-    // auto make = [&](double angle, ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> origin,
-    // std::ofstream& os)
-    // {
-    // helper.clear();
-    // BoundingBoxScalar    far = 1;
-    // Frustum3 fr(origin, {0, 0, 1}, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, far);
-    // fr = Frustum3(origin, {0, 0, -1}, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, far);
-    // fr = Frustum3(origin, {1, 0, 0}, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, far);
-    // fr = Frustum3(origin, {-1, 0, 0}, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, far);
-
-    // fr = Frustum3(origin, {0, 1, 0}, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, far);
-    // fr = Frustum3(origin, {0, -1, 0}, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, far);
-
-    // os << helper << std::flush;
-
-    // helper.clear();
-    //};
-
-    // os = std::ofstreams("frust3d_dir.ply");
-    // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= s; i++) {
-    // for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= s; j++) {
-    // for (std::size_t k = 0; k <= s; k++) {
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> origin(
-    // min + i * step, min + j * step, min + k * step);
-    //// std::cout << origin.transpose() << std::endl;
-    // make(std::numbers::pi / 4., origin, os);
-    //}
-    //}
-    //}
-    // os.close();
-
-    // os = tmp("frust3D_angle.ply");
-    // helper.clear();
-    // n_vtx             = 1;
-    // Eigen::Affine3f rot;
-    // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> origin(i * 4, 0, 0);
-    // rot = Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi /
-    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i,
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitY()); BoundingBoxScalar angle =
-    // (std::numbers::pi / 2.) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * (1 + i);
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0); Frustum3 fr(origin, rot *
-    // dir, angle); fr.draw(helper, 2);
-    //}
-
-    // os << helper << std::flush;
-    // os.close();
-
-    //// END VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
-
-    std::set<std::size_t> act_idxs;
-
-    std::vector<std::pair<Frustum3, std::set<std::size_t>>> fr_exp;
-    fr_exp = {
+    std::set<std::size_t> idxsAct;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<Frustum3, std::set<std::size_t>>> frExp;
+    frExp = {
         {Frustum3({0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {
              665,  763,  774,  775,  785,  786,  787,  788,  796,  797,  807,
@@ -856,9 +830,9 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1088, 1143, 1154, 1165, 1175, 1176, 1186, 1187, 1197, 1198, 1207,
           1208, 1209, 1308, 1319, 1330}}};
 
-    for (std::size_t l = 0; l < fr_exp.size(); l++) {
-      const Frustum3& fr = fr_exp.at(l).first;
-      const std::set<std::size_t>& exp_idxs = fr_exp.at(l).second;
+    for (std::size_t l = 0; l < frExp.size(); l++) {
+      const Frustum3& fr = frExp.at(l).first;
+      const std::set<std::size_t>& idxsExp = frExp.at(l).second;
       std::stringstream ss;
       ss << "frust3d-3s_test_" << l << ".ply";
 
@@ -866,14 +840,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
       helper.clear();
 
-      act_idxs.clear();
+      idxsAct.clear();
 
       fr.draw(helper, 50);
 
       n = 10;
       min = -33;
       max = 33;
-      step = (max - min) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n);
+      step = (max - min) / n;
 
       Object o;
       using Box = AxisAlignedBoundingBox<Object, BoundingBoxScalar, 3>;
@@ -892,7 +866,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
             if (bb.intersect(fr)) {
               color = {0, 255, 0};
-              act_idxs.insert(idx);
+              idxsAct.insert(idx);
             }
 
             bb.draw(helper, color);
@@ -904,76 +878,64 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
       os << helper << std::flush;
       os.close();
 
-      BOOST_CHECK(act_idxs == exp_idxs);
+      BOOST_CHECK(idxsAct == idxsExp);
     }
   }
 
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("3D - 4 Sides") {
     using Frustum34 = Frustum<BoundingBoxScalar, 3, 4>;
-    std::size_t n = 10;
-    double min = -10, max = 10;
-    std::size_t s = 5;
+    const std::size_t n = 10;
+    double min = -10;
+    double max = 10;
+    const std::size_t s = 5;
     double step = (max - min) / s;
     std::ofstream os;
 
