diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/agu08.bst b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/agu08.bst new file mode 100755 index 0000000..9e0582c --- /dev/null +++ b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/agu08.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1853 @@ +%% +%% This is file `agu08.bst', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `head,ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{},nmlm,x9,m1') +%% physjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{},nmlm,x9,m1') +%% geojour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{},nmlm,x9,m1') +%% photjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{},nmlm,x9,m1') +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `tail,ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{},nmlm,x9,m1') +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** For journals of the American Geophysical Union *** +%% *** NOTE: this version limits number of authors in ref list to +%% *** maximum of 9; if more there, only First et al are listed +%% *** Use agufull08.bst instead for complete list +%% *** +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** Version 3.1 from 2008/08/27 +%% *** Multiple authors of same first author and year now in order of citation +%% *** and other minor fixes +%% *** Renamed to agu08.bst and agufull08.bst +%% *** +%% *** Version 3.0 from 2004/02/06 +%% *** Changed date format for AGU journals +%% *** The date now appears in parentheses after authors +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.2 from 2003/06/26 +%% *** (with bug fix from 2003/08/19) +%% *** Includes new fields eid and doi +%% *** The eid is what the AGU calls "citation number" +%% *** and doi is the DOI number; both of these are +%% *** used as substitution for page number +%% *** The issue number is now also included as +%% *** 84(3) for vol. 84, nr. 3 +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1d from 1999/05/20 +%% *** Book editors done right as P. James (Ed.), +%% *** Missing italics with some authors fixed +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1c from 1999/02/11 +%% *** This version does not crash older BibTeX installations with +%% *** more than 3000 wiz-functions +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1b from 1997/11/18 +%% *** (page numbers over 9999 are broken with commas, as 12,345) +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1a from 1997/05/26 +%% *** (contains improvements from copy editor comments, +%% *** notes added with first word lowercase (bug in 2.1 fixed) +%% *** and journal `number' never output +%% *** abbreviation for grl corrected) +%% *** +%% +%% Copyright 1994-2008 Patrick W Daly + % =============================================================== + % IMPORTANT NOTICE: + % This bibliographic style (bst) file has been generated from one or + % more master bibliographic style (mbs) files, listed above. + % + % This generated file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms + % of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN + % archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either + % version 1 of the License, or any later version. + % =============================================================== + % Name and version information of the main mbs file: + % \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[2008/08/27 4.30 (PWD, AO, DPC)] + % For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH + % This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is + % non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file to function properly. + % Such a package is natbib.sty by Patrick W. Daly + % The form of the \bibitem entries is + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}... + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}... + % The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists + % of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year + % in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening + % parenthesis! + % With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year. + % In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is + % really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must + % be parentheses in the label. + % The \cite command functions as follows: + % \citet{key} ==>> Jones et al. (1990) + % \citet*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990) + % \citep{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep*{key} ==>> (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990) + % \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) + % \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990, p. 32) + % \citeauthor{key} ==>> Jones et al. + % \citeauthor*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith + % \citeyear{key} ==>> 1990 + %--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + skip$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\textit{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {cite.name.font} +{ emphasize } +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words. + % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word. + % The language selected here is ENGLISH +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "and"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "pp." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "p." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "Master's thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "Ph.D. thesis" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{physjour.mbs}[2002/01/14 2.2 (PWD)] +MACRO {aa}{"Astron. \& Astrophys."} +MACRO {aasup}{"Astron. \& Astrophys. Suppl. Ser."} +MACRO {aj} {"Astron. J."} +MACRO {aph} {"Acta Phys."} +MACRO {advp} {"Adv. Phys."} +MACRO {ajp} {"Amer. J. Phys."} +MACRO {ajm} {"Amer. J. Math."} +MACRO {amsci} {"Amer. Sci."} +MACRO {anofd} {"Ann. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {am} {"Ann. Math."} +MACRO {ap} {"Ann. Phys. (NY)"} +MACRO {adp} {"Ann. Phys. (Leipzig)"} +MACRO {ao} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {apl} {"Appl. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {app} {"Astroparticle Phys."} +MACRO {apj} {"Astrophys. J."} +MACRO {apjsup} {"Astrophys. J. Suppl."} +MACRO {apss} {"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {araa} {"Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."} +MACRO {baas} {"Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc."} +MACRO {baps} {"Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc."} +MACRO {cmp} {"Comm. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {cpam} {"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."} +MACRO {cppcf} {"Comm. Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {cpc} {"Comp. Phys. Comm."} +MACRO {cqg} {"Class. Quant. Grav."} +MACRO {cra} {"C. R. Acad. Sci. A"} +MACRO {fed} {"Fusion Eng. \& Design"} +MACRO {ft} {"Fusion Tech."} +MACRO {grg} {"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."} +MACRO {ieeens} {"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."} +MACRO {ieeeps} {"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."} +MACRO {ijimw} {"Interntl. J. Infrared \& Millimeter Waves"} +MACRO {ip} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {irp} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {jap} {"J. Appl. Phys."} +MACRO {jasa} {"J. Acoust. Soc. America"} +MACRO {jcp} {"J. Comp. Phys."} +MACRO {jetp} {"Sov. Phys.--JETP"} +MACRO {jfe} {"J. Fusion Energy"} +MACRO {jfm} {"J. Fluid Mech."} +MACRO {jmp} {"J. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {jne} {"J. Nucl. Energy"} +MACRO {jnec} {"J. Nucl. Energy, C: Plasma Phys., Accelerators, Thermonucl. Res."} +MACRO {jnm} {"J. Nucl. Mat."} +MACRO {jpc} {"J. Phys. Chem."} +MACRO {jpp} {"J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {jpsj} {"J. Phys. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jsi} {"J. Sci. Instrum."} +MACRO {jvst} {"J. Vac. Sci. \& Tech."} +MACRO {nat} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nature} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nedf} {"Nucl. Eng. \& Design/Fusion"} +MACRO {nf} {"Nucl. Fusion"} +MACRO {nim} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth."} +MACRO {nimpr} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth. in Phys. Res."} +MACRO {np} {"Nucl. Phys."} +MACRO {npb} {"Nucl. Phys. B"} +MACRO {nt/f} {"Nucl. Tech./Fusion"} +MACRO {npbpc} {"Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)"} +MACRO {inc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {nc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {pf} {"Phys. Fluids"} +MACRO {pfa} {"Phys. Fluids A: Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {pfb} {"Phys. Fluids B: Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {pl} {"Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {pla} {"Phys. Lett. A"} +MACRO {plb} {"Phys. Lett. B"} +MACRO {prep} {"Phys. Rep."} +MACRO {pnas} {"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"} +MACRO {pp} {"Phys. Plasmas"} +MACRO {ppcf} {"Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {phitrsl} {"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {prl} {"Phys. Rev. Lett."} +MACRO {pr} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {physrev} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {pra} {"Phys. Rev. A"} +MACRO {prb} {"Phys. Rev. B"} +MACRO {prc} {"Phys. Rev. C"} +MACRO {prd} {"Phys. Rev. D"} +MACRO {pre} {"Phys. Rev. E"} +MACRO {ps} {"Phys. Scripta"} +MACRO {procrsl} {"Proc. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {rmp} {"Rev. Mod. Phys."} +MACRO {rsi} {"Rev. Sci. Inst."} +MACRO {science} {"Science"} +MACRO {sciam} {"Sci. Am."} +MACRO {sam} {"Stud. Appl. Math."} +MACRO {sjpp} {"Sov. J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {spd} {"Sov. Phys.--Doklady"} +MACRO {sptp} {"Sov. Phys.--Tech. Phys."} +MACRO {spu} {"Sov. Phys.--Uspeki"} +MACRO {st} {"Sky and Telesc."} + % End module: physjour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{geojour.mbs}[2002/07/10 2.0h (PWD)] +MACRO {aisr} {"Adv. Space Res."} +MACRO {ag} {"Ann. Geophys."} +MACRO {anigeo} {"Ann. Geofis."} +MACRO {angl} {"Ann. Glaciol."} +MACRO {andmet} {"Ann. d. Meteor."} +MACRO {andgeo} {"Ann. d. Geophys."} +MACRO {andphy} {"Ann. Phys.-Paris"} +MACRO {afmgb} {"Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol."} +MACRO {atph} {"Atm\'osphera"} +MACRO {aao} {"Atmos. Ocean"} +MACRO {ass}{"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {atenv} {"Atmos. Environ."} +MACRO {aujag} {"Aust. J. Agr. Res."} +MACRO {aumet} {"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."} +MACRO {blmet} {"Bound.-Lay. Meteorol."} +MACRO {bams} {"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {cch} {"Clim. Change"} +MACRO {cdyn} {"Clim. Dynam."} +MACRO {cbul} {"Climatol. Bull."} +MACRO {cap} {"Contrib. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {dsr} {"Deep-Sea Res."} +MACRO {dhz} {"Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z."} +MACRO {dao} {"Dynam. Atmos. Oceans"} +MACRO {eco} {"Ecology"} +MACRO {empl}{"Earth, Moon and Planets"} +MACRO {envres} {"Environ. Res."} +MACRO {envst} {"Environ. Sci. Technol."} +MACRO {ecms} {"Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci."} +MACRO {expa}{"Exper. Astron."} +MACRO {geoint} {"Geofis. Int."} +MACRO {geopub} {"Geofys. Publ."} +MACRO {geogeo} {"Geol. Geofiz."} +MACRO {gafd} {"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {gfd} {"Geophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {geomag} {"Geophys. Mag."} +MACRO {georl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {grl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {ga} {"Geophysica"} +MACRO {gs} {"Geophysics"} +MACRO {ieeetap} {"IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag."} +MACRO {ijawp} {"Int. J. Air Water Pollut."} +MACRO {ijc} {"Int. J. Climatol."} +MACRO {ijrs} {"Int. J. Remote Sens."} +MACRO {jam} {"J. Appl. Meteorol."} +MACRO {jaot} {"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."} +MACRO {jatp} {"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jastp} {"J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jce} {"J. Climate"} +MACRO {jcam} {"J. Climate Appl. Meteor."} +MACRO {jcm} {"J. Climate Meteor."} +MACRO {jcy} {"J. Climatol."} +MACRO {jgr} {"J. Geophys. Res."} +MACRO {jga} {"J. Glaciol."} +MACRO {jh} {"J. Hydrol."} +MACRO {jmr} {"J. Mar. Res."} +MACRO {jmrj} {"J. Meteor. Res. Japan"} +MACRO {jm} {"J. Meteor."} +MACRO {jpo} {"J. Phys. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {jra} {"J. Rech. Atmos."} +MACRO {jaes} {"J. Aeronaut. Sci."} +MACRO {japca} {"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."} +MACRO {jas} {"J. Atmos. Sci."} +MACRO {jmts} {"J. Mar. Technol. Soc."} +MACRO {jmsj} {"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {josj} {"J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jwm} {"J. Wea. Mod."} +MACRO {lao} {"Limnol. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {mwl} {"Mar. Wea. Log"} +MACRO {mau} {"Mausam"} +MACRO {meteor} {"``Meteor'' Forschungsergeb."} +MACRO {map} {"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {metmag} {"Meteor. Mag."} +MACRO {metmon} {"Meteor. Monogr."} +MACRO {metrun} {"Meteor. Rundsch."} +MACRO {metzeit} {"Meteor. Z."} +MACRO {metgid} {"Meteor. Gidrol."} +MACRO {mwr} {"Mon. Weather Rev."} +MACRO {nwd} {"Natl. Weather Dig."} +MACRO {nzjmfr} {"New Zeal. J. Mar. Freshwater Res."} +MACRO {npg} {"Nonlin. Proc. Geophys."} +MACRO {om} {"Oceanogr. Meteorol."} +MACRO {ocac} {"Oceanol. Acta"} +MACRO {oceanus} {"Oceanus"} +MACRO {paleoc} {"Paleoceanography"} +MACRO {pce} {"Phys. Chem. Earth"} +MACRO {pmg} {"Pap. Meteor. Geophys."} +MACRO {ppom} {"Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor."} +MACRO {physzeit} {"Phys. Z."} +MACRO {pps} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pss} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pag} {"Pure Appl. Geophys."} +MACRO {qjrms} {"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {quatres} {"Quat. Res."} +MACRO {rsci} {"Radio Sci."} +MACRO {rse} {"Remote Sens. Environ."} +MACRO {rgeo} {"Rev. Geophys."} +MACRO {rgsp} {"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."} +MACRO {rdgeo} {"Rev. Geofis."} +MACRO {revmeta} {"Rev. Meteorol."} +MACRO {sgp}{"Surveys in Geophys."} +MACRO {sp} {"Solar Phys."} +MACRO {ssr} {"Space Sci. Rev."} +MACRO {tellus} {"Tellus"} +MACRO {tac} {"Theor. Appl. Climatol."} +MACRO {tagu} {"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (EOS)"} +MACRO {wrr} {"Water Resour. Res."} +MACRO {weather} {"Weather"} +MACRO {wafc} {"Weather Forecast."} +MACRO {ww} {"Weatherwise"} +MACRO {wmob} {"WMO Bull."} +MACRO {zeitmet} {"Z. Meteorol."} + % End module: geojour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{photjour.mbs}[1999/02/24 2.0b (PWD)] + +MACRO {appopt} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {bell} {"Bell Syst. Tech. J."} +MACRO {ell} {"Electron. Lett."} +MACRO {jasp} {"J. Appl. Spectr."} +MACRO {jqe} {"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {jlwt} {"J. Lightwave Technol."} +MACRO {jmo} {"J. Mod. Opt."} +MACRO {josa} {"J. Opt. Soc. America"} +MACRO {josaa} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~A"} +MACRO {josab} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~B"} +MACRO {jdp} {"J. Phys. (Paris)"} +MACRO {oc} {"Opt. Commun."} +MACRO {ol} {"Opt. Lett."} +MACRO {phtl} {"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."} +MACRO {pspie} {"Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng."} +MACRO {sse} {"Solid-State Electron."} +MACRO {sjot} {"Sov. J. Opt. Technol."} +MACRO {sjqe} {"Sov. J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {sleb} {"Sov. Phys.--Leb. Inst. Rep."} +MACRO {stph} {"Sov. Phys.--Techn. Phys."} +MACRO {stphl} {"Sov. Techn. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {vr} {"Vision Res."} +MACRO {zph} {"Z. f. Physik"} +MACRO {zphb} {"Z. f. Physik~B"} +MACRO {zphd} {"Z. f. Physik~D"} + +MACRO {CLEO} {"CLEO"} +MACRO {ASSL} {"Adv. Sol.-State Lasers"} +MACRO {OSA} {"OSA"} + % End module: photjour.mbs +%% Copyright 1994-2008 Patrick W Daly +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."} + +MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."} + +MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + + +STRINGS { bibinfo} + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + nameptr #1 + #1 + = + numnames #9 + > and + { "others" 't := + #1 'namesleft := } + 'skip$ + if$ + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + "," * + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + capitalize + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.book.pages} +{ pages "pages" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { " " * bbl.pages * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi empty$ + { "" } + { + "\doi{" doi * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + nameptr #1 + #1 + = + numnames #9 + > and + { "others" 't := + #1 'namesleft := } + 'skip$ + if$ + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {if.digit} +{ duplicate$ "0" = + swap$ duplicate$ "1" = + swap$ duplicate$ "2" = + swap$ duplicate$ "3" = + swap$ duplicate$ "4" = + swap$ duplicate$ "5" = + swap$ duplicate$ "6" = + swap$ duplicate$ "7" = + swap$ duplicate$ "8" = + swap$ "9" = or or or or or or or or or +} +FUNCTION {n.separate} +{ 't := + "" + #0 'numnames := + { t empty$ not } + { t #-1 #1 substring$ if.digit + { numnames #1 + 'numnames := } + { #0 'numnames := } + if$ + t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ * + t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + numnames #5 = + { duplicate$ #1 #2 substring$ swap$ + #3 global.max$ substring$ + "," swap$ * * + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + while$ +} +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + n.separate + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + " (" swap$ * ")" * +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + series "series" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { emphasize ", " * swap$ * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { bbl.number } + { bbl.number capitalize } + if$ + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * * + bbl.in space.word * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + bbl.pages swap$ + n.dashify + } + { + bbl.page swap$ + } + if$ + tie.or.space.prefix + "pages" bibinfo.check + * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ", " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ", " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + emphasize + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + format.bvolume duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { ", " swap$ * * } + if$ + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + bbl.edby + " " * swap$ * + swap$ + "," * + " " * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + t empty$ + { address "address" bibinfo.check * + } + { t * + address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.doi output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.book.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.book.pages output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.chapter.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.pages output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + format.tr.number emphasize output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + format.note "note" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + nameptr #1 + #1 + = + numnames #9 + > and + { "others" 't := + #1 'namesleft := } + 'skip$ + if$ + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" 't := } + 'skip$ + if$ + numnames #2 > nameptr #2 = and + { "zz" * year field.or.null * " " * + #1 'namesleft := + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num last.extra.num.extended last.extra.num.blank number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + "a" chr.to.int$ #1 - 'last.extra.num.blank := + last.extra.num.blank 'last.extra.num.extended := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num "z" chr.to.int$ > + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num.extended #1 + 'last.extra.num.extended := + } + 'skip$ + if$ + last.extra.num.extended last.extra.num.blank > + { last.extra.num.extended int.to.chr$ + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ + * 'extra.label := } + { last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := } + if$ + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib} +%% End of customized bst file +%% +%% End of file `agu08.bst'. diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/agufull08.bst b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/agufull08.bst new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c4a69f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/agufull08.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1828 @@ +%% +%% This is file `agufull08.bst', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `head,ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% physjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% geojour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% photjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `tail,ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** For journals of the American Geophysical Union *** +%% *** NOTE: this version does not limit the number of authors in ref list. +%% *** Use agu08.bst to limit authors to maximum 9. +%% *** +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** Version 3.1 from 2008/08/27 +%% *** Multiple authors of same first author and year now in order of citation +%% *** and other minor fixes +%% *** Renamed to agu08.bst and agufull08.bst +%% *** +%% *** Version 3.0 from 2004/02/06 +%% *** Changed date format for AGU journals +%% *** The date now appears in parentheses after authors +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.2 from 2003/06/26 +%% *** (with bug fix from 2003/08/19) +%% *** Includes new fields eid and doi +%% *** The eid is what the AGU calls "citation number" +%% *** and doi is the DOI number; both of these are +%% *** used as substitution for page number +%% *** The issue number is now also included as +%% *** 84(3) for vol. 84, nr. 3 +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1d from 1999/05/20 +%% *** Book editors done right as P. James (Ed.), +%% *** Missing italics with some authors fixed +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1c from 1999/02/11 +%% *** This version does not crash older BibTeX installations with +%% *** more than 3000 wiz-functions +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1b from 1997/11/18 +%% *** (page numbers over 9999 are broken with commas, as 12,345) +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1a from 1997/05/26 +%% *** (contains improvements from copy editor comments, +%% *** notes added with first word lowercase (bug in 2.1 fixed) +%% *** and journal `number' never output +%% *** abbreviation for grl corrected) +%% *** +%% +%% Copyright 1994-2008 Patrick W Daly + % =============================================================== + % IMPORTANT NOTICE: + % This bibliographic style (bst) file has been generated from one or + % more master bibliographic style (mbs) files, listed above. + % + % This generated file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms + % of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN + % archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either + % version 1 of the License, or any later version. + % =============================================================== + % Name and version information of the main mbs file: + % \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[2008/08/27 4.30 (PWD, AO, DPC)] + % For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH + % This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is + % non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file to function properly. + % Such a package is natbib.sty by Patrick W. Daly + % The form of the \bibitem entries is + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}... + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}... + % The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists + % of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year + % in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening + % parenthesis! + % With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year. + % In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is + % really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must + % be parentheses in the label. + % The \cite command functions as follows: + % \citet{key} ==>> Jones et al. (1990) + % \citet*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990) + % \citep{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep*{key} ==>> (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990) + % \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) + % \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990, p. 32) + % \citeauthor{key} ==>> Jones et al. + % \citeauthor*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith + % \citeyear{key} ==>> 1990 + %--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + skip$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\textit{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {cite.name.font} +{ emphasize } +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words. + % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word. + % The language selected here is ENGLISH +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "and"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "pp." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "p." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "Master's thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "Ph.D. thesis" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{physjour.mbs}[2002/01/14 2.2 (PWD)] +MACRO {aa}{"Astron. \& Astrophys."} +MACRO {aasup}{"Astron. \& Astrophys. Suppl. Ser."} +MACRO {aj} {"Astron. J."} +MACRO {aph} {"Acta Phys."} +MACRO {advp} {"Adv. Phys."} +MACRO {ajp} {"Amer. J. Phys."} +MACRO {ajm} {"Amer. J. Math."} +MACRO {amsci} {"Amer. Sci."} +MACRO {anofd} {"Ann. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {am} {"Ann. Math."} +MACRO {ap} {"Ann. Phys. (NY)"} +MACRO {adp} {"Ann. Phys. (Leipzig)"} +MACRO {ao} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {apl} {"Appl. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {app} {"Astroparticle Phys."} +MACRO {apj} {"Astrophys. J."} +MACRO {apjsup} {"Astrophys. J. Suppl."} +MACRO {apss} {"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {araa} {"Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."} +MACRO {baas} {"Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc."} +MACRO {baps} {"Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc."} +MACRO {cmp} {"Comm. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {cpam} {"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."} +MACRO {cppcf} {"Comm. Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {cpc} {"Comp. Phys. Comm."} +MACRO {cqg} {"Class. Quant. Grav."} +MACRO {cra} {"C. R. Acad. Sci. A"} +MACRO {fed} {"Fusion Eng. \& Design"} +MACRO {ft} {"Fusion Tech."} +MACRO {grg} {"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."} +MACRO {ieeens} {"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."} +MACRO {ieeeps} {"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."} +MACRO {ijimw} {"Interntl. J. Infrared \& Millimeter Waves"} +MACRO {ip} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {irp} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {jap} {"J. Appl. Phys."} +MACRO {jasa} {"J. Acoust. Soc. America"} +MACRO {jcp} {"J. Comp. Phys."} +MACRO {jetp} {"Sov. Phys.--JETP"} +MACRO {jfe} {"J. Fusion Energy"} +MACRO {jfm} {"J. Fluid Mech."} +MACRO {jmp} {"J. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {jne} {"J. Nucl. Energy"} +MACRO {jnec} {"J. Nucl. Energy, C: Plasma Phys., Accelerators, Thermonucl. Res."} +MACRO {jnm} {"J. Nucl. Mat."} +MACRO {jpc} {"J. Phys. Chem."} +MACRO {jpp} {"J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {jpsj} {"J. Phys. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jsi} {"J. Sci. Instrum."} +MACRO {jvst} {"J. Vac. Sci. \& Tech."} +MACRO {nat} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nature} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nedf} {"Nucl. Eng. \& Design/Fusion"} +MACRO {nf} {"Nucl. Fusion"} +MACRO {nim} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth."} +MACRO {nimpr} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth. in Phys. Res."} +MACRO {np} {"Nucl. Phys."} +MACRO {npb} {"Nucl. Phys. B"} +MACRO {nt/f} {"Nucl. Tech./Fusion"} +MACRO {npbpc} {"Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)"} +MACRO {inc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {nc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {pf} {"Phys. Fluids"} +MACRO {pfa} {"Phys. Fluids A: Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {pfb} {"Phys. Fluids B: Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {pl} {"Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {pla} {"Phys. Lett. A"} +MACRO {plb} {"Phys. Lett. B"} +MACRO {prep} {"Phys. Rep."} +MACRO {pnas} {"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"} +MACRO {pp} {"Phys. Plasmas"} +MACRO {ppcf} {"Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {phitrsl} {"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {prl} {"Phys. Rev. Lett."} +MACRO {pr} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {physrev} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {pra} {"Phys. Rev. A"} +MACRO {prb} {"Phys. Rev. B"} +MACRO {prc} {"Phys. Rev. C"} +MACRO {prd} {"Phys. Rev. D"} +MACRO {pre} {"Phys. Rev. E"} +MACRO {ps} {"Phys. Scripta"} +MACRO {procrsl} {"Proc. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {rmp} {"Rev. Mod. Phys."} +MACRO {rsi} {"Rev. Sci. Inst."} +MACRO {science} {"Science"} +MACRO {sciam} {"Sci. Am."} +MACRO {sam} {"Stud. Appl. Math."} +MACRO {sjpp} {"Sov. J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {spd} {"Sov. Phys.--Doklady"} +MACRO {sptp} {"Sov. Phys.--Tech. Phys."} +MACRO {spu} {"Sov. Phys.--Uspeki"} +MACRO {st} {"Sky and Telesc."} + % End module: physjour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{geojour.mbs}[2002/07/10 2.0h (PWD)] +MACRO {aisr} {"Adv. Space Res."} +MACRO {ag} {"Ann. Geophys."} +MACRO {anigeo} {"Ann. Geofis."} +MACRO {angl} {"Ann. Glaciol."} +MACRO {andmet} {"Ann. d. Meteor."} +MACRO {andgeo} {"Ann. d. Geophys."} +MACRO {andphy} {"Ann. Phys.-Paris"} +MACRO {afmgb} {"Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol."} +MACRO {atph} {"Atm\'osphera"} +MACRO {aao} {"Atmos. Ocean"} +MACRO {ass}{"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {atenv} {"Atmos. Environ."} +MACRO {aujag} {"Aust. J. Agr. Res."} +MACRO {aumet} {"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."} +MACRO {blmet} {"Bound.-Lay. Meteorol."} +MACRO {bams} {"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {cch} {"Clim. Change"} +MACRO {cdyn} {"Clim. Dynam."} +MACRO {cbul} {"Climatol. Bull."} +MACRO {cap} {"Contrib. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {dsr} {"Deep-Sea Res."} +MACRO {dhz} {"Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z."} +MACRO {dao} {"Dynam. Atmos. Oceans"} +MACRO {eco} {"Ecology"} +MACRO {empl}{"Earth, Moon and Planets"} +MACRO {envres} {"Environ. Res."} +MACRO {envst} {"Environ. Sci. Technol."} +MACRO {ecms} {"Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci."} +MACRO {expa}{"Exper. Astron."} +MACRO {geoint} {"Geofis. Int."} +MACRO {geopub} {"Geofys. Publ."} +MACRO {geogeo} {"Geol. Geofiz."} +MACRO {gafd} {"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {gfd} {"Geophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {geomag} {"Geophys. Mag."} +MACRO {georl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {grl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {ga} {"Geophysica"} +MACRO {gs} {"Geophysics"} +MACRO {ieeetap} {"IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag."} +MACRO {ijawp} {"Int. J. Air Water Pollut."} +MACRO {ijc} {"Int. J. Climatol."} +MACRO {ijrs} {"Int. J. Remote Sens."} +MACRO {jam} {"J. Appl. Meteorol."} +MACRO {jaot} {"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."} +MACRO {jatp} {"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jastp} {"J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jce} {"J. Climate"} +MACRO {jcam} {"J. Climate Appl. Meteor."} +MACRO {jcm} {"J. Climate Meteor."} +MACRO {jcy} {"J. Climatol."} +MACRO {jgr} {"J. Geophys. Res."} +MACRO {jga} {"J. Glaciol."} +MACRO {jh} {"J. Hydrol."} +MACRO {jmr} {"J. Mar. Res."} +MACRO {jmrj} {"J. Meteor. Res. Japan"} +MACRO {jm} {"J. Meteor."} +MACRO {jpo} {"J. Phys. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {jra} {"J. Rech. Atmos."} +MACRO {jaes} {"J. Aeronaut. Sci."} +MACRO {japca} {"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."} +MACRO {jas} {"J. Atmos. Sci."} +MACRO {jmts} {"J. Mar. Technol. Soc."} +MACRO {jmsj} {"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {josj} {"J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jwm} {"J. Wea. Mod."} +MACRO {lao} {"Limnol. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {mwl} {"Mar. Wea. Log"} +MACRO {mau} {"Mausam"} +MACRO {meteor} {"``Meteor'' Forschungsergeb."} +MACRO {map} {"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {metmag} {"Meteor. Mag."} +MACRO {metmon} {"Meteor. Monogr."} +MACRO {metrun} {"Meteor. Rundsch."} +MACRO {metzeit} {"Meteor. Z."} +MACRO {metgid} {"Meteor. Gidrol."} +MACRO {mwr} {"Mon. Weather Rev."} +MACRO {nwd} {"Natl. Weather Dig."} +MACRO {nzjmfr} {"New Zeal. J. Mar. Freshwater Res."} +MACRO {npg} {"Nonlin. Proc. Geophys."} +MACRO {om} {"Oceanogr. Meteorol."} +MACRO {ocac} {"Oceanol. Acta"} +MACRO {oceanus} {"Oceanus"} +MACRO {paleoc} {"Paleoceanography"} +MACRO {pce} {"Phys. Chem. Earth"} +MACRO {pmg} {"Pap. Meteor. Geophys."} +MACRO {ppom} {"Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor."} +MACRO {physzeit} {"Phys. Z."} +MACRO {pps} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pss} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pag} {"Pure Appl. Geophys."} +MACRO {qjrms} {"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {quatres} {"Quat. Res."} +MACRO {rsci} {"Radio Sci."} +MACRO {rse} {"Remote Sens. Environ."} +MACRO {rgeo} {"Rev. Geophys."} +MACRO {rgsp} {"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."} +MACRO {rdgeo} {"Rev. Geofis."} +MACRO {revmeta} {"Rev. Meteorol."} +MACRO {sgp}{"Surveys in Geophys."} +MACRO {sp} {"Solar Phys."} +MACRO {ssr} {"Space Sci. Rev."} +MACRO {tellus} {"Tellus"} +MACRO {tac} {"Theor. Appl. Climatol."} +MACRO {tagu} {"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (EOS)"} +MACRO {wrr} {"Water Resour. Res."} +MACRO {weather} {"Weather"} +MACRO {wafc} {"Weather Forecast."} +MACRO {ww} {"Weatherwise"} +MACRO {wmob} {"WMO Bull."} +MACRO {zeitmet} {"Z. Meteorol."} + % End module: geojour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{photjour.mbs}[1999/02/24 2.0b (PWD)] + +MACRO {appopt} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {bell} {"Bell Syst. Tech. J."} +MACRO {ell} {"Electron. Lett."} +MACRO {jasp} {"J. Appl. Spectr."} +MACRO {jqe} {"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {jlwt} {"J. Lightwave Technol."} +MACRO {jmo} {"J. Mod. Opt."} +MACRO {josa} {"J. Opt. Soc. America"} +MACRO {josaa} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~A"} +MACRO {josab} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~B"} +MACRO {jdp} {"J. Phys. (Paris)"} +MACRO {oc} {"Opt. Commun."} +MACRO {ol} {"Opt. Lett."} +MACRO {phtl} {"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."} +MACRO {pspie} {"Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng."} +MACRO {sse} {"Solid-State Electron."} +MACRO {sjot} {"Sov. J. Opt. Technol."} +MACRO {sjqe} {"Sov. J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {sleb} {"Sov. Phys.--Leb. Inst. Rep."} +MACRO {stph} {"Sov. Phys.--Techn. Phys."} +MACRO {stphl} {"Sov. Techn. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {vr} {"Vision Res."} +MACRO {zph} {"Z. f. Physik"} +MACRO {zphb} {"Z. f. Physik~B"} +MACRO {zphd} {"Z. f. Physik~D"} + +MACRO {CLEO} {"CLEO"} +MACRO {ASSL} {"Adv. Sol.-State Lasers"} +MACRO {OSA} {"OSA"} + % End module: photjour.mbs +%% Copyright 1994-2008 Patrick W Daly +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."} + +MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."} + +MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + + +STRINGS { bibinfo} + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + "," * + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + capitalize + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.book.pages} +{ pages "pages" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { " " * bbl.pages * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi empty$ + { "" } + { + "\doi{" doi * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {if.digit} +{ duplicate$ "0" = + swap$ duplicate$ "1" = + swap$ duplicate$ "2" = + swap$ duplicate$ "3" = + swap$ duplicate$ "4" = + swap$ duplicate$ "5" = + swap$ duplicate$ "6" = + swap$ duplicate$ "7" = + swap$ duplicate$ "8" = + swap$ "9" = or or or or or or or or or +} +FUNCTION {n.separate} +{ 't := + "" + #0 'numnames := + { t empty$ not } + { t #-1 #1 substring$ if.digit + { numnames #1 + 'numnames := } + { #0 'numnames := } + if$ + t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ * + t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + numnames #5 = + { duplicate$ #1 #2 substring$ swap$ + #3 global.max$ substring$ + "," swap$ * * + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + while$ +} +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + n.separate + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + " (" swap$ * ")" * +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + series "series" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { emphasize ", " * swap$ * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { bbl.number } + { bbl.number capitalize } + if$ + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * * + bbl.in space.word * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + bbl.pages swap$ + n.dashify + } + { + bbl.page swap$ + } + if$ + tie.or.space.prefix + "pages" bibinfo.check + * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ", " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ", " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + emphasize + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + format.bvolume duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { ", " swap$ * * } + if$ + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + bbl.edby + " " * swap$ * + swap$ + "," * + " " * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + t empty$ + { address "address" bibinfo.check * + } + { t * + address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.doi output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.book.