-    // BEGIN VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
-
-    // std::size_t n_vtx    = 1;
-
-    // helper.clear();
-    // os = tmp("frust3d-4s_dir.ply");
-
-    // double angle = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
-    // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= s; i++) {
-    // for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= s; j++) {
-    // for (std::size_t k = 0; k <= s; k++) {
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> origin(
-    // min + i * step, min + j * step, min + k * step);
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0);
-
-    // Eigen::Affine3f rot;
-    // rot = Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi /
-    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) * i,
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitX())
-    //* Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) *
-    // j,
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitY())
-    //* Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(s) *
-    // k,
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitZ());
-
-    // Frustum34 fr(origin, rot * dir, angle);
-    // fr.draw(helper, 1);
-    //}
-    //}
-    //}
-
-    // os << helper << std::flush;
-    // os.close();
-    // os = tmp("frust3d-4s_angle.ply");
-    // helper.clear();
-
-    // n_vtx    = 1;
-    // for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>  origin(i * 4, 0, 0);
-    // Eigen::Affine3f rot;
-    // rot   = Eigen::AngleAxisf(std::numbers::pi /
-    // static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * i,
-    // ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3>::UnitY());
-    // angle = (std::numbers::pi / 2.) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n) * (1
-    // + i); ActsVector<BoundingBoxScalar,3> dir(1, 0, 0); Frustum34 fr(origin,
-    // rot * dir, angle); fr.draw(helper, 2);
-    //}
-
-    // os << helper << std::flush;
-    // os.close();
-
-    // END VISUAL PARAMETER TEST
-
-    std::set<std::size_t> act_idxs;
-
-    std::vector<std::pair<Frustum34, std::set<std::size_t>>> fr_exp;
-    fr_exp = {
+    // Visualise the parameters
+    helper.clear();
+    os = tmp("frust3d-4s_dir.ply");
+
+    const double constAngle = std::numbers::pi / 4.;
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= s; i++) {
+      for (std::size_t j = 0; j <= s; j++) {
+        for (std::size_t k = 0; k <= s; k++) {
+          Vector3F origin(min + i * step, min + j * step, min + k * step);
+          Vector3F dir(1, 0, 0);
+
+          BoundingBoxScalar piOverS = std::numbers::pi_v<BoundingBoxScalar> / s;
+          AngleAxis3F rot;
+          rot = AngleAxis3F(piOverS * i, Vector3F::UnitX()) *
+                AngleAxis3F(piOverS * j, Vector3F::UnitY()) *
+                AngleAxis3F(piOverS * k, Vector3F::UnitZ());
+
+          Frustum34 fr(origin, rot * dir, constAngle);
+          fr.draw(helper, 1);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    os << helper << std::flush;
+    os.close();
+
+    os = tmp("frust3d-4s_angle.ply");
+    helper.clear();
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
+      Vector3F origin(i * 4, 0, 0);
+      AngleAxis3F rot(std::numbers::pi / n * i, Vector3F::UnitY());
+      const double angle = (std::numbers::pi / 2.) / n * (1 + i);
+      Vector3F dir(1, 0, 0);
+      Frustum34 fr(origin, rot * dir, angle);
+      fr.draw(helper, 2);
+    }
+
+    os << helper << std::flush;
+    os.close();
+
+    std::set<std::size_t> idxsAct;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<Frustum34, std::set<std::size_t>>> frExp;
+    frExp = {
         {Frustum34({0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, std::numbers::pi / 2.),
          {665,  774,  775,  776,  785,  786,  787,  796,  797,  798,  883,
           884,  885,  886,  887,  894,  895,  896,  897,  898,  905,  906,
@@ -1123,9 +1085,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
           1088, 1143, 1154, 1165, 1175, 1176, 1186, 1187, 1197, 1198, 1209,
           1308, 1319, 1330}}};
 
-    for (std::size_t l = 0; l < fr_exp.size(); l++) {
-      const Frustum34& fr = fr_exp.at(l).first;
-      const std::set<std::size_t>& exp_idxs = fr_exp.at(l).second;
+    min = -33;
+    max = 33;
+    step = (max - min) / n;
+
+    for (std::size_t l = 0; l < frExp.size(); l++) {
+      const Frustum34& fr = frExp.at(l).first;
+      const std::set<std::size_t>& idxsExp = frExp.at(l).second;
       std::stringstream ss;
       ss << "frust3d-4s_test_" << l << ".ply";
 
@@ -1133,15 +1099,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
       helper.clear();
 
-      act_idxs.clear();
+      idxsAct.clear();
 
       fr.draw(helper, 50);
 
-      n = 10;
-      min = -33;
-      max = 33;
-      step = (max - min) / static_cast<BoundingBoxScalar>(n);
-
       Object o;
       using Box = AxisAlignedBoundingBox<Object, BoundingBoxScalar, 3>;
       Box::Size size(Eigen::Matrix<BoundingBoxScalar, 3, 1>(2, 2, 2));
@@ -1158,7 +1119,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
             if (bb.intersect(fr)) {
               color = {0, 255, 0};
-              act_idxs.insert(idx);
+              idxsAct.insert(idx);
             }
 
             bb.draw(helper, color);
@@ -1170,7 +1131,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
       os << helper << std::flush;
       os.close();
 
-      BOOST_CHECK(act_idxs == exp_idxs);
+      BOOST_CHECK(idxsAct == idxsExp);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1206,7 +1167,6 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(frustum_intersect) {
 
     PlyVisualization3D<BoundingBoxScalar> ply;
 
-    // Frustum fr({0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, std::numbers::pi/8.);
     vec3 pos = {-12.4205, 29.3578, 44.6207};
     vec3 dir = {-0.656862, 0.48138, 0.58035};
     Frustum fr(pos, dir, 0.972419);

From 5fc391b302b076a2cdd645ef57fc2efb36f80313 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pierfrancesco Butti <pierfrancesco.butti@protonmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 09:09:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 16/24] fix: Track selector printouts to be in line with actual
 cuts (#3815)

Minor fix to the printouts in the track selector to show the right limits applied to the counters.






<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->

## Summary by CodeRabbit

- **New Features**
	- Enhanced output clarity with new printing functions for cut values in track selection.
	- Added validation checks for `etaMax` parameter and improved error handling for bin indexing.

- **Bug Fixes**
	- Updated logic for evaluating track validity to ensure accurate results.

<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
---
 .../Acts/TrackFinding/TrackSelector.hpp       | 38 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFinding/TrackSelector.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFinding/TrackSelector.hpp
index 459ab996857..5a2cf53df27 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFinding/TrackSelector.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFinding/TrackSelector.hpp
@@ -304,24 +304,32 @@ inline TrackSelector::Config& TrackSelector::Config::pt(double min,
 
 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                                 const TrackSelector::Config& cuts) {
-  auto print = [&](const char* name, const auto& min, const auto& max) {
+  // for printing cuts set up with `within`
+  auto printMinMax = [&](const char* name, const auto& min, const auto& max) {
     os << " - " << min << " <= " << name << " < " << max << "\n";
   };
+  // for printing cuts set up with `checkMin`
+  auto printMin = [&](const char* name, const auto& min) {
+    os << " - " << min << " <= " << name << "\n";
+  };
+  // for printing cuts set up with `checkMax`
+  auto printMax = [&](const char* name, const auto& max) {
+    os << " - " << name << " <= " << max << "\n";
+  };
 
-  print("loc0", cuts.loc0Min, cuts.loc0Max);
-  print("loc1", cuts.loc1Min, cuts.loc1Max);
-  print("time", cuts.timeMin, cuts.timeMax);
-  print("phi", cuts.phiMin, cuts.phiMax);
-  print("eta", cuts.etaMin, cuts.etaMax);
-  print("absEta", cuts.absEtaMin, cuts.absEtaMax);
-  print("pt", cuts.ptMin, cuts.ptMax);
-  print("nHoles", 0, cuts.maxHoles);
-  print("nOutliers", 0, cuts.maxOutliers);
-  print("nHoles + nOutliers", 0, cuts.maxHolesAndOutliers);
-  print("nSharedHits", 0, cuts.maxSharedHits);
-  print("chi2", 0.0, cuts.maxChi2);
-  os << " - " << cuts.minMeasurements << " <= nMeasurements\n";
-
+  printMinMax("loc0", cuts.loc0Min, cuts.loc0Max);
+  printMinMax("loc1", cuts.loc1Min, cuts.loc1Max);
+  printMinMax("time", cuts.timeMin, cuts.timeMax);
+  printMinMax("phi", cuts.phiMin, cuts.phiMax);
+  printMinMax("eta", cuts.etaMin, cuts.etaMax);
+  printMinMax("absEta", cuts.absEtaMin, cuts.absEtaMax);
+  printMinMax("pt", cuts.ptMin, cuts.ptMax);
+  printMax("nHoles", cuts.maxHoles);
+  printMax("nOutliers", cuts.maxOutliers);
+  printMax("nHoles + nOutliers", cuts.maxHolesAndOutliers);
+  printMax("nSharedHits", cuts.maxSharedHits);
+  printMax("chi2", cuts.maxChi2);
+  printMin("nMeasurements", cuts.minMeasurements);
   return os;
 }
 