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.book.pages output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.chapter.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.pages output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + format.tr.number emphasize output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + format.note "note" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" 't := } + 'skip$ + if$ + numnames #2 > nameptr #2 = and + { "zz" * year field.or.null * " " * + #1 'namesleft := + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num last.extra.num.extended last.extra.num.blank number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + "a" chr.to.int$ #1 - 'last.extra.num.blank := + last.extra.num.blank 'last.extra.num.extended := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num "z" chr.to.int$ > + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num.extended #1 + 'last.extra.num.extended := + } + 'skip$ + if$ + last.extra.num.extended last.extra.num.blank > + { last.extra.num.extended int.to.chr$ + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ + * 'extra.label := } + { last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := } + if$ + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib} +%% End of customized bst file +%% +%% End of file `agufull08.bst'. diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/bibtex.pdf b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/bibtex.pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d5c9bb8 Binary files /dev/null and b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/bibtex.pdf differ diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/sample-bib-08.bib b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/sample-bib-08.bib new file mode 100755 index 0000000..6ba6735 --- /dev/null +++ b/AGU-LaTeX/BibTeX/sample-bib-08.bib @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +This is a test bib file for AGU +It contains all the examples from the +AuthorRefSheet.pdf, January 6, 2004 + +The fields EID and DOI are new, and are not yet standard for +all BibTeX files, but I hope they will be soon. + +EID is what AGU calls "citation number" and what other publishers + call "sequence number". It replaces the page number for electronic + journals. + +Recall rules for title: words that are always to be capitalized are + placed in {Curly Braces} while other words should be capitalized + as they would be printed for those journals that like capitalized + titles; for other journals, like AGU, these words will be set in + lower case. + +These rules do not apply to BOOKTITLE, which is printed as is. + +The first letter of a note text will also be set in lower case, unless + placed in curly braces. + +@ARTICLE{liu2004, + AUTHOR = "Liu, H.-L. and J. W. Meriwether", + TITLE = "Analysis of a Temperature Inversion Event in the Lower Mesosphere", + JOURNAL = "J. Geophys. Res.", + VOLUME = "108", + doi = "10.1029/2002JD003026", + eid = "D02S07", + YEAR = "2004", + note = "in press" +} + +Field entries can be in quotes as above or in curly braces. + +@TECHREPORT{mon1994, + AUTHOR = {J. W. H. Monger and J. M. Journeay}, + TITLE = {Guide to the Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Southern {Coast Mountains}}, + INSTITUTION = {Geol. Surv. of Can.}, + YEAR = {1994}, + type = {Open File Rep.}, + number = {2490}, + address = {Ottawa, Ont.}, + pages = {77}, +} + +@TECHREPORT{sch1997, + AUTHOR = {Schiarizza, P. and R. G. Gaba and J. K. Glover and J. I. Garver and P. J. Umhoefer}, + TITLE = {Geology and Mineral Occurrences of the {Taseko-Bridge River} Area}, + INSTITUTION = {B. C. Minist. of Employ. and Invest., Energy and Miner. Div., Geol. Surv. Branch}, + YEAR = {1997}, + type = {Bull.}, + number = {100}, + address = {Vancouver}, + pages = {291}, +} + +@BOOKLET{cam1970, + author = {Campbell, J. K.}, + title = {{Mariner Mars} 1969, Report}, + howpublished = {Jet. Propul. Lab.}, + address = {Pasadena, Calif.}, + year = {1970}, +} + +@TECHREPORT{kin1992, + AUTHOR = {J. J. Kineman and M. A. Ohrenschall}, + TITLE = {{Global Ecosystems Database}, version 1.0, {A} Documentation Manual {[CD-ROM]}}, + INSTITUTION = {Natl. Geophys. Data Cent.}, + YEAR = {1992}, + type = {Key Geophys. Rec. Doc.}, + number = {27}, + address = {Boulder, Colo.}, +} + +@TECHREPORT{bro1967, + AUTHOR = {R. J. E. Brown}, + TITLE = {Permafrost in {Canada}}, + INSTITUTION = {Geol. Surv. of Can.}, + YEAR = {1967}, + type = {Map}, + number = {1246A}, + address = {Ottawa, Ont.}, +} + +@MASTERSTHESIS{hen2000, + AUTHOR = {T. Henderson}, + TITLE = {High-Pressure Metamorphism in the western {Llano} Uplift}, + SCHOOL = {Univ. of Tex. at Austin}, + YEAR = {2000}, + type = {{M.S.} Thesis}, + address = {Austin}, + month = {28 June}, + pages = {134}, +} + +@misc{hod1994, + AUTHOR = "D. A. Hodell and R. H. Benson and D. V. Kent", + TITLE = "{Carbon Calcium Database}, paleo@mail.ngcd.noaa.gov", + howpublished = "Natl. Geophys. Cent., Boulder, Colo.", + year = "1994", +} + + +@ARTICLE{bud1998, + AUTHOR = "Budetta, G. and D. Carbone", + TITLE = "Temporal Variations in Gravity at {Mt. Etna} ({Italy}) Associated + with the 1989 and 1991 Eruptions", + JOURNAL = "Bull. Volcanol.", + VOLUME = "59", + YEAR = "1998", + pages = "311-326" +} + +@ARTICLE{ma2003, + AUTHOR = "J. Ma and D. W. Waugh and A. R. Douglass and S. R. Kawa + and S.-J. Lin", + TITLE = "Evaluation of the Transport in the {Goddard + Space Flight Center} Three-Dimensional Chemical + Transport Model using the Equivalent Length Diagnostic", + JOURNAL = jgr, + YEAR = "2003", + volume = "108", + number = "D6", + doi = "10.1029/2002JD002268", + eid = "4201" +} + +@ARTICLE{Brophy1999, + AUTHOR = "J. G. Brophy and E. M. Klein and M. A. Stewart", + TITLE = "Textural ({Nomarski} Interferometry) Studies of Plagioclase + Phenocryst Zonation Styles in {MORB} Dikes and Lavas from + the North Wall of the {Hess Deep Rift}", + JOURNAL = "Eos Trans. AGU", + YEAR = "1999", + volume = "80", + number = "46", + note = "{Fall} Meet. Suppl., F985", +} + +@ARTICLE{Morrill2001, + AUTHOR = "J. C. Morrill and R. C. Bales and M. H. Conklin", + TITLE = "The Relationship Between Air Temperature and Stream Temperature", + JOURNAL = "Eos Trans. AGU", + YEAR = "2001", + volume = "82", + number = "20", + note = "{Spring} Meet. Suppl., Abstract H42A-09", +} + +@BOOK{Gaines1992, + editor = "Gaines, S. and P. Hataway and S. Hipskind", + TITLE = "Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II", + PUBLISHER = "NASA Ames Res. Cent.", + YEAR = "1992", + address = "Moffett Field, Calif.", + note = "{CDROM NASA/UARP-004}", +} + +@BOOK{McDougall1999, + editor = "McDougall, I. and T. M. Harrison", + TITLE = "Geochronology and Thermochronology by the $^{40}$Ar/$^{39}$Ar Method", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford Univ. Press", + YEAR = "1999", + address = "New York", + edition = "2nd", + pages = "269", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Sweet1958, + AUTHOR = "P. A. Sweet", + editor = "B. Lehnert", + TITLE = "The Neutral Point Theory of Solar Flares", + BOOKTITLE = "Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmic Physics", + pages = "123-134", + PUBLISHER = "Cambridge Univ. Press", + address = "New York", + YEAR = "1958", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Scholz2004, + AUTHOR = "Scholz, C. H. and T. C. Hanks", + TITLE = "The Strength of the {San Andreas} Fault: A Discussion", + BOOKTITLE = "Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphere at + Continental Margins", + PUBLISHER = "Columbia Univ. Press", + YEAR = "2004", + editor = "G. D. Karner and others", + address = "New York", + note = "in press", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Tullis1986, + AUTHOR = "T. Tullis and J. Tullis", + TITLE = "Experimental Rock Deformation Techniques", + BOOKTITLE = "Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies", + volume = "36", + series = "Geophys. Monogr. Ser.", + PUBLISHER = "AGU", + YEAR = "1986", + editor = "B. E. Hobbs and H. C. Heard", + pages = "297-324", + address = "Washington, D.C.", +} + +@UNPUBLISHED{Englemann1986, + author = "Englemann, R. J. and R. W. Perkins and D. I. Hagan + and W. A. Haller", + title = "Washout Coefficients for Selected Gases and Particulates", + note = "Paper presented at 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollut. + Control Agency, San Francisco, Calif., 20--24 + June", + year = "1986" +} diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/agu-ps.sty b/AGU-LaTeX/agu-ps.sty new file mode 100755 index 0000000..4cd836e --- /dev/null +++ b/AGU-LaTeX/agu-ps.sty @@ -0,0 +1,884 @@ +% agu-ps.sty +\def\pscurrentversion{October 1, 2001} + +% May be used with either LaTeX2.09 or LaTeX2e. + +% You may need to rename these fonts to match the +% names of the .tfm files on your system. If you look at +% the directory where the .tfm files are stored you should +% be able to make the appropriate substitution. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% % +% PostScript fonts for % +% % +% American Geophysical Union Journals % +% % +% Prepared by Amy Hendrickson, TeXnology Inc. % +% amyh@texnology.com % +% www.texnology.com % +% (617) 738-8029 % +% % +% Use: LaTeX2.09 \documentstyle[agu-ps]{agu2001} % +% or % +% LaTeX2e \documentclass{agu2001} % +% \usepackage{agu-ps} % +% % +% % +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\typeout{^^J^^J +Using PostScript Fonts^^J^^J +\pscurrentversion^^J +Use: \string\documentstyle[agu-ps]{agu}^^J or^^J +\space\space\space\space\space \string\documentclass{agu2001}^^J +\space\space\space\space\space \string\usepackage{agu-ps}^^J +^^J} + +%% You may need to rename these fonts to match the +%% names of the .tfm files on your system. If you look at +%% the directory where the .tfm files are stored you should +%% be able to make the appropriate substitution. +%% +%% The comment lists the name of the font on a PostScript printer +%% to help you find the correct font. + +%% Change these definitions, if necessary ====> + +%% Times-Roman +%------------------ +%% Berry Names: +%\def\timesroman{ptmr} +%\def\timesbold{ptmb} +%\def\timesitalic{ptmri} +%\def\timesbolditalic{ptmbi} + +%% Y&Y Names: +\def\timesroman{tir} +\def\timesbold{tib} +\def\timesitalic{tii} +\def\timesbolditalic{tibi} + + +%% Helvetica +%------------------ +%% Berry Names: +%\def\helvetica{phvr} +%\def\helveticaoblique{phvro} +%\def\helveticabold{phvb} +%\def\helveticaboldoblique{phvbo} + +%% Y&Y Names: +\def\helvetica{hv} +\def\helveticaoblique{hvo} +\def\helveticabold{hvb} +\def\helveticaboldoblique{hvbo} + +%% (Only used by Reviews of Geophysics, +%% so you can ignore this if you are using +%% other journal styles) +%% Optima +\def\optima{op} +\def\optimaoblique{opo} +\def\optimabold{opb} +\def\optimaboldoblique{opbo} + +%% Courier +%% Berry Name: +%\def\courier{pcrr} + +%% Y&Y Name: +\def\courier{com} + +%% Computer Modern Name: +%\def\courier{cmtt10} + +%% <==== End of changes needed. Please do not make changes below this point. +%% !!!!!!!!! +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% default definitions, since these fonts +%% will not be used: + +\def\courieroblique{pcrro} +\def\courierbold{pcrb} +\def\courierboldoblique{pcrbo} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% switch used in documentation: +\def\psfonts{true} + +%% These are use by LaTeX2e, but won't hurt anything if used in +%% LaTeX2.09. +\expandafter\ifx\csname sfdefault\endcsname\relax +\else +\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{hv} +\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{tir} +\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{com} +\fi + +%% The following switch will turn off the rest of this file if we are using +%% LaTeX2e. Otherwise it is included, to be used by LaTeX2.09. + +\expandafter\ifx\csname LaTeXe\endcsname\relax\let\go\relax +\else +%Filename: (\encodingdefault)tir.fd +\ProvidesFile{\encodingdefault tir.fd} + +\DeclareFontFamily{\encodingdefault}{tir}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{b}{n}{ + <-> \timesbold +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{b}{sc}{ + <-> cmcsc10 +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{b}{sl}{ + <-> \timesbolditalic +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{b}{it}{ + <-> \timesbolditalic +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{m}{n}{ + <-> \timesroman +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{m}{sc}{ + <-> cmcsc10 +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{m}{sl}{ + <-> \timesitalic +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{m}{it}{ + <-> \timesitalic +}{} + + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{bx}{n}{<->ssub * tir/b/n}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{bx}{sc}{<->ssub * tir/b/sc}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{bx}{sl}{<->ssub * tir/b/sl}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{bx}{it}{<->ssub * tir/b/it}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{l}{n}{<->ssub * tir/m/n}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{l}{sc}{<->ssub * tir/m/sc}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{l}{sl}{<->ssub * tir/m/sl}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{tir}{l}{it}{<->ssub * tir/m/it}{} + +\ProvidesFile{OMStir.fd} +% [1994/12/02 v2.3e Standard LaTeX font definitions] +%% +\DeclareFontFamily{OMS}{tir}{\skewchar\font'60} +\DeclareFontShape{OMS}{tir}{m}{n}{% + <5> <6> <7> <8> <9> <10> gen * cmsy + <10.95> <12> <14.4> <17.28> <20.74> <24.88> cmsy10 + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{OMS}{tir}{b}{n}{% + <5> <6> <7> <8> <9> gen * cmbsy + <10> <10.95> <12> <14.4> <17.28> <20.74> <24.88>cmbsy10 + }{} +%% +\ProvidesFile{\encodingdefault com.fd} +% [1996/02/19 v2.3e Standard LaTeX font definitions] + +\DeclareFontFamily{\encodingdefault}{com}{\hyphenchar \font\m@ne} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{b}{n}{ + <-> \courierbold +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{b}{sc}{ + <-> cmcsc10 +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{b}{sl}{ + <-> \courierboldoblique +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{b}{it}{ + <-> \courierboldoblique +}{} + + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{m}{n} + {<-> \courier + }{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{m}{n} + {<-> \courier + }{} +%%%%%% make sure subst shapes are available +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{m}{it} + {<-> \courieroblique + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{m}{sl} + {<-> \courieroblique + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{m}{sc} + {<-> \courier + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{m}{ui} + {<->sub * cmtt/m/it}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{bx}{n} + {<->sub * cmtt/m/n}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{bx}{it} + {<->sub * cmtt/m/it}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{com}{bx}{ui} + {<->sub * cmtt/m/it}{} +%% +%% End of file `\encodingdefaultcom.fd'. + +%Filename: \encodingdefaulthv.fd + +%\ProvidesFile{\encodingdefaulthv.fd} +% [1996/02/19 Fontinst v1.504 font definitions for \encodingdefault/hv.] + +\DeclareFontFamily{\encodingdefault}{hv}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{b}{n}{ + <-> \helveticabold +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{b}{sc}{ + <-> cmcsc10 +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{b}{sl}{ + <-> \helveticaboldoblique +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{b}{it}{ + <-> \helveticaboldoblique +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{m}{n}{ + <-> \helvetica +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{m}{sc}{ + <-> cmcsc10 +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{m}{sl}{ + <-> \helveticaoblique +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{m}{it}{ + <-> \helveticaoblique +}{} + +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{bx}{n}{<->ssub * hv/b/n}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{bx}{sc}{<->ssub * hv/b/sc}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{bx}{sl}{<->ssub * hv/b/sl}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{bx}{it}{<->ssub * hv/b/it}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{l}{n}{<->ssub * hv/m/n}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{l}{sc}{<->ssub * hv/m/sc}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{l}{sl}{<->ssub * hv/m/sl}{} +\DeclareFontShape{\encodingdefault}{hv}{l}{it}{<->ssub * hv/m/it}{} +% +\let\go\endinput\fi + +%% Times-Roman +\xdef\timesroman{\timesroman\space} +\xdef\timesbold{\timesbold\space} +\xdef\timesitalic{\timesitalic\space} +\xdef\timesbolditalic{\timesbolditalic\space} + +%% Helvetica +\xdef\helvetica{\helvetica\space} +\xdef\helveticaoblique{\helveticaoblique\space} +\xdef\helveticabold{\helveticabold\space} +\xdef\helveticaboldoblique{\helveticaboldoblique\space} + +%% Courier +\xdef\courier{\courier\space} +\xdef\courieroblique{\courieroblique\space} +\xdef\courierbold{\courierbold\space} +\xdef\courierboldoblique{\courierboldoblique\space} + +%% Optima +\xdef\optima{\optima\space} +\xdef\optimaoblique{\optimaoblique\space} +\xdef\optimabold{\optimabold\space} +\xdef\optimaboldoblique{\optimaboldoblique\space} + +%% Fonts For Particular Use:+++ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% + +%%%% Journal Styles +% jgrga JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH +% gbc GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES +% grl GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +% pal PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +% ras RADIO SCIENCE +% rog REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +% tec TECTONICS +% wrr WATER RESOURSE RESEARCH + +\font\tenbit= \timesbolditalic at 10pt +\font\ninebit=\timesbolditalic at 9pt +\font\eightbit=\timesbolditalic at 8pt + +%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% +\ifrog %% Reviews of Geophysics +%% headline +\def\headlinesize{\small} +\font\foliofont= \optima at 9pt +\font\headtextfont= \optima at 9pt %running head text +\font\titlepageheadlinefont=\optima at 9pt +\font\cccfont=\optima at 10pt + +%% footline +\font\footlinefont=\optima at 9pt +\font\footlineitalic=\optimaoblique at 9pt +\font\foliofootfont= \optima at 9pt + +\let\footnotefont\rm + +%% titlepage +\def\titlebaseline{21pt} +\newdimen\titlesize +\titlesize=20pt %% for boldmath in title +\font\titlefont=\optima at 18pt +\font\titleitalicfont=\optimaoblique at 18pt +\font\subtitlefont=\optima at 14pt +\font\specialsectionfont=\optimabold at 16pt +\font\authorfont=\optima at 10pt + +\def\affilsize{\footnotesize} +\font\affilfont=\optimaoblique at 10pt +\font\communicatedfont=\optimaoblique at 8pt +\font\receivedfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\dedicationfont=cmcsc10 at 8pt +\font\titlethanksfont=\helvetica at 10pt +\font\subtitlethanksfont=\helvetica at 8pt + + +\def\abstractsize{\bignormalsize} +\font\abstractfont=tir at 10.5pt +\font\xabstractnamefont=\optimabold at 10pt +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\xabstractnamefont\fi} + +%% section heads +\font\xsectionfont=\optimabold at 10pt % +\font\xsubsectionfont=\optimabold at 11pt +\font\xsubsubsectionfont=\optimabold at 11pt % +\font\xparagraphfont=\optimabold at 11pt + +\def\sectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsubsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\paragraphfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xparagraphfont\fi} + +%% caption fonts +\gdef\captionnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\captiontextfont{\ifjdraft\large\else\small\baselineskip=10pt\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\tabletextfont{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=24pt\else\small\baselineskip=10pt\fi\bf} +\gdef\tabletextsize{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=24pt +\def\arraystretch{2} +\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenotefont{\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} + +%% +\font\acknowledgfont=\optimabold at 9pt +\font\acknowledgtextfont=\optima at 9pt +%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% +\else %% Not Reviews of Geophysics, all other styles + + +%% headline +\def\headlinesize{\small} +\font\foliofont= \timesroman at 10pt +\ifwrr +\font\headtextfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\else +\font\headtextfont= \timesroman at 9pt %running head text +\fi +\font\titlepageheadlinefont=\timesroman at 9pt +\font\cccfont=\timesroman at 7pt + +%% footline +\font\footlinefont=\helvetica at 8pt +\font\foliofootfont= \timesroman at 10pt + +\let\footnotefont\rm + +%% titlepage +\def\titlebaseline{18pt} +\newdimen\titlesize +\titlesize=18pt %% for boldmath in title +\font\titlefont=\timesbold at 14pt +\font\subtitlefont=\helvetica at 12pt +\font\specialsectionfont=\helvetica at 16pt +\font\authorfont=\timesroman at 11pt + +\def\affilsize{\footnotesize} +\font\affilfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\communicatedfont=\timesitalic at 8pt +\font\receivedfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\dedicationfont=cmcsc10 at 8pt +\font\titlethanksfont=\helvetica at 10pt +\font\subtitlethanksfont=\helvetica at 8pt + +\iftec +\font\rmreferencefont=\timesroman at 7.5pt +\font\itreferencefont=\timesitalic at 7.5pt +\font\bfreferencefont=\timesbold at 7.5pt +\font\titlepageheadlinefont= \timesroman at 9pt %running head text +\def\headlinesize{\small} +\font\headtextfont= \timesroman at 9pt %running head text +\def\abstractsize{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractfont{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\normalsize\bf\fi} + +\else +\ifgrl + +\def\abstractsize{\small\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractfont{\small\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\font\xabstractnamefont=\timesbold at 9.5pt +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\xabstractnamefont\fi} + +\else +\def\abstractsize{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractfont{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\font\xabstractnamefont=\timesbold at 9.5pt +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\xabstractnamefont\fi} + +\fi + +\fi%end iftec + +\ifpal +\font\rmreferencefont=\timesroman at 7.5pt +\font\itreferencefont=\timesitalic at 7.5pt +\font\bfreferencefont=\timesbold at 7.5pt +\fi + +%% section heads +\ifras %% +\font\xsectionfont=\timesbold at 12pt % +\else +\font\xsectionfont=\timesbold at 11pt % +\fi +\font\xsubsectionfont=\timesbold at 9pt +\font\xsubsubsectionfont=\timesbold at 9pt % +\font\xparagraphfont=\timesbold at 9pt + +\def\sectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsubsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\paragraphfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xparagraphfont\fi} + +%% caption fonts +\gdef\captionnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\captiontextfont{\ifjdraft\large\else\small\baselineskip=10pt\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\tabletextfont{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=24pt\else\small\fi\rm} +\gdef\tabletextsize{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=24pt +\def\arraystretch{2} +\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenotefont{\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} + + +\fi %% end test, is Review of Geophysics, or All other styles + +%% appendix +\let\appendixfont\sectionfont + +%% Uppercase appendix caption? +\global\upperappendfalse + +%% documentation +\font\elevenbit=\timesbolditalic at 11pt +%%% end of special use fonts %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\go +%% this is for LaTeX 2.09 +\normalsize +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% Text fonts + +\font\psfiverm=\timesroman at 5pt +\font\psfivebf=\timesbold at 5pt +\font\psfiveit=\timesitalic at 5pt +\font\psfivesf=\helvetica at 5pt + +\font\pssixrm=\timesroman at 6pt +\font\pssixbf=\timesbold at 6pt +\font\pssixit=\timesitalic at 6pt +\font\pssixsf=\helvetica at 6pt + +\font\pssevenrm=\timesroman at 7pt +\font\pssevenbf=\timesbold at 7pt +\font\pssevenit=\timesitalic at 7pt +\font\pssevensf=\helvetica at 7pt + +\font\pseightrm=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\pseightbf=\timesbold at 8pt +\font\pseightit=\timesitalic at 8pt +\font\pseightsf=\helvetica at 8pt + +\font\psninerm=\timesroman at 9pt +\font\psninebf=\timesbold at 9pt +\font\psnineit=\timesitalic at 9pt +\font\psninesf=\helvetica at 9pt + + +\font\pstenrm=\timesroman at 10pt +\font\pstenbf=\timesbold at 10pt +\font\pstenit=\timesitalic at 10pt +\font\pstensf=\helvetica at 10pt + + + +\font\pselevenrm=\timesroman at 11pt +\font\pselevenbf=\timesbold at 11pt +\font\pselevenit=\timesitalic at 11pt +\font\pselevensf=\helvetica at 11pt + + + +\font\pstwelverm=\timesroman at 12pt +\font\pstwelvebf=\timesbold at 12pt +\font\pstwelveit=\timesitalic at 12pt +\font\pstwelvesf=\helvetica at 12pt + + +\def\psfourteen{% +\font\psfourteenrm=\timesroman at 14pt +\font\psfourteenbf=\timesbold at 14pt +\font\psfourteenit=\timesitalic at 14pt +\font\psfourteensf=\helvetica at 14pt +} + +\def\psseventeen{% +\font\psseventeenrm=\timesroman at 17pt +\font\psseventeenbf=\timesbold at 17pt +\font\psseventeenit=\timesitalic at 17pt +} + +\def\pstwenty{% +\font\pstwentyrm=\timesroman at 20pt +\font\pstwentybf=\timesbold at 20pt +} + + +\def\pstwentyfive{% +\font\pstwentyfiverm=\timesroman at 25pt +\font\pstwentyfivebf=\timesbold at 25pt +} + + +\def\vpt{\textfont\z@\fivrm + \scriptfont\z@\fivrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\fivrm +\textfont\@ne\fivmi \scriptfont\@ne\fivmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\fivmi +\textfont\tw@\fivsy \scriptfont\tw@\fivsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\fivsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\prm{\fam\z@\psfiverm}% +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath + \unboldmath\fam\@ne\@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\psfiveit}% +\def\psl{\@subfont\sl\rm}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\psfivebf}% +\def\ptt{\@subfont\tt\rm}% +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\psfivesf}% +\def\psc{\@subfont\sc\rm}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\fivly}\textfont\lyfam\fivly + \scriptfont\lyfam\fivly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\fivly +\@setstrut\rm} + + +\def\vipt{\textfont\z@\sixrm + \scriptfont\z@\sixrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\sixrm +\textfont\@ne\sixmi \scriptfont\@ne\sixmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\sixmi +\textfont\tw@\sixsy \scriptfont\tw@\sixsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\sixsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pssixrm}% +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath + \unboldmath\@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\pssixit}% +\def\psl{\@subfont\sl\rm}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pssixbf}% +\def\ptt{\@subfont\tt\rm}% +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\pssixsf}% +\def\psc{\@subfont\sc\rm}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\sixly}\textfont\lyfam\sixly + \scriptfont\lyfam\sixly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\sixly +\@setstrut\rm} + + +\def\viipt{\textfont\z@\sevrm + \scriptfont\z@\sixrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\fivrm +\textfont\@ne\sevmi \scriptfont\@ne\fivmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\fivmi +\textfont\tw@\sevsy \scriptfont\tw@\fivsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\fivsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pssevenrm}% +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath +\unboldmath\@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\pssevenit}\textfont\itfam\sevit + \scriptfont\itfam\sevit \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\@subfont\sl\it}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pssevenbf}% +\def\ptt{\@subfont\tt\rm}% +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\pssevensf}% +\def\psc{\@subfont\sc\rm}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\sevly}\textfont\lyfam\sevly + \scriptfont\lyfam\fivly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\fivly +\@setstrut \rm} + + +\def\viiipt{\textfont\z@\egtrm + \scriptfont\z@\sixrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\fivrm +\textfont\@ne\egtmi \scriptfont\@ne\sixmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\fivmi +\textfont\tw@\egtsy \scriptfont\tw@\sixsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\fivsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pseightrm}% +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath +\unboldmath\@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\pseightit}\textfont\itfam\egtit + \scriptfont\itfam\sevit \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\@subfont\sl\it}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pseightbf}% +\def\ptt{\@getfont\ptt\ttfam\@viiipt{cmtt8}\@nohyphens\ptt\@viiipt}% +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\pseightsf}% +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@viiipt{\@mcsc \@ptscale8}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\egtly}\textfont\lyfam\egtly + \scriptfont\lyfam\sixly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\fivly +\@setstrut \rm} + + +\def\ixpt{\textfont\z@\ninrm + \scriptfont\z@\sixrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\fivrm +\textfont\@ne\ninmi \scriptfont\@ne\sixmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\fivmi +\textfont\tw@\ninsy \scriptfont\tw@\sixsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\fivsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\prm{\fam\z@\psninerm}% +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\psnineit}\textfont\itfam\ninit + \scriptfont\itfam\sevit \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\@getfont\psl\slfam\@ixpt{cmsl9}}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\psninebf}\textfont\bffam\ninbf + \scriptfont\bffam\ninbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\ninbf +\def\ptt{\fam\ttfam\nintt}% +\textfont\ttfam\nintt\scriptfont\ttfam\nintt \scriptscriptfont\ttfam\nintt +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\psninesf}% +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@ixpt{\@mcsc \@ptscale9}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\ninly}\textfont\lyfam\ninly + \scriptfont\lyfam\sixly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\fivly +\@setstrut \rm} + + +\def\xpt{\textfont\z@\tenrm + \scriptfont\z@\sevrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\fivrm +\textfont\@ne\tenmi \scriptfont\@ne\sevmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\fivmi +\textfont\tw@\tensy \scriptfont\tw@\sevsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\fivsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\tenmi + \textfont\tw@\tensy \textfont\lyfam\tenly + \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@ifundefined{tenmib}{\global\font\tenmib\@mbi + \global\font\tensyb\@mbsy + \global\font\tenlyb\@lasyb\relax\@addfontinfo\@xpt + {\def\boldmath{\everymath{\mit}\everydisplay{\mit}\@prtct\@nomathbold + \textfont\@ne\tenmib \textfont\tw@\tensyb + \textfont\lyfam\tenlyb \@prtct\@boldtrue}}}{}\@xpt\boldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pstenrm}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\pstenit}\textfont\itfam\tenit \scriptfont\itfam\sevit + \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\fam\slfam\tensl}\textfont\slfam\tensl + \scriptfont\slfam\tensl \scriptscriptfont\slfam\tensl +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pstenbf}\textfont\bffam\tenbf + \scriptfont\bffam\sevbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\fivbf +\def\ptt{\fam\ttfam\tentt}\textfont\ttfam\tentt + \scriptfont\ttfam\tentt \scriptscriptfont\ttfam\tentt +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\pstensf}\textfont\sffam\tensf + \scriptfont\sffam\tensf \scriptscriptfont\sffam\tensf +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xpt{\@mcsc}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\tenly}\textfont\lyfam\tenly + \scriptfont\lyfam\sevly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\fivly +\@setstrut \rm} + + +\def\xipt{\textfont\z@\elvrm + \scriptfont\z@\egtrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\sixrm +\textfont\@ne\elvmi \scriptfont\@ne\egtmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\sixmi +\textfont\tw@\elvsy \scriptfont\tw@\egtsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\sixsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\elvmi \textfont\tw@\elvsy + \textfont\lyfam\elvly \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@ifundefined{elvmib}{\global\font\elvmib\@mbi\@halfmag + \global\font\elvsyb\@mbsy\@halfmag + \global\font\elvlyb\@lasyb\@halfmag\relax\@addfontinfo\@xipt + {\def\boldmath{\everymath{\mit}\everydisplay{\mit}\@prtct\@nomathbold + \textfont\@ne\elvmib \textfont\tw@\elvsyb + \textfont\lyfam\elvlyb\@prtct\@boldtrue}}}{}\@xipt\boldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pselevenrm}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\pselevenit}\textfont\itfam\elvit + \scriptfont\itfam\egtit \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\fam\slfam\elvsl}\textfont\slfam\elvsl + \scriptfont\slfam\tensl \scriptscriptfont\slfam\tensl +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pselevenbf}\textfont\bffam\elvbf + \scriptfont\bffam\ninbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\ninbf +\def\ptt{\fam\ttfam\elvtt}\textfont\ttfam\elvtt + \scriptfont\ttfam\nintt \scriptscriptfont\ttfam\nintt +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\pselevensf}\textfont\sffam\elvsf + \scriptfont\sffam\tensf \scriptscriptfont\sffam\tensf +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xipt{\@mcsc\@halfmag}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\elvly}\textfont\lyfam\elvly + \scriptfont\lyfam\egtly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\sixly +\@setstrut \rm} + + +\def\xiipt{\textfont\z@\twlrm + \scriptfont\z@\egtrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\sixrm +\textfont\@ne\twlmi \scriptfont\@ne\egtmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\sixmi +\textfont\tw@\twlsy \scriptfont\tw@\egtsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\sixsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\twlmi + \textfont\tw@\twlsy \textfont\lyfam\twlly + \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@ifundefined{twlmib}{\global\font\twlmib\@mbi\@magscale1\global + \font\twlsyb\@mbsy \@magscale1\global\font + \twllyb\@lasyb\@magscale1\relax\@addfontinfo\@xiipt + {\def\boldmath{\everymath + {\mit}\everydisplay{\mit}\@prtct\@nomathbold + \textfont\@ne\twlmib \textfont\tw@\twlsyb + \textfont\lyfam\twllyb\@prtct\@boldtrue}}}{}\@xiipt\boldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pstwelverm}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\pstwelveit}\textfont\itfam\twlit \scriptfont\itfam\egtit + \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\fam\slfam\twlsl}\textfont\slfam\twlsl + \scriptfont\slfam\tensl \scriptscriptfont\slfam\tensl +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pstwelvebf}\textfont\bffam\twlbf + \scriptfont\bffam\ninbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\ninbf +\def\ptt{\fam\ttfam\twltt}\textfont\ttfam\twltt + \scriptfont\ttfam\nintt \scriptscriptfont\ttfam\nintt +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\pstwelvesf}\textfont\sffam\twlsf + \scriptfont\sffam\tensf \scriptscriptfont\sffam\tensf +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xiipt{\@mcsc\@magscale1}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\twlly}\textfont\lyfam\twlly + \scriptfont\lyfam\egtly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\sixly + \@setstrut \rm} + +\def\xivpt{\psfourteen\def\psfourteen{}% +\textfont\z@\frtnrm + \scriptfont\z@\tenrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\sevrm +\textfont\@ne\frtnmi \scriptfont\@ne\tenmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\sevmi +\textfont\tw@\frtnsy \scriptfont\tw@\tensy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\sevsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\frtnmi \textfont\tw@\frtnsy + \textfont\lyfam\frtnly \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@ifundefined{frtnmib}{\global\font + \frtnmib\@mbi\@magscale2\global\font\frtnsyb\@mbsy\@magscale2 + \global\font\frtnlyb\@lasyb\@magscale2\relax\@addfontinfo\@xivpt + {\def\boldmath{\everymath + {\mit}\everydisplay{\mit}\@prtct\@nomathbold + \textfont\@ne\frtnmib \textfont\tw@\frtnsyb + \textfont\lyfam\frtnlyb\@prtct\@boldtrue}}}{}\@xivpt\boldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\psfourteenrm}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\psfourteenit}% +\def\psl{\@getfont\psl\slfam\@xivpt{cmsl10\@magscale2}}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\psfourteenbf}\textfont\bffam\frtnbf + \scriptfont\bffam\tenbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\ninbf +\def\ptt{\@getfont\ptt\ttfam\@xivpt{cmtt10\@magscale2}\@nohyphens\ptt\@xivpt}% +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\psfourteensf}% +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xivpt{\@mcsc\@magscale2}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\frtnly}\textfont\lyfam\frtnly + \scriptfont\lyfam\tenly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\sevly +\@setstrut \rm} + +\def\xviipt{\psseventeen\def\psseventeen{}% +\textfont\z@\svtnrm + \scriptfont\z@\twlrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\tenrm +\textfont\@ne\svtnmi \scriptfont\@ne\twlmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\tenmi +\textfont\tw@\svtnsy \scriptfont\tw@\twlsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\tensy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\svtnmi \textfont\tw@\svtnsy \textfont\lyfam\svtnly + \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\psseventeenrm}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\psseventeenit}% +\def\psl{\@getfont\psl\slfam\@xviipt{cmsl10\@magscale3}}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\psseventeenbf}\textfont\bffam\svtnbf + \scriptfont\bffam\twlbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\tenbf +\def\ptt{\@getfont\ptt\ttfam\@xviipt{cmtt10\@magscale3}\@nohyphens + \ptt\@xviipt}% +\def\psf{\@getfont\psf\sffam\@xviipt{cmss17}}% +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xviipt{\@mcsc\@magscale3}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\svtnly}\textfont\lyfam\svtnly + \scriptfont\lyfam\twlly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\tenly +\@setstrut \rm} + +\def\xxpt{\pstwenty\def\pstwenty{}% +\textfont\z@\twtyrm + \scriptfont\z@\frtnrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\twlrm +\textfont\@ne\twtymi \scriptfont\@ne\frtnmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\twlmi +\textfont\tw@\twtysy \scriptfont\tw@\frtnsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\twlsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\twtymi \textfont\tw@\twtysy \textfont\lyfam\twtyly + \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pstwentyrm}% +\def\pit{\@getfont\pit\itfam\@xxpt{cmti10\@magscale4}}% +\def\psl{\@getfont\psl\slfam\@xxpt{cmsl10\@magscale4}}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pstwentybf}% +\def\ptt{\@getfont\ptt\ttfam\@xxpt{cmtt10\@magscale4}\@nohyphens\ptt\@xxpt}% +\def\psf{\@getfont\psf\sffam\@xxpt{\@mss\@magscale4}}% +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xxpt{\@mcsc\@magscale4}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\twtyly}\textfont\lyfam\twtyly + \scriptfont\lyfam\frtnly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\twlly +\@setstrut \rm} + +\def\xxvpt{\pstwentyfive\def\pstwentyfive{}% +\textfont\z@\twfvrm + \scriptfont\z@\twtyrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\svtnrm +\textfont\@ne\twtymi \scriptfont\@ne\twtymi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\svtnmi +\textfont\tw@\twtysy \scriptfont\tw@\twtysy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\svtnsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\everymath{}\everydisplay{}\@nomath\unboldmath + \textfont\@ne\twtymi \textfont\tw@\twtysy \textfont\lyfam\twtyly + \@boldfalse}\@boldfalse +\def\boldmath{\@subfont\boldmath\unboldmath}% +\def\prm{\fam\z@\pstwentyfiverm}% +\def\pit{\@subfont\it\rm}% +\def\psl{\@subfont\sl\rm}% +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\pstwentyfivebf}% +\def\ptt{\@subfont\tt\rm}% +\def\psf{\@subfont\sf\rm}% +\def\psc{\@subfont\sc\rm}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\twtyly}\textfont\lyfam\twtyly + \scriptfont\lyfam\twtyly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\svtnly +\@setstrut \rm} + + +\@normalsize + +\endinput + diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/agutex.cls b/AGU-LaTeX/agutex.cls new file mode 100755 index 0000000..9079320 --- /dev/null +++ b/AGU-LaTeX/agutex.cls @@ -0,0 +1,7908 @@ +\def\currversion{Feb 9, 2008} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% This file is AGUTeX.cls/sty +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%% AGUTeX: LaTeX Class file for +%% Journals Published by the +%% +%% American Geophysical Union +%% +%% Prepared by Amy Hendrickson, +%% TeXnology Inc. +%% www.texnology.com +%% amyh@TeXnology.com +%% +%% Original version: June 24, 2001 +%% +%% Two column macros copyright 1999, 2000, 2001 +%% Amy Hendrickson, TeXnology Inc. +%% +%% Natbib Module: Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\typeout{^^J^^J +AGUTeX Journal Style, American Geophysical Union +^^J +This version is dated \currversion^^J^^J} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% 2e switch: + +\newif\ifll +\expandafter\ifx\csname LaTeXe\endcsname\relax % LaTeX2.09 is used +\else% LaTeX2e is being used, so set ll true +\global\lltrue\fi + +\ifll +\else +\long\def\DeclareOption#1#2{\toks@ {#2}% +\expandafter \edef \csname ds@#1\endcsname {\the \toks@ }} +% +\gdef\usepackage#1#{% + \@latex@error + {\noexpand \usepackage before \string\documentclass}% + {\noexpand \usepackage may only appear in the document + preamble, i.e.,\MessageBreak + between \noexpand\documentclass and + \string\begin{document}.