From b14548d1428eeabf4460788a099f79cbc63b3086 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 10:52:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 17/24] build: LC_ALL=C for DD4hep in setup (#3844)

This popped up in Spack builds, and can cause Xerces-C failures like:

```
Could not load a transcoding service
```

See also: https://github.com/key4hep/key4hep-spack/issues/170
---
 cmake/setup_withdeps.sh.in | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cmake/setup_withdeps.sh.in b/cmake/setup_withdeps.sh.in
index b4a17641134..ce1dc3506e7 100644
--- a/cmake/setup_withdeps.sh.in
+++ b/cmake/setup_withdeps.sh.in
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ if [[ -d "@Geant4_DIR@" ]]; then
 fi
 if [[ -d "@DD4hep_DIR@" ]]; then
   . @DD4hep_INCLUDE_DIRS@/../bin/thisdd4hep.sh
+  # Without this, DD4hep's Xerces-C XML parsing fails with:
+  # > Could not load a transcoding service
+  export LC_ALL=C
 fi
 if [[ -d "@podio_DIR@" ]]; then
   export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="@podio_LIBRARY_DIR@:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}"

From 1bd7dd4394bf08eaa0002f00cf263b69d80cf56e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 12:27:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 18/24] fix: Remove false-positive warning in GCC14 (#3817)

We had already masked this in GCC13, but it's still present in GCC14
---
 Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/SurfaceBoundsTests.cpp | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/SurfaceBoundsTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/SurfaceBoundsTests.cpp
index e150e9a64c9..470512383a0 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/SurfaceBoundsTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Surfaces/SurfaceBoundsTests.cpp
@@ -27,13 +27,15 @@ class SurfaceBoundsStub : public SurfaceBounds {
     std::iota(m_values.begin(), m_values.end(), 0);
   }
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 13 && !defined(__clang__)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 13 || __GNUC__ == 14) && \
+    !defined(__clang__)
 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Warray-bounds"
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstringop-overflow"
 #endif
   SurfaceBoundsStub(const SurfaceBoundsStub& other) = default;
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 13 && !defined(__clang__)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 13 || __GNUC__ == 14) && \
+    !defined(__clang__)
 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 #endif
 

From ce00e4086f08e324038bb4447e8d986dd608a88d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 14:02:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 19/24] build: Make Boost 1.85 a hard failure when building the
 Examples (#3843)

In the Examples, we require UB-free boost for the event data model to work
---
 CMakeLists.txt | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index f5209e0d210..601264badc0 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -290,8 +290,12 @@ if(ACTS_SETUP_BOOST)
     endif()
 
     if(Boost_VERSION VERSION_EQUAL "1.85.0")
+        set(_boost_version_severity WARNING)
+        if(ACTS_BUILD_EXAMPLES)
+            set(_boost_version_severity FATAL_ERROR)
+        endif()
         message(
-            WARNING
+            ${_boost_version_severity}
             "Boost 1.85.0 is known to be broken (https://github.com/boostorg/container/issues/273). Please use a different version."
         )
     endif()

From b19011b1ebe4c4776ee4aaf51b2b6b99bc559a87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 17:10:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 20/24] refactor: Expose IMaterialDecorator::decorate to python
 (#3819)

Exposes the `decorate` function to python, so the decoration can itself be steered from python if needed.

Part of #3502
---
 Examples/Python/src/Material.cpp | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Examples/Python/src/Material.cpp b/Examples/Python/src/Material.cpp
index 5bc5aa6a1f3..6855fdc1737 100644
--- a/Examples/Python/src/Material.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Python/src/Material.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,9 @@ void addMaterial(Context& ctx) {
   {
     py::class_<Acts::IMaterialDecorator,
                std::shared_ptr<Acts::IMaterialDecorator>>(m,
-                                                          "IMaterialDecorator");
+                                                          "IMaterialDecorator")
+        .def("decorate", py::overload_cast<Surface&>(
+                             &Acts::IMaterialDecorator::decorate, py::const_));
   }
 
   {

From 4048effde6e9557956492b47611b5e2f2a510b86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Attila Krasznahorkay <30694331+krasznaa@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 19:43:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 21/24] fix: oneAPI 2025 Fixes, main branch (2024.11.11.)
 (#3846)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

After @CarloVarni's update in https://github.com/acts-project/traccc/pull/765, I became unable to build [traccc](https://github.com/acts-project/traccc) with [oneAPI 2025.0.0](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/release-notes/intel-oneapi-toolkit-release-notes.html). 😦

The issue being solved here is of the type:

```
[159/737] Building CXX object Core/CMakeFiles/ActsCore.dir/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp.o
FAILED: Core/CMakeFiles/ActsCore.dir/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp.o
/software/intel/oneapi-2025.0.0/compiler/2025.0/bin/compiler/clang++  --gcc-toolchain=/software/gcc/13.3.0/x86_64-el9 -DActsCore_EXPORTS -I/home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/include -I/home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/build-oneapi/Core -isystem /home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/cmake/assert_include -isystem /software/boost/1.83.0/x86_64-el9-gcc11-opt/include -isystem /home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/traccc/build-vanilla/_deps/eigen3-src -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wshadow -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant -Wold-style-cast  -O2 -g -DNDEBUG -std=gnu++20 -fPIC -MD -MT Core/CMakeFiles/ActsCore.dir/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp.o -MF Core/CMakeFiles/ActsCore.dir/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp.o.d -o Core/CMakeFiles/ActsCore.dir/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp.o -c /home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp
In file included from /home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/src/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.cpp:9:
/home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp:1265:54: error: a template argument list is expected after a name prefixed by the template keyword [-Wmissing-template-arg-list-after-template-kw]
 1265 |       auto propagationResult = m_propagator.template propagate(propagatorState);
      |                                                      ^
/home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp:1268:43: error: a template argument list is expected after a name prefixed by the template keyword [-Wmissing-template-arg-list-after-template-kw]
 1268 |       auto result = m_propagator.template makeResult(std::move(propagatorState),
      |                                           ^
/home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp:1483:54: error: a template argument list is expected after a name prefixed by the template keyword [-Wmissing-template-arg-list-after-template-kw]
 1483 |       auto propagationResult = m_propagator.template propagate(propagatorState);
      |                                                      ^
/home/krasznaa/ATLAS/projects/acts/acts/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp:1486:43: error: a template argument list is expected after a name prefixed by the template keyword [-Wmissing-template-arg-list-after-template-kw]
 1486 |       auto result = m_propagator.template makeResult(std::move(propagatorState),
      |                                           ^
4 errors generated.
```

I imagine that those functions were templated once in the past, but they clearly are no longer. And Clang really doesn't like the erroneous call. 🤔

Unfortunately I was not able to reproduce these issues with [LLVM 18.1.8](https://discourse.llvm.org/t/18-1-8-released/79725). 😦 (That's the one I had already on hand. I imagine I'd need LLVM 19 to trigger this issue without oneAPI...) But I believe these will be useful fixes for vanilla Clang support as well.
---
 .../Acts/EventData/detail/TestSourceLink.hpp     |  5 ++---
 .../Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp  | 16 ++++++++--------
 Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/KalmanFitter.hpp  |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/TestSourceLink.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/TestSourceLink.hpp
index 34a234bbf4d..affec84aafa 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/TestSourceLink.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/EventData/detail/TestSourceLink.hpp
@@ -139,14 +139,13 @@ void testSourceLinkCalibratorReturn(
     trackState.allocateCalibrated(2);
     trackState.template calibrated<2>() = sl.parameters;
     trackState.template calibratedCovariance<2>() = sl.covariance;
-    trackState.template setSubspaceIndices(
-        std::array{sl.indices[0], sl.indices[1]});
+    trackState.setSubspaceIndices(std::array{sl.indices[0], sl.indices[1]});
   } else if (sl.indices[0] != Acts::eBoundSize) {
     trackState.allocateCalibrated(1);
     trackState.template calibrated<1>() = sl.parameters.head<1>();
     trackState.template calibratedCovariance<1>() =
         sl.covariance.topLeftCorner<1, 1>();
-    trackState.template setSubspaceIndices(std::array{sl.indices[0]});
+    trackState.setSubspaceIndices(std::array{sl.indices[0]});
   } else {
     throw std::runtime_error(
         "Tried to extract measurement from invalid TestSourceLink");
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
index 867b161201c..8cd67c38c2b 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/GlobalChiSquareFitter.hpp
@@ -1306,12 +1306,12 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
       // existing states, but this needs some more thinking.
       trackContainerTemp.clear();
 
-      auto propagationResult = m_propagator.template propagate(propagatorState);
+      auto propagationResult = m_propagator.propagate(propagatorState);
 