}% + \@gobble} +\def\mathrm#1{{\rm #1}} + +%% Fonts to make bold in super- and sub-scripts be the right size. + \font\sevbf =cmbx7 + \font\fivbf =cmbx5 +\gdef\baselinestretch{1} +\gdef\@plus{plus} +\gdef\@minus{minus} +\global\@maxsep 20pt +\global\@dblmaxsep 20pt +\fi + + +% \c@topnumber : Number of floats allowed at the top of a column. +% \topfraction : Fraction of column that can be devoted to floats. +% \c@dbltopnumber, \dbltopfraction : Same as above, but for double-column +% floats. +% \c@bottomnumber, \bottomfraction : Same as above for bottom of page. +% \c@totalnumber : Number of floats allowed in a single column, +% including in-text floats. +% \textfraction : Minimum fraction of column that must contain text. +% \floatpagefraction : Minimum fraction of page that must be taken +% up by float page. + +%% These aren't relevant, but LaTeX looks for them anyway: +\setcounter{topnumber}{10} +\def\topfraction{.99} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{10} +\def\bottomfraction{.99} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{20} +\def\textfraction{.01} +\def\floatpagefraction{.5} +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2} +\def\dbltopfraction{.7} +\def\dblfloatpagefraction{.5} + +%% Need for galley style +\newif\ifgalley + +%% Need for font family baselineskip changes: +\newif\ifjdraft % keep draft for graphicx, or other graphic inclusion + % packages + +%% to get rid of a command with an argument \let\command=\eatone +\def\eatone#1{} + +\ifll +\ProvidesClass{agutex} + [02/09/2008] + +\renewcommand{\normalsize}{% +\ifjdraft + \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xiipt{28pt} +% C&G 11/5/01 \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xviipt +\else + \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xiipt +\fi + \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ %\@plus2\p@ +\@minus5\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} + +\newcommand{\bignormalsize}{% +\ifjdraft +\@setfontsize\bignormalsize\@xiipt{28pt} +% C&G 11/5/01 \@setfontsize\bignormalsize\@xipt\@xviipt +\else + \@setfontsize\bignormalsize\@xipt{13pt} +\fi + \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ %\@plus2\p@ +\@minus5\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 0\p@ %\@plus .001pt + \parsep 0\p@ %\@plus .001pt + \itemsep \parsep}% +} +% +%C&G +% We need to reduce the negative elasticity on the baselineskip +% \baselineskip=11pt plus .001pt minus 0.25pt +% this change moved to production.sty +% +\newcommand{\small}{% +\ifjdraft + \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{22pt}% +% C&G 11/5/01 \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{17}% +\else + \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{11}% +\fi +\ifgalley +\baselineskip=10pt +\else +\baselineskip=10pt plus .001pt minus 1pt +\parskip=0pt % plus .001pt %% amyh +\fi + \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ %\@plus.001\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 1\p@ %\@plus .001pt + \parsep 1\p@ %\@plus .001pt + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} + +%C&G 6/26/01 Change footnotesize to 8/9 +\newcommand{\footnotesize}{% +\ifjdraft +% C&G 11/5/01 \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{17}% + \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{20pt}% +\else + \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{9}% +\ifgalley\else +\baselineskip=9 pt plus .001pt minus .5pt +\fi\fi + \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} + +\newcommand{\scriptsize}{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt} +\newcommand{\tiny}{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt} +\newcommand{\large}{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14} +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=28pt\else\ifgalley\else +\baselineskip 14pt plus .01pt minus 2pt\fi\fi + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 1\p@ \@plus .001pt + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus .001pt + \itemsep \parsep}% +} +\newcommand{\Large}{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}} +\newcommand{\LARGE}{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}} +\newcommand{\huge}{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}} +\newcommand{\Huge}{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}} + +\@maxdepth\maxdepth +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\cal}{\@fontswitch{\relax}{\mathcal}} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\mit}{\@fontswitch{\relax}{\mathnormal}} + +\else %% LaTeX2.09 +%% To get bold super and sub-scripts in the right size: +\gdef\xpt{\textfont\z@\tenrm + \scriptfont\z@\sevrm \scriptscriptfont\z@\fivrm +\textfont\@ne\tenmi \scriptfont\@ne\sevmi \scriptscriptfont\@ne\fivmi +\textfont\tw@\tensy \scriptfont\tw@\sevsy \scriptscriptfont\tw@\fivsy +\textfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptfont\thr@@\tenex \scriptscriptfont\thr@@\tenex +\def\unboldmath{\relax} +\def\boldmath{\relax} +\def\prm{\fam\z@\tenrm}% +\def\pit{\fam\itfam\tenit}\textfont\itfam\tenit \scriptfont\itfam\sevit + \scriptscriptfont\itfam\sevit +\def\psl{\fam\slfam\tensl}\textfont\slfam\tensl + \scriptfont\slfam\tensl \scriptscriptfont\slfam\tensl +\def\pbf{\fam\bffam\tenbf}\textfont\bffam\tenbf + \scriptfont\bffam\sevbf \scriptscriptfont\bffam\fivbf +\def\ptt{\fam\ttfam\tentt}\textfont\ttfam\tentt + \scriptfont\ttfam\tentt \scriptscriptfont\ttfam\tentt +\def\psf{\fam\sffam\tensf}\textfont\sffam\tensf + \scriptfont\sffam\tensf \scriptscriptfont\sffam\tensf +\def\psc{\@getfont\psc\scfam\@xpt{\@mcsc}}% +\def\ly{\fam\lyfam\tenly}\textfont\lyfam\tenly + \scriptfont\lyfam\sevly \scriptscriptfont\lyfam\fivly +\@setstrut \rm} +% 11/5/01 C&G baselineskip increased to 28pt +\gdef\@normalsize{\ifjdraft +\@setsize\normalsize{12pt}\xpt\@xpt +\baselineskip=28pt +\else +\@setsize\normalsize{12pt}\xpt\@xpt +\fi +\abovedisplayskip 10\p@ plus2\p@ minus5\p@ +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus3\p@ +\belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ plus3\p@ minus3\p@ +\let\@listi\@listI} +% 11/5/01 C&G baselineskip increased to 28pt +\newcommand{\bignormalsize}{% +\ifjdraft% + \@setsize\bignormalsize{22pt}\@xipt\@xviipt% +\baselineskip=28pt% +\else% + \@setsize\bignormalsize{13pt}\@xipt\@xipt% +\fi% +\abovedisplayskip 10\p@ plus2\p@ minus5\p@% +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip% +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus3\p@% +\belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ plus3\p@ minus3\p@% +\let\@listi\@listI} +% 11/5/01 C&G bselineskip increased to 28pt +\gdef\small{\ifjdraft +\@setsize\small{22pt}\ixpt\@ixpt +\baselineskip=28pt +\else +\@setsize\small{11pt}\ixpt\@ixpt +\fi +\abovedisplayskip 4\p@ %plus3\p@ minus4\p@ +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ +\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ +\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini +\topsep 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@\parsep 0\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ +\itemsep \parsep}} +\gdef\footnotesize{\ifjdraft +\@setsize\footnotesize{22pt}\viiipt\@viiipt +\baselineskip=24pt +\else +\@setsize\footnotesize{9.5pt}\viiipt\@viiipt +\fi +\abovedisplayskip 6\p@ plus2\p@ minus4\p@ +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus\p@ +\belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ plus\p@ minus2\p@ +\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini +\topsep 3\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@\parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ +\itemsep \parsep}} +% +\gdef\scriptsize{\@setsize\scriptsize{8pt}\viipt\@viipt +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=16pt\fi} +\gdef\tiny{\@setsize\tiny{6pt}\vpt\@vpt +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=16pt\fi} +\gdef\large{\@setsize\large{14pt}\xiipt\@xiipt +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=28pt\fi} +\gdef\Large{\@setsize\Large{18pt}\xivpt\@xivpt +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=28pt\fi} +\gdef\LARGE{\@setsize\LARGE{22pt}\xviipt\@xviipt +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=28pt\fi} +\gdef\huge{\@setsize\huge{25pt}\xxpt\@xxpt} +\gdef\Huge{\@setsize\Huge{30pt}\xxvpt\@xxvpt} +% +\gdef\bfseries{\bf} +\fi + +\normalsize +\let\savenormalsize\normalsize + +\ifll\else +% this causes too many errors, let's get rid of it in 2.09 version: +\global\let\boldmath\relax \global\let\unboldmath\relax +\fi + +%% +\newif\if@openbib +%\@openbibtrue +\@openbibfalse + +%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <===== end 2e switches +%%%%% + +\def\@ptsize{0} + +\@twosidetrue % Defines twoside option. +\@mparswitchtrue % Marginpars go on outside of page. + +%% Special text placement: quotation, quote + +\def\quotation{\footnotesize\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em + \itemindent\listparindent + \rightmargin\leftmargin +\parsep=0pt plus .001pt \topsep=6.5pt plus.001pt}\item[]} +\let\endquotation=\endlist + +\def\quote{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[]\ignorespaces} +\let\endquote=\endlist + +%%%%% +%% Default Dimension Settings + +\arraycolsep 3pt % was 5pt +% Half the space between columns in an array environment. + +\tabcolsep 4pt +% Half the space between columns in a tabular environment. + +\arrayrulewidth .4pt +% Width of rules in array and tabular environment. + +\doublerulesep 2pt +% Space between adjacent rules in array or tabular env. + +\tabbingsep \labelsep +% Space used by the \' command. (See LaTeX manual.) + +\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins + +\fboxsep = 3pt +% Space left between box and text by \fbox and \framebox. + +\fboxrule = .4pt +% Width of rules in box made by \fbox and \framebox. + +%% Setting up counters +\newcounter {chapter} %% used to reset other counters in article. +\newcounter {section}[chapter] +\newcounter {subsection}[section] +\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection] + +\@addtoreset{equation}{chapter} % Makes \chapter reset 'equation' counter. +\def\theequation{\ifappendon\Alph{section}\fi% +\arabic{equation}\themathletter} +\let\savetheequation\theequation + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%% +%% Figure and table counters and parameters. + +\newcounter{figure}[chapter] +\newcounter{table}[chapter] +\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure\theletter} +\def\thetable{\@arabic\c@table\theletter} + +\def\fps@figure{tbp} +\def\ftype@figure{1} + +\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure} + +\def\figure{\@float{figure}} +\def\endfigure{\end@float\gdef\@currentlabel{}} + +%% Table counters and parameters. + +\def\fps@table{tbp} +\def\ftype@table{2} + +\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable} + +%%%% +%% Listing defaults: + +\def\labelenumi{\theenumi} +\def\theenumi{\normalsize\rm\arabic{enumi}.} + +\def\labelenumii{\theenumii} +\def\theenumii{\hss(\roman{enumii})} +\def\p@enumii{\theenumii} + +\def\labelenumiii{\normalsize\theenumiii} +\def\theenumiii{\normalsize\alph{enumiii}.} +\def\p@enumiii{\theenumiii} + +\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv} +\def\theenumiv{\normalsize\Alph{enumiv}} +\def\p@enumiv{\theenumiv} + +\def\enumerate{\ifnum \@enumdepth >\thr@@ \@toodeep \else +\advance \@enumdepth \@ne +\edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth }% +\expandafter\list\csname label\@enumctr \endcsname +{\usecounter \@enumctr \def\makelabel ##1{% +\ifdim\leftmargin=1sp\relax\hskip\saveparindent\fi +\ifdim\leftmargin=2sp\relax\hskip2\saveparindent\fi +\hskip\@itemdepth\saveparindent\relax% +\hskip\@enumdepth\saveparindent\relax ##1}} +\fi} + +\def\itemize{\ifnum \@itemdepth >\thr@@ \@toodeep \else +\advance \@itemdepth \@ne +\edef \@itemitem {labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}% +\expandafter\list\csname \@itemitem \endcsname {\def\makelabel ##1{% +\ifdim\leftmargin=1sp\relax\hskip\saveparindent\fi +\ifdim\leftmargin=2sp\relax\hskip2\saveparindent\fi +\hskip\@enumdepth\saveparindent\relax% +\hskip\@itemdepth\saveparindent\relax##1}}\fi} + +\newenvironment{description} +{\leftmargini=0pt \leftmarginii=1sp \leftmarginiii=2sp +\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + {\endlist} +\newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep +\ifdim\leftmargin=0pt \hskip\saveparindent +\else \ifdim\leftmargin=1sp \hskip2\saveparindent +\else \ifdim\leftmargin=2sp \hskip3\saveparindent\fi\fi\fi + \normalsize\it #1} + +\def\labelitemi{\normalsize$\m@th\bullet$} +\def\labelitemii{{\bf --}} +\def\labelitemiii{\normalsize$\m@th\ast$} +\def\labelitemiv{\normalsize$\m@th\cdot$} + +\leftmargini 0pt +\leftmarginii 0pt +\leftmarginiii 0pt +\leftmarginiv 0 pt +\leftmarginv 0pt +\leftmarginvi 0pt +\leftmargin\leftmargini + +\labelsep 4pt +\labelwidth\leftmargini\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + +\def\@endparenv{% + \addpenalty\@endparpenalty%\addvspace\@topsepadd\@endpetrue +} + +\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini +\rightmargin\leftmargini +\parsep 1sp plus.001\p@ +\topsep 1sp plus.001\p@ +\itemsep 1sp plus.001\p@ +} + +\let\@listi\@listI +\@listi + +\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii + \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus\p@ + \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ + \itemsep \parsep} + +\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii + \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ + \parsep \z@ \partopsep \p@ plus\z@ minus\p@ + \itemsep \topsep} + +\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv + \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv + \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi + \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +%%%%%%% + +% Makes \chapter reset 'footnote' counter: +\@addtoreset{footnote}{chapter} +\@addtoreset{subsubsubsection}{chapter} +\@addtoreset{subsubsubsection}{section} +\@addtoreset{subsubsubsection}{subsection} +\@addtoreset{subsubsubsection}{subsubsection} + + +%%%%%%% +%%% General tools: Macros added or changed from original LaTeX, + +%% i) Math macros: Special equation numbers; bolding math characters +%% that don't get bold with \mathbf; Lettered equation numbers. +%% aguleftmath, to make second line of equation indent by parindent + +%% ii) Lettered captions for tables and figures, +%% Multiple caption lines may center automatically. + +%% iii) Tables, captions will adjust horizontal size to match width +%% of table. Ruled lines added to top or bottom of table. +%% Table content will extend to the left and right of columns, +%% no extra horizontal space left. + +%% iv) Date and time macros for use in Draft line + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% i) Math macros: Special equation numbers; +%% \bbf for making math characters bold that +%% won't turn bold with \mathbf; Lettered equation numbers. +%% Aguleftmath, for second line indenting only width of parindent + +%% Special equation numbers, such as 16' +%% Equation counter will not advance + +\def\specialeqnum#1{\global\firsttimefalse +\mathletter{xxx}\gdef\theequation{#1}} +\let\seteqnum\specialeqnum +\let\eqnum\specialeqnum + +\def\xa{a} +\def\xA{A} + +%% Bold math, for making math characters bold that +%% won't turn bold with \mathbf + +\def\bbf#1{\hbox{\savenormalsize\boldmath$\displaystyle#1$}} + +%% Math Letters: + +\def\themathletter{\relax} +\def\mathletter#1{\gdef\themathletter{#1}} +\def\xrelax{\relax} + +\let\templabel\relax +\def\xlabel#1{\gdef\templabel{#1}} +\def\ylabel#1{\gdef\ytemplabel{#1}} + +\newif\iffirsttime +\global\firsttimetrue + +\def\equation{$$ % $$ BRACE MATCHING HACK +\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup $ \displaystyle% +\let\label\xlabel} + +\let\savelabel\label + +\def\endequation{$\egroup% +% +\ifx\themathletter\xrelax\global\firsttimetrue% +\refstepcounter{equation}\else% +\ifx\themathletter\xa\global\firsttimetrue\fi +\ifx\themathletter\xA\global\firsttimetrue\fi +\iffirsttime\global\firsttimefalse\refstepcounter{equation}\fi\fi% +% +\setbox1=\hbox{\copy0\@eqnnum}% +% +\ifdim\wd1>\linewidth% +\vbox{\unskip\noindent\hbox to\hsize{\hss\unhbox0\hss}\vskip3pt% +\noindent\hbox to\hsize{\hfill\displaywidth\linewidth\llap{\@eqnnum}}}% +\else% +\vbox{\unskip\noindent\hbox to\linewidth{% +\hfil\unhbox0\hfil\displaywidth\linewidth\llap{\@eqnnum}}}% +\fi% +\let\@currentlabel=\theequation% +\ifx\templabel\relax\else\savelabel{\templabel}\fi% +\global\let\templabel\relax% +\gdef\theequation{\savetheequation}% +\gdef\themathletter{\relax}% +\global\@ignoretrue$$} + +\def\@@eqncr{\let\@tempa\relax + \ifcase\@eqcnt \def\@tempa{& & &}\or \def\@tempa{& &} + \else \def\@tempa{&}\fi + \@tempa +\ifx\themathletter\xrelax +%% make equation letters work ==> +\if@eqnsw +\ifaguleftmath\else +\stepcounter{equation}\fi\fi +%% <== +\else +\ifx\themathletter\xa\global\firsttimetrue\fi +\ifx\themathletter\xA\global\firsttimetrue\fi +\iffirsttime\global\firsttimefalse\stepcounter{equation} +\fi\fi +\if@eqnsw\@eqnnum +\fi +\expandafter\ifx\csname ytemplabel\endcsname\relax +\else\savelabel{\ytemplabel}\fi%%% <<=== make label +\global\let\ytemplabel\relax % catch current number and letter +\global\let\themathletter\xrelax % <<=== +\gdef\theequation{\savetheequation} +\global\@eqnswtrue\global\@eqcnt\z@\cr} + +%% variation on code taken from fleqn.clo +\def\eqnarray{% +\let\label\ylabel + \def\@currentlabel{\p@equation\theequation}% + \global\@eqnswtrue\m@th + \global\@eqcnt\z@ + \tabskip\mathindent + \let\\=\@eqncr + $$\everycr{}\halign to\linewidth% $$ + \bgroup + \hskip\@centering + $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@skip{##}$\@eqnsel&% + \global\@eqcnt\@ne \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep \hfil${##}$\hfil&% + \global\@eqcnt\tw@ \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep + $\displaystyle{##}$\hfil \tabskip\@centering&% + \global\@eqcnt\thr@@ + \hb@xt@\z@\bgroup\hss##\egroup\tabskip\z@skip\cr}% + + +\def\endeqnarray{\@@eqncr\egroup\global\@ignoretrue$$% +\global\firsttimetrue% +\global\let\ytemplabel\relax% +\gdef\theequation{\savetheequation}% +\def\themathletter{\relax}} + +\@namedef{eqnarray*}{\def\@eqncr{\nonumber\@seqncr}\eqnarray} +\@namedef{endeqnarray*}{\nonumber\endeqnarray} + +%%%%%% AGUleftmath + +%% Making AGU math indent by a parindent + +\newdimen\mathindent +\mathindent=0pt +\def\new@xeqncr[#1]{% +\nonumber + \ifnum0=`{\fi}% + \@@eqncr + \noalign{\penalty\@eqpen\vskip\jot\vskip #1\relax}% +\hspace*{\parindent}} + +\newif\ifaguleftmath +\newenvironment{aguleftmath}{% +\global\aguleftmathtrue + \stepcounter{equation}% + \def\@currentlabel{\p@equation\theequation}% + \global\@eqnswtrue\m@th + \global\@eqcnt\z@ + \tabskip\mathindent + \let\\=\@eqncr +\let\@xeqncr=\new@xeqncr + $$\everycr{}\halign to\hsize% $$ + \bgroup + $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@skip{##}$\@eqnsel&% + \global\@eqcnt\@ne \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep \hfil${##}$\hfil&% + \global\@eqcnt\tw@ \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep + $\displaystyle{##}$\hfil \tabskip\@centering&% + \global\@eqcnt\thr@@ + \hb@xt@\z@\bgroup\hss##\egroup\tabskip\z@skip\cr}% + {\@@eqncr + \egroup +% \global\advance\c@equation\m@ne +$$% +\global\aguleftmathfalse + \@ignoretrue} + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% ii) Lettered captions for tables and figures, +%% Multiple caption lines may center automatically. + +\def\theletter{\relax} +\newif\ifxfirsttime +\xfirsttimetrue +\def\xtable{table} +\def\xplate{plate} +\def\xrelax{\relax} + +\newif\ifcontinued +\def\continuedcaption{\global\continuedtrue\caption{(continued)}} + +\def\caption{\ifx\@captype\xtable +% +\ifx\theletter\xrelax\global\xfirsttimetrue + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else +%\ifappendon\else% don't advance counter because using another counter + \refstepcounter{table} +%\fi + \fi +\else + \ifxfirsttime\global\xfirsttimefalse + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse + \else \refstepcounter{table} + \fi + \fi +\fi +% +\else% figure and plate + \ifx\theletter\xrelax\global\xfirsttimetrue + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% +% \ifappendon +%\ifx\@captype\xplate \refstepcounter{plate}\fi %% don't know why this works! +%\else% don't advance counter because using another counter + \refstepcounter{\@captype} + \fi%\fi + \else% + \ifxfirsttime\global\xfirsttimefalse% + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% +%\ifappendon +%\ifx\@captype\xplate \refstepcounter{plate}\fi %% don't know why this works! +%\else% don't advance counter because using another counter + \refstepcounter{\@captype} +%\fi +\fi\fi\fi\fi% +\xdef\currcaptype{\@captype}% +\xdef\@currentlabel{\expandafter\csname p@\@captype\endcsname% +\expandafter\csname the\@captype\endcsname}% +\@dblarg{\@caption\@captype}} + +\def\letteredcaption#1{\gdef\theletter{#1}\caption} +\def\letteredcontinuedcaption#1{\gdef\theletter{#1}\continuedcaption} + +\def\appcaption#1{% +\ifx\@captype\xtable\centermultiplelinesfalse + \ifx\theletter\xrelax% + \global\xfirsttimetrue \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% + \global\advance\c@apptable by 1\fi\else% + \ifxfirsttime\global\xfirsttimefalse% + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% + \global\advance\c@apptable by1\relax +\fi\fi\fi +\else% +\ifx\@captype\xplate + \ifx\theletter\xrelax% + \global\xfirsttimetrue\ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% + \global\advance\c@appplate by 1\fi\else% + \ifxfirsttime\global\xfirsttimefalse% + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% + \global\advance\c@appplate by1\relax +\fi\fi\fi +\else + \ifx\theletter\xrelax% + \global\xfirsttimetrue\ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% + \global\advance\c@appfigure by 1\fi\else% + \ifxfirsttime\global\xfirsttimefalse% + \ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else% + \global\advance\c@appfigure by1\relax +\fi\fi\fi +\fi\fi% +% +\def\thefigure{\Alph{section}\the\c@appfigure} +\def\thetable{\Alph{section}\the\c@apptable} +\def\theplate{\Alph{section}\the\c@appplate} +\xdef\currcaptype{\@captype}% +\xsavecaption{#1}} + +\newskip\abovefigcaptionskip +\newskip\abovetabcaptionskip +\newskip\abovetableskip +\newif\ifcentermultiplelines +\newif\ifcentersingleline +\newif\ifcentersingletabline +\newif\iflineabovetabcaption +\newif\iflinebelowtabcaption +\newdimen\belowtabcaptionskip + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Landscape figures and tables. Need \usepackage{graphicx} to work. + +\newif\iflandscapetable +\newif\iflandscapetaborfig +\newif\iflandscape + +\newbox\landscapebox +\def\landscapeonecoltable{% +\expandafter\ifx\csname rotatebox\endcsname\relax +\show\landscapeerror\fi +\advance\textheight by-8pt %to compensate for topskip +\ifgalley +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox\bgroup +\hsize\textheight +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\centering +\def\@captype{table}\captypefigfalse +\doonecolfighere +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\else +\vskip-1.5pt +\goodbreak +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\global\landscapetaborfigtrue +\begin{table}[h] +\hsize=\textheight +\captionwidth=\hsize +\parindent=0pt +\centering +\fi} + +\def\endlandscapeonecoltable{ +\ifgalley +\endonecolfighere\egroup +\insert\figinsert{\newpage\vbox to\textheight{\vss +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox{\vskip-1.5pc +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +}}\vskip-12pt}\newpage} +\else +%% not galley, normal text: +\end{table} +\egroup +\vbox to\textheight{\vskip3pt +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox to\mycolumnwidth{% +\vfill +\vbox to \mycolumnwidth{\vskip-\columnsep +\vskip-6pt +\noindent +\unvbox\landscapebox +\vfill}}} +\vss}\vskip24pt\fi} + +\def\landscapetwocoltable{% +\expandafter\ifx\csname rotatebox\endcsname\relax +\show\landscapeerror\fi +\ifgalley +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\centering +\def\@captype{table}\captypefigfalse +\doonecolfighere +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\else +\begin{table*}[p] +\newpage +\advance\textheight by-6pt +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\begin{table}[h] +\fi} + +\def\endlandscapetwocoltable{\ifgalley +\endonecolfighere\egroup +\insert\figinsert{\newpage\vbox to\textheight{ +\vskip12pt +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox{\vskip-1.5pc +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +}}\vss}\newpage} +\else +\end{table} +\egroup +\vbox to\textheight{\vskip-14pt +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox{ +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +}}\vss}\newpage +\end{table*} +\fi} + +%%% + +\def\landscapeonecolfigure{% +\vskip1pt +\goodbreak +\expandafter\ifx\csname rotatebox\endcsname\relax +\show\landscapeerror\fi +\advance\textheight by-6pt %to compensate for topskip +\ifgalley +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox to \textheight\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\centering +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\def\@captype{figure}\captypefigtrue +\doonecolfighere +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\else +\vskip-1.5pt +\goodbreak +\hsize=\textheight +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\vfill +\vskip-\intextfloatskip +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +\fi} + +\def\endlandscapeonecolfigure{\ifgalley +\endonecolfighere\egroup +\insert\figinsert{\newpage\vbox to\textheight{\vss +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox{\landscapetaborfigtrue +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +}}}} +\else +\end{figure} +\vskip-\intextfloatskip +\vskip-12pt +\vfill\egroup +\vbox to\textheight{\vskip4pt\vfill %% +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox to\mycolumnwidth{\vss +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +\vskip\columnsep +\vskip6pt +}}\vfill}\vskip24pt\goodbreak\fi} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\landscapetwocolfigure{% +\expandafter\ifx\csname rotatebox\endcsname\relax +\show\landscapeerror\fi +\ifgalley +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox to \textwidth\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\centering +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\def\@captype{figure}\captypefigtrue +\doonecolfighere +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\else +\begin{figure*}[p] +\newpage +\global\setbox\landscapebox\vbox\bgroup\hsize\textheight +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +\fi} + +\def\endlandscapetwocolfigure{\ifgalley +\endonecolfighere\egroup +\insert\figinsert{\newpage\vbox to\textheight{\vskip\topskip +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox to\textwidth{\vfill +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +}}\vss}} +\else +\end{figure} +\egroup +\vbox to\textheight{\vskip12pt +\rotatebox{90}{\vbox to0pt{\vbox to \textwidth{\vfill +\landscapetaborfigtrue +\hsize=\textheight +\unvbox\landscapebox +\vskip12pt +}\vss}}\vss}\newpage\end{figure*}\fi} + +\let\landscapetable\landscapeonecoltable +\let\endlandscapetable\endlandscapeonecoltable + +\expandafter% +\def\csname landscapetable*\endcsname{\landscapetwocoltable} + +\expandafter% +\def\csname endlandscapetable*\endcsname{\endlandscapetwocoltable} + +\let\landscapefigure\landscapeonecolfigure +\let\endlandscapefigure\endlandscapeonecolfigure + +\expandafter% +\def\csname landscapefigure*\endcsname{\landscapetwocolfigure} + +\expandafter% +\def\csname endlandscapefigure*\endcsname{\endlandscapetwocolfigure} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% +\ifjdraft\captionwidth=\textwidth\fi%% Amy, 2/05/02 +\ifx\@captype\xtable% TABLE CAPTION +\iflandscapetaborfig +\hsize=\textheight +\advance\hsize by-36pt +\captionwidth=\hsize +\vbadness=10000 \hbadness=10000 + \fi +%% + \iflineabovetabcaption\hrule\fi% + \vskip\abovetabcaptionskip% +%% + \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\captionsize + \tablenamefont #1. \tabletextfont#2}% +% +\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize +\hbox to\hsize{\hfill\vbox{ +\hsize=\captionwidth +\iflandscapetaborfig +\raggedright +\fi +\parindent=0pt +\noindent\captionsize +\tablenamefont +#1.~\tabletextfont#2\vskip1sp}\hfill}% + \par + \else +% +\hbox to\hsize{\ifcentersingletabline\hfill\fi% +\captionsize\tablenamefont +#1.~\tabletextfont#2\hfill}% + \fi +\vskip\belowtabcaptionskip +% +\else% FIGURE CAPTION + \iflandscapetaborfig +\captionwidth=\landscapecaptionwidth + \vbadness=10000 \hbadness=10000 +\vskip12pt + \fi + \centermultiplelinesfalse + \vskip\abovefigcaptionskip + \iflandscape \hsize=\textheight \fi +% + \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\captionsize\captionnamefont#1~~% + \captiontextfont#2}% +% + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize + % \iflandscape\moveright26pt\fi +\hbox to\hsize{\hfill\vbox{\hsize=\captionwidth +\captionsize\captionnamefont% +#1.~\captiontextfont#2\vskip1sp}\hfill}\par% + \else% less than hsize in caption +\noindent\hbox to\hsize{% +\captionsize% + \ifcentersingleline\hfill\fi% + \captionnamefont +#1.~\captiontextfont#2\hfill} + \fi% +\fi% end figure caption +%%% +%% either figure or table +\edef\@currentlabel{\expandafter\csname p@\@captype\endcsname% +\expandafter\csname the\@captype\endcsname}% +% +\ifx\@captype\xtable + \iflinebelowtabcaption\vskip\belowtabcaptionskip\thetablelines\fi + \vskip\abovetableskip +\fi +\ifhere\else\gdef\theletter{\relax}\fi% +\global\landscapetaborfigfalse} + +%% Plate definitions %% + +\newcounter{plate} +\def\theplate{\@arabic\c@plate} +\def\platename{Plate} +\def\fps@plate{bp} +\def\ftype@plate{4} +\def\ext@plate{lof} +\def\fnum@plate{{\bf Plate \theplate}} +\def\plate{\@float{plate}} +\let\endplate\end@float +\def\platewidth#1{\hsize=#1\relax} +\let\saveplate\plate +\let\saveendplate\endplate +%% end plate definitions %% + +%% To number captions specifically + +\def\platenum#1{\let\caption\savecaption +\def\@captype{plate} +\def\theplate{#1} \let\@currentlabel\theplate \let\label\savelabel} +\let\setplatenum\platenum + +\def\setfigurenum#1{\let\caption\savecaption +\def\@captype{figure} +\def\thefigure{#1} \let\@currentlabel\thefigure \let\label\savelabel} + +\def\settablenum#1{\let\caption\savecaption +\def\@captype{table} +\def\thetable{#1} \let\@currentlabel\thetable \let\label\savelabel} + +%%%% side by side captions + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%% to use: +% \begin{figure or table} \sidebyside{}{} \end{figure or table} +% +% \begin{table} +% \sidebyside{\caption{table caption} first table} +% {\caption{table caption} second table} +% \end{table} + +% or + +% \begin{figure} +%\vskip +% \sidebyside{\caption{first fig caption}} +% {\caption{second fig caption}} +% \end{figure} + +% Or, if you want different spaces above the two +% figure captions, you can put the \vskip or \vspace +% the {}{}, ie.: + +% \begin{figure} +% \sidebyside{\vskip\caption{fig caption}} +% {\vskip\caption{fig caption}} +% \end{figure} + +% To call for line breaks, you can use \\ , but +% also supply [], i.e., \caption[]{asdf}. +% This will send whatever is in [] to the List of Tables. If +% you are not using that you can just have facing square +% brackets. If you are using List of Tables, you can supply +% a title without \\ in it: +% \caption[$hA_3f_4K_2l_5$ 60-01-05]{$hA_3f_4K_2l_5$\\ 60-01-05}} + +% If you are not using List of Tables, just supply []'s, i.e., +%\begin{figure}[h] +%\vspace{15pc} +%\sidebyside{ +%\caption[]{$hA_3f_4K_2l_5$\\ 60-01-05}} +%{\caption[]{$hD_8p_4F_xd_7$\\ 60-01-10}} +%\end{figure} + +% xref labels work the same as normally: +%\begin{figure}[h] +%\vspace{4pc} +%\sidebyside{\caption{Hexiamond board.\label{three}}} +%{\caption{O'Beirne's?