       // Run the fitter
-      auto result = m_propagator.template makeResult(std::move(propagatorState),
-                                                     propagationResult,
-                                                     propagatorOptions, false);
+      auto result =
+          m_propagator.makeResult(std::move(propagatorState), propagationResult,
+                                  propagatorOptions, false);
 
       if (!result.ok()) {
         ACTS_ERROR("Propagation failed: " << result.error());
@@ -1502,12 +1502,12 @@ class Gx2Fitter {
       auto& r = propagatorState.template get<Gx2FitterResult<traj_t>>();
       r.fittedStates = &trackContainer.trackStateContainer();
 
-      auto propagationResult = m_propagator.template propagate(propagatorState);
+      auto propagationResult = m_propagator.propagate(propagatorState);
 
       // Run the fitter
-      auto result = m_propagator.template makeResult(std::move(propagatorState),
-                                                     propagationResult,
-                                                     propagatorOptions, false);
+      auto result =
+          m_propagator.makeResult(std::move(propagatorState), propagationResult,
+                                  propagatorOptions, false);
 
       if (!result.ok()) {
         ACTS_ERROR("Propagation failed: " << result.error());
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/KalmanFitter.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/KalmanFitter.hpp
index b0fe848c17b..12b70c8a562 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/KalmanFitter.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/TrackFitting/KalmanFitter.hpp
@@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ class KalmanFitter {
                 track_container_t& trackContainer) const
       -> Result<typename track_container_t::TrackProxy> {
     auto propagatorState =
-        m_propagator.template makeState(sParameters, propagatorOptions);
+        m_propagator.makeState(sParameters, propagatorOptions);
 
     auto& kalmanResult =
         propagatorState.template get<KalmanFitterResult<traj_t>>();

From a8f07b9282865f638d92df86271785ea68cd8a6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Gessinger <paul.gessinger@cern.ch>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 20:59:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 22/24] feat: Add a benchmark executable for Track EDM (#3834)

This adds a standalone executable that runs some randomized access to the Track EDM, mainly creating tracks and track states
---
 Tests/Benchmarks/CMakeLists.txt        |   1 +
 Tests/Benchmarks/TrackEdmBenchmark.cpp | 184 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 185 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Tests/Benchmarks/TrackEdmBenchmark.cpp

diff --git a/Tests/Benchmarks/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/Benchmarks/CMakeLists.txt
index b19e67fed59..0edff123e9d 100644
--- a/Tests/Benchmarks/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/Benchmarks/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -32,3 +32,4 @@ add_benchmark(StraightLineStepper StraightLineStepperBenchmark.cpp)
 add_benchmark(SympyStepper SympyStepperBenchmark.cpp)
 add_benchmark(Stepper StepperBenchmark.cpp)
 add_benchmark(SourceLink SourceLinkBenchmark.cpp)
+add_benchmark(TrackEdm TrackEdmBenchmark.cpp)
diff --git a/Tests/Benchmarks/TrackEdmBenchmark.cpp b/Tests/Benchmarks/TrackEdmBenchmark.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b063254e154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/Benchmarks/TrackEdmBenchmark.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+// This file is part of the ACTS project.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
+//
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+// file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+#include "Acts/EventData/SubspaceHelpers.hpp"
+#include "Acts/EventData/TrackContainer.hpp"
+#include "Acts/EventData/TrackStatePropMask.hpp"
+#include "Acts/EventData/TrackStateType.hpp"
+#include "Acts/EventData/VectorMultiTrajectory.hpp"
+#include "Acts/EventData/VectorTrackContainer.hpp"
+#include "Acts/EventData/detail/GenerateParameters.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Surfaces/PerigeeSurface.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Surfaces/RectangleBounds.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Utilities/TrackHelpers.hpp"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <random>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+using namespace Acts;
+
+class BenchmarkSourceLink final {
+ public:
+  using Index = std::uint32_t;
+
+  /// Construct from geometry identifier and index.
+  constexpr BenchmarkSourceLink(Acts::GeometryIdentifier gid, Index idx)
+      : m_geometryId(gid), m_index(idx) {}
+
+  BenchmarkSourceLink() = default;
+  BenchmarkSourceLink(const BenchmarkSourceLink&) = default;
+  BenchmarkSourceLink(BenchmarkSourceLink&&) = default;
+  BenchmarkSourceLink& operator=(const BenchmarkSourceLink&) = default;
+  BenchmarkSourceLink& operator=(BenchmarkSourceLink&&) = default;
+
+  /// Access the index.
+  constexpr Index index() const { return m_index; }
+
+  Acts::GeometryIdentifier geometryId() const { return m_geometryId; }
+
+ private:
+  Acts::GeometryIdentifier m_geometryId;
+  Index m_index = 0;
+
+  friend bool operator==(const BenchmarkSourceLink& lhs,
+                         const BenchmarkSourceLink& rhs) {
+    return (lhs.geometryId() == rhs.geometryId()) &&
+           (lhs.m_index == rhs.m_index);
+  }
+};
+
+int main(int /*argc*/, char** /*argv[]*/) {
+  std::size_t runs = 1000000;
+  std::size_t nTracks = 10000;
+
+  VectorMultiTrajectory mtj;
+  VectorTrackContainer vtc;
+  TrackContainer tc{vtc, mtj};
+
+  VectorMultiTrajectory mtjOut;
+  VectorTrackContainer vtcOut;
+  TrackContainer output{vtcOut, mtjOut};
+
+  GeometryIdentifier gid;
+  gid.setVolume(5);
+  gid.setLayer(3);
+  gid.setSensitive(1);
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(BenchmarkSourceLink) <= ACTS_SOURCELINK_SBO_SIZE);
+
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_move_constructible_v<BenchmarkSourceLink>);
+
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<> nStatesDist(1, 20);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<> measDimDist(1, 3);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> typeDist(0, 1);
+  std::uniform_real_distribution<> copyDist(0, 1);
+  std::mt19937 rng{42};
+
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Surface>> surfaces;
+  std::vector<std::pair<BoundVector, BoundMatrix>> parametersVector;
+  for (std::size_t s = 0; s < 50; ++s) {
+    surfaces.push_back(Surface::makeShared<PlaneSurface>(
+        Transform3::Identity(), std::make_shared<RectangleBounds>(50, 50)));
+
+    parametersVector.push_back(
+        detail::Test::generateBoundParametersCovariance(rng, {}));
+  }
+
+  std::size_t nSurface = 0;
+  auto surface = [&]() {
+    nSurface++;
+    return surfaces.at(nSurface % surfaces.size());
+  };
+
+  std::size_t nParams = 0;
+  auto parameters = [&]() -> const std::pair<BoundVector, BoundMatrix>& {
+    nParams++;
+    return parametersVector.at(nParams % parametersVector.size());
+  };
+
+  auto perigee = Surface::makeShared<PerigeeSurface>(Vector3::Zero());
+
+  std::cout << "Creating " << nTracks << " tracks x " << runs << " runs"
+            << std::endl;
+  for (std::size_t r = 0; r < runs; ++r) {
+    tc.clear();
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < nTracks; ++i) {
+      auto track = tc.makeTrack();
+
+      std::size_t nStates = nStatesDist(rng);
+
+      for (std::size_t j = 0; j < nStates; ++j) {
+        auto trackState = track.appendTrackState(TrackStatePropMask::All);
+        trackState.setReferenceSurface(surface());
+
+        trackState.jacobian().setZero();
+        trackState.jacobian().row(j % eBoundSize).setOnes();
+
+        double crit = typeDist(rng);
+
+        if (crit < 0.1) {
+          // hole
+          trackState.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::HoleFlag);
+        } else if (crit < 0.2) {
+          // material
+          trackState.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::MaterialFlag);
+        } else {
+          BenchmarkSourceLink bsl{gid, 123};
+          trackState.allocateCalibrated(measDimDist(rng));
+
+          const auto& [predicted, covariance] = parameters();
+          trackState.predicted() = predicted;
+          trackState.predictedCovariance() = covariance;
+
+          visit_measurement(
+              trackState.calibratedSize(),
+              [&]<std::size_t N>(std::integral_constant<std::size_t, N> /*d*/) {
+                trackState.calibrated<N>().setOnes();
+                trackState.calibratedCovariance<N>().setIdentity();
+
+                std::array<std::uint8_t, eBoundSize> indices{0};
+                std::iota(indices.begin(), indices.end(), 0);
+                trackState.setBoundSubspaceIndices(indices);
+              });
+
+          trackState.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::MeasurementFlag);
+          if (crit < 0.4) {
+            // outlier
+            trackState.typeFlags().set(TrackStateFlag::OutlierFlag);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      track.setReferenceSurface(perigee);
+
+      const auto& [ref, cov] = parameters();
+      track.parameters() = ref;
+      track.covariance() = cov;
+
+      track.linkForward();
+
+      calculateTrackQuantities(track);
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& track : tc) {
+      if (copyDist(rng) > 0.1) {
+        // copy only 10% of tracks
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      auto target = output.makeTrack();
+      target.copyFrom(track);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}