\label{four}}} +%\end{figure} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\specialendtable{\vskip1sp\end@float} + +\long\def\sidebyside#1#2{% +\hbox to\hsize{\let\caption\savecaption +\ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else\def\@captype{table} +\footnotesize +\fi% +\vtop{\hsize=.5\hsize% +\advance\hsize by -.5\columnsep +\parindent=0pt +\centering + +#1}\hskip\columnsep\vtop{\hsize=.5\hsize% +\advance\hsize by -.5\columnsep +\parindent=0pt\centering +#2 + +}}} + +%% make a caption on the right hand side with illustration to the left +\long\def\sidecaption#1#2{\setbox0=\vbox{#1} +\dimen0=\ht0 \advance\dimen0 by\dp0 +\hbox to\textwidth{\let\label\savelabel +\vbox{\hsize=.65\textwidth\noindent\relax#1\vskip1sp}\hfill +\vbox to\dimen0{\hsize=.3\textwidth +\vfill +\savecaption{\hsize=.3\textwidth #2}\vfill}}\aftergroup{\let\label\savelabel}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% iii) Tables, captions will adjust horizontal size to match width +%% of table. Ruled lines added to top or bottom of table. +%% Table content will extend to the left and right of columns, +%% no extra horizontal space left. + +\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par +\begingroup + \@parboxrestore + \normalsize + \@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces#3}\par + \endgroup} + +\def\catchlabel{} + +\def\savetable{\@float{table}} +\let\saveendtable\end@float + +%% Made \begin{specialtable}... \end{specialtable} for cases in which there +%% is a tabular inside another tabular, or for when author wants to +%% use \begin{table}...\end{table} with something other than +%% \begin{tabular}...\end{tabular} in it. + +\def\specialtable{\def\@captype{table}% +\ifcontinued\else\refstepcounter{table}\fi% +\let\tabular\savetabular\let\endtabular\saveendtabular} + +\def\endspecialtable{\ifnobottomtabline\global\nobottomtablinefalse\else +\vskip6pt +\thetablelines\fi} + +\def\tableterms{\bgroup\everycr={\noalign{\vskip1pt}}% +\let\\=\cr\halign\bgroup\hfill## :&\ ##\hfill\cr} + +\def\endtableterms{\crcr\egroup\vskip4pt\egroup} + +\newif\iffullwidthtable +\def\table{\def\tabular{\tabletextsize\xtabular} +\let\endtabular\endxtabular +\expandafter\def\csname tabular*\endcsname ##1{% +\global\setbox\savecurrtable\hbox\bgroup\tabletextsize% +\def\@halignto{to ##1}\@tabular} +\expandafter \let \csname endtabular*\endcsname = \endxtabular +\def\label##1{\gdef\catchlabel{##1}}% +\def\caption##1{\gdef\catchcaption{##1}}% +\tabletextsize%\@float{table} +} + +\newif\ifnobottomtabline +\def\nobottomline{\global\nobottomtablinetrue} +\let\nobottomlines\nobottomline + +\def\endtable{% +\ifx\catchcaption\empty\else +\ifx\theletter\xrelax +\global\xfirsttimetrue\ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse\else +\refstepcounter{table}\fi\else +\ifxfirsttime\global\xfirsttimefalse\ifcontinued\global\continuedfalse +\else\refstepcounter{table}\fi\fi\fi\fi +\vskip1sp +\noindent +\iflandscapefigortab +\dimen0=\textheight +\advance\dimen0 by-\textwidth +\hsize=\textheight\else%\hsize=\textwidth +\hskip-.5\dimen0\fi% +%%?? +\hbox to\hsize{\hss% +\vbox{\ifdim\wd\savecurrtable>0pt% + \iffullwidthtable%\hsize=\textwidth +\centering\else% + \hsize=\wd\savecurrtable\fi\fi% +\ifx\catchcaption\empty\else\vskip1sp{\savecaption{\catchcaption}}\fi% +% +\ifdim\wd\savecurrtable>0pt\relax% +\unhbox\savecurrtable% +\ifnobottomtabline\global\nobottomtablinefalse\else +\vskip1sp%?? +\thetablelines\fi +\vskip3pt +\thetabnotes% +\gdef\thetabnotes{\relax} +\else\vskip1sp\fi +}\hss}% +% +\ifx\catchlabel\empty\else% +\xdef\@currentlabel{\thetable}% +\savelabel{\catchlabel}\fi% +\gdef\@currentlabel{}% +\gdef\catchlabel{}% +\gdef\catchcaption{}% +%\saveendtable% +\global\wd\savecurrtable=0pt} + +\let\thetabnotes\relax +\let\catchcaption\empty +\newbox\savecurrtable +\let\savetabular\tabular +\let\saveendtabular\endtabular +\newskip\abovetabularskip +\newskip\belowtabularskip + +\def\tabular{\vskip\abovetabularskip\vbox\bgroup +\parindent=0pt\savetabular} +\def\endtabular{\saveendtabular\egroup +\vskip\belowtabularskip} + +\def\xtabular{\global\setbox\savecurrtable\hbox\bgroup% +\tabletextsize\unskip\savetabular} +\def\endxtabular{\saveendtabular +\vskip1sp +\ifnobottomtabline\global\nobottomtablinefalse\else +\vskip1sp%?? +\thetablelines\fi +\egroup} + +%% Change to default LaTeX table macros to make +%% table contents spread to full width of horizontal rules: + +\def\xtable{table} +\def\xplate{plate} + +\def\@array[#1]#2{\setbox\@arstrutbox=\hbox{\vrule + height\arraystretch \ht\strutbox + depth\arraystretch \dp\strutbox + width\z@}\@mkpream{#2}\edef\@preamble{\halign \noexpand\@halignto +\bgroup% +\tabskip\z@\@arstrut\@preamble +\ifx\@captype\xtable\hskip-\tabcolsep\fi%% <==== Changed +\tabskip\z@ \cr}% +\let\@startpbox\@@startpbox \let\@endpbox\@@endpbox% + \if #1t\vtop \else \if#1b\vbox \else \vcenter \fi\fi% + \bgroup\let\par\relax% + \let\@sharp##\let\protect\relax \lineskip\z@\baselineskip\z@\@preamble} + +\def\new@tabacol{\edef\@preamble{\@preamble\hskip0pt}} + +\def\@tabclassz{\ifcase \@lastchclass\@acolampacol% +\or \@ampacol \or + \or \or \@addamp \or \@acolampacol\or \@firstampfalse +\ifx\@captype\xtable \new@tabacol\else\@tabacol \fi% +\fi% +\edef\@preamble{\@preamble% + \ifcase \@chnum% + \hfil\ignorespaces\@sharp\unskip\hfil% + \or \ignorespaces\@sharp\unskip\hfil% + \or \hfil\hskip\z@ \ignorespaces\@sharp\unskip\fi}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% iv) Draft macros, including Date and time for Draft line at bottom of page: + +\def\draft{\global\jdrafttrue +\def\@oddfoot{\vtop to 0pt{\vskip24pt\large\tt\hsize=\textwidth +\everypar{} +D R A F T\hfill\today, \realtime\hfill D R A F T\global\titlefalse\vss}} +\def\@evenfoot{\@oddfoot}} + +\def\today{\ifcase\month\or + January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or + July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi + \space\number\day, \number\year} + +\def\fix{\ifcase\oldtime 0\or0\or0\or% +0\or0\or0\or0\or0\or0\or0\fi} +\def\fixtiming{\ifcase\timing 0\or0\or0\or% +0\or0\or0\or0\or0\or0\or0\fi} +\newcount\timing +\newcount\hourcount +\newcount\oldtime + +\def\realtime{\timing=\time \oldtime=\time +\ifnum\timing>60 \divide\timing by 60 +\hourcount=\the\timing +\multiply\timing by 60 +\advance\oldtime by-\timing +\ifnum\hourcount<12 \number\hourcount:\fix\number\oldtime am\fi% +\ifnum\hourcount=12 \number\hourcount:\fix\number\oldtime pm\fi% +\ifnum\hourcount>12 \advance\hourcount by-12 +\number\hourcount:\fix\number\oldtime pm\fi +\else12:\fixtiming\number\timing am\fi} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% +%% Generic macros to make specific style possible: + +%% 1) Running Head and Folio +%% 2) Article title page, including capability for multiple \thanks, +%% end article. +%% 3) Footnotes, endnotes +%% 4) Acknowledgments +%% 5) Appendices + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%% +%% 1) Running Head and Folio + +\def\ps@headings{% +\def\@oddfoot{\jfootline}\def\@evenfoot{\jfootline} +\def\@evenhead{\jheadline}% +\def\@oddhead{\jheadline}% +} + +\ps@headings +\pagenumbering{arabic} +\onecolumn + +%%%%%% +%% 2) Article title page, including capability for multiple \thanks, +%% end article. + +\newcount\totpages +\def\mrule{\raise.75ex\hbox{\vrule width6pt height.5pt}} + +\def\lastpage{% +\expandafter\ifx\csname endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname\relax% + ?? \else +--% +\csname endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname\fi} + +\def\smcopyright{% +\ooalign {\hfil\raise .17ex\hbox{\footnotesize c}\hfil\crcr% +\raise.17ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle\bigcirc$}}} + +\def\yearofpublication#1{\def\theyear{#1}} +\def\monthofpublication#1{\def\themonth{#1}} +\def\volume#1{\def\thevolume{#1}} +\def\issuenumber#1{\def\theissuenumber{#1}} +\def\journame#1{\def\thejourname{\uppercase{#1}}} +\def\articlenumber#1{\def\thearticlenumber{#1}} + +\yearofpublication{Year ??} +\volume{Volume ??} +\issuenumber{Number ??} + +\def\editor#1{% +\def\theeditor{\vskip\aboveacceptedskip\noindent Recommending editors: #1}} + +%% To be used in specific style part of file, below: + +\newif\ifauthorUC +\newif\iftitleUC + +\def\authorrunninghead#1{\def\theauthors{\ifauthorUC\uppercase\fi{#1}}} +\def\titlerunninghead#1{\def\thetitle{\iftitleUC\uppercase\fi{#1}}} + +\newdimen\belowtitleskip +\newdimen\abovesubtitleskip +\newdimen\belowsubtitleskip +\newdimen\aboveauthorskip +\newdimen\belowauthorskip + +%% Making \thanks work multiple times in the title and in +%% authors line. + +\let\savefootnotetext\footnotetext +\long\def\@makefntext#1{#1} + +\newcount\thanksnum +\newcount\dothanks +\def\dothankssymbol{\ifcase\thanksnum\or *\or $\dagger$\or +$\ddagger$\or {$\mathchar "278$}\or {$\mathchar "27B$}\or $\|$\or +$\dagger\dagger$ \or $\ddagger\ddagger$ \else\@ctrerr\fi\relax} + +\newcount\thankscounter +\def\thanks#1{\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\global\advance\dothanks by1 +\setbox1=\hbox{X}\ifnum\thanksnum=1\relax\else +\raise.25\ht1\fi\vbox{\hbox{\dothankssymbol}\vfill}} + +\def\maketemp#1{\global\advance\thankscounter by1\relax +{\footnotesize% +\expandafter\gdef\csname tempthanks\the\thankscounter\endcsname{#1}}} +%% gdef instead of xdef + +\newif\iftitle + +\def\StartOnNewPage{\clearpage +\ifodd\c@page\else\null\clearpage\fi} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Separate \thanks environment for title so we get number instead of +%% symbol + +\newcount\titlethanksnum +\newcount\dotitlethanks +\newcount\titlethankscounter + +\long\def\titlethanks{\futurelet\next\lookforast} +\def\lookforast{\ifx\next*\let\go\authorthanks\else% +\let\go\xtitlethanks\fi\go} + +\long\def\xtitlethanks#1{\global\advance\c@footnote by1\relax% +\global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax% +\global\advance\dotitlethanks by1\relax% +\setbox1=\hbox{X}% +\unskip\raise.7ex\vbox{% +\hbox{\normalsize\titlethanksfont\dotitlethankssymbol}\vfill}} + +\long\def\smalltitlethanks{\futurelet\next\lookforaster} +\def\lookforaster{\ifx\next*\let\go\authorthanks\else +\let\go\xsmalltitlethanks\fi\go} + +\long\def\xsmalltitlethanks#1{\global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\global\advance\dotitlethanks by1 +\raise.3\ht1\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}} + +\long\def\secondaffil#1{\global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\global\advance\dotitlethanks by1 +\raise.8\ht1\hbox{\footnotesize,\the\titlethanksnum}} + +\def\titlethankssymbol{\titlethanksfont\the\thanksnum} + +\long\def\titlemaketemp{\futurelet\next\tempast} +\long\def\tempast{\ifx\next*\let\go\maketemp\else\let\go\xtitlemaketemp\fi\go} + +\long\def\xtitlemaketemp#1{\global\advance\titlethankscounter by1\relax +\expandafter\gdef\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethankscounter\endcsname{#1}} + +%% Making \thanks work multiple times in the title and in +%% authors line. + +%% \dothankssymbol may be used later, even if it is not being use now==> +\let\savefootnotetext\footnotetext +\newcount\thanksnum +\newcount\dothanks +\def\dothankssymbol{\ifcase\thanksnum\or*\or$\dagger$\or +$\ddagger$\or $\mathchar "278$\or $\mathchar "27B$\or $\|$\or $\dagger\dagger$ + \or $\ddagger\ddagger$ \else\@ctrerr\fi\relax} + +\def\dotitlethankssymbol{\ifcase\titlethanksnum\or*\or$\dagger$\or +$\ddagger$\or $\mathchar "278$\or $\mathchar "27B$\or $\|$\or $\dagger\dagger$ + \or $\ddagger\ddagger$ \else\@ctrerr\fi\relax} + +\newcount\thankscounter +\long\def\thanks#1{\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\global\advance\dothanks by1 +\setbox1=\hbox{X}\vbox to\ht1{\hbox{\dothankssymbol}\vfill}} + +%%% Now used for unnumbered thanks: +\long\def\authorthanks#1#2{\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\global\advance\dothanks by1\relax} + +\long\def\maketemp#1#2{\global\advance\thankscounter by1\relax +\expandafter\gdef\csname tempthanks\the\thankscounter\endcsname{#2}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\newif\ifCenterArticleHead + +\long\def\repeataffil#1{\setbox1=\hbox{X}\raise.8\ht1 +\hbox{\footnotesize#1}} + +\newdimen\authorwidth +\newdimen\authorbaselineskip + +\long\def\author#1{% +\vskip\aboveauthorskip +\vbox{\hsize=\authorwidth +\baselineskip=\authorbaselineskip +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\let\thanks\titlethanks +\frenchspacing\ifjdraft\large\else\authorfont\fi\noindent#1\vrule width0pt depth\belowauthorskip\hss} +%C&G 11/9/01 Removed bold font for draft author names +%\frenchspacing\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\authorfont\fi\noindent#1\vrule width0pt depth\belowauthorskip\hss} +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\altaffilmark\eatone +\let\\ \relax\let\thanks\titlemaketemp #1 +} +\vskip1sp} + +\let\authors\author +\newdimen\aboveaffilskip +\newdimen\belowaffilskip +\newdimen\affilwidth + +\long\def\affil#1{% +\vskip\aboveaffilskip +{\parindent=0pt +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\hsize=\affilwidth +{\let\thanks\smalltitlethanks\frenchspacing +\ifjdraft\large\else\affilsize\affilfont\fi#1 +\vskip1sp}} +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\thanks\titlemaketemp#1}\vskip1sp} + +\def\reviewauthors{\typeout{^^J^^J The command +\string\begin\string{reviewauthors\string}\space should be +used only^^J for articles in Reviews of Geophysics^^J^^J }} + +\long\def\dedication#1{\def\thededication{\uppercase{#1}}} + +\def\xdedication{\vskip2pt\hbox to \textwidth{\hss \dedicationfont +\thededication\hss}\vskip-2pt} + +\newif\ifabstractname +\newdimen\aboveabstractskip +\newdimen\belowabstractskip +\newdimen\belowabstractnameskip +\newdimen\abstractmargin + +\abstractmargin=0pt + +\def\xabstract{abstract} +\long\def\abstract#1\end#2{\def\two{#2}\ifx\two\xabstract +\long\gdef\theabstract{\parindent=\saveparindent\ignorespaces#1} +\def\go{\end{abstract}}\else +\typeout{^^J^^J PLEASE DO NOT USE ANY \string\begin\space \string\end^^J +COMMANDS WITHIN ABSTRACT^^J^^J}#1\end{#2} +\gdef\theabstract{\vskip12pt BADLY FORMED ABSTRACT: PLEASE DO +NOT USE {\tt\string\begin...\string\end} COMMANDS WITHIN +THE ABSTRACT\vskip12pt}\let\go\relax\fi +\go} + + +%% If ABSTRACT should be printed, set to true +\abstractnamefalse + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Begin, End article + +\newskip\abovereceivedskip +\newskip\aboverevisedskip +\newskip\aboveacceptedskip +%C&G - addition For newcommand \published +\newskip\abovepublishededskip +\newbox\barticle +\newbox\thanksbox +\newbox\titlethanksbox + +\newcount\c@appendnum +\newif\ifdocumentationextraspace + +%%%%%%%%%% +%% 3) Footnotes, endnotes + + \newcount\footnum + \newcount\savefootnum + +\def\notes{\global\let\section\savesection \global\appendonfalse +{\ifnum\footnum=0\else +\savefootnum=\footnum +\footnum=0 +\section*{Notes}% +\noindent\loop\ifnum\savefootnum>\footnum% +\global\advance\footnum by1\relax% +\csname foot\the\footnum\endcsname\relax% +\expandafter\gdef\csname foot\the\footnum\endcsname{\relax}\relax% +\repeat\global\footnum=0\relax\fi}} + + +\long\def\endnotes#1{\global\advance\footnum by 1\relax$^{\the\footnum}$% +\long\expandafter\gdef\csname foot\the\footnum\endcsname{% +\vbox{\footnotesize\everypar={\hskip-10pt\everypar={}} +\leftskip=10pt\relax +\noindent\hbox to10pt{\the\footnum.\hfill}{\def\@currentlabel{\the\footnum}% +#1\strut\vskip1sp}}\vskip1pt}} + +\def\endnotetext#1{\global\advance\footnum by 1\relax +\long\expandafter\gdef\csname foot\the\footnum\endcsname{% +\vtop{\footnotesize% +\leftskip=12pt\relax\parindent=-12pt +\indent\hbox to12pt{\the\footnum.\hfill}{#1\strut\vskip1sp}}\vskip1pt}} + +%%%%%%%% +%% 4) Acknowledgments + +\newskip\ackskip + +%%%%%%%% +%% 5) Appendices +% \appendix resets counters and redefines section heads +% but doesn't print anything. +% After typing +% \appendix +% +% \section{Here is Appendix Title} +% will print +% Appendix A: Here is Appendix Title +% +% \section*{Appendix} +% will print +% Appendix +% +% \section*{Appendix: Here is Appendix Title} +% will print +% Appendix: Here is Appendix Title + +\newif\ifappendon +\newif\ifupperappend + +\def\appendix{%\let\caption\appcaption +\def\@currentlabel{\Alph{section}} +\global\appendontrue\goodbreak +\global\advance\c@appendnum by 1 +\refstepcounter{section}% +\global\c@section=0 +\global\c@equation=0 +\def\thesection{\Alph{section}} +\def\thesubsection{\Alph{section}\@arabic{\c@subsection}} +\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\@arabic{\c@subsubsection}} +\def\thesubsubsubsection{\thesubsubsection.\@arabic{\c@subsubsection}} +\resetappcounters +} + +\def\resetappcounters{ +\global\c@equation=0 +\global\c@appfigure=0 +\global\c@apptable=0 +\global\c@appplate=0 +} + +\let\savefigure\figure +\let\saveendfigure\endfigure + +\newif\iftwocolfigortab + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% %% +%% LaTeX Style for Multiple Columns with Floating Insertions %% +%% %% +%% Copyright 1999--2001, Amy Hendrickson, TeXnology Inc. %% +%% All rights reserved %% +%% %% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%% +%%% Double column output routines, +%%% with single and double column insertions, +%%% to be positioned at page or column top, page or column bottom, page +%%% or column center, or full page floating insertion. +%%% This code was originally based on Frank Mittlebach's multicol.sty. +%%% The concept of how to balance columns is due to Donald Knuth. The +%%% way to integrate the changed output routine into the standard LaTeX +%%% output routine is due to Frank. +%%% The method of making the single and double column insertions and the +%%% changes in the output routines to accomodate these features are mine. +%%% A.H., April 2001 +%% + + +%% Parameters you can set: +\columnsep=12pt +\newdimen\saveparskip +\saveparskip=\parskip + +%% +\newdimen\captionskip %% space between caption and figure or table +\captionskip=0pt +%%% + +\newdimen\PushOneColTopFig +\newdimen\PushOneColBotFig + +\PushOneColTopFig=5.5pt %% push down from top of text page +\PushOneColBotFig=-4.5pt % + +%% +\newdimen\PushOneColTopTab +\newdimen\PushOneColBotTab + +\PushOneColTopTab=2.5pt %% push down from top of text page +\PushOneColBotTab=0pt %% push up from bottom of text page + +%% +\newdimen\PushTwoColTopFig +\newdimen\PushTwoColBotFig + +\PushTwoColTopFig=2.5pt %% push down from top of text page +\PushTwoColBotFig=1.5pt %% push up from bottom of text page + +%% +\newdimen\PushTwoColTopTab +\newdimen\PushTwoColBotTab + +\PushTwoColTopTab=1.5pt %% push down from top of text page +\PushTwoColBotTab=1.5pt %% push up from bottom of text page + +%% + +\newskip\intextfloatskip +\intextfloatskip=20pt %% Space between figure or table and text. + %% (Need to subtract 4pt to get what you want) + +%% Normal and Appendix Figure and Table Numbers + +\def\appthefigure{\Alph{section}\the\c@appfigure\theletter} +\def\appthetable{\Alph{section}\the\c@apptable\theletter} +\def\apptheplate{\Alph{section}\the\c@appplate\theletter} + +\newcount\c@appfigure +\newcount\c@apptable +\newcount\c@appplate + +%% <=== end of parameters you can set + +%% do one column at a time so that we can get single col +%% floats for first col. + +%%% New version of \@makecol that includes dbltopins and dblbotins, +%%% insertions that span both columns at the top and bottom of text page. + +%%% + +\def\new@makecol{\setbox\@outputbox + \vbox{\boxmaxdepth \maxdepth +\ifdim\ht\dbltopins<1pt\else\unvbox\dbltopins\fi + \unvbox\@cclv +\ifdim\ht\dblbotins<1pt\else\unvbox\dblbotins\fi% +\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule\unvbox\footins\fi\vss} +%\global\savefigandtabnumber\figandtabnumber +%\global\advance\savefigandtabnumber by 1 %% Because loop stops one short + %% of the total number of figs +\global\savedblfigandtabnumber\dblfigandtabnumber + \xdef\@freelist{\@freelist\@midlist}\gdef\@midlist{}\@combinefloats + \setbox\@outputbox\vbox to\@colht{\boxmaxdepth\maxdepth + \@texttop\dimen128=\dp\@outputbox\unvbox\@outputbox + \vskip-\dimen128\@textbottom}% + \global\maxdepth\@maxdepth} + +%% +\let\@makecol\new@makecol %% + +%% Default Latex output routine, to return to after balance columns +%% This should make it possible to capture the output routine of +%% any version of 2e as well as 2.09. ==>> + +\edef\curroutput{\the\output} +\let\latexoutput\curroutput + +%% table* and figure* outside two columns keep default definitions. + +\newif\ifnonewpage +\def\nonewpage{\global\nonewpagetrue} + +%% Begin twocolumns ==>> +\newdimen\checkforspace +\def\twocolumns{\par \penalty\z@ +\checkforspace=\pagegoal +\advance\checkforspace-\pagetotal +\advance\checkforspace-\ht\partialpage +\advance\checkforspace-\dp\partialpage +\advance\checkforspace by -2\ht\dbltopins +\advance\checkforspace by -2\dp\dbltopins +\advance\checkforspace by -2\ht\dblbotins +\advance\checkforspace by -2\dp\dblbotins +\ifdim\checkforspace<36pt\ifnonewpage\else\newpage\fi\fi +\begingroup +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname plate*\endcsname{\twocolplate} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname figure*\endcsname{\twocolfig} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname table*\endcsname{\twocoltable} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endtable*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\let\figure\onecolfig +\let\plate\onecolplate +\let\table\onecoltable +% +\let\@makecol\new@makecol %% +%% Confines new def of \@makecol to +%% two column material, preserves normal topskip after twocolumns is +%% finished. +%% +\output={\global\setbox\partialpage=\vbox{\unvbox\@cclv}} +\vskip1sp %% +\eject + \vbadness10001 \hbadness5000 + \tolerance5000 +\parskip \saveparskip %plus .01pt % +\ifjdraft +\baselineskip=28pt\fi + \pretolerance\m@ne %keeps TeX from trying to make up paragraph + % without discretionary hyphens + \advance\@colroom-\ht\partialpage + \advance\@colroom-\dp\partialpage +\vsize=\@colroom +% Changed to \@colroom rather than 2\@colroom. Each column is output +% separately so we can find out if there are top or bottom inserts +% in first column. +%% + \hsize\textwidth \advance\hsize-\columnsep + \divide\hsize by 2 + \linewidth\hsize %% particular to LaTeX + \columnwidth=\hsize +%% OR, you can substitute these lines: +%\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +%\linewidth=\hsize +%% +%% Output: +% Set output to firstcolout, which checks to see if there are inserts +% then doubles the vsize and send material back into input stream, then +% sets the next output routine to \makeuppage +% +\output={\firstcolout} +\vskip2sp\ignorespaces} + + +\def\galleycolumns{\par \penalty\z@ +\checkforspace=\pagegoal +\advance\checkforspace-\pagetotal +\advance\checkforspace-\ht\partialpage +\advance\checkforspace-\dp\partialpage +\advance\checkforspace by -2\ht\dbltopins +\advance\checkforspace by -2\dp\dbltopins +\advance\checkforspace by -2\ht\dblbotins +\advance\checkforspace by -2\dp\dblbotins +\ifdim\checkforspace<36pt\newpage\fi +\begingroup +\expandafter\gdef\csname plate*\endcsname{\twocolplate} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname figure*\endcsname{\twocolfig} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname table*\endcsname{\twocoltable} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endtable*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\let\figure\onecolfig +\let\plate\onecolplate +\let\table\onecoltable +% +\global\firstsectionfalse +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\linewidth=\mycolumnwidth + \vbadness10001 +\hbadness5000 + \tolerance5000 +\widowpenalty=0 \clubpenalty=0 +\parskip \saveparskip %plus .0001pt % +\vskip1sp\ignorespaces} + +\def\draftcolumns{\par \penalty\z@ +\begingroup +\expandafter\gdef\csname plate*\endcsname{\twocolplate} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname figure*\endcsname{\twocolfig} +\expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\expandafter\def\csname table*\endcsname{\twocoltable} +\expandafter\def\csname endtable*\endcsname{\endtwocolfloat} +% +\let\figure\onecolfig +\let\plate\onecolplate +\let\table\onecoltable +% +\marginparsep=4pt +\oddsidemargin-.25in +\evensidemargin-.25in +\advance\textwidth-.5in +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth + \vbadness10001 \hbadness5000 + \tolerance5000 +\parskip \saveparskip +\vskip1sp\ignorespaces} + +\newbox\savetopinsert +\newbox\savebotinsert +\newbox\secondsavetopinsert +\newbox\secondsavebotinsert +\newbox\firstcolbox +\newbox\secondcolbox +\newbox\thefirstbox +\newbox\thesecondbox + +\newdimen\firstcol +\newdimen\secondcol +\newdimen\checkheight + +\newcount\loopnum +\newcount\firstcolsavefignum + +\def\firstcolout{% +%% The point of having firstcolout is to find out +%% which figures/tables have been entered in the first column: +\global\firstcolsavefignum=\figandtabnumber +\global\advance\vsize by\@colroom +\topskip=11pt %% ?? + \unvbox\@cclv + \penalty\outputpenalty +\global\output={\makeuppage}} + +%% This is where the floats and text are put together to make page: + +\newif\iffirstpage +\newbox\footnotebox + +\newdimen\ColUsed +\newdimen\FigSpace +\newbox\testdblbotins + +\def\makeuppage{% +%% +\FigSpace=.9\@colroom %% +\advance\FigSpace by-\ht\testdblbotins +\advance\FigSpace by-\dp\testdblbotins +\advance\FigSpace by-\ht\dbltopins +\advance\FigSpace by-\dp\dbltopins +% +%% Save top inserts from first column: +\global\setbox\savetopinsert=\vbox{% +% write top figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue +\global\loopnum=0 \global\checkheight=0pt +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\firstcolsavefignum + % +\expandafter\ifx\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\empty +\else +\expandafter\ifx\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\else +\global\advance\checkheight by +\expandafter\csname totalht\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\fi\fi +\ifdim\checkheight>\FigSpace \relax +\global\loopnum=10000 % jump out of loop +% +\else +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\fi + % +\global\advance\loopnum by1 +\repeat\relax +} +\ColUsed=\FigSpace %% +\advance\ColUsed by-\ht\savetopinsert +\advance\ColUsed by-\dp\savetopinsert + %% +\global\setbox\savebotinsert=\vbox{% + %% Write bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue +\global\loopnum=0 +\global\checkheight=0pt +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\firstcolsavefignum +\expandafter\ifx\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\empty +\else +\expandafter\ifx\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\else +\global\advance\checkheight by +\expandafter\csname totalht\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\fi\fi +\ifdim\checkheight>\ColUsed +\global\loopnum=10000 % jump out of loop +\else% +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\global\expandafter\expandafter\let\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +%% how come this reset is here and not in similar places???? +\fi + % +\global\advance\loopnum by1 +\repeat +} % + % +% +\iffirstpage\else +\global\setbox\secondsavetopinsert=\vbox{% +%% Write top figures and tables into this box +% +\global\loopnum=0 \global\checkheight=0pt +\redefiningtrue +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\figandtabnumber %% ? +% +\expandafter\ifx\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\empty +\else +\expandafter\ifx\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\else +\global\advance\checkheight by +\expandafter\csname totalht\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\fi\fi +\ifdim\checkheight>\FigSpace +\global\loopnum=10000 % jump out of loop +% +\else% +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\fi +% +\global\advance\loopnum by1\repeat +%% one more, because it doesn't stop when number is =, only when it +%% is less than. +\global\advance\loopnum by1 +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +} +\fi +% +\ColUsed=\FigSpace %% +\advance\ColUsed by-\ht\secondsavetopinsert +\advance\ColUsed by-\dp\secondsavetopinsert +% +\iffirstpage\global\firstpagefalse\else +\global\setbox\secondsavebotinsert=\vbox{% +%% Write bottom figures and tables into this box +% +\redefiningtrue +\global\loopnum=0 \global\checkheight=0pt +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\figandtabnumber +\expandafter\ifx\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\empty +\else +\expandafter\ifx\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\else +\global\advance\checkheight by +\expandafter\csname totalht\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax +\fi\fi +\ifdim\checkheight>\ColUsed +\global\loopnum=10000 % jump out of loop +% +\else% +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\fi +% +\global\advance\loopnum by1\repeat +%% one more, because it doesn't stop when number is =, only when it +%% is less than. +\global\advance\loopnum by1 +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +} +% +\global\dp\secondsavebotinsert=2.5pt +\global\dp\savebotinsert=2.5pt +\fi +% + \splittopskip=\topskip + \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth + \dimen@\@colroom +%% Leave space if there is a two-column wide bottom insertion: +% +\global\setbox\dblbotins=\vbox{% +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\dblbotins %% avoid eradicating this if it has anything in it +%% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\savedblfigandtabnumber %% +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +} + \ifvoid\dblbotins \else + \advance\dimen@-\ht\dblbotins + \advance\dimen@-\dp\dblbotins +\fi +% +%% Leave space if there is a two-column wide top insertion: + \ifvoid\dbltopins\else + \advance\dimen@-\ht\dbltopins + \advance\dimen@-\dp\dbltopins +\fi +%% +%% These changes are made to cut the column size down if we need +%% to fit an insert into the column. This allows the right and +%% left column to have differing amounts of text cut from box 255, +%% called box \@cclv in LaTeX. See \vsplit below. +\firstcol=\dimen@ +\ifvoid\savetopinsert\else +\ifdim\ht\savetopinsert>0pt +\advance\firstcol by-\ht\savetopinsert +\advance\firstcol by-\dp\savetopinsert\fi\fi +\ifvoid\savebotinsert\else +\ifdim\ht\savebotinsert>0pt +\advance\firstcol by-\ht\savebotinsert +\advance\firstcol by-\dp\savebotinsert\fi +\fi% +%%% KLUDGE below +\advance\firstcol by-3pt %% We need this to avoid + %% error messages about overfull boxes. +% +\secondcol=\dimen@ +%% +\ifvoid\secondsavetopinsert\else +\ifdim\ht\secondsavetopinsert>0pt +\advance\secondcol by-\ht\secondsavetopinsert +\advance\secondcol by-\dp\secondsavetopinsert\fi\fi +\ifvoid\secondsavebotinsert\else +\ifdim\ht\secondsavebotinsert>0pt +\advance\secondcol by-\ht\secondsavebotinsert +\advance\secondcol by-\dp\secondsavebotinsert\fi\fi +\ifvoid\footins\else +\ifdim\ht\footins>0pt +\global\setbox\footnotebox=\vbox{\vskip\skip\footins +\footnoterule\unvbox\footins\vskip1sp} +\advance\secondcol by-\ht\footnotebox +\advance\secondcol by-\dp\footnotebox\fi\fi +%%% KLUDGE below +\advance\secondcol by-3pt %% We need this to avoid + %% error messages about overfull boxes. +% +%% Cutting the amount of text that will fit from box255: + \splittopskip=\topskip %% + \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth +\setbox\thefirstbox \vsplit\@cclv to\firstcol +\setbox\thesecondbox \vsplit\@cclv to\secondcol +% +%% Making a text box that includes the inserts, column to the left: +\setbox\firstcolbox\vbox to\dimen@{% +\ifvoid\savetopinsert\else\unvbox\savetopinsert\fi% +\box\thefirstbox% +\ifvoid\savebotinsert\else\vfill\unvbox\savebotinsert\fi% +} +% +%% Making a text box that includes the inserts, column to the right: +\setbox\secondcolbox\vbox to\dimen@{% +\ifvoid\secondsavetopinsert\else\unvbox\secondsavetopinsert\fi% +\box\thesecondbox%% +\ifvoid\secondsavebotinsert\else\vfill\unvbox\secondsavebotinsert\vskip1sp\fi% +\ifvoid\footnotebox\else\unvbox\footnotebox\fi% +} +% Put back any text material that is not used: + \ifvoid\@cclv \else + \unvbox\@cclv + \penalty\outputpenalty\fi + \setbox\@cclv\vbox{\page@sofar}% + \@makecol\@outputpage + \global\@colroom\@colht +% Changed this so that each column will be output separately, +% so we have a chance to see if there are any insertions in the first +% column. +% +%% Do Page Inserts here, so that if there are any two col top inserts +%% They will be numbered after Page Inserts. +%% +\expandafter\ifx\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum\endcsname\relax +\else +\expandafter\ifx\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum\endcsname\empty +\else +\insertpage\fi\fi +% +%** doing this now gets the numbers right. +\global\setbox\dbltopins=\vbox{% +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\dbltopins +%% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue % +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\savedblfigandtabnumber +\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + %Save one for next page? +%\vskip24pt +} +%** +% +%% dblfigandtabnumber rather than savedblfigandtabnumber here +\global\setbox\testdblbotins=\vbox{% +\let\c@figure\bogus +\let\c@table\bogus +\let\c@plate\bogus +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\copy\dblbotins %% avoid eradicating this if it has anything in it +%% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningfalse +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\dblfigandtabnumber %% +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +} +% +\ifbalancing +\global\balancingfalse +\global\vsize=2\@colroom +\else +\global\vsize\@colroom +\global\advance\vsize -\ht\dbltopins +\global\advance\vsize -\dp\dbltopins +\global\advance\vsize -\ht\testdblbotins +\global\advance\vsize -\dp\testdblbotins +\global\output={\firstcolout}% +\fi +} + + +\newcount\pageloopnum + +\def\secondoutput{{\makeuppage }} + +\newbox\endcolsavetopinsert +\newbox\endcolsavebotinsert +\newbox\testpagesize +\newif\ifbalancing + +\newdimen\savelastskip +%% +\def\endtwocolumns{% +%\par\penalty0 +\splittopskip=\topskip +\splitmaxdepth\maxdepth +\setboxesandredefine +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavetopinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavetopinsert% +\fi +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavebotinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavebotinsert% +\fi +\par\penalty\z@ +\output={\global\setbox\testpagesize=\vbox{% +\unvbox\@cclv\ifdim\savelastskip>0pt \vskip-\savelastskip\fi}}\eject + %% + %% We reset output routine below to \latexoutput + %% since we had to set multicolout to be the global output routine. + %% +\dimen0=\ht\testpagesize +\advance\dimen0 by\dp\testpagesize +\unvbox\testpagesize %% +%% Above needed to see if we have more than one page worth of text. +%% +\advance\dimen0 by \topskip +\ifdim\dimen0>2\@colroom +%\typeout{^^J^^J more than 2 colroom^^J^^J} + %% More than one page of text: + %% +\balancingtrue %% need this to avoid turning on firstcolout output routine. +\global\output={\settwocolboxes\makeuppage +\global\output={\setboxesandredefine +\balance@columns\global\output={\latexoutput}}} +\else +\settwocolboxes +\advance\dimen0 by 2\ht\dbltopins +\advance\dimen0 by 2\dp\dbltopins +\ifdim\dimen0>2\@colroom +%\typeout{^^J^^J Second more than 2 colroom^^J^^J} + %% +\balancingtrue %% need this to avoid turning on firstcolout output routine. +\global\output={\makeuppage +\global\output={\balance@columns\global\output={\latexoutput}}} +\else +%\typeout{^^J^^J NOT more than 2 colroom^^J^^J} +\balancingtrue %% need this to avoid turning on firstcolout output routine. +\global\output={\balance@columns\global\output={\latexoutput}}\fi\fi +\par +\eject +\endgroup +\par\penalty\z@\relax +\hsize=\textwidth +} + +%% to get rid of spurious error message when triple col is used: +\def\@checkend#1{\def\reserved@a{#1}\ifx + \reserved@a\@currenvir \else\iftriplecol +\else\@badend{#1}\fi\fi} + +\def\endgalley{\vskip1sp\endgroup\newpage +\vspace*{1in} +\unvbox\figinsert} + +\def\enddraft{\vskip1sp\endgroup +\ifdim\ht\figinsert <2pt\else +\newpage +\vspace*{1in} +\unvbox\figinsert\fi} + +\def\setboxesandredefine{% +\global\setbox\dbltopins=\vbox{% +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\dbltopins +%% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue % +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\dblfigandtabnumber +\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +% %Save one for next page? +\vskip3pt%% kludge +\vskip-\intextfloatskip +} +% +\global\setbox\endcolsavetopinsert=\vbox{% +%% dropping figures and tables into this box +\loopnum=0 +\redefiningtrue +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\figandtabnumber +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\loopnum by1\repeat +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname% +} +% +\global\setbox\endcolsavebotinsert=\vbox{% +%% drop figures and tables into this box +\global\loopnum=0 +\redefiningtrue +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\figandtabnumber +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\loopnum by1\repeat +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname} +% +\global\setbox\dblbotins=\vbox{% +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\dblbotins %% avoid eradicating this if it has anything in it +% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\dblfigandtabnumber %% +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname}% +}%% end of setboxes and redefine + +\def\settwocolboxes{% +\global\setbox\dbltopins=\vbox{% +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\dbltopins +% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue % +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\dblfigandtabnumber +\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +% +%\global\setbox\dblbotins=\vbox +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\dblbotins %% avoid eradicating this if it has anything in it +% Write dblspan bottom figures and tables into this box +\redefiningtrue +\global\dblloopnum=0 +\loop\ifnum\dblloopnum<\dblfigandtabnumber %% +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname +\global\advance\dblloopnum by1\repeat +\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\vskip\intextfloatskip%% new++ +}} + +\def\setonecolboxesandredefine{% +\global\setbox\endcolsavetopinsert=\vbox{% +%% dropping figures and tables into this box +\loopnum=0 +\redefiningtrue +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\figandtabnumber +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\ifx\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax\else +\vskip12pt\goodbreak\fi +\global\advance\loopnum by1\repeat +\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname% +} +% +\global\setbox\endcolsavebotinsert=\vbox{% +%% drop figures and tables into this box +\global\loopnum=0 +\redefiningtrue +\loop\ifnum\loopnum<\figandtabnumber +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname +% we don't want a space here because it is at the bottom of a column: +%\expandafter\ifx\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname\relax\else +%\vskip12pt\goodbreak\fi +\global\advance\loopnum by1\repeat +\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname% +} +% +}%% end of setonecol boxes and redefine + +\newbox\partialpage +\def\process@cols#1#2{\count@#1\relax + \loop #2% + \advance\count@\tw@ + \ifnum\count@<4 + \repeat} + +%%% Version for balanced column output. + +%% this version to get topskip right on balanced page at end of article. + +\def\Bpage@sofar{ +\unvbox\partialpage +%% major kludge! but it works ==>> +\null +\vskip-\topskip +\vskip-12pt +%% <<== + \process@cols\z@{\wd\count@\hsize}% + \hbox to\textwidth{% + \process@cols\tw@{\box\count@ + \hss\vrule\@width\columnseprule\hss}% + \box\z@}} + +%%% AH: Version for two column output. %% +\def\page@sofar{\unvbox\partialpage +\wd\firstcolbox\hsize +\wd\secondcolbox\hsize +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\box\firstcolbox + \hss\vrule\@width\columnseprule\hss +\box\secondcolbox}%% +} + + +%% Variant on \@outputpage to use for floating page insert: +\def\insertpage{\begingroup\catcode`\ =10 + \let\-\@dischyph \let\'\@acci \let\`\@accii \let\=\@acciii + \if@twoside + \ifodd\count\z@ \let\@thehead\@oddhead \let\@thefoot\@oddfoot + \let\@themargin\oddsidemargin + \else \let\@thehead\@evenhead + \let\@thefoot\@evenfoot \let\@themargin\evensidemargin + \fi\fi + \shipout + \vbox{\normalsize \baselineskip\z@ \lineskip\z@ + \let\par\@@par %% + \vskip \topmargin \moveright\@themargin + \vbox{\setbox\@tempboxa + \vbox to\headheight{\vfil \hbox to\textwidth + {\let\label\@gobble \let\index\@gobble + \@thehead}} %% + \dp\@tempboxa\z@ + \box\@tempboxa + \vskip \headsep +%% change from \@outputpage below +\vbox to\textheight{\vfil +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum \endcsname +} + \baselineskip\footskip + \hbox to\textwidth{\let\label\@gobble + \let\index\@gobble %% + \@thefoot}}}\global\@colht\textheight + \endgroup\stepcounter{page}\let\firstmark\botmark +\global\advance\pageloopnum by1 +\expandafter\ifx\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum\endcsname\relax\else% +\insertpage\fi% +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\balance@columns{% can't throw in figs here because we + % aren't doing eject, so they will be lost +\ifdim\ht\dbltopins>1pt + \advance\@colroom-\ht\dbltopins + \advance\@colroom-\dp\dbltopins +\advance\@colroom-\baselineskip +\fi +\ifdim\ht\dblbotins>1pt + \advance\@colroom-\ht\dblbotins + \advance\@colroom-\dp\dblbotins +\fi + \setbox\z@\vbox{\unvbox\@cclv} +\dimen@\ht\z@ +%\advance\dimen@\dp\z@ +\advance\dimen@ 2\topskip + \advance\dimen@-2\baselineskip %% ?? was 2\baselineskip, 4 gives better + %topskip + \divide\dimen@2% +% +{\vbadness\@M + \splittopskip=\topskip + \loop{\process@cols\@ne{\global\setbox\count@ + \box\voidb@x}}% + \global\setbox\@ne\copy\z@ + {\process@cols\thr@@{\global\setbox\count@ + \vsplit\@ne to\dimen@}}% + \ifdim\ht\@ne >\ht\thr@@ + \global\advance\dimen@\p@ + \repeat} +% + \dimen@\ht\thr@@ + \process@cols\z@{\@tempcnta\count@ + \advance\@tempcnta\@ne + \setbox\count@\vtop to\dimen@ %% + {\unvbox\@tempcnta}}% + \global\vsize\@colroom + \global\advance\vsize\ht\partialpage + \Bpage@sofar} + +\@ifundefined{emergencystretch} + {\newdimen\emergencystretch}{} + +\emergencystretch 1pt + +\def\setemergencystretch#1#2{% + \emergencystretch 4pt + \multiply\emergencystretch#1} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% Figure and table captions in two column text and spanning both +%%% columns. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Single column inserts: + +\let\savecaption\caption +\let\xsavecaption\savecaption + +\def\onecolfig{\ifvmode\else\unskip\fi +\global\captypefigtrue +\global\captypeplatefalse +\@ifnextchar[\lookforposition{\lookforposition[e]}} + +\def\onecolplate{\ifvmode\else\unskip\fi +\global\advance\c@plate -1\relax +\global\captypeplatetrue +\global\captypefigfalse +\@ifnextchar[\lookforposition{\lookforposition[e]}} + +\def\onecoltable{\ifvmode\else\unskip\vskip1pt\fi\tabletextsize +\global\captypefigfalse +\global\captypeplatefalse +\@ifnextchar[\lookforposition{\lookforposition[e]}} + +%% This is used in case we get more than one letter, i.e., +%% \begin{figure}[htp]. This macro picks up only the first letter. + +\def\defone#1#2*{\def\one{#1}} + +\newcount\figandtabnumber +\newbox\figandtabbox +\newif\ifcaptypefig +\newif\ifcaptypeplate + +\long\def\catchcaption#1{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname caption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\savecaption{#1}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname caption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\savecaption{#1}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname caption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\savecaption{#1}}% +\fi\fi} + +\long\def\dblcatchcaption#1{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\savecaption{#1}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\savecaption{#1}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\savecaption{#1}}% +\fi\fi} + +\long\def\pcatchcaption#1{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname pcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\savecaption{#1}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname pcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\savecaption{#1}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname pcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\savecaption{#1}}% +\fi\fi} +%%% + +\long\def\catchletteredcaption#1#2{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname letteredcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname letteredcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname letteredcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\fi\fi} + + +\long\def\dblcatchletteredcaption#1#2{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}% +\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}% +\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}% +\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\fi\fi} + +\long\def\pcatchletteredcaption#1#2{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname pletteredcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}% +\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate% +\expandafter\gdef\csname pletteredcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}% +\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname pletteredcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}% +\letteredcaption{#1}{#2}}% +\fi\fi} + +%%% +\long\def\catchcontinuedcaption{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname continuedcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\continuedcaption}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname continuedcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\continuedcaption}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname continuedcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\continuedcaption}% +\fi\fi} + +\long\def\dblcatchcontinuedcaption{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\continuedcaption}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\continuedcaption}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\continuedcaption}% +\fi\fi} + +\long\def\pcatchcontinuedcaption{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname pcontinuedcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\continuedcaption}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname pcontinuedcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\continuedcaption}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname pcontinuedcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\continuedcaption}% +\fi\fi} + +%%% +\long\def\catchletteredcontinuedcaption#1{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname letteredcontcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate% +\expandafter\gdef\csname letteredcontcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname letteredcontcaption\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\fi\fi} + + +\long\def\dblcatchletteredcontinuedcaption#1{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter% +\gdef\csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter% +\gdef\csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\else +\expandafter% +\gdef\csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\fi\fi} + +\long\def\pcatchletteredcontinuedcaption#1{% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter% +\gdef\csname pletteredcontcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{figure}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\else% +\ifcaptypeplate% +\expandafter% +\gdef\csname pletteredcontcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{plate}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\else +\expandafter% +\gdef\csname pletteredcontcaption\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\def\@captype{table}\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}% +\fi\fi} + +%%% + + +\newcount\pagefloatnumber + +\let\savelabel\label +\def\catchlabel#1{% +\expandafter\gdef\csname label\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{\savelabel{#1}}} + +\def\pcatchlabel#1{% +\expandafter\gdef\csname plabel\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{\savelabel{#1}}} + +\def\dblcatchlabel#1{\expandafter% +\gdef\csname dbllabel\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{\savelabel{#1}}} + +%% + +\def\startonecolfloat{% +\expandafter\newbox\csname figandtabbox\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname% +\global\setbox\csname figandtabbox\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname= +\vbox\bgroup% +\ifcaptypefig\else +\ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate} +\else +\def\@captype{table}\centering\tabletextsize\fi\fi% +\let\continuedcaption\catchcontinuedcaption +\let\letteredcaption\catchletteredcaption +\let\letteredcontinuedcaption\catchletteredcontinuedcaption +\let\caption\catchcaption +\let\label\catchlabel} + +\def\xtopfloat{topfloat} +\def\xbotfloat{botfloat} + +\newif\ifredefining + + +\newbox\sizeoffloat + +\def\endonecolfloat{% +%\ifcaptypefig\else% +%\ifnobottomtabline\global\nobottomtablinefalse\vskip-6.5pt\else +%\vskip2pt +%\thetablelines\fi\fi% +% +\egroup% +\DonormalEndcol% +%% make room in column for this insert: +\setbox\sizeoffloat=\vbox{\let\unvbox\copy +\let\c@table\bogus +\let\c@figure\bogus +\redefiningfalse \loopnum=\figandtabnumber +\expandafter\csname \toporbotfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname}% +%% +\expandafter\xdef\csname totalht\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\the\ht\sizeoffloat}% <=== use before \sizeoffloat is unboxed +\global\advance\figandtabnumber by1\relax} + +\newcount\bogus +\def\DonormalEndcol{% +%% top float ==> +\ifx\toporbotfloat\xtopfloat% +%% figure ==> + \ifcaptypefig% + \expandafter\gdef\csname topfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vbox{\vskip\PushOneColTopFig% + \unvbox\csname figandtabbox\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\abovefigcaptionskip% + \csname caption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname letteredcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname continuedcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname letteredcontcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname}% + \vskip\intextfloatskip%% + \vskip-4pt %% probably an artifact of topskip?? + \ifredefining% + \csname label\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \expandafter\gdef\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +\else% +%% plate ==> + \ifcaptypeplate% + \expandafter\gdef\csname topfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vbox{\vskip\PushOneColTopFig% + \unvbox\csname figandtabbox\the\loopnum\endcsname + \vskip\abovefigcaptionskip + \csname caption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname continuedcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcontcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname} + \vskip\intextfloatskip %% + \vskip-4pt %% probably an artifact of topskip?? + \ifredefining + \csname label\the\loopnum\endcsname + \expandafter\gdef\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +% +\else% table ==> + \expandafter\gdef\csname topfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vbox{\vskip\PushOneColTopTab %% + \csname caption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname continuedcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcontcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \vskip\captionskip + \unvbox\csname figandtabbox\the\loopnum\endcsname +}\vskip\intextfloatskip %% why don't we need this? +\vskip-10pt +\ifredefining +\csname label\the\loopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname topfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname{}\fi} +\fi\fi% +% +\else% bottom float +% +\ifcaptypefig +\expandafter\gdef\csname botfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\vskip\intextfloatskip +\vbox{\unvbox\csname figandtabbox\the\loopnum\endcsname +\vskip\abovefigcaptionskip + \csname caption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname continuedcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname letteredcontcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% +\vskip\PushOneColBotFig%% +}% +\ifredefining% +%\xdef\@currentlabel{\thefigure}% +\csname label\the\loopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +\else +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname botfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\vskip\intextfloatskip +\vbox{\unvbox\csname figandtabbox\the\loopnum\endcsname +\vskip\abovefigcaptionskip + \csname caption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname continuedcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \csname letteredcontcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% +\vskip\PushOneColBotFig%% +}% +\ifredefining% +%\xdef\@currentlabel{\thefigure}% +\csname label\the\loopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% + \else% TABLE +\expandafter\gdef\csname botfloat\the\figandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vskip\intextfloatskip +\vbox{\csname caption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname continuedcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname + \csname letteredcontcaption\the\loopnum\endcsname% + \vskip.5\intextfloatskip + \unvbox\csname figandtabbox\the\loopnum\endcsname% +\vskip\PushOneColBotTab +}% +\ifredefining% +\csname label\the\loopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname botfloat\the\loopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +\fi\fi\fi} + +% +\def\startpagefloat{% +\expandafter\newbox\csname pagebox\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname% +\global\setbox\csname pagebox\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname=\vbox\bgroup% +\hsize=\textwidth% +\linewidth=\textwidth% +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\let\label\pcatchlabel\ifcaptypefig\else\centering\fi% +\let\caption\pcatchcaption \let\letteredcaption\pcatchletteredcaption +\let\continuedcaption\pcatchcontinuedcaption +\let\letteredcontinuedcaption\pcatchletteredcontinuedcaption +} + +\def\endpagefloat{\egroup +\DoNormalPage +\global\advance\pagefloatnumber by1 +} + +\def\DoNormalPage{\ifcaptypefig +% +\expandafter\gdef\csname pagefloat\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\vbox{\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\twocolfigortabtrue +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\csname pagebox\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \vskip\captionskip + \csname pcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \csname pletteredcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \csname pcontinuedcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \csname pletteredcontcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +} \vskip\intextfloatskip %% +\xdef\@currentlabel{\thefigure}% + \csname plabel\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum\endcsname{}}% +\else +\ifcaptypeplate +\expandafter\gdef\csname pagefloat\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\vbox{\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\twocolfigortabtrue +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\unvbox\csname pagebox\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \vskip\captionskip + \csname pcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \csname pletteredcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \csname pcontinuedcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \csname pletteredcontcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +} \vskip\intextfloatskip %% +\xdef\@currentlabel{\thefigure}% + \csname plabel\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum\endcsname{}}% +\else +\expandafter\gdef\csname pagefloat\the\pagefloatnumber\endcsname{% +\vbox{%% +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\iflandscapetable +\dimen0=\textheight +\advance\dimen0 by-\textwidth +\hsize=\textheight +\linewidth=\textheight\fi% +\csname pcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +\csname pletteredcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +\csname pcontinuedcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +\csname pletteredcontcaption\the\pageloopnum\endcsname + \vskip\intextfloatskip + \unvbox\csname pagebox\the\pageloopnum\endcsname} + \vskip\intextfloatskip %% +\csname plabel\the\pageloopnum\endcsname +\expandafter\gdef\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum\endcsname{}}\fi\fi} + +\newif\iffirstfighere +\global\firstfigheretrue + +\newif\iffirsttabhere +\global\firsttabheretrue + +\def\dofigmessage{\iffirstfighere\global\firstfigherefalse +\typeout{^^J +======================================================================== +^^J +C A R E F U L !!!!!^^J +^^J +You have used \string\begin{figure}[h]\space !^^J +If there are any figures that appear earlier on the page^^J +they may be numbered incorrectly.^^J +^^J +Please check this and every other page on which you have used ^^J +\string\begin{figure}[h]\space !^^J +^^J +======================================================================== +^^J} +\else +\typeout{^^J^^J +C A R E F U L !! \string\begin{figure}[h] used on this page !^^J^^J} +\fi} + +\def\dotabmessage{\iffirsttabhere\global\firsttabherefalse +\typeout{^^J +======================================================================== +^^J +C A R E F U L !!!!!^^J +^^J +You have used \string\begin{table}[h]\space !^^J +If there are any tables that appear earlier on the page^^J +they may be numbered incorrectly.^^J +^^J +Please check this and every other page on which you have used ^^J +\string\begin{table}[h]\space !^^J +^^J +======================================================================== +^^J} +\else +\typeout{^^J^^J +C A R E F U L !! \string\begin{table}[h] used on this page !^^J^^J} +\fi} + +\def\lookforposition[#1]{\defone#1*% +\let\go\startonecolfloat +\let\endtable\endonecolfloat +\let\endfigure\endonecolfloat +\let\endplate\endonecolfloat +\ifgalley +\if\one p \def\one{s} +\else +\def\one{i}\fi +%\else\ifappendon\def\one{h}\fi +\fi% +\ifjdraft +\expandafter\ifx\csname setkeys\endcsname\relax\else +\setkeys{Gin}{draft=false}\fi +\if\one p \def\one{s} +\else +\def\one{i}\fi +\else%\ifappendon\def\one{h}\fi +\fi% +\if\one h +\ifcaptypeplate\else +\ifcaptypefig +\dofigmessage +\else +\dotabmessage +\fi\fi% +\let\go\doonecolfighere +\let\endtable\endonecolfighere +\let\endfigure\endonecolfighere +\let\endplate\endonecolfighere +\else% +\if\one t% + \gdef\toporbotfloat{topfloat}% +\else% +\if\one b% + \gdef\toporbotfloat{botfloat}% +\else% +\if\one p% +\let\go\startpagefloat% +\let\endtable\endpagefloat% +\let\endfigure\endpagefloat% +\let\endplate\endpagefloat% +\else% +\if\one e% for either + \ifdim\pagetotal>.6\pagegoal% + \gdef\toporbotfloat{botfloat}% + \else% + \gdef\toporbotfloat{topfloat}% + \fi% +\else% +\if\one i% for galley mode +\let\go\dofiginsert% +\let\endtable\endfiginsert% +\let\endfigure\endfiginsert% +\let\endplate\endfiginsert% +\else% +\if\one s% for special galley mode, for [p] +\let\go\dodblfiginsert% +\let\endtable\endspfiginsert% +\let\endfigure\endspfiginsert% +\let\endplate\endspfiginsert% +\else% + \doerr% + \ifdim\pagetotal>.5\pagegoal% + \gdef\toporbotfloat{botfloat}% + \else% + \gdef\toporbotfloat{topfloat}% + \fi% +\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\go} + +\newinsert\figinsert +\skip\figinsert=0pt % space added when figinsert is used +\count\figinsert=0 % insert magnification factor (1 to 1) +\dimen\figinsert=\maxdimen % maximum space for figures + +\def\dofiginsert{\setbox0=\vbox\bgroup +\ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else +\ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate}\else +\def\@captype{table}\centering\tabletextsize\fi\fi} +\def\endfiginsert{\egroup\insert\figinsert{\vskip24pt\vbox{\unvbox0}\vskip24pt}% +\ignorespaces} + +\def\endspfiginsert{\egroup\insert\figinsert{\newpage\vbox to\textheight{\vss +\unvbox0}\newpage}% +\ignorespaces} + +\def\dodblfiginsert{\setbox0=\vbox\bgroup +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else +\ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate}\else +\def\@captype{table}\centering\fi\fi +} + +\def\enddblfiginsert{\egroup\insert\figinsert{\vskip24pt\vbox{\unvbox0}\vskip24pt}} + +\long\def\saveherecaption#1{\gdef\thesavedcaption{\savecaption{#1}}} + +\long\def\saveherecontinuedcaption{\gdef\thesavedcaption{\continuedcaption}} + +\long\def\savehereletteredcaption#1#2{\gdef\thesavedcaption{% +\gdef\theletter{#1}\savecaption{#2}}} + +\long\def\savehereletteredcontinuedcaption#1{\gdef\thesavedcaption{% +\letteredcontinuedcaption{#1}}} + +\long\def\saveherelabel#1{\gdef\thesavedlabel{#1}} +\saveherelabel{\relax} + +\def\thesavedcaption{\relax} + +\newbox\herebox +%% either figure [h] or table [h] +\newif\ifhere +\def\doonecolfighere{\vskip1sp\bgroup% +\heretrue% +\ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else% +\ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate}\else% +\def\@captype{table}\centering\fi\fi% +\setbox\herebox\vbox\bgroup% +\let\label\saveherelabel% +\let\caption\saveherecaption% +\let\letteredcaption\savehereletteredcaption% +\let\continuedcaption\saveherecontinuedcaption% +\let\letteredcontinuedcaption\savehereletteredcontinuedcaption% +} + +\def\xrelax{\relax} + +\def\endonecolfighere{% +\egroup% +\vskip\intextfloatskip% +\vtop{\vskip-5.5pt +%\ifappendon +%\let\thefigure\appthefigure +%\let\thetable\appthetable +%\let\theplate\apptheplate +%\let\savecaption\appcaption +%\fi +% +\ifx\thesavedcaption\xrelax + \unvbox\herebox +\else + \ifcaptypefig + \unvbox\herebox + \thesavedcaption +\else + \ifcaptypeplate + \unvbox\herebox + \thesavedcaption +% + \else +% + \thesavedcaption + \unvbox\herebox + \fi +\fi\fi +% +\gdef\thesavedcaption{\relax} +\ifx\thesavedlabel\xrelax\else% + \ifcaptypefig\else\edef\@currentlabel{\thetable}\fi + \savelabel{\thesavedlabel} + \gdef\thesavedlabel{\relax} +\fi +\gdef\theletter{\relax} +}\vskip1sp +\egroup +\vskip\intextfloatskip +} + +\newbox\endfigbox + +\def\doerr{% +\typeout{\space\space\space\space\space\space\space\space\space} +\typeout{Sorry! +Your choices following \string\figure\space or \string\table\space^^J% +are only [h] for `here', [t] for `top', [b] for `bottom', or [p] +for `page'.^^J% +I have ignored the [\one] and inserted the figure or table at this +point^^J% +on the page. See documentation if you need more help.} +\typeout{\space\space\space\space\space\space\space\space\space}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% Inserts spanning both columns: + +\newbox\spanbox + +\def\centertabular{\bgroup\centering\savetabular} +\def\endcentertabular{\saveendtabular\vskip1pt\egroup} + +%%% + +\newbox\dbltopins +\newbox\dblbotins + +\newskip\dblbotskip +\dblbotskip=12pt plus 3pt + +\def\twocolfig{\global\captypefigtrue +\global\captypeplatefalse +\def\@captype{figure} +\@ifnextchar[\twolookforposition{\twolookforposition[t]}}% + +\def\twocolplate{\global\captypeplatetrue +\global\captypefigfalse +\def\@captype{plate} +\@ifnextchar[\twolookforposition{\twolookforposition[t]}}% + +\def\twocoltable{\vskip1pt\tabletextsize +\global\captypefigfalse +\global\captypeplatefalse +\def\@captype{table} +\@ifnextchar[\twolookforposition{\twolookforposition[t]}}% + +\newcount\dblfigandtabnumber +\dblfigandtabnumber=1 +\newbox\dblfigandtabbox + +\def\starttwocolfloat{\ifvmode\else\unskip\fi\expandafter% + \ifx\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname\relax% + \expandafter% + \newbox\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname% + \fi% +\global\setbox\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname= +\vbox\bgroup\let\label\dblcatchlabel% +% + \ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else% + \ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate}\else% + \def\@captype{table}\centering\tabletextsize% + \fi% + \fi% +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth\relax +% +\let\caption\dblcatchcaption +\let\letteredcaption\dblcatchletteredcaption +\let\continuedcaption\dblcatchcontinuedcaption +\let\letteredcontinuedcaption\dblcatchletteredcontinuedcaption +\let\label\dblcatchlabel +} + +\newcount\dblloopnum +\newcount\savedblfigandtabnumber +%\newcount\savefigandtabnumber + +\def\xdbltopfloat{dbltopfloat} +\def\xdblbotfloat{dblbotfloat} + +\def\endtwocolfloat{% +%\ifcaptypefig\else% +%\ifcaptypeplate\else% +%\ifnobottomtabline\global\nobottomtablinefalse\vskip-6.5pt\else% +%\vskip2pt +%\thetablelines\fi\fi\fi% +% +\egroup% +\ifx\dbltoporbotfloat\xdbltopfloat% +%%++ +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\vbox{\vskip\PushTwoColTopFig% +\copy\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\captionskip% + \csname dblcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\ifredefining% +\xdef\@currentlabel{\thefigure}% +\csname dbllabel\the\dblloopnum\endcsname\fi}% + \vskip\intextfloatskip %% + \vskip-5pt% because there is a space above the top of text, from topskip? +\ifredefining% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +\else\ifcaptypeplate% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\vbox{\vskip\PushTwoColTopFig% +\copy\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\captionskip% + \csname dblcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\ifredefining% +\xdef\@currentlabel{\theplate}% +\csname dbllabel\the\dblloopnum\endcsname\fi}% + \vskip\intextfloatskip %% + \vskip-5pt% because there is a space above the top of text, from topskip? +\ifredefining% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +\else% table +\expandafter\gdef\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% +\vbox{\vskip\PushTwoColTopTab% + \csname dblcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\captionskip% + \copy\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblloopnum\endcsname}% + \vskip\intextfloatskip %% + \vskip-5pt% because there is a space above the top of text, from topskip? +\ifredefining% +\csname dbllabel\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dbltopfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +% +\fi\fi% +% +\else% bottom float +% +\ifcaptypefig% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vskip\intextfloatskip% +\vbox{\copy\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\captionskip% + \csname dblcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\ifredefining% +\csname dbllabel\the\dblloopnum\endcsname\fi% +\vskip\PushTwoColBotFig}%??? + \ifredefining% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +\else% +%% +\ifcaptypeplate% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vskip\intextfloatskip% +\vbox{\copy\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\captionskip% + \csname dblcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\ifredefining% +\csname dbllabel\the\dblloopnum\endcsname\fi% +\vskip\PushTwoColBotFig}% + \ifredefining% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname{}\fi +}% +\else% table +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblfigandtabnumber\endcsname{% + \vskip\intextfloatskip +\vbox{% + \csname dblcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblcontinuedcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \csname dblletteredcontcaption\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% + \vskip\captionskip +\ifredefining% +\csname dbllabel\the\dblloopnum\endcsname\fi% + \copy\csname dblfigandtabbox\the\dblloopnum\endcsname% +\vskip\PushTwoColBotTab}% +\ifredefining% +\expandafter\gdef\csname dblbotfloat\the\dblloopnum\endcsname{}\fi}% +% +\fi\fi\fi% +%% +\global\advance\dblfigandtabnumber by1 \relax} + +\newbox\dblspanherebox + +\def\dodblfigurehere{\global\setbox\dblspanherebox=\vbox\bgroup +\let\label\saveherelabel +\ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else +\ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate}\else +\def\@captype{table}\centering\fi\fi +\vskip\intextfloatskip +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\let\label\saveherelabel +\let\caption\saveherecaption +\let\letteredcaption\savehereletteredcaption +\let\continuedcaption\saveherecontinuedcaption +\let\letteredcontinuedcaption\savehereletteredcontinuedcaption} + +\def\enddodblfigurehere{\vskip\intextfloatskip\egroup% +\aftergroup\endcolsneatly} + + +%% +\def\endcolsneatly{\ifdim\lastskip=2sp +\vskip-9.5pt\null\fi +\endtwocolumns +\vbox{\vskip\intextfloatskip +\captionwidth=\widecaptionwidth +\ifcaptypefig\def\@captype{figure}\else +\ifcaptypeplate\def\@captype{plate}\else +\def\@captype{table}\centering\fi\fi +%\ifappendon +%\let\thefigure\appthefigure +%\let\thetable\appthetable +%\let\theplate\apptheplate +%\let\savecaption\appcaption +%\fi +% +\ifx\thesavedcaption\xrelax +\unvbox\dblspanherebox +\vskip\intextfloatskip +\else + \ifcaptypefig +\unvbox\dblspanherebox + \thesavedcaption +\vskip\intextfloatskip +% + \else +\ifcaptypeplate +\unvbox\dblspanherebox + \thesavedcaption +\vskip\intextfloatskip +% +\else +\vskip\intextfloatskip + \thesavedcaption +\unvbox\dblspanherebox +\vskip\intextfloatskip + \fi +\fi\fi +% +\gdef\thesavedcaption{\relax} +\ifx\thesavedlabel\xrelax\else\savelabel{\thesavedlabel} +\gdef\thesavedlabel{\relax}\fi +\gdef\theletter{\relax} +\vskip\intextfloatskip} +\twocolumns\null +\vskip2sp} + +\def\twolookforposition[#1]{\defone#1*% +\let\go\starttwocolfloat% +\ifgalley% + \if\one p \def\one{s}% + \else% + \def\one{i}% + \fi% +\fi% +\ifjdraft% +\expandafter\ifx\csname setkeys\endcsname\relax\else +\setkeys{Gin}{draft=false}\fi + \if\one p \def\one{s}% + \else% + \def\one{i}% + \fi% +\fi% +%\ifappendon\def\one{h}\fi% +%% +\if\one h% + \ifcaptypeplate% + \else% + \ifcaptypefig% + \dofigmessage% + \else% + \dotabmessage% + \fi% + \fi% + \ifgalley% + \gdef\dbltoporbotfloat{dbltopfloat}% + \else% not galley ==> + \let\go\dodblfigurehere% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\enddodblfigurehere}% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endtable*\endcsname{\enddodblfigurehere}% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\enddodblfigurehere}% + \fi% end ifgalley +\else% + \if\one t% + \gdef\dbltoporbotfloat{dbltopfloat}% + \else% + \if\one b% + \gdef\dbltoporbotfloat{dblbotfloat}% + \else% + \if\one p% + \let\go\startpagefloat% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\endpagefloat} + \expandafter\gdef\csname endtable*\endcsname{\endpagefloat} + \expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\endpagefloat} + \else% + \if\one i% for galley mode + \let\go\dodblfiginsert% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\enddblfiginsert} + \expandafter\gdef\csname endtable*\endcsname{\enddblfiginsert} + \expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\enddblfiginsert} + \else% + \if\one s% for special galley mode, for [p] + \let\go\dodblfiginsert% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endfigure*\endcsname{\endspfiginsert}% + \expandafter\gdef\csname endtable*\endcsname{\endspfiginsert} + \expandafter\gdef\csname endplate*\endcsname{\endspfiginsert} + \else% +\doerr% + \fi% + \fi% + \fi% + \fi% + \fi% +\fi\go}% + +\let\saveenddocument\enddocument + +\def\enddocument{% +\ifdim\ht\dbltopins>0pt\vbox{\unvbox\dbltopins}\fi +\ifdim\ht\dblbotins>0pt\vbox{\unvbox\dblbotins}\fi +\ifnum\pagefloatnumber>\pageloopnum +\newpage +\insertpage{\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum \endcsname}\fi% +\saveenddocument} + +\splittopskip=\topskip + +\def~{\penalty\@M{ }} + +\def\mathleftline{\vskip-\parskip +\hbox to\textwidth{\hrulefill\hskip.5\textwidth}\vskip-\abovedisplayskip} + +\def\mathrightline{\hbox to\textwidth{\hskip.5\textwidth\hrulefill}\vskip18pt} + +\let\topline\mathleftline +\let\botline\mathrightline + +%% End Two Column Macros +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\let\dofigmessage\relax +\let\dotabmessage\relax + +%% Options: +%% To bring in options: +%% \documentclass[draft]{agutex} +%% \documentclass[galley]{agutex} + +\newif\ifcallouts +\DeclareOption{galley}{\global\galleytrue\global\calloutstrue} + +\newif\ifdraft +\DeclareOption{draft}{\global\jdrafttrue \global\draftfalse +\oddsidemargin=-1in +\evensidemargin=-1in +\textwidth=5in +\hsize=\textwidth +\draft\global\calloutstrue} + +%%%% Journal Styles +% jgrga JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH +% gbc GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES +% grl GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +% pal PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +% ras RADIO SCIENCE +% rog REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +% tec TECTONICS +% sw SPACE WEATHER +% gc GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS +%ms JAMES +%ef EARTH'S FUTURE +%ea EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE +%% default style +% jgrga JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH +\newif\ifjgrga +\DeclareOption{jgrga}{\global\jgrgatrue} +\DeclareOption{jgr}{\global\jgrgatrue} + +% SW SPACE WEATHER +\newif\ifsw +\DeclareOption{sw}{\global\swtrue} + +% gbc GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES +\newif\ifgbc +\DeclareOption{gbc}{\global\gbctrue} + +% tec TECTONICS +\newif\iftec +\DeclareOption{tec}{\global\tectrue} + +% wrr WATER RESOURCE RESEARCH +\newif\ifwrr +\DeclareOption{wrr}{\global\wrrtrue} + +% grl GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +\newif\ifgrl +\DeclareOption{grl}{\global\grltrue} + +% pal PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +\newif\ifpal +\DeclareOption{pal}{\global\paltrue} + +% ras RADIO SCIENCE +\newif\ifras +\DeclareOption{ras}{\global\rastrue} + +% rog REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +\newif\ifrog +\DeclareOption{rog}{\global\rogtrue} + +% gc GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS +\newif\ifgc +\DeclareOption{gc}{\global\gctrue} + +% ms JAMES +\newif\ifms +\DeclareOption{ms}{\global\mstrue} + +% ms EARTH'S FUTURE +\newif\ifef +\DeclareOption{ef}{\global\eftrue} + +% ms EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE +\newif\ifea +\DeclareOption{ea}{\global\eatrue} + +\ifll \let\dooptions\ProcessOptions +\else +\let\dooptions\@options +\fi +\dooptions + + + + +%%% <== end options + +% prevent error messages for embedded lists: +\let\@noitemerr\relax + + + +%%% Commands to accomodate older AGU syntax +\let\lefthead\authorrunninghead +\let\righthead\titlerunninghead + +\def\paperid#1{\def\thepaperidnumber{#1}} + +\paperid{} + +\def\journalid#1{\def\jourdate{\ifras\else\uppercase{\fi#1\ifras\else}\fi}} +\def\articleid#1#2{\def\thevolume{#1}\def\thenumber{#2}} + + +\def\specialccc#1{\thecccline{#1}} + +\def\altaffilmark#1{\unskip\setbox1=\hbox{X}% +\vbox to1.4\ht1{\hbox{\footnotesize #1}\vfill}} + +%% default +\journalid{}{} +\articleid{}{} + +\@mparswitchfalse +%C&G For draft Option, moved callouts back onto page +\def\callout#1{#1\ifcallouts\marginpar{\ifgalley\hskip-\mycolumnwidth\fi% +\ifjdraft\hskip-12pt\fi% +\fbox{\savenormalsize\bf #1}}\fi} + +\def\tableline{\noalign{\vskip2pt +\hrule \@height \arrayrulewidth +\vskip2pt}} + +%% Get commas into page number over 1000: +\newcount\bigpagenum +\newcount\littlepagenum +\newcount\wholepagenum + +\def\PutCommaIntoNumber#1{% +\bigpagenum=#1 +\ifnum\bigpagenum>9999 +\wholepagenum=\bigpagenum +\divide\bigpagenum by 1000 +\littlepagenum=\bigpagenum +\multiply \littlepagenum by 1000 +\advance\wholepagenum by -\littlepagenum +\littlepagenum=\wholepagenum +\number\bigpagenum,\ifnum\littlepagenum<10 00\else +\ifnum\littlepagenum <100 0\fi\fi\number\littlepagenum\relax\else \the\bigpagenum\fi} + +\def\received#1{\gdef\@recvdate{#1}} \received{} +\def\revised#1{\gdef\@revisedate{#1}} \revised{} +\def\accepted#1{\gdef\@accptdate{#1}} \accepted{} +%C&G 8/1/2001 newcommand \published +\def\published#1{\gdef\@pubdate{#1}} \published{} + +\def\cpright#1#2{\@nameuse{cpr@#1} \gdef\cpr@year{#2} +\typeout{`#1' copyright \cpr@year.}} + +\newcount\@cprtype \@cprtype=\@ne +\def\cpr@AGU{\@cprtype=1} +\def\cpr@PD{\@cprtype=2} +\def\cpr@Crown{\@cprtype=3} +\def\cpr@none{\@cprtype=4} +\def\cpr@year{\number\year} + +\def\cpr@holder{American Geophysical Union} + +\def\@rcvaccrule{\vrule\@width1.75in\@height0.5pt\@depth\z@} + +\def\slugcomment#1{\gdef\slug@comment{#1}} \slugcomment{} +\newdimen\@slugcmmntwidth \@slugcmmntwidth \textwidth + +\long\def\@makeslugcmmnt{\ifx\slug@comment\@empty\relax\else +\vskip3pt +\noindent +\slug@comment +\vskip3pt\fi} + +%% for now: +\let\@makeslugcmmnt\relax + +\def\@slug{\ifgalley\hsize=\mycolumnwidth\fi +\@makeslugcmmnt +\vskip11pt +\noindent +\ifcase\@cprtype + \relax +\or + Copyright \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + No copyright is claimed for this article. +\fi +%\vskip 11\p@\noindent Paper number \thepaperidnumber. +\par\noindent +\thecccline\vrule depth2pt width0pt\relax} + +\def\title#1{\gdef\theprinttitle{#1}\printtitle} + +% Alternate affiliations appearing +% at the end of the article: + +\def\altaffiltext#1#2{% +\global\advance\totalaffils by 1 +\expandafter\xdef\csname altaffil#1\endcsname{\noindent% +\hskip\saveparindent$^{#1}${#2}}} + +\def\doaltaffils{{\parindent=0pt +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\affilnum<\totalaffils +\csname altaffil\the\affilnum\endcsname +\vskip1pt +\expandafter\ifx\csname altaffil\the\affilnum\endcsname\relax +\global\advance\totalaffils by 1 \fi % in case author doesn't start + % with \altaffiltext{1}{} +\global\advance\affilnum by 1 +\repeat +\expandafter\ifx\csname altaffil\the\affilnum\endcsname\relax +\else +\csname altaffil\the\affilnum\endcsname\fi +\global\affilnum=0 +\global\totalaffils=0 +\vskip1sp +}} +\let\doaffils\doaltaffils + +\newcount\affilnum +\affilnum=0 +\newcount\totalaffils + +%%% to keep too big of a skip after endbibliogrphy + +\def\spendlist{\global\advance\@listdepth\m@ne} + +%%% Possibly useful abbreviations +\let\jnl@style=\it +\def\ref@jnl#1{{\jnl@style#1}} +\def\aj{\ref@jnl{Astron.\ J., }} +\def\apj{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.\ J., }} +\def\apjl{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.\ J., }} +\def\apjs{\ref@jnl{Astrophys.\ J.\ (Supp.), }} +\def\aap{\ref@jnl{Astron.\ Astrophys., }} +\def\bams{\ref@jnl{Bull.\ Am.\ Meteorol.\ Soc., }} +\def\bssa{\ref@jnl{Bull.\ Seismol.\ Soc.\ Am., }} +\def\eos{\ref@jnl{Eos Trans.\ AGU, }} +\def\epsl{\ref@jnl{Earth Planet.\ Sci.\ Lett., }} +\def\gca{\ref@jnl{Geochim.\ Cosmochim.\ Acta, }} +\def\gjras{\ref@jnl{Geophys.\ J.\ R.\ Astron.\ Soc., }} +\def\grl{\ref@jnl{Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett., }} +\def\gsab{\ref@jnl{Geol.\ Soc.\ Am.\ Bull., }} +\def\jatp{\ref@jnl{J.\ Atmos.\ Terr.\ Phys., }} +\def\jgr{\ref@jnl{J.\ Geophys.\ Res., }} +\def\jpo{\ref@jnl{J.\ Phys.\ Oceanogr., }} +\def\mnras{\ref@jnl{Mon.\ Not.\ R.\ Astron.\ Soc., }} +\def\mwr{\ref@jnl{Mon.\ Weather Rev., }} +\def\pepi{\ref@jnl{Phys.\ Earth Planet.\ Inter., }} +\def\pra{\ref@jnl{Phys.\ Rev.\ A, }} +\def\prl{\ref@jnl{Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett., }} +\def\pasp{\ref@jnl{Publ.\ A.\ S.\ P., }} +\def\qjrms{\ref@jnl{Q.\ J.\ R.\ Meteorol.\ Soc., }} +\def\rg{\ref@jnl{Rev.\ Geophys., }} +\def\rs{\ref@jnl{Radio Sci., }} +\def\usgsof{\ref@jnl{U.S.\ Geol.\ Surv.\ Open File Rep., }} +\def\usgspp{\ref@jnl{U.S.\ Geol.\ Surv.\ Prof.\ Pap., }} +\let\astap=\aap +\let\apjlett=\apjl +\let\apjsupp=\apjs + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\let\savedeg\deg +\def\savecirc{$^\circ$} +\def\deg{\ifmmode\savedeg\else\hbox{\unboldmath\savecirc}\fi} + +%%% +\def\@citex[#1]#2{% + \let\@citea\@empty + \@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do + {\@citea\def\@citea{,\penalty\@m\ }% + \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}% + \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi + \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}{\mbox{\reset@font\bfseries ?}% + \G@refundefinedtrue + \@latex@warning + {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}% + {%\hbox +{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}}}}{#1}} + +%% to make things work in old files:??? +\newcount\figcount +\def\figurenum#1{\figcount=#1 \global\advance\figcount by -1 +\setcounter{figure}{\figcount}} + +%%% planotable +%% Declare Obsolete: +\long\def\planotable#1\end{\message{^^J^^J +Sorry!^^J +\string\begin{planotable}...\string\end{planotable} are obsolete commands.^^J +^^J +Please make this table with \string\begin{tabular}...\string\end{tabular} +^^J +Information on making this change is found in the AGUTeX documentation +^^J^^J^^J +} +\vskip24pt +\hrule +\vskip12pt +\noindent +!! Planotable is an obsolete command. Please replace with\newline +{\tt\string\begin\string{table\string}\newline +\string\caption\string{\string}\newline +\string\begin\string{tabular\string}...\newline +\string\end\string{tabular\string}\newline +\string\end\string{table\string}}\newline +Information on how to do this is found in the AGUTeX documentation. +\vskip12pt +\hrule +\end} + +\def\endplanotable{} + +\newcount\saveequation +\newcounter{currlett} +\newenvironment{mathletters}{\refstepcounter{equation}% +\mathletter{x} +\c@currlett=0 +\global\saveequation=\c@equation +\def\theequation{\global\advance\c@currlett by1 +\the\saveequation\alph{currlett}}% +\let\savetheequation\theequation}% +{\global\c@equation\saveequation\relax} + +%% invented june 00 +\newdimen\notationwidth +\def\setnotationwidth#1{\setbox0=\hbox{#1\ \ } +\global\notationwidth=\wd0\relax} +\newskip\betweennotationskip +\betweennotationskip=1sp plus 1pt + + +\newdimen\WidestEntry + +\long\def\notation#1\end{ +\def\begin{\typeout{^^J^^J!!!^^J^^J Notation:^^J +Please do not put any +\string\begin\space or \string\end\space commands within +the notation environment^^J^^J!!!^^J^^J}} +\section*{Notation} +\setbox0=\vbox{\let\\ \cr +\halign{\setbox0=\hbox{##\ \ }% +\ifdim\wd0>\WidestEntry \global\WidestEntry=\wd0\fi&##\cr +#1\crcr}} +%% +\everycr={\noalign{\vskip1sp}} +\dimen0=\mycolumnwidth +\advance\dimen0 by-\WidestEntry +\let\\ \cr +\vskip1sp\halign{\hbox to\ifdim\notationwidth>0pt \notationwidth\else +\WidestEntry\fi{\hfill##\ \ }&\vtop{\hsize=\dimen0 +\parindent=0pt##\vrule width0pt depth 5pt} +\cr#1\crcr}\end} + +\def\endnotation{\global\WidestEntry=0pt +\vskip6pt\@ignoretrue} + +%% Table Footnotes + +\def\tablenotemark#1{\rlap{$^{\rm #1}$}} + +\long\def\tablenotetext#1#2{\vtop{\vskip2pt +\uncentering\noindent\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\hskip\saveparindent\ifdim\wd0>1pt +$^{\rm #1}$ \fi{\tablenotefont\ignorespaces #2}\vskip1sp}} + +\long\def\tablecomments#1{\vbox{\uncentering +\vskip2pt{\parindent\saveparindent\def\\ {\vskip1sp}\tablenotefont #1} +\vskip 1sp}} + +\let\tablecomment\tablecomments +\def\tablenotes{\uncentering\vskip4pt +\tablenotefont\noindent\hskip\saveparindent\ignorespaces} +\def\endtablenotes{\vskip1sp} + +\def\uncentering{% + \let\\\@normalcr + \rightskip0pt \leftskip0pt + \parindent\saveparskip \parfillskip0pt plus 1fil\relax} + + +\newenvironment{figure*} + {\@dblfloat{figure}} + {\end@dblfloat} + +\newenvironment{table*} + {\@dblfloat{table}} + {\end@dblfloat} + +\newenvironment{plate*} + {\@dblfloat{plate}} + {\end@dblfloat} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\newdimen\premulticols +\newdimen\page@free +\newbox\partial@page +\newcount\multicoltolerance +\newcount\doublecol@number +\newskip\multicolbaselineskip +\newcount\c@collectmore +\newcount\loopcount +\newdimen\fixdimen +\newcount\c@unbalance +\newdimen\savedimen +\newif\ifshr@nking + +\def\threecolumns[#1]{ +\begingroup +%%%%% +%% Frank Mittlebach's multicol macros, minus comments and +%% irrelevancies. +\c@unbalance = 0 +\multicolbaselineskip=0pt +\multicoltolerance = 9999 +\premulticols = 50pt +\c@collectmore = 0 +\def\multicols##1{\col@number##1\relax + \@ifnextchar[\mult@cols{\mult@cols[]}} +% +\def\mult@cols[##1]{\@ifnextchar[% + {\mult@@cols{##1}}% + {\mult@@cols{##1}[\premulticols]}} +% +\def\mult@@cols##1[##2]{% + \enough@room##2% + ##1\nobreak\par%\addvspace\multicolsep + \begingroup + \prepare@multicols\ignorespaces} +% +\def\enough@room##1{\par \penalty\z@ + \page@free \pagegoal + \advance \page@free -\pagetotal + \ifdim \page@free <##1 \newpage \fi} +% +\def\prepare@multicols{% + \output{\global\setbox\partial@page + \vbox{\unvbox\@cclv}}\eject + \vbadness9999 \hbadness5000 + \tolerance\multicoltolerance + \doublecol@number\col@number + \multiply\doublecol@number\tw@ + \advance\baselineskip\multicolbaselineskip + \advance\@colroom-\ht\partial@page +\ifdim\ht\dbltopins>1pt + \advance\@colroom-\ht\dbltopins + \advance\@colroom-\dp\dbltopins +\advance\@colroom-\baselineskip +\fi +\ifdim\ht\dblbotins>1pt + \advance\@colroom-\ht\dblbotins + \advance\@colroom-\dp\dblbotins +\fi + \vsize\col@number\@colroom + \advance\vsize\c@collectmore\baselineskip + \hsize\columnwidth \advance\hsize\columnsep + \advance\hsize-\col@number\columnsep + \divide\hsize\col@number + \linewidth\hsize + \output{\multi@columnout}% +% \multiply\count\footins\col@number +% \multiply\skip \footins\col@number + \reinsert@footnotes} +% +\def\endmulticols{\parskip=0pt +\par\penalty\z@ + \output{\xbalance@columns}\eject\nobreak% +\endgroup +} +\def\process@cols##1##2{\count@##1\relax + \loop ##2% + \advance\count@\tw@ + \ifnum\count@<\doublecol@number + \repeat} +\def\page@sofar{\unvbox\partial@page + \process@cols\z@{\wd\count@\hsize}% +\hbox to\textwidth{% + \process@cols\tw@{\box\count@\hss}% +\box\z@}} +\def\reinsert@footnotes{\ifvoid\footins\else + \insert\footins{\unvbox\footins}\fi} +\def\multi@columnout{% + \ifnum\outputpenalty <-\@Mi + \speci@ls \else + \splittopskip\topskip + \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth + \dimen@\@colroom +\advance\dimen@-12pt %=== + % \divide\skip\footins\col@number + % \ifvoid\footins \else +% \advance\dimen@-\skip\footins +% \advance\dimen@-\ht\footins \fi + \process@cols\tw@{\setbox\count@ + \vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@}% + \setbox\z@\vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@ + \ifvoid\@cclv \else + \unvbox\@cclv + \penalty\outputpenalty\fi + \setbox\@cclv\vbox{\page@sofar}% + \@makecol\@outputpage + \global\@colroom\@colht + \process@deferreds + \global\vsize\col@number\@colroom + \global\advance\vsize + \c@collectmore\baselineskip + \multiply\skip\footins\col@number\fi} + +\def\speci@ls{% + \unvbox\@cclv\reinsert@footnotes + \gdef\@currlist{}} + +\def\process@deferreds{% + \@floatplacement + \begingroup + \let\@tempb\@deferlist + \gdef\@deferlist{}% + \let\@elt\@scolelt + \@tempb \endgroup} + +\def\raggedcolumns{% + \@bsphack\shr@nkingtrue\@esphack} + +\def\flushcolumns{% + \@bsphack\shr@nkingfalse\@esphack} + +\def\escapeloop{\gdef\iterate{}} + +\def\xbalance@columns{% +\loopcount=0 +\fixdimen=0pt + \splittopskip\topskip + \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth + \setbox\z@\vbox{\unvbox\@cclv}\dimen@\ht\z@ + \advance\dimen@\col@number\topskip + \advance\dimen@-\col@number\baselineskip + \divide\dimen@\col@number + \advance\dimen@\c@unbalance\baselineskip + {\vbadness\@M \loop + {\process@cols\@ne{\global\setbox\count@ + \box\voidb@x}}% + \global\setbox\@ne\copy\z@ + {\process@cols\thr@@{\savedimen\ht\@ne \advance\savedimen by-\dimen@ +\global\setbox\count@ \vsplit\@ne to\dimen@ +\ifdim\savedimen>\ht\@ne % AH: TeX was forced to make box bigger than \dimen@. +\advance\savedimen by-\ht\@ne \advance\savedimen by -7.1pt +\ifdim\savedimen>\fixdimen \global\fixdimen\savedimen\fi\fi}}% + \ifdim\ht\@ne >\ht\thr@@ + \global\advance\dimen@\p@%.5\baselineskip +\global\advance\loopcount by1 +\ifnum\loopcount=90 \escapeloop\fi + \repeat}% +\let\iterate\saveiterate +\dimen@\ht\thr@@ +\ifdim\fixdimen>0pt \advance\dimen@ by \fixdimen\fi + \process@cols\z@{\@tempcnta\count@ + \advance\@tempcnta\@ne + \setbox\count@\vtop to\dimen@ + {\unvbox\@tempcnta + \ifshr@nking\vfill\fi} +}% + \global\vsize\@colroom + \global\advance\vsize\ht\partial@page + \page@sofar +} +% +\multicols3[{{#1}}]} + +\def\endthreecolumns{\endmulticols\endgroup} + +\def\saveincludegraphics{% + \@ifstar + {\Gin@cliptrue\Gin@i}% + {\Gin@clipfalse\Gin@i}} + +\def\includegraphics{\expandafter\ifx\csname rotatebox\endcsname\relax +\show\graphicserror\let\go\relax\else\let\go\saveincludegraphics\fi} + +\def\graphicserror{ +^^J^^J +--------------------------------------------------------^^J +!! \includegraphics is not defined!^^J +Please use \usepackage[]{graphicx}^^J +(i.e., \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx})^^J^^J +If you don't have graphicx.sty available, you can download^^J +graphics.zip from the AGU website. When you run pkunzip on it^^J +you will have graphicx.sty, as well as the documentation, grfguide.tex,^^J +which also shows options you can use when using \includegraphics^^J +^^J +The graphicx package has these options to tune the package for a ^^J +particular driver program. Please choose the name that matches your ^^J +program. If you don't see the name listed here, try dvips.^^J +[dvips], [xdvi], [dvipdf], [dvipsone], [dviwindo], [emtex], ^^J +[dviwin], [pctexps], [pctexwin], [pctexhp], [pctex32], ^^J +[truetex], [tcidvi], [oztex], [textures]^^J +--------------------------------------------------------^^J +} + +\def\landscapeerror{ +^^J^^J +--------------------------------------------------------^^J +!! landscapetable and landscapefigure need^^J +\usepackage[]{graphicx}^^J +(i.e., \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx})^^J^^J +If you don't have graphicx.sty available, you can download^^J +graphics.zip from the AGU website. When you run pkunzip on it^^J +you will have graphicx.sty, as well as the documentation, grfguide.tex,^^J +which also shows options you can use when using \includegraphics^^J +^^J +The graphicx package has these options to tune the package for a ^^J +particular driver program. Please choose the name that matches your ^^J +program. If you don't see the name listed here, try dvips.^^J +[dvips], [xdvi], [dvipdf], [dvipsone], [dviwindo], [emtex], ^^J +[dviwin], [pctexps], [pctexwin], [pctexhp], [pctex32], ^^J +[truetex], [tcidvi], [oztex], [textures]^^J +--------------------------------------------------------^^J +} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% Specific Style Changes for Particular Journal + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Specific Style Settings +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% +%% Contents: +%% 1) Set Dimensions and parameters +%% 2) Fonts +%% 3) Names for particular environments +%% 4) Running Head and Folio +%% 5) Article title page dimensions and parameters +%% 6) Abstract +%% 7) Begin article, endarticle +%% 8) Section heads +%% 9) Captions +%% 10) Table settings +%% 11) Footnotes +%% 12) References + +%%%%%%%%%% +%% 1) Set dimensions and parameters + +% PAGE LAYOUT PARAMETERS +% +% \topmargin : Extra space added to top of page. +% @twoside : boolean. T if two-sided printing +% \oddsidemargin : IF @twoside = T +% THEN extra space added to left of odd-numbered +% pages. +% ELSE extra space added to left of all pages. +% \evensidemargin : IF @twoside = T +% THEN extra space added to left of even-numbered +% pages. +% \headheight : height of head +% \headsep : separation between head and text +% \footskip : distance separation between baseline of last +% line of text and baseline of foot. +% Note difference between \footSKIP and \headSEP. +% \textheight : height of text on page, excluding head and foot +% \textwidth : width of printing on page + +% \@textbottom : Command executed at bottom of vbox holding text of page +% (including figures). The \raggedbottom command +% almost \let's this to \vfil (actually sets it to +% \vskip \z@ plus.0001fil). %expanded 18 Jun 86 +% + +\topmargin 0pt + +\@twosidetrue +\oddsidemargin=-4pt +\evensidemargin=-16pt + +\headheight 9pt +\headsep 14pt +\topskip = 11pt + +\footnotesep4pt +\skip\footins 18pt +\footskip 0pt + +\textheight=698pt +\textwidth = 41pc +\hsize=41pc + +\newdimen\savehsize +\savehsize\hsize + +\newdimen\mycolumnwidth +\mycolumnwidth=19pc + +\parskip 0pt % plus .001pt +\parindent .15in + +\newdimen\saveparindent +\saveparindent=\parindent + +\newdimen\saveparskip +\saveparskip=\parskip + +%%%% + + +\widowpenalty=10000 +\clubpenalty=10000 + + +\predisplaypenalty=10000 + +\lineskip0pt +\normallineskip 1pt +\def\baselinestretch{1} + +\marginparwidth .9in +\marginparsep 7pt + +\columnsep 1pc +\columnseprule 0pt + +% PAGE STYLE PARAMETERS: +% +% \floatsep : Space left between floats. +% \textfloatsep : Space between last top float or first bottom float +% and the text. +% \topfigrule : Command to place rule (or whatever) between floats +% at top of page and text. Executed in inner vertical +% mode right before the \textfloatsep skip separating +% the floats from the text. Must occupy zero vertical +% space. (See \footnoterule.) +% \botfigrule : Same as \topfigrule, but put after the \textfloatsep +% skip separating text from the floats at bottom of page. +% \intextsep : Space left on top and bottom of an in-text float. +% \@maxsep : The maximum of \floatsep, \textfloatsep and \intextsep +% \@fptop : Glue to go at top of float column -- must be 0pt + +% stretch +% \@fpsep : Glue to go between floats in a float column. +% \@fpbot : Glue to go at bottom of float column -- must be 0pt + +% stretch + +\floatsep 12pt plus 2pt minus 2pt +\textfloatsep 20pt plus 2pt minus 4pt +\intextsep 12pt plus 2pt minus 2pt + +\ifll\else +\@maxsep 20pt +\@dblmaxsep 20pt +\fi + +\dblfloatsep 12pt plus 2pt minus 2pt +\dbltextfloatsep 20pt plus 2pt minus 4pt + +\@fptop 0pt plus 1fil +\@fpsep 8pt plus 2fil +\@fpbot 0pt plus 1fil +\@dblfptop 0pt plus 1fil +\@dblfpsep 8pt plus 2fil +\@dblfpbot 0pt plus 1fil +\marginparpush 5pt + +\@lowpenalty 51 +\@medpenalty 151 +\@highpenalty 301 + +\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty + +\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty + +\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty + + +%%%%%%%% +%% 3) Names for particular environments + +\newcommand\bibname{Bibliography} +\newcommand\figurename{Figure} +\newcommand\tablename{Table} +\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix} + +%%%%%%%% +%% 4) Running Head and Folio + +\authorwidth=33pc % where should multiple authors wrap? +\authorbaselineskip=14pt % baseline if multiple author lines + +%% Uppercase on author and title line in running head. + +\authorUCtrue +\titleUCtrue + +\def\jheadline{\hbox to\textwidth{\iftitle% +\hfill\titlepageheadlinefont +\uppercase{\journalname, Vol.~\thevolume, XXXX, +doi:10.1002/\thepaperidnumber, \jourdate}\hfill% +\else\ifodd\c@page +{\hfill\headlinesize\headtextfont\theauthors:\ \ \thetitle}% +\hfill\llap{\foliofont X~-~\PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}}% +\else\rlap{\foliofont X~-~\PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}}\hfill% +{\headlinesize\headtextfont\theauthors:\ \ \thetitle}% +\hfill\fi\fi}} + +\def\jfootline{\hbox to\textwidth{% +\iftitle\global\titlefalse% +\vtop to0pt{\vskip8pt +\hbox to\textwidth{\hfill +\foliofootfont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\c@page}\hfill} +\vss}% +\else\hfill\fi% end iftitle +}% end hbox to textwidth +} + + +%%%%%% +%% 5) Article title page dimensions and parameters + +\CenterArticleHeadfalse + +\def\specialtitleins{\raggedright} + +\abovereceivedskip=4pt + +\belowtitleskip=1sp +\aboveauthorskip=6pt +\belowauthorskip=0pt + +\affilwidth=33pc +\aboveaffilskip=4.5pt +\belowaffilskip=0pt + +\newif\iffirstsection + +\def\editor#1{% +\def\theeditor{\vskip\aboveacceptedskip\noindent Recommending editor: #1}} +\def\editors#1{% +\def\theeditor{\vskip\aboveacceptedskip\noindent Recommending editors: #1}} + + +\let\StartOnNewPage\relax %% can start on even or odd pages + +%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% 6) Abstract + +\newdimen\abstractwidth +\abstractwidth=33pc +\abstractmargin=0pt +\aboveabstractskip=0pt +\belowabstractskip=19pt +\belowabstractnameskip=0pt + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% 7) Beginning and end of article + +\long\def\printtitle{\global\titletrue +\vspace*{5pt} +{\hsize=38pc %in specs +\raggedright \hyphenpenalty=10000 +\parindent=0pt +\let\thanks\titlethanks +\def\\ {\vskip1sp}% +\Large\baselineskip=\titlebaseline\ifjdraft\LARGE\bf\else\titlefont \fi +\theprinttitle\vrule depth\belowtitleskip +width0pt height 0pt +\vskip1sp}% +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\\ \relax\let\thanks\titlemaketemp \theprinttitle} +\ifjdraft\large\else\normalsize\fi} + +%% Need PutCommaIntoNumber because page numbers are greater +%% than 1000 +\newif\ifspecifiedlastpage +\newcount\currlastnumber +\def\articlelastpagenum#1{\global\specifiedlastpagetrue +\global\currlastnumber=#1\relax} + +\def\lastpage{% +\expandafter\ifx\csname endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname\relax% + ?? \else--% +\ifspecifiedlastpage \PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\currlastnumber}\else +\PutCommaIntoNumber{\csname endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname}\fi\fi% +\global\specifiedlastpagefalse\relax} + +%% \refstepcounter{chapter} +%% will reset footnote num, section, theorem, table and figure +\newbox\altaffilbox + +%% default article +\def\article{% +%\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\@arabic{\c@subsection}} +\global\firstpagetrue +\refstepcounter{chapter} % resets fig. etc. counters with + % each article. We never actually + % use the chapter counter. +%% +\global\saveparskip=\parskip +\gdef\applett{} +\global\c@appendnum=0 \global\appendonfalse +\vskip1sp +%%%%%% +\ifnum\totalaffils>0 +\global\setbox\altaffilbox=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else +\footnotesize\fi +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\doaltaffils} +\fi +%%%%%% +\ifnum\dothanks>0 +\dothanks=0 +\ifnum\thanksnum>0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\thanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\parindent=6pt +\hsize=21pc +\loop +\vskip1pt +\ifnum\thanksnum<\thankscounter +\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1sp +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt% +\hskip\parindent +\csname tempthanks\the\thanksnum\endcsname +\vskip1sp +\repeat +}% end \thanksbox +\fi\fi% + \ifnum\titlethanksnum>0 \global\titlethanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\titlethanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\titlethanksnum<\titlethankscounter + \global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1pt +\noindent\hskip\saveparindent$^{\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}}$% +\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethanksnum\endcsname + \repeat + \global\titlethanksnum=0 \global\titlethankscounter=0 +\vskip1sp +} +\fi %% end titlethanksnum +\global\thanksnum=0 \global\thankscounter=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{\ifjdraft\large\fi +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +% +\ifvoid\altaffilbox\else +\unvbox\altaffilbox\vskip8pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\thanksbox\else +\unvbox\thanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\titlethanksbox +\else +\unvbox\titlethanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\vskip1sp +} +\global\dothanks=0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\normalsize +\vbox to6pt{\vfill} +%% +%% +\ifjdraft\draftcolumns +\else +%% normal abstract +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +{\abstractnamefont +\noindent +Abstract.}\hskip1em \relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\fi +%% end normal abstract +\ifgalley +\vspace*{1pc} +\galleycolumns\else +\twocolumns\fi\fi +\global\firstsectiontrue +\ifgalley +\ifdim\ht\barticle< 2pt +\ifjgrga +\skip\footins=18pt +\fi + \let\footnoterule\relax + \savefootnotetext{% + \vskip-6pt + \footnotesize + \@slug %% + } +\else + \savefootnotetext{% + \vskip-4pt + \unvbox\barticle +\vskip-6pt + \footnotesize +\@slug%% + } +\fi +\else +%% not galley +\ifjdraft +\savefootnotetext{\large\slug@comment +\@sluginfo} +\ifdim\ht\barticle< 2pt\else +\savefootnotetext{%\vbox +{\vskip-6pt +\unvbox\barticle}} +\fi +\else +%% also not draft +\begin{figure}[b] +\ifdim\ht\barticle>2pt +\hrule width 48pt height .5pt +\vskip1pt +\unvbox\barticle\fi +\footnotesize +\@slug +\end{figure} +\fi% end normal +\fi% end ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\global\let\normalsize\large +\global\let\savenormalsize\large \large +\else +\global\let\normalsize\small \small% +\fi +%% draft abstract +\ifjdraft +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\newpage +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +{\abstractnamefont +\noindent +Abstract.}\hskip1em \relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\baselineskip=28pt +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\newpage +\fi\fi} + +\def\endarticle{\notes +\ifgalley\endgalley\else +\ifjdraft\enddraft\else +\iftriplecol\global\triplecolfalse +\else +\endtwocolumns\fi\fi\fi +\savenormalsize +\ifnum\pagefloatnumber>\pageloopnum +\newpage +\insertpage{\hsize=\textwidth +\linewidth=\textwidth +\csname pagefloat\the\pageloopnum \endcsname}\fi% +\xdef\doitnow{\write\@auxout{\string\expandafter% +\string\gdef\string\csname\space +endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname{\the\c@page}}} +\doitnow +\global\parskip=\saveparskip +%% just in case... +\ifdim\ht\dbltopins>2pt \unvbox\dbltopins\fi +\ifdim\ht\dblbotins>2pt\unvbox\dblbotins\fi +\resetdefaults +\global\let\figure\savefigure +\global\let\endfigure\saveendfigure +\global\let\table\savetable +\global\let\endtable\saveendtable +\global\let\caption\savecaption +\global\let\tabular\savetabular +\global\let\endtabular\saveendtabular +\global\let\plate\saveplate +\global\let\endplate\saveendplate +} + + + +%%%%%% +%% 8) Section Heads + +\def\thesection{\@arabic{\c@section}} +\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\@arabic{\c@subsection}} +\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\@arabic{\c@subsubsection}} +\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\@arabic{\c@paragraph}} + +\def\xmakecenterlines#1{\vtop{% +\parindent=0pt +\parskip=0pt +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\centering +#1}} + + + +\newskip\sectskip +\sectskip=17pt %plus .001pt +minus4pt + +\newskip\belowsectionskip +\belowsectionskip=11pt + +\newskip\subsectskip +\newskip\belowsubsectskip +\subsectskip=10pt %plus.001pt +minus 1pt +\belowsubsectskip=8pt + +\newskip\subsubsectskip +\subsubsectskip=1pt %plus .001pt +\newskip\belowsubsubsectskip +\belowsubsubsectskip=1pt + +\def\ast{*} +\newif\ifsectionon +\def\section#1{\ifappendon\resetappcounters\fi% +\def\yone{#1}\ifx\yone\ast\let\go\ssection\else% +\let\go\xxsection\fi\go{#1}} + +\let\savesection\section +\newif\ifsendcontents + +\def\xxsection#1{% +\global\sectionontrue% +\refstepcounter{section}% +\def\@currentlabel{\ifappendon\Alph{section}\else\the\c@section\fi}% +\ifsendcontents\else% + % hack so contents will only be sent for article with \contents +{\let\\ \ % +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\string\vskip-1pt% +\ifappendon\applett.\fi\the\c@section.\string\ \string\ {% +\string\affilfont\space #1.}}}\fi% +\iffirstsection\vspace*{-6pt}\global\firstsectionfalse% +\else\goodbreak\vskip\sectskip\fi% +\vtop{\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\savenormalsize\baselineskip=12pt +\boldmath %% makes 10pt bold math +\noindent +\sectionfont\ifappendon Appendix \Alph{section}% +\def\xone{#1}% +\ifx\xone\empty\else:\fi\else\thesection.\fi\nobreak\hskip8pt\relax% +{#1}\vskip\belowsectionskip}% +\nobreak\parskip=0pt \global\everymath={}% +\everypar={\global\sectiononfalse\everypar={}\ignorespaces} +} + +\def\ssection#1#2{\vskip\sectskip\global\sectionontrue% +\ifappendon\refstepcounter{section}\fi + %% above, so that \appendix \section*{Appendix} sets equation and + %% figure number to A +\vtop{\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\savenormalsize +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=28pt\else\baselineskip=12pt\fi +\boldmath %% makes 10pt bold math +\noindent\sectionfont{#2}\vskip\belowsectionskip}% +\nobreak\everypar={\global\sectiononfalse\everypar={}}} + +%%%% + +\def\subsection#1{\def\one{#1}\ifx\one\ast\let\go\ssubsection\else% +\let\go\xxsubsection\fi\go{#1}} + +\let\savesubsection\subsection + +\newif\ifsubsectionon +\def\xxsubsection#1{\ifsectionon\global\sectiononfalse\ifvmode\vskip-3pt +\else\vskip\subsectskip\fi% +\else\vskip\subsectskip\fi\global\subsectionontrue +\refstepcounter{subsection}% +%\def\@currentlabel{\ifappendon\applett.\fi\the\c@section.\the\c@subsection} +\def\@currentlabel{\thesubsection} +\vtop{\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\savenormalsize\baselineskip=11pt\boldmath %% 10pt boldmath +\noindent +%\subsectionfont\ifappendon\applett.\fi\thesubsection.\hskip8pt\relax#1 +\subsectionfont\thesubsection.\hskip8pt\relax#1 +\vskip\belowsubsectskip}% +\global\everymath={}% +\everypar={\global\subsectiononfalse\everypar={}} +\nobreak} + +\def\ssubsection#1#2{\ifsectionon\global\sectiononfalse +\ifvmode\vskip-\lastskip\fi\vskip\subsectskip\else +\vskip\subsectskip\fi\global\subsectionontrue +\vtop{\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\savenormalsize\boldmath\baselineskip=11pt% boldmath at 10pt +\noindent\subsectionfont#2 +\vskip\belowsubsectskip}% +\everypar={\global\subsectiononfalse\everypar={}} +\nobreak} + +\def\subsubsection#1{\def\one{#1}\ifx\one\ast\let\go\ssubsubsection\else% +\let\go\xxsubsubsection\fi\go{#1} +} + +\def\xxsubsubsection#1{% +\refstepcounter{subsubsection}% +\def\@currentlabel{\the\c@section.\the\c@subsection.\the\c@subsubsection} +\ifsectionon \global\sectiononfalse\ifvmode \vskip-3pt\else% +\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else% +\ifsubsectionon\global\subsectiononfalse +\ifvmode\vskip-3pt\else% +\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else\vskip\subsubsectskip +\fi\fi% +{\def\\ {\vskip1sp}%\indent +\noindent{\savenormalsize\boldmath\subsubsectionfont\thesubsubsection.\hskip8pt% +#1}\vskip\belowsubsubsectskip}\global\everymath={}% +\ignorespaces} + + +\def\ssubsubsection#1#2{% +\ifsectionon\global\sectiononfalse\ifvmode\vskip-3pt\else +\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else% +\ifsubsectionon\global\subsectiononfalse\ifvmode\vskip-3pt +\else\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\fi% +\noindent{\savenormalsize\boldmath\subsubsectionfont#2}\vskip\belowsubsubsectskip} + +\newcount\c@subsubsubsection +\def\thesubsubsubsection{\arabic{section}.\arabic{subsection}.% +\arabic{subsubsection}.\arabic{subsubsubsection}.} + +\def\subsubsubsection#1{\def\one{#1}\ifx\one\ast\let\go\ssubsubsubsection\else% +\let\go\xxsubsubsubsection\fi\go{#1} +} + +\def\xxsubsubsubsection#1{% +\refstepcounter{subsubsubsection}% +\def\@currentlabel{\the\c@section.\the\c@subsection.% +\the\c@subsubsection.\the\c@subsubsubsection} +\ifsectionon\global\sectiononfalse\ifvmode\vskip-3pt\else% +\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else% +\ifsubsectionon\global\subsectiononfalse +\ifvmode\vskip-3pt\else% +\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\fi% +{\def\\ {\vskip1sp} +\noindent{\savenormalsize\boldmath\subsubsectionfont\thesubsubsubsection\hskip8pt% +#1}\vskip\belowsubsubsectskip}\global\everymath={}% +\ignorespaces} + +\def\ssubsubsubsection#1#2{% +\ifsectionon\global\sectiononfalse\ifvmode\vskip-3pt\else +\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else% +\ifsubsectionon\global\subsectiononfalse\ifvmode\vskip-3pt +\else\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\else\vskip\subsubsectskip\fi\fi% +\noindent{\savenormalsize\boldmath\subsubsectionfont#2}\vskip\belowsubsubsectskip} + +\def\paragraph#1{\vskip1sp +\indent{\savenormalsize\boldmath\paragraphfont #1:\hskip8pt\relax}\ignorespaces} + + + +%%%%%% +%% 9) Captions + +\centermultiplelinestrue +\centersinglelinefalse +\centersingletablinefalse + +\let\captionsize\small +\abovefigcaptionskip=6pt % + +\abovetabcaptionskip=1pt +\abovetableskip=-9pt + +\newdimen\captionwidth +\newdimen\widecaptionwidth +\newdimen\landscapecaptionwidth + +\captionwidth=\mycolumnwidth +\widecaptionwidth=35pc +\landscapecaptionwidth=57pc + +%%%%%% +%% 10) Table settings + +%% (make no op because they are not applied consistently) +\def\thetablelines{}%\hrule width \hsize\vskip1sp}% + +\belowtabcaptionskip=6pt +\fullwidthtablefalse +\lineabovetabcaptionfalse +\linebelowtabcaptiontrue + +\abovetabularskip=0pt +\belowtabularskip=0pt + +%%%%%%%%% +%% 11) Footnotes + +\def\footnoterule{\kern -3\p@ \hrule +width 4pc %%<=== change this dimen to change width of footnote rule line +\kern 2.6\p@} + +\let\footnote\endnotes + +\newtoks\@temptokenb +\def\authaddr@list{} +\def\authoraddress#1{\par +\@temptokena={\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi\par\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt +\hskip.15in\relax#1\vskip1sp} +\@temptokenb=\expandafter{\authaddr@list} +\xdef\authaddr@list{\the\@temptokenb\the\@temptokena}} +\let\authoraddr=\authoraddress + +%%%%%%%% +%% 12) References + +%% this def not used +\def\references{\notes +\vskip12pt +\goodbreak +\noindent{\sectionfont References} +\vskip6pt +\bgroup +\referencesize\itemsep=1pt +\list{\@biblabel{\arabic{enumiv}}} +{\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{10.}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth +% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \def\theenumiv{\arabic{enumiv}}}% + \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus.33em minus.07em}% + \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 \frenchspacing + \sfcode`\.=\@m} + +% same as \references, except for #1 which doesn't get used, in +% case author supplies \thebibliography{10}, which now will not be used. +\def\bibreferences#1{\notes +%\goodbreak +%\vskip12pt +\section*{References} +\bgroup +\referencesize\itemsep=1pt +\list{\@biblabel{\arabic{enumiv}}} +{\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{10.}}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth +% \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \def\theenumiv{\arabic{enumiv}}}% + \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus.33em minus.07em}% + \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 \frenchspacing + \sfcode`\.=\@m} + +\def\references{\thebibliography{}} +\def\endreferences{\endthebibliography} +\let\endbibreferences\endreferences + +%% default def: +\def\bibitem{\@ifnextchar[\@lbibitem@bibitem} +\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[\@biblabel{#1}\hfill]\if@filesw + {\let\protect\noexpand\immediate + \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces} +\def\@bibitem#1{\item\if@filesw \immediate\write\@auxout + {\string\bibcite{#1}{\the\value{\@listctr}}}\fi\ignorespaces} + +%% default def, except conditional to avoid vskips for first bibitem +%% relevant? +\def\@donoparitem{\@noparitemfalse + \global\setbox\@labels\hbox{\hskip -\leftmargin + \unhbox\@labels + \hskip \leftmargin}\if@minipage\else +\ifstartofbib\else + \@tempskipa\lastskip + \vskip -\lastskip \advance\@tempskipa\@outerparskip + \advance\@tempskipa -\parskip \vskip\@tempskipa +\fi\fi} +%% +\def\@item[#1]{\if@noparitem \@donoparitem + \else \if@inlabel \indent \par \fi + \ifhmode \unskip\unskip \par \fi + \if@newlist \if@nobreak \@nbitem \else + \ifstartofbib\else + \addpenalty\@beginparpenalty + \addvspace\@topsep \addvspace{-\parskip} +\fi +\fi + \else +\ifstartofbib\else +\addpenalty\@itempenalty +\addvspace\itemsep +\fi + \fi + \global\@inlabeltrue +\fi +\everypar{\@minipagefalse + \global\@newlistfalse + \if@inlabel + \global\@inlabelfalse + {\setbox\z@\lastbox}% + \box\@labels + \penalty\z@ + \fi + \if@nobreak + \@nobreakfalse + \clubpenalty \@M + \else + \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty + \everypar{}% + \fi}% +\if@noitemarg \@noitemargfalse \if@nmbrlist + \refstepcounter\@listctr\fi \fi +\sbox\@tempboxa{\makelabel{#1}}% +\global\setbox\@labels + \hbox{\unhbox\@labels \hskip \itemindent + \hskip -\labelwidth \hskip -\labelsep + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\labelwidth + \box\@tempboxa + \else \hbox to\labelwidth {\unhbox\@tempboxa}\fi + \hskip \labelsep}\global\startofbibfalse +\ignorespaces} + +\newif\ifbibtonextpage +\def\bibtonextpage{\global\bibtonextpagetrue} +\newif\ifstartofbib + +\def\thebibliography#1{\vskip1sp +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\else +\setonecolboxesandredefine +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavetopinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavetopinsert\fi +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavebotinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavebotinsert +\fi\fi\fi +%% +\ifbibtonextpage\global\bibtonextpagefalse\eject\fi +\vskip12pt +\section*{References} +\nobreak\bgroup +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi% +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt +} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\def\endthebibliography{ +\vskip1sp\spendlist\egroup% +\ifjdraft\else\@sluginfo\fi} +\def\@biblabel#1{\relax} + +\newif\iftriplecol +\def\threecolthebibliography#1{\global\triplecoltrue +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley +\section*{References} + \hsize\columnwidth \advance\hsize\columnsep + \advance\hsize-3\columnsep + \divide\hsize3 + \linewidth\hsize +\else +\ifjdraft +\section*{References} +\else +\endtwocolumns +\vskip12pt +\columnwidth=\textwidth +\threecolumns[\section*{References}] +\fi\fi%% end ifgalley, end ifjdraft +\bgroup\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi% +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\def\endthreecolthebibliography{\vskip1sp\spendlist\egroup% +\ifjdraft\else\@sluginfo\fi +\ifgalley\else +\ifjdraft\else +\endthreecolumns\fi\fi +\xdef\doitnow{\write\@auxout{\string\expandafter% +\string\gdef\string\csname\space +endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname{\the\c@page}}} +\doitnow +\newpage +} + +\def\reference{\relax\refpar} +\def\markcite#1{#1\relax} + +%%%%%% Article Bibliography Using BibTeX + +\def\bblname#1{\def\currentfilename{#1}} + +\def\include#1{\relax\ifnum\@auxout=\@partaux +\@latex@error {\string \include \space cannot be nested}\@eha +\else\gdef\currfile{#1} \@include #1 \fi } + +\def\articlebibliography#1{% +{\let\thebibliography\references +\let\endthebibliography\endreferences +\@input {\currfile.bbl}} +} + +%% 14) Acknowledgements + +\ackskip=6pt + +\def\acknowledgments{\goodbreak\vskip\ackskip +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi{\bf Acknowledgments.