From 6da96839bf0d62c1dfc0c173c806435d6d2971ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andreas Stefl <stefl.andreas@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 22:21:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 23/24] fix: Make `SeedingPerformanceWriter` thread-safe
 (#3850)

Not sure if the lock got lost by accident at some point or if it was never there. But the lock is definitely necessary to make the performance writer thread-safe.
---
 Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp
index d11de8bc018..e37f115093d 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/SeedingPerformanceWriter.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #include "ActsExamples/Utilities/EventDataTransforms.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Validation/TrackClassification.hpp"
 #include "ActsFatras/EventData/Barcode.hpp"
-#include "ActsFatras/EventData/Particle.hpp"
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -28,10 +27,6 @@
 using Acts::VectorHelpers::eta;
 using Acts::VectorHelpers::phi;
 
-namespace ActsExamples {
-struct AlgorithmContext;
-}  // namespace ActsExamples
-
 ActsExamples::SeedingPerformanceWriter::SeedingPerformanceWriter(
     ActsExamples::SeedingPerformanceWriter::Config config,
     Acts::Logging::Level level)
@@ -127,6 +122,9 @@ ActsExamples::ProcessCode ActsExamples::SeedingPerformanceWriter::writeT(
   const auto& particles = m_inputParticles(ctx);
   const auto& hitParticlesMap = m_inputMeasurementParticlesMap(ctx);
 
+  // Exclusive access to the tree while writing
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_writeMutex);
+
   std::size_t nSeeds = seeds.size();
   std::size_t nMatchedSeeds = 0;
   // Map from particles to how many times they were successfully found by a seed

From 087855fe21d4f1be1f96a25ed79049d08fdbbbb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Alexander J. Pfleger" <70842573+AJPfleger@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 23:35:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 24/24] chore: remove obsolete requirements file for exatrkx
 tests (#3848)

This separate requirements file was used, because of
```
# to support python 3.8 in CI: test_exatrkx_python (ubuntu2004)
# higher versions of numpy don't support python 3.8
numpy==1.24.4
```
Since we dropped `ubuntu 20.04` completely, which was the cause for having `python 3.8`, the `test_exatrkx_unittests` will be reworked on a newer ubuntu anyways, where it could just use the general requirements file.
---
 .gitlab-ci.yml                                |  2 +-
 .../Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in   |  9 ----
 .../Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.txt  | 53 -------------------
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 63 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
 delete mode 100644 Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.txt

diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
index 14e59882291..b0a213e607d 100644
--- a/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ build_exatrkx:
 #     - git clone $CLONE_URL src
 #     - cd src
 #     - git checkout $HEAD_SHA
-#     - pip3 install -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.txt
+#     - pip3 install -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements.txt
 #     - nvidia-smi
 #     - pytest -rFsv -k test_exatrkx
 
diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in b/Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
deleted file mode 100644
index 86f307d37e4..00000000000
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# to support python 3.8 in CI: test_exatrkx_python (ubuntu2004)
-# higher versions of numpy don't support python 3.8
-numpy==1.24.4
-
-pytest
-pytest-check
-uproot
-awkward
-pyyaml
diff --git a/Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.txt b/Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 04521b16770..00000000000
--- a/Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.10
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-#
-awkward==2.6.1
-    # via
-    #   -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-    #   uproot
-awkward-cpp==29
-    # via awkward
-exceptiongroup==1.2.0
-    # via pytest
-fsspec==2024.2.0
-    # via
-    #   awkward
-    #   uproot
-importlib-metadata==7.0.1
-    # via awkward
-iniconfig==2.0.0
-    # via pytest
-numpy==1.24.4
-    # via
-    #   -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-    #   awkward
-    #   awkward-cpp
-    #   uproot
-packaging==23.2
-    # via
-    #   awkward
-    #   pytest
-    #   uproot
-pluggy==1.4.0
-    # via pytest
-pytest==8.0.0
-    # via
-    #   -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-    #   pytest-check
-pytest-check==2.3.1
-    # via -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-pyyaml==6.0.1
-    # via -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-tomli==2.0.1
-    # via pytest
-typing-extensions==4.9.0
-    # via
-    #   awkward
-    #   uproot
-uproot==5.2.2
-    # via -r Examples/Python/tests/requirements_ubuntu2004.in
-zipp==3.17.0
-    # via importlib-metadata