}% +\hskip6pt\relax\ignorespaces}% + +\let\acknowledgements\acknowledgments +\let\acknowledgement\acknowledgments +\let\acknowledgment\acknowledgments + +\def\endacknowledgment{\vskip1sp} +\let\endacknowledgments\endacknowledgment +\let\endacknowledgement\endacknowledgment +\let\endacknowledgements\endacknowledgment + +%C&G 8/1/2001 addition to process @pubdate & place \published after the rec, rev, acc dates +% +\def\@dates{{\footnotesize +{\rm Received}\space% +\ifx\@recvdate\@empty\@rcvaccrule\else\@recvdate\fi% +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty\relax\else% +; \space{\rm revised}\space\@revisedate; \fi% +\ifx\@accptdate\@empty\else +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty;\fi\space{\rm accepted}\space\@accptdate\fi% +\ifx\@pubdate\@empty.\else% +; \space{\rm published}\space\@pubdate.\fi% +\vskip-2pt}} + + +\def\@authaddrs{\ifx\authaddr@list\@empty\relax +\else +{\noindent\parindent=.15in +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi\authaddr@list\vskip1sp} +\gdef\authaddr@list{} +\fi} + +\newskip\beforeendskip +\beforeendskip=9pt plus 2pt minus 6pt +\def\@sluginfo{\ifjdraft\else\vskip\beforeendskip +\hrule width 4pc\fi +\nobreak% +{\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi +\clubpenalty=3000 \widowpenalty=3000 +\parskip=0pt % plus 1pt %% amyh +\@authaddrs\par +\ifjdraft\else +\ifrog\else +%\vskip\beforeendskip +%\noindent\@dates +\fi\fi}} + +\let\makecenterlines\noindent +\let\onecolumn\newpage + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% jgrga JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH +% gbc GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES +% tec TECTONICS +% grl GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +% pal PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +% ras RADIO SCIENCE +% rog REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +% wrr Water Resources Research +% sw SPACE WEATHER - no cccline +% gc GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS +% ms JAMES +% ef EARTH'S FUTURE +% ea EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE + +\def\shortyear#1#2#3#4{#3#4} +\def\thecccline{% +\ifjgrga 0148-0227\else% +\ifgbc 0886-6236\else +\iftec 0278-7407\else% +\ifgrl 0094-8276\else +\ifpal 0883-8305\else +\ifras 0048-6604\else +\ifrog 8755-1209\else +\ifwrr 0043-1397 +\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi/\expandafter\shortyear\the\year/% +\thepaperidnumber\ifrog\else\string$\fi +\ifjgrga9.00\else% +\ifgbc12.00\else +\iftec12.00\else% +\ifgrl5.00\else +\ifpal 12.00\else +\ifras 11.00\else +\ifrog\footlineitalic +\string$15.00\else +\ifwrr 9.00\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi} + +\def\ccc#1{\xdef\thiscccline{\thecccline} +\typeout{ +^^J^^J +=========================================================== +^^J^^J + It is no longer necessary +to type the command \string\ccc\space since ^^J +the ccc line is automatically set for each journal.^^J^^J +Use \string\specialccc{}\space only +if you need to overwrite^^J +the default CCC line +which you can see below:^^J +} +\show\thiscccline +\typeout{^^J^^J +=========================================================== +^^J^^J} +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Using AGUTeX class options: +%% Settings for particular journals +%% +%% Journals: +% +% jgrga JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH +% gbc GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES +% tec TECTONICS +% grl GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +% pal PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +% ras RADIO SCIENCE +% rog REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +% wrr Water Resources Research +% sw Space Weather +% gc GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS +% ms JAMES +% ef EARTH'S FUTURE +% ea EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE + +\def\NoJournalError{^^J^^J +Please supply a journal style option:^^J +\documentclass[]{agutex}^^J +^^J +Your choices are^^J +jgrga for JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH^^J +gbc for GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES^^J +grl for GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS^^J +pal for PALEOCEANOGRAPHY^^J +ras for RADIO SCIENCE^^J +rog for REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS^^J +tec for TECTONICS^^J +wrr for WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH^^J^^J +sw for SPACE WEATHER^^J^^J +gc for GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS^^J^^J +ms for JAMES^^J^^J +ef for EARTH'S FUTURE^^J^^J +ea for EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE^^J^^J} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifjgrga %%%%%%%% Journal of Geophysical Research +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Journal of Geophysical Research}} + +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc +\skip\footins=30pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +JGRGA style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[jgrga]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Journal of Geophysical Research'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\topmargin=-32pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifef %%%%%%%% EARTH'S FUTURE +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Earth's Future}} + +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc +\skip\footins=30pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +JGRGA style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[jgrga]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Earth's Future'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\topmargin=-32pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifea %%%%%%%% EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Earth and Space Science}} + +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc +\skip\footins=30pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +JGRGA style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[jgrga]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Earth and Space Science'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\topmargin=-32pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifsw %%%%%%%% Space Weather +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\stylecurrversion{September 11, 2003} +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Space Weather}} + +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc +\skip\footins=30pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +SW style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[sw]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Space Weather'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\topmargin=-32pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\def\@slug{\ifgalley\hsize=\mycolumnwidth\fi +\@makeslugcmmnt +\vskip11pt +\noindent +\ifcase\@cprtype + \relax +\or + Copyright \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + No copyright is claimed for this article. +\fi +%\vskip 11\p@\noindent +%Paper number \thepaperidnumber. +\relax} + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifgc %%%%%%%% Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\stylecurrversion{September 11, 2003} +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems}} + +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc +\skip\footins=30pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +SW style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[sw]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\topmargin=-32pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\def\@slug{\ifgalley\hsize=\mycolumnwidth\fi +\@makeslugcmmnt +\vskip11pt +\noindent +\ifcase\@cprtype + \relax +\or + Copyright \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + No copyright is claimed for this article. +\fi +%\vskip 11\p@\noindent +%Paper number \thepaperidnumber. +\relax} + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifms %%%%%%%% JAMES +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\stylecurrversion{September 11, 2003} +\def\journalname{\uppercase{JAMES}} + +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc +\skip\footins=30pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +SW style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[sw]{AGUTeX}^^J +``JAMES'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\topmargin=-32pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\def\@slug{\ifgalley\hsize=\mycolumnwidth\fi +\@makeslugcmmnt +\vskip11pt +\noindent +\ifcase\@cprtype + \relax +\or + Copyright \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + Published in \cpr@year\space by the \cpr@holder. +\or + No copyright is claimed for this article. +\fi +%\vskip 11\p@\noindent +%Paper number \thepaperidnumber. +\relax} + +\else +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifgbc %%%%%%%% Global Biogochemical Cycles +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} + +\skip\footins 26pt % +\landscapecaptionwidth=35pc % ?? + +\centersinglelinetrue +\centersingletablinetrue + +\textheight=692pt +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Global Biogeochemical Cycles}} + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\headsep 20pt +\columnsep=1.25pc %% other styles are 1pc, this may be mistaken +\topmargin=-32pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +GBC style option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[gbc]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Global Biogeochemical Cycles'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\long\def\xprinttitle{\global\titletrue +\vspace*{9pt} +{\hsize=33pc %in specs +\raggedright \hyphenpenalty=10000 +\parindent=0pt +\let\thanks\titlethanks +\def\\ {\vskip1sp}% +\Large\baselineskip=\titlebaseline\ifjdraft\LARGE\bf\else\titlefont \fi +\theprinttitle\vrule depth\belowtitleskip +width0pt height 0pt +\vskip1sp}% +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\\ \relax\let\thanks\titlemaketemp \theprinttitle} +\ifjdraft\large\else\normalsize\fi} + +\else +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\iftec %%%%%%%% Tectonics +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} + +\oddsidemargin=-10pt +\evensidemargin=-12pt + +\textheight=672pt +\topmargin=-26pt +\centersinglelinetrue +\centersingletablinetrue + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\landscapecaptionwidth=\textheight +\advance\landscapecaptionwidth by-\topskip + + +\newskip\nostretchskip +\nostretchskip=1sp +\def\@dates{{\footnotesize\parskip=0pt +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont +({\rm Received}\space% +\ifx\@recvdate\@empty\@rcvaccrule\else\@recvdate;% +\vskip\nostretchskip\noindent\fi% +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty\relax\else% +{\rm revised}\space\@revisedate;\vskip\nostretchskip\noindent\fi% +\ifx\@accptdate\@empty\else +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty\fi{\rm accepted}\space% +\@accptdate\fi%% below added oct 2, 2001 +\ifx\@pubdate\@empty.\else% +;\vskip\nostretchskip\noindent{\rm published}\space\@pubdate.\fi)% +}} + +\def\journalname{\uppercase{TECTONICS}} + +\typeout{^^J^^J +TEC class option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[tec]{AGUTeX}^^J +``TECTONICS'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\belowabstractskip=6pt + +%% tectonics version!!! +\def\article{\global\firstpagetrue +\refstepcounter{chapter} % resets fig. etc. counters with + % each article. We never actually + % use the chapter counter. +%% +\global\saveparskip=\parskip +\gdef\applett{} +\global\c@appendnum=0 \global\appendonfalse +\vskip1sp +%%%%%% +\ifnum\totalaffils>0 +\global\setbox\altaffilbox=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else +\footnotesize\fi +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\doaltaffils} +\fi +%%%%%% +\ifnum\dothanks>0 +\dothanks=0 +\ifnum\thanksnum>0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\thanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\parindent=6pt +\hsize=21pc +\loop +\vskip1pt +\ifnum\thanksnum<\thankscounter +\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1sp +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt% +\hskip\parindent +\csname tempthanks\the\thanksnum\endcsname +\vskip1sp +\repeat +}% end \thanksbox +\fi\fi% + \ifnum\titlethanksnum>0 \global\titlethanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\titlethanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\titlethanksnum<\titlethankscounter + \global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1pt +\noindent\hskip\saveparindent$^{\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}}$% +\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethanksnum\endcsname + \repeat + \global\titlethanksnum=0 \global\titlethankscounter=0 +\vskip1sp +} +\fi %% end titlethanksnum +\global\thanksnum=0 \global\thankscounter=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +% +\ifvoid\altaffilbox\else +\unvbox\altaffilbox\vskip8pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\thanksbox\else +\unvbox\thanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\titlethanksbox +\else +\unvbox\titlethanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\vskip1sp +} +\global\dothanks=0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\normalsize +\ifdocumentationextraspace +\vskip12pt\fi +\vbox to6pt{\vfill} +\vskip24pt +\ifjdraft\draftcolumns\else +\ifgalley\galleycolumns +\vglue-8pt +\else +\global\firstsectiontrue\everypar={\global\firstsectionfalse\everypar={}} +\twocolumns\fi\fi +%% normal abstract +\ifjdraft\else +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\abstractsize +{\abstractnamefont +\noindent +Abstract.}\hskip1em \relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\fi +%% end normal abstract +\fi %% end ifjdraft +%% +\ifgalley +\ifdim\ht\barticle<2pt +\let\footnoterule\relax +\skip\footins=16pt +\savefootnotetext{ +\footnotesize +\@slug +} +\else +\skip\footins=24pt +\savefootnotetext{\vskip-4pt +\unvbox\barticle +\vskip-6pt +\footnotesize +\@slug +} +\fi +\else +\ifjdraft +\savefootnotetext{\large\slug@comment +\@sluginfo} +\ifvoid\barticle\else +\savefootnotetext{%\vbox +{\vskip-6pt +\unvbox\barticle}} +\fi +\else +\begin{figure}[b] +\ifvoid\barticle +\else +\ifdim\ht\barticle>1pt +\hrule width 48pt height .5pt +\vskip1pt +\unvbox\barticle\fi\fi +\footnotesize +\@slug +\end{figure} +\fi% end normal +\fi% end ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\global\let\normalsize\large +\global\let\savenormalsize\large \large\fi +%% draft abstract +\ifjdraft +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\newpage +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +{\abstractnamefont +\noindent +Abstract.}\hskip1em \relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\baselineskip=28pt +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\newpage +\fi\fi%\fi%% AH, Jan 15, 2008, added another \fi here +} + +\def\threecolthebibliography#1{%amyh feb 2002 +\global\triplecoltrue +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley +\section*{References} + \hsize\columnwidth \advance\hsize\columnsep + \advance\hsize-3\columnsep + \divide\hsize3 + \linewidth\hsize +\else +\ifjdraft +\section*{References} +\else +\endtwocolumns +\vskip1sp +\columnwidth=\textwidth +\threecolumns[\section*{References}] +\fi\fi%% end ifgalley, end ifjdraft +\bgroup +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi% +\baselineskip=9.5pt plus .01pt minus .5pt +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\def\endthreecolthebibliography{\vskip1sp\spendlist\egroup% +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont +\ifjdraft\else\@sluginfo\fi +\ifgalley\else +\ifjdraft\else +\endthreecolumns\fi\fi +\xdef\doitnow{\write\@auxout{\string\expandafter% +\string\gdef\string\csname\space +endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname{\the\c@page}}} +\doitnow +\newpage +} + +\def\authoraddress#1{\par +\@temptokena={\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont\fi +\par\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt +\hskip.15in\relax#1\vskip1sp} +\@temptokenb=\expandafter{\authaddr@list} +\xdef\authaddr@list{\the\@temptokenb\the\@temptokena}} +\let\authoraddr=\authoraddress + +\let\thebibliography\threecolthebibliography +\let\endthebibliography\endthreecolthebibliography + +\def\jfootline{\hbox to\textwidth{% +\iftitle\global\titlefalse% +\vtop to0pt{\vskip10pt +\hbox to\textwidth{\hfill +\foliofootfont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\c@page}\hfill} +\vss}% +\else\hfill\fi% end iftitle +}% end hbox to textwidth +} + +\def\endacknowledgment{\vskip-2pt} + +\let\endacknowledgments\endacknowledgment +\let\endacknowledgement\endacknowledgment +\let\endacknowledgements\endacknowledgment + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifwrr %%%%%%%% Water Resources Research +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} + +\def\journalname{\uppercase{Water Resources Research}} + +\topmargin=-38pt +\oddsidemargin-6pt +\evensidemargin=-18pt + +\aboveabstractskip=4pt +\belowabstractskip=19pt + +\aboveauthorskip=10pt + +\ackskip=18pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\typeout{^^J^^J +WRR class option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[wrr]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Water Resources Research'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\def\thebibliography#1{\vskip1sp +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley + \ifjdraft + \else + \setonecolboxesandredefine + \ifdim\ht\endcolsavetopinsert>1pt + \unvbox\endcolsavetopinsert% + \fi + \ifdim\ht\endcolsavebotinsert>1pt + \unvbox\endcolsavebotinsert + \fi + \fi +\fi +%% + \ifbibtonextpage\global\bibtonextpagefalse\eject\fi +\vskip1sp +\section*{References} +\nobreak\bgroup + \ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi% +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt +} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifgrl %% GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} + +\def\journalname{\uppercase{GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}} + +% 11/2/01 C&G reinstate top margin +% Reset topmargin in-house when necessary +\topmargin=-32pt + +% C&G OK! +% amyh: Moved the change below to GRL section, since I didn't +% know if 41pc was the width for all styles +% C&G 7/12/01 \widecaptionwidth=35pc should be 41pc +\widecaptionwidth=41pc + + +\oddsidemargin-6pt +\evensidemargin=-18pt + +% MLK - change GRL pagestats +\textheight=681pt +\textwidth=41pc + + +\skip\footins=30pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\typeout{^^J^^J +GRL class option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[grl]{AGUTeX}^^J +``Geophysical Research Letters'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\def\article{\global\firstpagetrue +\refstepcounter{chapter} % resets fig. etc. counters with + % each article. We never actually + % use the chapter counter. +%% +\global\saveparskip=\parskip +\gdef\applett{} +\global\c@appendnum=0 \global\appendonfalse +\vskip1sp +%%%%%% +\ifnum\totalaffils>0 +\global\setbox\altaffilbox=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else +\footnotesize\fi +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\doaltaffils} +\fi +%%%%%% +\ifnum\dothanks>0 +\dothanks=0 +\ifnum\thanksnum>0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\thanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\parindent=6pt +\hsize=21pc +\loop +\vskip1pt +\ifnum\thanksnum<\thankscounter +\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1sp +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt% +\hskip\parindent +\csname tempthanks\the\thanksnum\endcsname +\vskip1sp +\repeat +}% end \thanksbox +\fi\fi% + \ifnum\titlethanksnum>0 \global\titlethanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\titlethanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\titlethanksnum<\titlethankscounter + \global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1pt +\noindent\hskip\saveparindent$^{\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}}$% +\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethanksnum\endcsname + \repeat + \global\titlethanksnum=0 \global\titlethankscounter=0 +\vskip1sp +} +\fi %% end titlethanksnum +\global\thanksnum=0 \global\thankscounter=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +% +\ifvoid\altaffilbox\else +\unvbox\altaffilbox\vskip8pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\thanksbox\else +\unvbox\thanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\titlethanksbox +\else +\unvbox\titlethanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\vskip1sp +} +\global\dothanks=0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\normalsize +\ifdocumentationextraspace +\vskip12pt\fi +\vbox to6pt{\vfill} +%% +%% +\vskip12pt +\ifjdraft\draftcolumns\else +\ifgalley\galleycolumns +\vglue-6pt\else +\twocolumns\fi\fi +%% normal abstract +\ifjdraft\else +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hbadness5000 +\tolerance5000 +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\fi +%% end normal abstract +\fi %% end ifjdraft +% +\global\firstsectiontrue\everypar={\global\firstsectionfalse\everypar={}} +\ifgalley +\skip\footins=26pt +\global\firstsectionfalse +\ifdim\ht\barticle<2pt +\let\footnoterule\relax +\savefootnotetext{\vskip-4pt +\footnotesize +\@slug +} +\else +\savefootnotetext{\vskip-4pt +\unvbox\barticle +\vskip-6pt +\footnotesize +\@slug +} +\fi +\else +\ifjdraft +\savefootnotetext{\large\slug@comment +\@sluginfo} +\ifvoid\barticle\else +\savefootnotetext{%\vbox +{\vskip-6pt +\unvbox\barticle}} +\fi +\else +\begin{figure}[b] +\ifvoid\barticle +\else +\ifdim\ht\barticle>1pt +\hrule width 48pt height .5pt +\vskip1pt +\unvbox\barticle\fi\fi +\footnotesize +\@slug +\end{figure} +\fi\fi% end ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\global\let\normalsize\large +\global\let\savenormalsize\large \large\else +\global\let\normalsize\small \small\fi +%% draft abstract +\ifjdraft +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\newpage +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\baselineskip=28pt +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\newpage +\fi\fi +} + +\belowabstractskip=12pt +\else + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifpal %% PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} + +\def\journalname{\uppercase{PALEOCEANOGRAPHY}} + +\topmargin=-3pc +\textheight=679pt +\skip\footins=30pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\landscapecaptionwidth=\textheight +\advance\landscapecaptionwidth by-\topskip +\typeout{^^J^^J +PAL class option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[pal]{AGUTeX}^^J +``PALEOCEANOGRAPHY'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + + +\def\article{\global\firstpagetrue +\refstepcounter{chapter} % resets fig. etc. counters with + % each article. We never actually + % use the chapter counter. +%% +\global\saveparskip=\parskip +\gdef\applett{} +\global\c@appendnum=0 \global\appendonfalse +\vskip1sp +%%%%%% +\ifnum\totalaffils>0 +\global\setbox\altaffilbox=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else +\footnotesize\fi +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\doaltaffils} +\fi +%%%%%% +\ifnum\dothanks>0 +\dothanks=0 +\ifnum\thanksnum>0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\thanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\parindent=6pt +\hsize=21pc +\loop +\vskip1pt +\ifnum\thanksnum<\thankscounter +\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1sp +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt% +\hskip\parindent +\csname tempthanks\the\thanksnum\endcsname +\vskip1sp +\repeat +}% end \thanksbox +\fi\fi% + \ifnum\titlethanksnum>0 \global\titlethanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\titlethanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\titlethanksnum<\titlethankscounter + \global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1pt +\noindent\hskip\saveparindent$^{\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}}$% +\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethanksnum\endcsname + \repeat + \global\titlethanksnum=0 \global\titlethankscounter=0 +\vskip1sp +} +\fi %% end titlethanksnum +\global\thanksnum=0 \global\thankscounter=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +% +\ifvoid\altaffilbox\else +\unvbox\altaffilbox\vskip8pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\thanksbox\else +\unvbox\thanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\titlethanksbox +\else +\unvbox\titlethanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\vskip1sp +} +\global\dothanks=0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\normalsize +\ifdocumentationextraspace +\vskip12pt\fi +\vbox to6pt{\vfill} +%% +%% +\ifjdraft\draftcolumns\else +%% normal abstract +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hbadness5000 +\tolerance5000 +\hsize=\textwidth +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\fi +%% end normal abstract +\ifgalley\galleycolumns +\vglue-14pt +\else +\global\firstsectiontrue\everypar={\global\firstsectionfalse\everypar={}} +\twocolumns\fi\fi +\ifgalley +\ifdim\ht\barticle<2pt +\skip\footins=18pt +\let\footnoterule\relax +\savefootnotetext{\vskip-4pt +\footnotesize +\@slug +} +\else +\skip\footins=30pt +\def\footnoterule{\kern -3\p@ \hrule +width 4pc %%<=== change this dimen to change width of footnote rule line +\kern -2.6\p@} +\savefootnotetext{\unvbox\barticle +\vskip-6pt +\footnotesize +\@slug +\vspace*{-3pt} +} +\fi +\else +\ifjdraft +\savefootnotetext{\large\slug@comment +%\vskip-24pt +\@sluginfo} +\ifvoid\barticle\else +\savefootnotetext{%\vbox +{\vskip-6pt +\unvbox\barticle}} +\fi +\else +\begin{figure}[b] +\ifvoid\barticle +\else +\ifdim\ht\barticle>1pt +\hrule width 48pt height .5pt +\vskip1pt +\unvbox\barticle\fi\fi +\footnotesize +\@slug +\end{figure} +\fi\fi% end ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\global\let\normalsize\large +\global\let\savenormalsize\large \large\else +\global\let\normalsize\small \small\fi +%% draft abstract +\ifjdraft +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\newpage +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\baselineskip=28pt +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\newpage +\fi\fi +} + +\newskip\nostretchskip +\nostretchskip=1sp +\def\@dates{{\footnotesize\parskip=0pt +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont +({\rm Received}\space% +\ifx\@recvdate\@empty\@rcvaccrule\else\@recvdate;% +\vskip\nostretchskip\noindent\fi% +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty\relax\else% +{\rm revised}\space\@revisedate;\vskip\nostretchskip\noindent\fi% +\ifx\@accptdate\@empty\else +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty\fi{\rm accepted}\space% +\@accptdate\fi% added below oct 2, 2001 +\ifx\@pubdate\@empty.\else% +;\vskip\nostretchskip\noindent{\rm published}\space\@pubdate.\fi)% + +}} + +\long\def\printtitle{\global\titletrue +\vspace*{22pt} +{\hsize=33pc %in specs +\raggedright \hyphenpenalty=10000 +\parindent=0pt +\let\thanks\titlethanks +\def\\ {\vskip1sp}% +\Large\baselineskip=\titlebaseline\ifjdraft\LARGE\bf\else\titlefont \fi +\theprinttitle\vrule depth\belowtitleskip +width0pt height 0pt +\vskip1sp}% +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\\ \relax\let\thanks\titlemaketemp \theprinttitle} +\ifjdraft\large\else\normalsize\fi} + +\def\authoraddress#1{\par +\@temptokena={\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont\fi +\par\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt +\hskip.15in\relax#1\vskip1sp} +\@temptokenb=\expandafter{\authaddr@list} +\xdef\authaddr@list{\the\@temptokenb\the\@temptokena}} +\let\authoraddr=\authoraddress + +\def\threecolthebibliography#1{% amyh feb 2002 +\global\triplecoltrue +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley +\section*{References} + \hsize\columnwidth \advance\hsize\columnsep + \advance\hsize-3\columnsep + \divide\hsize3 + \linewidth\hsize +\else +\ifjdraft +\section*{References}% +\else +\endtwocolumns +\vskip1sp +\columnwidth=\textwidth +\threecolumns[\section*{References}]% +\fi\fi%% end ifgalley, end ifjdraft +\bgroup +\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi% +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\def\endthreecolthebibliography{\vskip1sp\spendlist +\egroup% +\let\rm\rmreferencefont\rm +\let\it\itreferencefont \let\bf\bfreferencefont +\ifjdraft\else\@sluginfo\fi +\ifgalley\else +\ifjdraft\else% +\endthreecolumns\fi\fi +\xdef\doitnow{\write\@auxout{\string\expandafter% +\string\gdef\string\csname\space +endpage\the\c@chapter\endcsname{\the\c@page}}} +\doitnow +\newpage +} + +\let\thebibliography\threecolthebibliography +\let\endthebibliography\endthreecolthebibliography + + +\def\endacknowledgment{\vskip-2pt} + +\let\endacknowledgments\endacknowledgment +\let\endacknowledgement\endacknowledgment +\let\endacknowledgements\endacknowledgment + +\else +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifras %% RADIO SCIENCE +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{October 1, 2001} + +\def\journalname{Radio Science} + +\topmargin=-13pt +\textheight=614pt + +\landscapecaptionwidth=\textheight +\advance\landscapecaptionwidth by-\topskip + +\oddsidemargin=2pc +\evensidemargin=-27pt + +\sectskip=17pt %plus .001pt minus2pt + +\typeout{^^J^^J +RAS class option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[ras]{AGUTeX}^^J +``RADIO SCIENCE'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\textwidth=39pc +\mycolumnwidth=19pc +\linewidth=\mycolumnwidth +\captionwidth=\mycolumnwidth +\widecaptionwidth=33pc + +\def\acknowledgments{\goodbreak\vskip\ackskip +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi{\bf Acknowledgments.}% +\hskip6pt\relax\ignorespaces}% + +\def\article{\global\firstpagetrue +\refstepcounter{chapter} % resets fig. etc. counters with + % each article. We never actually + % use the chapter counter. +%% +\global\saveparskip=\parskip +\gdef\applett{} +\global\c@appendnum=0 \global\appendonfalse +\vskip1sp +%%%%%% +\ifnum\totalaffils>0 +\global\setbox\altaffilbox=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else +\small\fi +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\doaltaffils} +\fi +%%%%%% +\ifnum\dothanks>0 +\dothanks=0 +\ifnum\thanksnum>0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\thanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi +\parindent=6pt +\hsize=21pc +\loop +\vskip1pt +\ifnum\thanksnum<\thankscounter +\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1sp +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt% +\hskip\parindent +\csname tempthanks\the\thanksnum\endcsname +\vskip1sp +\repeat +}% end \thanksbox +\fi\fi% + \ifnum\titlethanksnum>0 \global\titlethanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\titlethanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\titlethanksnum<\titlethankscounter + \global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1pt +\noindent\hskip\saveparindent$^{\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}}$% +\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethanksnum\endcsname + \repeat + \global\titlethanksnum=0 \global\titlethankscounter=0 +\vskip1sp +} +\fi %% end titlethanksnum +\global\thanksnum=0 \global\thankscounter=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +% +\ifvoid\altaffilbox\else +\unvbox\altaffilbox\vskip8pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\thanksbox\else +\unvbox\thanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\ifvoid\titlethanksbox +\else +\unvbox\titlethanksbox\vskip3pt\fi +% +\vskip1sp +} +\global\dothanks=0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\normalsize +\ifdocumentationextraspace +\vskip12pt\fi +\vbox to6pt{\vfill} +%% +%% +\ifjdraft\draftcolumns\else +%% normal abstract +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hbadness5000 +\tolerance5000 +\hsize=\abstractwidth \raggedright +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont \noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax % +\abstractfont% +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\begin{figure*}[b] +\vskip-16pt +\end{figure*} +\fi +%% end normal abstract +\ifgalley\galleycolumns +\vglue-14pt +\else +\twocolumns +\global\firstsectiontrue\everypar={\global\firstsectionfalse\everypar={}} +\fi\fi +\ifgalley%% RAS +\skip\footins=18pt +\ifdim\ht\barticle < 2pt +\let\footnoterule\relax +\savefootnotetext{ +\footnotesize +\@slug +} +\else +\skip\footins=24pt +\def\footnoterule{\kern -3\p@ \hrule +width 4pc %%<=== change this dimen to change width of footnote rule line +\kern -2.6\p@} +\savefootnotetext{ +\unvbox\barticle +\footnotesize +\@slug +\vspace*{-12pt} +} +\fi +\else +\ifjdraft +\savefootnotetext{\large\slug@comment +%\vskip-24pt +\@sluginfo} +\ifvoid\barticle\else +\savefootnotetext{%\vbox +{\vskip-6pt +\unvbox\barticle}} +\fi +\else +\begin{figure}[b] +\ifvoid\barticle +\else +\ifdim\ht\barticle>1pt +\vbox{\vskip-6pt} +\hrule width 48pt height .5pt +\vskip1pt +\unvbox\barticle\fi\fi +\small +\@slug +\end{figure} +% +\fi% end if normal +\fi% end ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\global\let\normalsize\large +\global\let\savenormalsize\large \large\fi +%% draft abstract +\ifjdraft +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\newpage +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\baselineskip=28pt +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\newpage +\fi\fi +\ifdraft\else +\abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus.005\p@ \@minus1\p@ +\belowdisplayskip=\abovedisplayskip +\fi +} + +\def\jheadline{\hbox to\textwidth{\iftitle% +\hfill\titlepageheadlinefont +{\small\it\journalname}, Volume~\thevolume, Number~\thenumber, +Pages \PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}\lastpage, \jourdate\hfill% +\else\ifodd\c@page +{\hfill\headlinesize\headtextfont\theauthors:\ \ \thetitle}% +\hfill\llap{\foliofont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}}% +\else\rlap{\foliofont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}}\hfill% +{\headlinesize\headtextfont\theauthors:\ \ \thetitle}% +\hfill\fi\fi}} + +\long\def\printtitle{\global\titletrue +% +\vspace*{7pt} +{\hsize=33pc %in specs +\raggedright \hyphenpenalty=10000 +\parindent=0pt +\let\thanks\titlethanks +\def\\ {\vskip1sp}% +\Large\baselineskip=\titlebaseline\ifjdraft\LARGE\bf\else\titlefont \fi +\theprinttitle\vrule depth\belowtitleskip +width0pt height 0pt +\vskip1sp}% +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\\ \relax\let\thanks\titlemaketemp \theprinttitle} +\ifjdraft\large\else\normalsize\fi} + +\def\thebibliography#1{\vskip1sp +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\else +\setonecolboxesandredefine +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavetopinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavetopinsert\fi +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavebotinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavebotinsert +\fi\fi\fi +%% +\ifbibtonextpage\global\bibtonextpagefalse\eject\fi +\vskip3pt +\vskip1sp +\section*{References\relax} +\nobreak\bgroup +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi% +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt +} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\def\endthebibliography{\small +\vskip1sp\spendlist\egroup% +\ifjdraft\else\small\@sluginfo\fi} +\def\@biblabel#1{\relax} + +\def\@sluginfo{\ifjdraft\else\vskip\beforeendskip +\hrule width 4pc\fi +\nobreak% +{\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi +\clubpenalty=3000 \widowpenalty=3000 +\parskip=0pt %plus 1pt %% amyh +\@authaddrs\par +\ifjdraft\else +\vskip\beforeendskip +\noindent\@dates\fi}} + +\def\@dates{{\small +({\rm Received}\space% +\ifx\@recvdate\@empty\@rcvaccrule\else\@recvdate\fi% +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty\relax\else% +; \space{\rm revised}\space\@revisedate;\\ \fi% +\ifx\@accptdate\@empty\else +\ifx\@revisedate\@empty;\fi\space{\rm accepted}\space% +\@accptdate\fi +\ifx\@pubdate\@empty.\else% +; \space{\rm published}\space\@pubdate.\fi)% +\vskip-2pt}} + +\def\@authaddrs{\ifx\authaddr@list\@empty\relax +\else +{\noindent\parindent=.15in +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi\authaddr@list\vskip1sp} +\gdef\authaddr@list{} +\fi} + +\def\authoraddress#1{\par +\@temptokena={\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi\par +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt +\hskip.15in\relax#1\vskip1sp} +\@temptokenb=\expandafter{\authaddr@list} +\xdef\authaddr@list{\the\@temptokenb\the\@temptokena}} +\let\authoraddr=\authoraddress + +%%%% end RAS + +\else +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ifrog %% REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\stylecurrversion{Feb 9, 2008} +%\def\stylecurrversion{November 3, 2003} +\renewcommand\tablename{TABLE} +\topmargin=-3pc +\textheight=701pt +\aboveabstractskip=27pt +\belowabstractskip=25pt +\belowsectionskip17pt +\belowsubsectskip=1pt + +\ifjdraft +\advance\textheight-.75in +\footskip=.25in +\fi + +\belowtabcaptionskip=9pt + +\clubpenalty=10000 +\widowpenalty=10000 + +\def\journalname{\uppercase{REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS}} + +\def\acknowledgments{\goodbreak\vskip\ackskip +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\baselineskip=11pt\fi% +{\acknowledgfont ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.}% +\acknowledgtextfont\hskip6pt\relax\ignorespaces}% + +\def\authorrunninghead#1{\def\theauthors{#1}} +\let\lefthead\authorrunninghead + +\typeout{^^J^^J +ROG class option, +\stylecurrversion,^^J +\string\documentclass[rog]{AGUTeX}^^J +``REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS'', ^^J +Published by American Geophysical Union^^J^^J} + +\def\jheadline{\hbox to\textwidth{\iftitle% +\else\ifodd\c@page +{\headlinesize\headtextfont +%\thevolume, \thenumber\ / +% REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +\hfill +\theauthors:\ \ \thetitle}% +\ \ {\small$\bullet$}\rlap{\ \ \foliofont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}}% +\else% even numbered page +\llap{\foliofont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}\ \ }{\small$\bullet$}\ \ % +{\headlinesize\headtextfont +\theauthors:\ \ \thetitle\hfill%\thevolume, \thenumber\ / % +%REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS% +}% +\fi\fi}} + +\headsep 16pt + +\def\jfootline{\hbox to\textwidth{% +\iftitle\global\titlefalse% +\vtop to 12pt{\vss +\hrule height 1pt +\baselineskip=12pt +\vskip5pt +\hbox to\textwidth{\foliofootfont Copyright \cpr@year\ by the American +Geophysical Union.\hfill Reviews of Geophysics, +\thevolume, \thenumber\ / \footlineitalic \jourdate} +\vskip1sp +\hbox to\textwidth{\hfill\foliofootfont +pages \PutCommaIntoNumber{\the\c@page}\lastpage} +\vskip1sp +\hbox to\textwidth{\foliofootfont +\ifx\thecccline\empty\else +\thecccline\fi +\hfill Paper number \thepaperidnumber +} +\vskip1pt +\hbox to\textwidth{\hfill{$\bullet$}\ % +\foliofootfont\PutCommaIntoNumber{\c@page}\ {$\bullet$}\hfill} +}% +\else\hfill\fi% end iftitle +}% end hbox to textwidth +} + +\def\paragraph#1{\vskip1sp +\indent{\savenormalsize\boldmath\paragraphfont #1:\hskip12pt\relax} +\ignorespaces} + +\aboveaffilskip=1pt +\long\def\affil#1{% +\vskip\aboveaffilskip +\noindent\hskip\parindent\vtop{\parindent=0pt +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\hsize=.28\textwidth +{\let\thanks\smalltitlethanks\frenchspacing +\ifjdraft\large\else\affilsize\affilfont\fi#1 +\vskip1sp}} +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\thanks\titlemaketemp#1}\vskip1sp} + +\def\reviewauthors{\vskip\aboveauthorskip\vskip-6pt\bgroup\parindent=0pt +\baselineskip=12pt +\def\\ {\egroup\hbox\bgroup\affilfont\relax} +\everycr={\noalign{\vskip12pt}} +\halign to\hsize\bgroup +\vtop{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\authorfont\fi +\hbox\bgroup##\egroup} +\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil +& +\vtop{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\authorfont\fi +\hbox\bgroup##\egroup} +& +\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil +\vtop{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\authorfont\fi +\hbox\bgroup##\egroup} +\tabskip=0pt +\cr +} + + +\def\endreviewauthors{\crcr\egroup\egroup} + +%% Review authors no longer to be used, instead to be handled +%% the same as jgrga. The command below is just to disable it +%% in case an author uses it. + +\let\endreviewauthors\relax + +\long\def\reviewauthors#1\end#2{% +\show\reviewauthorsError +\end{#2}} + +\def\reviewauthorsError{^^J^^J +===================================== +^^J +\begin{reviewauthors}...\end{reviewauthors} is no longer used! +^^J^^J +Please use^^J^^J \authors{% +\altaffilmark{}^^J (repeated for each author)^^J +}^^J followed by matching +\altafilltext{}{Affiliation Text}^^J +as used for the other AGU journal styles.% +^^J +===================================== +^^J^^J} + +%%%+++ +\long\def\author#1{% +\vskip\aboveauthorskip{ +\vskip6pt +\noindent\hskip\parindent\vtop{\hsize=\textwidth +\baselineskip=11pt +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\let\thanks\smalltitlethanks +\frenchspacing\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\authorfont\fi\noindent +#1\vrule width0pt depth\belowauthorskip\hss} +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\\ \relax \let\thanks\titlemaketemp #1}}\vskip-2pt} + +\let\authors\author +%% ROG +\def\article{\global\firstpagetrue +\refstepcounter{chapter} % resets fig. etc. counters with + % each article. We never actually + % use the chapter counter. +%% +\global\saveparskip=\parskip +\gdef\applett{} +\global\c@appendnum=0 \global\appendonfalse +\vskip1sp +%%%%%% +\ifnum\totalaffils>0 +\global\setbox\altaffilbox=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\else +\savenormalsize\fi +\baselineskip=11pt +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\raggedright +\doaltaffils} +\fi +%%%%%% +\ifnum\dothanks>0 +\dothanks=0 +\ifnum\thanksnum>0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\thanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\parindent=6pt +\hsize=21pc +\loop +\vskip1pt +\ifnum\thanksnum<\thankscounter +\global\advance\thanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1sp +\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt% +\hskip\parindent +\csname tempthanks\the\thanksnum\endcsname +\vskip1sp +\repeat +}% end \thanksbox +\fi\fi% + \ifnum\titlethanksnum>0 \global\titlethanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\titlethanksbox=\vbox{% +\ifjdraft\large\else\savenormalsize\fi +\raggedright +\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +\loop\ifnum\titlethanksnum<\titlethankscounter + \global\advance\titlethanksnum by1\relax +\vskip1pt +\noindent\hskip\saveparindent$^{\hbox{\footnotesize\dotitlethankssymbol}}$% +\csname temptitlethanks\the\titlethanksnum\endcsname + \repeat + \global\titlethanksnum=0 \global\titlethankscounter=0 +\vskip1sp +} +\fi %% end titlethanksnum +\global\thanksnum=0 \global\thankscounter=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{ +\ifjdraft\large\fi +\hsize=\mycolumnwidth +% +\ifvoid\altaffilbox\else +\unvbox\altaffilbox +\fi +% +\ifvoid\thanksbox\else +\unvbox\thanksbox\fi +% +\ifvoid\titlethanksbox +\else +\unvbox\titlethanksbox\fi +% +\vskip1sp %<=== +} +\global\dothanks=0 \global\thanksnum=0 +\normalsize +\ifdocumentationextraspace +\vskip12pt\fi +\vbox to6pt{\vfill} +%% +%% +\ifjdraft\draftcolumns\else +%% normal abstract +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\vskip\aboveabstractskip +\twocolumns +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hbadness5000 +\tolerance5000 +\abstractsize +%{\normalsize +%\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em% +\baselineskip=11pt plus .01pt %minus 1pt +\abstractfont +\ignorespaces\theabstract + +} +\endtwocolumns +\vskip8pt +\hbox to\textwidth{\hfill\vrule width 3.5in height 1pt\hfill} +\vskip\belowabstractskip +\fi +%% end normal abstract +\ifgalley\galleycolumns %%ROG +\vspace*{-17pt} +\advance\@colroom by -48pt %% +\else +\twocolumns +\advance\@colroom by -60pt %% +\global\firstsectiontrue\everypar={\global\firstsectionfalse\everypar={}} +\fi\fi +\ifgalley%%ROG +\ifdim\ht\barticle < 2pt +\let\footnoterule\relax +\else +\skip\footins=42pt +\savefootnotetext{\vskip-4pt +\unvbox\barticle}% +\fi +\else +\ifjdraft +\savefootnotetext{\large\slug@comment +\@sluginfo} +\ifvoid\barticle\else +\savefootnotetext{%\vbox +{\vskip-6pt +\unvbox\barticle}} +\fi +\else +\ifdim\ht\barticle>2pt +\begin{figure}[b] +\vskip8pt +\hrule width 48pt height .5pt +\vskip2pt +\unvbox\barticle\vskip-1pt +\end{figure} +\fi% barticle has some contents +\fi% end if normal +\fi% end ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\global\let\normalsize\large +\global\let\savenormalsize\large \large +\else +\global\let\normalsize\bignormalsize +\bignormalsize +\parskip=0pt %plus .001pt +\fi +%% draft abstract +\ifjdraft +\ifx\theabstract\empty +\else +\newpage +\vskip\aboveabstractskip%\vtop +{\parindent=\saveparindent +\hfuzz=12pt +\spaceskip=4pt +\xspaceskip\spaceskip +\hsize=\abstractwidth +\advance\hsize by-14pt % to compensate for hfuzz being 12pt, and a bit more +\abstractsize +%{\abstractnamefont +%\noindent +%Abstract.}\hskip1em +\relax\ifdim\belowabstractnameskip>0pt % +\vskip\belowabstractnameskip\noindent\fi +\abstractfont +\baselineskip=28pt +\theabstract% +\vskip\belowabstractskip +} +\newpage +\fi\fi +\ifjdraft\else +\baselineskip=12pt plus .01 pt +\fi +} + +\def\title#1{\gdef\theprinttitle{\uppercase{#1}}% +\setbox1=\hbox{\let\\ \relax\let\thanks\titlemaketemp #1}% +\printtitle} + +%\def\title#1{\gdef\theprinttitle{#1}\printtitle} + +\long\def\printtitle{\global\titletrue +\vglue-47pt +{\ifjdraft\hsize=37pc\else \hsize=35pc\fi %in specs 33pc +\raggedright \hyphenpenalty=10000 +\parindent=0pt +\let\thanks\titlethanks +\def\\ {\vskip1sp}% +\LARGE +\baselineskip=24pt\ifjdraft\LARGE\bf\else\titlefont \let\it\titleitalicfont\fi +\theprinttitle\vrule depth\belowtitleskip +width0pt height 0pt +\vskip1sp}% +\ifjdraft\large\else\normalsize\fi} + +\def\xxsection#1{\vskip\sectskip +\global\sectionontrue +\refstepcounter{section} +\def\@currentlabel{\ifappendon\Alph{section}\else\the\c@section\fi} +\ifsendcontents\else% + % hack so contents will only be sent for article with \contents +{\let\\ \ +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\string\vskip-1pt +\ifappendon\applett.\fi\the\c@section.\string\ \string\ {% +\string\affilfont\space #1.}}}\fi +% is this intentional? +%\iffirstsection \vspace*{-6pt}\global\firstsectionfalse% +%\else\goodbreak\vskip\sectskip\fi% +\vtop{\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\savenormalsize\baselineskip=12pt +\boldmath %% makes 10pt bold math +\noindent +\sectionfont\ifappendon APPENDIX \Alph{section}\def\xone{#1}\ifx\xone\empty +\else:\fi\else\thesection.\fi\nobreak\hskip8pt\relax% +\uppercase{#1}\vskip\belowsectionskip}% +\nobreak\global\everymath={}% +\everypar={\global\sectiononfalse\everypar={}}\ignorespaces} + +\def\ssection#1#2{\vskip\sectskip\global\sectionontrue% +\ifappendon\refstepcounter{section}\fi + %% above, so that \appendix \section*{Appendix} sets equation and + %% figure number to A +\vtop{\hyphenpenalty=10000 +\savenormalsize +\ifjdraft\baselineskip=22pt\else\baselineskip=12pt\fi +\boldmath %% makes 10pt bold math +\noindent\sectionfont\uppercase{#2}\vskip\belowsectionskip}% +\nobreak\everypar={\global\sectiononfalse\everypar={}}} + +\def\thebibliography#1{\vskip1sp +\global\startofbibtrue +\notes +\ifgalley +\ifjdraft +\else +\setonecolboxesandredefine +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavetopinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavetopinsert\fi +\ifdim\ht\endcolsavebotinsert>1pt +\unvbox\endcolsavebotinsert +\fi\fi\fi +%% +\ifbibtonextpage\global\bibtonextpagefalse\eject\fi +\vskip12pt +\section*{References} +\nobreak\bgroup +\ifjdraft\large\else\small\fi% +\list{\null}{\leftmargin .15in\labelwidth\z@\itemsep\z@\parsep\z@ +\labelsep\z@\itemindent -.15in\usecounter{enumi} +\itemsep=0pt plus 1pt +} +\def\refpar{\relax} +\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em} +\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 +\sfcode`\.=1000\relax} + +\def\endthebibliography{ +\vskip1sp\spendlist\egroup% +\ifjdraft\else\acknowledgtextfont\baselineskip11pt plus .01pt\@sluginfo\fi} +\def\@biblabel#1{\relax} + +\def\authoraddress#1{\par +\@temptokena={\ifjdraft\large\else\small\acknowledgtextfont\fi\par\noindent\vrule height 8.5pt width0pt depth2.5pt +\hskip.15in\relax#1\vskip1sp} +\@temptokenb=\expandafter{\authaddr@list} +\xdef\authaddr@list{\acknowledgtextfont\the\@temptokenb\the\@temptokena}} +\let\authoraddr=\authoraddress + +\def\@sluginfo{\ifjdraft\else\vskip\beforeendskip +\hrule width 4pc\fi +\nobreak% +\ifjdraft\large\else\baselineskip=11pt\acknowledgfont\fi +\clubpenalty=3000 \widowpenalty=3000 +\parskip=0pt +\@authaddrs\vskip-.7pt +} + +\else%% No journal style has been specified: +\show\NoJournalError +\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% 2) Fonts +%% Computer Modern font information +%% (PostScript Font information is found in agups.sty) + + +%%% Font Changes, also made in AGU-PS +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% + +%%%%% +\def\cmtimes{cmr10 }%% used to test to see if PS fonts are +%% being used. For sample pages and documentation. + +%% Computer Modern Default Fonts: +%% +\def\timesroman{cmr10 } +\def\timesitalic{cmti10 } +\def\timesbold{cmbx10 } +\def\timesbolditalic{cmbx10 } +\def\helvetica{cmss10 } +\def\helveticabold{cmssbx10 } +\def\helveticaboldoblique{cmssbx10 } +\def\optima{cmr10 } +\def\optimaoblique{cmti10 } +\def\optimabold{cmbx10 } +\def\optimaboldoblique{cmbx10 } +\def\smallcaps{cmcsc10 } +\def\courier{cmtt10 } + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% + +%% Fonts For Particular Use: +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% + +\font\tenbit= \timesbolditalic at 10pt +\font\ninebit=\timesbolditalic at 9pt +\font\eightbit=\timesbolditalic at 8pt + +%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% +\ifrog %% Reviews of Geophysics +%% headline +\def\headlinesize{\small} +\font\foliofont= \optima at 9pt +\font\headtextfont= \optima at 9pt %running head text +\font\titlepageheadlinefont=\optima at 9pt +\font\cccfont=\optima at 10pt + +%% footline +\font\footlinefont=\optima at 9pt +\font\footlineitalic=\optimaoblique at 9pt +\font\foliofootfont= \optima at 9pt + +\let\footnotefont\rm + +%% titlepage +\def\titlebaseline{21pt} +\newdimen\titlesize +\titlesize=20pt %% for boldmath in title +\font\titlefont=\optima at 18pt +\font\titleitalicfont=\optimaoblique at 18pt +\font\subtitlefont=\optima at 14pt +\font\specialsectionfont=\optimabold at 16pt +\font\authorfont=\optima at 10pt + +\def\affilsize{\footnotesize} +\font\affilfont=\optimaoblique at 10pt +\font\communicatedfont=\optimaoblique at 8pt +\font\receivedfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\dedicationfont=cmcsc10 at 8pt +\font\titlethanksfont=\helvetica at 10pt +\font\subtitlethanksfont=\helvetica at 8pt + +\def\abstractsize{\bignormalsize} +\font\abstractfont= \timesroman at 10.5pt +\font\xabstractnamefont=\optimabold at 10pt +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\xabstractnamefont\fi} + +\font\keywordnamefont=\timesbolditalic at 9pt +\font\keywordfont=\timesbold at 9pt + +%% section heads +\font\xsectionfont=\optimabold at 10pt % +\font\xsubsectionfont=\optimabold at 11pt +\font\xsubsubsectionfont=\optimabold at 11pt % +\font\xparagraphfont=\optimabold at 11pt + +\def\sectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsubsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\paragraphfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xparagraphfont\fi} + +%% caption fonts +\gdef\captionnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\captiontextfont{\ifjdraft\large\else\small\baselineskip=10pt\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\tabletextfont{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=28pt\else% +\small\baselineskip=10pt\fi\bf} +\gdef\tabletextsize{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=28pt +\def\arraystretch{2} +\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenotefont{\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} + +%% +\font\acknowledgfont=\optimabold at 9pt +\font\acknowledgtextfont=\optima at 9pt +%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% +\else %% Not Reviews of Geophysics, all other styles + +%% headline +\def\headlinesize{\small} +\font\foliofont= \timesroman at 10pt +\ifwrr +\font\headtextfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\else +\font\headtextfont= \timesroman at 9pt %running head text +\fi +\font\titlepageheadlinefont=\timesroman at 9pt +\font\cccfont=\timesroman at 7pt + +%% footline +\font\footlinefont=\helvetica at 8pt +\font\foliofootfont= \timesroman at 10pt + +\let\footnotefont\rm + +%% titlepage +\def\titlebaseline{18pt} +\newdimen\titlesize +\titlesize=18pt %% for boldmath in title +\font\titlefont=\timesbold at 14pt +\font\subtitlefont=\helvetica at 12pt +\font\specialsectionfont=\helvetica at 16pt +\font\authorfont=\timesroman at 11pt + +\def\affilsize{\footnotesize} +\font\affilfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\communicatedfont=\timesitalic at 8pt +\font\receivedfont=\timesroman at 8pt +\font\dedicationfont=cmcsc10 at 8pt +\font\titlethanksfont=\helvetica at 10pt +\font\subtitlethanksfont=\helvetica at 8pt + +\iftec +\font\rmreferencefont=\timesroman at 7.5pt +\font\itreferencefont=\timesitalic at 7.5pt +\font\bfreferencefont=\timesbold at 7.5pt +\font\titlepageheadlinefont= \timesroman at 9pt %running head text +\def\headlinesize{\small} +\font\headtextfont= \timesroman at 9pt %running head text +\def\abstractsize{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractfont{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\normalsize\bf\fi} + +\else +\ifgrl + +%C&G 6/26/01 Note that abstractsize For GRL is small i.e. 9 over 11 +%NB not the Case For any other journals as remaining cases set abstractsize=normalsize +%(i.e. 10/12 unless defined again in code) +\def\abstractsize{\small\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractfont{\small\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\font\xabstractnamefont=\timesbold at 9.5pt +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\xabstractnamefont\fi} + +\else +\def\abstractsize{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\def\abstractfont{\normalsize\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=22pt +\else\baselineskip=11pt\fi\relax} +\font\xabstractnamefont=\timesbold at 9.5pt +\def\abstractnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\xabstractnamefont\fi} + +\fi + +\fi%end iftec + +\ifpal +\ifjdraft +\font\rmreferencefont=\timesroman at 12pt +\font\itreferencefont=\timesitalic at 12pt +\font\bfreferencefont=\timesbold at 12pt +\else +\font\rmreferencefont=\timesroman at 7.5pt +\font\itreferencefont=\timesitalic at 7.5pt +\font\bfreferencefont=\timesbold at 7.5pt +\fi +\fi + +\font\keywordnamefont=\timesbolditalic at 9pt +\font\keywordfont=\timesbold at 9pt + +%% section heads +\ifras %% +\font\xsectionfont=\timesbold at 12pt % +\else +\font\xsectionfont=\timesbold at 11pt % +\fi +\font\xsubsectionfont=\timesbold at 9pt +\font\xsubsubsectionfont=\timesbold at 9pt % +\font\xparagraphfont=\timesbold at 9pt + +\def\sectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\subsubsectionfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xsubsubsectionfont\fi} +\def\paragraphfont{\ifjdraft\large\unskip\bf\else\xparagraphfont\fi} + +%% caption fonts +\gdef\captionnamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +\gdef\captiontextfont{\ifjdraft\large\else\small\baselineskip=10pt\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenamefont{\ifjdraft\large\bf\else\small\bf\fi} +% C&G 6/26/01 changes font Size from small to footnotesize (8/9) For table text +%\gdef\tabletextfont{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=24pt\else\small\fi\rm} +\gdef\tabletextfont{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=28pt\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} +\gdef\tabletextsize{\ifjdraft\large\baselineskip=28pt +\def\arraystretch{2} +\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} +\gdef\tablenotefont{\ifjdraft\large\else\footnotesize\fi\rm} + +\fi %% end test, is Reviews of Geophysics, or All other styles + +%% appendix +\let\appendixfont\sectionfont + +%% Uppercase appendix caption? +\global\upperappendfalse + +%% documentation +\font\elevenbit=\timesbolditalic at 11pt +%%% end of special use fonts %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%% Below: +%% Copyright 1993-1999 Patrick W Daly +%% Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Aeronomie +%% Max-Planck-Str. 2 +%% D-37191 Katlenburg-Lindau +%% Germany +%% E-mail: daly@linmpi.mpg.de +\def\ModuleVersion#1[#2]{} + \ModuleVersion{natbib} + [1999/05/28 7.0 (PWD)] +\newcommand\NAT@open{[} \newcommand\NAT@close{]} +\newcommand\NAT@sep{;} \newcommand\NAT@cmt{, } +\newcommand\NAT@aysep{,} \newcommand\NAT@yrsep{,~} +\def\NAT@sort{0} +\def\NAT@nmfmt#1{{\NAT@up#1}} +\renewcommand\@cite% + [3]{\ifNAT@swa\NAT@@open\if*#2*\else#2\ \fi + #1\if*#3*\else\NAT@cmt#3\fi\NAT@@close\else#1\fi\endgroup} +\providecommand\@firstofone[1]{#1} +\let\citenumfont=\relax +\def\@citex% + [#1][#2]#3{% + \NAT@sort@cites{#3}% + \let\@citea\@empty + \@cite{\let\NAT@nm\@empty\let\NAT@year\@empty + \@for\@citeb:=\NAT@cite@list\do + {\edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}% + \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi + \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}{\@citea% + {\reset@font\bfseries ?}\NAT@citeundefined + \PackageWarning{natbib}% + {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}\def\NAT@date{}}% + {\let\NAT@last@nm=\NAT@nm\let\NAT@last@yr=\NAT@year + \NAT@parse{\@citeb}% + \ifNAT@full\let\NAT@nm\NAT@all@names\else + \let\NAT@nm\NAT@name\fi + \ifNAT@swa\ifcase\NAT@ctype + \if\relax\NAT@date\relax + \@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@nmfmt{\NAT@nm}\NAT@date\hyper@natlinkend + \else + \ifx\NAT@last@nm\NAT@nm\NAT@yrsep + \ifx\NAT@last@yr\NAT@year + \hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}\NAT@exlab + \hyper@natlinkend + \else\unskip\ + \hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}\NAT@date + \hyper@natlinkend + \fi + \else\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@nmfmt{\NAT@nm}% + \hyper@natlinkbreak{\NAT@aysep\ }{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@date\hyper@natlinkend + \fi + \fi + \or\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@nmfmt{\NAT@nm}\hyper@natlinkend + \or\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@date\hyper@natlinkend + \or\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@alias\hyper@natlinkend + \fi \def\@citea{\NAT@sep\ }% + \else\ifcase\NAT@ctype + \if\relax\NAT@date\relax + \@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@nmfmt{\NAT@nm}\hyper@natlinkend + \else + \ifx\NAT@last@nm\NAT@nm\NAT@yrsep + \ifx\NAT@last@yr\NAT@year + \hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}\NAT@exlab + \hyper@natlinkend + \else\unskip\ + \hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}\NAT@date + \hyper@natlinkend + \fi + \else\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@nmfmt{\NAT@nm}% + \hyper@natlinkbreak{\ \NAT@@open\if*#1*\else#1\ \fi}% + {\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@date\hyper@natlinkend\fi + \fi + \or\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@nmfmt{\NAT@nm}\hyper@natlinkend + \or\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@date\hyper@natlinkend + \or\@citea\hyper@natlinkstart{\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}% + \NAT@alias\hyper@natlinkend + \fi \if\relax\NAT@date\relax\def\@citea{\NAT@sep\ }% + \else\def\@citea{\NAT@@close\NAT@sep\ }\fi + \fi + }}\ifNAT@swa\else\if*#2*\else\NAT@cmt#2\fi + \if\relax\NAT@date\relax\else\NAT@@close\fi\fi}{#1}{#2}} +\newif\ifNAT@par \NAT@partrue +\newcommand\NAT@@open{\ifNAT@par\NAT@open\fi} +\newcommand\NAT@@close{\ifNAT@par\NAT@close\fi} +\newcommand\NAT@alias{\@ifundefined{al@\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}{% + {\reset@font\bfseries(alias?)}\PackageWarning{natbib} + {Alias undefined for citation `\@citeb' + \MessageBreak on page \thepage}}{\@nameuse{al@\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}}} +\let\NAT@up\relax +\newcommand\NAT@Up[1]{{\let\protect\@unexpandable@protect\let~\relax + \expandafter\NAT@deftemp#1}\expandafter\NAT@UP\NAT@temp} +\newcommand\NAT@deftemp[1]{\xdef\NAT@temp{#1}} +\newcommand\NAT@UP[1]{\let\@tempa\NAT@UP\ifcat a#1\MakeUppercase{#1}% + \let\@tempa\relax\else#1\fi\@tempa} +\renewcommand\@biblabel[1]{\hfill} +\AtBeginDocument{\ifx\SK@def\@undefined\else +\ifx\SK@cite\@empty\else + \SK@def\@citex[#1][#2]#3{\SK@\SK@@ref{#3}\SK@@citex[#1][#2]{#3}}\fi +\ifx\SK@citeauthor\@undefined\def\HAR@checkdef{}\else + \let\citeauthor\SK@citeauthor + \let\citefullauthor\SK@citefullauthor + \let\citeyear\SK@citeyear\fi +\fi} +\newif\ifNAT@full\NAT@fullfalse +\newif\ifNAT@swa +\DeclareRobustCommand\citet + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@partrue + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\newcommand\NAT@citetp{\@ifnextchar[{\NAT@@citetp}{\NAT@@citetp[]}} +\newcommand\NAT@@citetp{} +\def\NAT@@citetp[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\@citex[#1]}{\@citex[][#1]}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citep + {\begingroup\NAT@swatrue\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@partrue + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\cite + {\begingroup\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@partrue\NAT@swatrue + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@cites}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@cites}} +\newcommand\NAT@cites{\@ifnextchar [{\NAT@@citetp}{% + \NAT@swafalse + \NAT@@citetp[]}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citealt + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@parfalse + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citealp + {\begingroup\NAT@swatrue\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@parfalse + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citeauthor + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{1}\NAT@parfalse + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\Citet + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@partrue + \let\NAT@up\NAT@Up + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\Citep + {\begingroup\NAT@swatrue\def\NAT@ctype{0}\NAT@partrue + \let\NAT@up\NAT@Up + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\Citeauthor + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{1}\NAT@parfalse + \let\NAT@up\NAT@Up + \@ifstar{\NAT@fulltrue\NAT@citetp}{\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@citetp}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citeyear + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{2}\NAT@parfalse\NAT@citetp} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citeyearpar + {\begingroup\NAT@swatrue\def\NAT@ctype{2}\NAT@partrue\NAT@citetp} +\newcommand\citetext[1]{\NAT@open#1\NAT@close} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citefullauthor + {\citeauthor*} +\newcommand\defcitealias[2]{% + \@ifundefined{al@#1\@extra@b@citeb}{} + {\PackageWarning{natbib}{Overwriting existing alias for citation #1}} + \@namedef{al@#1\@extra@b@citeb}{#2}} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citetalias{\begingroup + \NAT@swafalse\def\NAT@ctype{3}\NAT@parfalse\NAT@citetp} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citepalias{\begingroup + \NAT@swatrue\def\NAT@ctype{3}\NAT@partrue\NAT@citetp} +\renewcommand\nocite[1]{\@bsphack + \@for\@citeb:=#1\do{% + \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}% + \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi + \if*\@citeb\else + \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}{% + \NAT@citeundefined \PackageWarning{natbib}% + {Citation `\@citeb' undefined}}{}\fi}% + \@esphack} +\newcommand\NAT@parse[1]{{% + \let\protect=\@unexpandable@protect\let~\relax + \let\active@prefix=\@gobble + \xdef\NAT@temp{\csname b@#1\@extra@b@citeb\endcsname}}% + \expandafter\NAT@split\NAT@temp + \expandafter\NAT@parse@date\NAT@date??????@@% +} +\newcommand\NAT@split[4]{% + \gdef\NAT@num{#1}\gdef\NAT@name{#3}\gdef\NAT@date{#2}% + \gdef\NAT@all@names{#4}% + \ifx\NAT@noname\NAT@all@names \gdef\NAT@all@names{#3}\fi} +\newcommand\NAT@parse@date{} +\def\NAT@parse@date#1#2#3#4#5#6@@{% + \ifnum\the\catcode`#1=11\def\NAT@year{}\def\NAT@exlab{#1}\else + \ifnum\the\catcode`#2=11\def\NAT@year{#1}\def\NAT@exlab{#2}\else + \ifnum\the\catcode`#3=11\def\NAT@year{#1#2}\def\NAT@exlab{#3}\else + \ifnum\the\catcode`#4=11\def\NAT@year{#1#2#3}\def\NAT@exlab{#4}\else + \def\NAT@year{#1#2#3#4}\def\NAT@exlab{{#5}}\fi\fi\fi\fi} +\newcommand\NAT@ifcmd{\futurelet\NAT@temp\NAT@ifxcmd} +\newcommand\NAT@ifxcmd{\ifx\NAT@temp\relax\else\expandafter\NAT@bare\fi} +\def\NAT@bare#1(#2)#3(@)#4\@nil#5{% + \stepcounter{NAT@ctr}% + \NAT@wrout{\arabic {NAT@ctr}}{#2}{#1}{#3}{#5} +} +\newcommand\NAT@wrout[5]{% +\if@filesw + {\let\protect\noexpand\let~\relax + \immediate + \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#5}{{#1}{#2}{{#3}}{{#4}}}}}\fi +\ignorespaces} +\def\NAT@noname{{}} +\renewcommand\bibitem{% + \@ifnextchar[{\@lbibitem}{% + \stepcounter{NAT@ctr}\@lbibitem[\arabic{NAT@ctr}]}} +\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{% + \if\relax\@extra@b@citeb\relax\else + \@ifundefined{br@#2\@extra@b@citeb}{}{% + \@namedef{br@#2}{\@nameuse{br@#2\@extra@b@citeb}}}\fi + \@ifundefined{b@#2\@extra@b@citeb}{\def\NAT@num{}}{\NAT@parse{#2}}% + \item[\hfil\hyper@natanchorstart{#2\@extra@b@citeb}\@biblabel{\NAT@num}% + \hyper@natanchorend]% + \NAT@ifcmd#1(@)(@)\@nil{#2}} +\ifx\SK@lbibitem\@undefined\else + \let\SK@lbibitem\@lbibitem + \def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{% + \SK@lbibitem[#1]{#2}\SK@\SK@@label{#2}\ignorespaces}\fi +\providecommand\bibcite{} +\renewcommand\bibcite[2]{\@ifundefined{b@#1\@extra@binfo}\relax + {\NAT@citemultiple + \PackageWarningNoLine{natbib}{Citation `#1' multiply defined}}% + \global\@namedef{b@#1\@extra@binfo}{#2}} +\AtEndDocument{\NAT@swatrue\let\bibcite\NAT@testdef} +\newcommand\NAT@testdef[2]{% + \def\NAT@temp{#2}\expandafter \ifx \csname b@#1\@extra@binfo\endcsname + \NAT@temp \else \ifNAT@swa \NAT@swafalse + \PackageWarningNoLine{natbib}{Citation(s) may have + changed.\MessageBreak + Rerun to get citations correct}\fi\fi} +\newcounter{NAT@ctr} +\let\aguthebib=\thebibliography +\def\thebibliography#1{\aguthebib{#1}} +\providecommand\reset@font{\relax} +\providecommand\bibname{Bibliography} +\providecommand\refname{References} +\newcommand\NAT@citeundefined{\gdef \NAT@undefined {% + \PackageWarningNoLine{natbib}{There were undefined citations}}} +\let \NAT@undefined \relax +\newcommand\NAT@citemultiple{\gdef \NAT@multiple {% + \PackageWarningNoLine{natbib}{There were multiply defined citations}}} +\let \NAT@multiple \relax +\AtEndDocument{\NAT@undefined\NAT@multiple} +\providecommand\@mkboth[2]{} +\providecommand\MakeUppercase{\uppercase} +\providecommand{\@extra@b@citeb}{} +\gdef\@extra@binfo{} +\providecommand\hyper@natanchorstart[1]{} +\providecommand\hyper@natanchorend{} +\providecommand\hyper@natlinkstart[1]{} +\providecommand\hyper@natlinkend{} +\providecommand\hyper@natlinkbreak[2]{#1} +\AtBeginDocument{\@ifundefined{bbl@redefine}{}{% +\let\@citex\org@@citex +\bbl@redefine\@citex[#1][#2]#3{% + \@safe@activestrue\org@@citex[#1][#2]{#3}\@safe@activesfalse}% +\bbl@redefine\NAT@testdef#1#2{% + \@safe@activestrue\org@NAT@testdef{#1}{#2}\@safe@activesfalse}% +\@ifundefined{org@@lbibitem}{% +\bbl@redefine\@lbibitem[#1]#2{% + \@safe@activestrue\org@@lbibitem[#1]{#2}\@safe@activesfalse}}{}% +}} +\ifnum\NAT@sort>0 +\newcommand\NAT@sort@cites[1]{% +\@tempcntb\m@ne +\let\@celt\delimiter +\def\NAT@num@list{}% +\def\NAT@cite@list{}% +\def\NAT@nonsort@list{}% +\@for \@citeb:=#1\do{\NAT@make@cite@list}% +\edef\NAT@cite@list{\NAT@cite@list\NAT@nonsort@list}% +\edef\NAT@cite@list{\expandafter\NAT@xcom\NAT@cite@list @@}} +\begingroup \catcode`\_=8 +\gdef\NAT@make@cite@list{% + \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}% + \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb\@extra@b@citeb}{\def\NAT@num{A}}% + {\NAT@parse{\@citeb}}% + \ifcat _\ifnum\z@<0\NAT@num _\else A\fi + \@tempcnta\NAT@num \relax + \ifnum \@tempcnta>\@tempcntb + \edef\NAT@num@list{\NAT@num@list \@celt{\NAT@num}}% + \edef\NAT@cite@list{\NAT@cite@list\@citeb,}% + \@tempcntb\@tempcnta + \else + \let\NAT@@cite@list=\NAT@cite@list \def\NAT@cite@list{}% + \edef\NAT@num@list{\expandafter\NAT@num@celt \NAT@num@list \@gobble @}% + {\let\@celt=\NAT@celt\NAT@num@list}% + \fi + \else + \edef\NAT@nonsort@list{\NAT@nonsort@list\@citeb,}% + \fi} +\endgroup +\def\NAT@celt#1{\ifnum #1<\@tempcnta + \xdef\NAT@cite@list{\NAT@cite@list\expandafter\NAT@nextc\NAT@@cite@list @@}% + \xdef\NAT@@cite@list{\expandafter\NAT@restc\NAT@@cite@list}% + \else + \xdef\NAT@cite@list{\NAT@cite@list\@citeb,\NAT@@cite@list}\let\@celt\@gobble% + \fi} +\def\NAT@num@celt#1#2{\ifx \@celt #1% + \ifnum #2<\@tempcnta + \@celt{#2}% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\NAT@num@celt + \else + \@celt{\number\@tempcnta}\@celt{#2}% + \fi\fi} +\def\NAT@nextc#1,#2@@{#1,} +\def\NAT@restc#1,#2{#2} +\def\NAT@xcom#1,@@{#1} +\else + \newcommand\NAT@sort@cites[1]{\edef\NAT@cite@list{#1}}\fi + +%% Figbox due to Patrick Daly, orginally in aguplus.cls package + +\def\figbox{\@ifstar{\let\agubox\makebox\@figbox} + {\let\agubox\framebox\@figbox}} +\def\@figbox#1#2#3{\hbox to \hsize{\hfil + \ifx!#1!\agubox{#3}\else + \agubox[#1][c]{\ifx!#2!#3\else\@tempdima#2\relax + \divide\@tempdima by2\relax + \advance\@tempdima by-\fboxsep \advance\@tempdima by-\fboxrule + \vrule\@height\@tempdima\@depth\@tempdima\@width\z@ + \vbox to \z@{\vss\hbox{#3}\vss}\fi}\fi\hfil}} + +\newcommand{\btx}{\textsc{Bib}\TeX} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End Code from Patrick Daly %%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%% Reset default values + +\def\resetdefaults{% +\def\theauthors{{\footnotesize !! Please write +{\tt\string\lefthead\string{\string\string}} +in file !!}} +\def\thetitle{{\footnotesize!! Please write +{\tt\string\righthead\string{\string<(Shortened) Article Title\string>% +\string}} in file !!}} +\yearofpublication{???} +\monthofpublication{???} +\volume{???} +\received{} +\revised{} +\accepted{} +\gdef\thededication{} +\gdef\theeditor{} +\global\dothanks=0 +\global\thanksnum=0 +\global\setbox\barticle=\vbox{} +\gdef\theabstract{} +\gdef\thecommline{} +\global\c@figure=0 +\global\c@table=0 +\global\appendonfalse\relax +} + +\resetdefaults + +\def\setlastpagenum#1{\def\lastpage{--#1}} + +%% To make tables that continue for several pages +%% take the width of the widest terms in the table. +\def\settabline{\noalign{\ifjdraft\vskip-24pt\else\vskip-2ex\fi}} +\def\settab#1{\setbox0=\hbox{#1}\hbox to\wd0{\hfill}} + +\def\indexterms#1{\quad\hbox{\sl {\normalsize I}NDEX +{\normalsize T}ERMS:}\enskip #1} + +\def\abscitation#1{\hbox{\bf Citation:}{\frenchspacing\enskip #1}} + +\endinput +Feb 9, 2009 +Changed name and references to name from agu2001 to agutex; +fixed font bug in references in Paleo draft; +changed ROG to use full width of page for author/affil, like +jgrga, and changed running heads to not use the journal name +and volume number. + +Jan 15, 2008 +Fixed gc journal option, unsnarled error left from +earlier changes. + + +Aug 3, 2005 +C Kovalick, added "gc" journal option for G-Cubed + +Nov 3, 2003 +M Kelly, fixed noindent in subsubsubsection titles and for all sections in rog option + +Oct 2, 2003 +M Kelly, added "sw" journal option for Space Weather +Disabled cccline for Space Weather. Fonts default (as jgr). + +Aug 26, 2003 +M Kelly, reinstated \newpage in \endgalley command + + +May 26, 2003 +Added \indexterms and \abscitation + +Mar 21, 2003 +Changes by M Kelly to make 8 columns galley o/p text equivalent to 4 pages CRC Layout, in length ONLY + + +July 31, 2002 +Made change to @@eqncr so that labelling works right in +eqnarray + +July 14, 2002 +Made change to eqnarray labelling to prevent it from being +confused with equation labelling. + +May 8, 2002 +Added \settabline and \settab{} for tables that extend +over more than one page. + + +March 22, 2002 +Built in \setkeys{Gin}{draft=false} to make .eps +print when draft option is chosen. + +Feb 19, 2002 +Change to \threecolthebibliography (marked `amyh feb 2002') +to make it work right when author uses \bibliography{xxx} + +Feb 5, 2002 +Made change to captions so that when draft is +used, it is the width of the full text. +Marked: Amy, 2/05/02 + +November 9, 2001 +Maria Kelly +more changes for draft option +Removed bold style from authornames l-1536 +Increased leading for abstract to 28pt also + +November 5, 2001 +Maria Kelly +Increased baselineskip for draft option to 28pt + +October 3, 2001 +Improvement in spacing around eqnarray + +Sept 27, 2001 +New command: aguleftmath, makes first line of math on the +left margin, second line indented by 1 paragraph indent. + +Eqnarray aligned on left margin + +Mathletters changed so that equation with a,b,c can +follow another equation with a,b,c. + +August, 2001 +Changes by C&G + +%C&G newcommand \published placed below \accepted in the cls file +\def\published#1{\gdef\@pubdate{#1}} \published{} + +%C&G - addition For newcommand \published place below the equivalent for accepted +\newskip\abovepublishededskip + +%C&G addition to process @pubdate & place \published after the rec, rev, acc dates + + +August 2, 2001 +amyh: + +\parskip=0pt will help with page makeup. + +August 1, 2001 +amyh: + +Put change to wide caption width in the GRL conditional area +in case 41pc should not be the default when used in +other journal styles. + +------- + +6/26/01 +CHANGES BY C&G + +Reduced the negative elasticity in the \newcommand{\small} font from + -1pt to -0.25pt to solve leading problems in GRL. +%\baselineskip=11pt plus .001pt minus 0.25pt +But this change now removed to production.sty + +Changed \newcommand{\footnotesize} leading from 8/9.5 to 8/9. + +Increased width of two-column caption: \widecaptionwidth=35pc to 41pc for GRL + +Reduced fontsize from small to footnotesize (8/9) in \tabletextfont + diff --git a/AGU-LaTeX/agutmpl.tex b/AGU-LaTeX/agutmpl.tex new file mode 100755 index 0000000..52844d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/AGU-LaTeX/agutmpl.tex @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% AGUtmpl.tex: this template file is for articles formatted with LaTeX2e, +% Modified July 2014 +% +% This template includes commands and instructions +% given in the order necessary to produce a final output that will +% satisfy AGU requirements. +% +% PLEASE DO NOT USE YOUR OWN MACROS +% DO NOT USE \newcommand, \renewcommand, or \def. +% +% FOR FIGURES, DO NOT USE \psfrag or \subfigure. +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% All questions should be e-mailed to latex@agu.org. +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Step 1: Set the \documentclass +% +% There are two options for article format: two column (default) +% and draft. +% +% PLEASE USE THE DRAFT OPTION TO SUBMIT YOUR PAPERS. +% The draft option produces double spaced output. +% +% Choose the journal abbreviation for the journal you are +% submitting to: + +% jgrga JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH +% gbc GLOBAL BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES +% grl GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS +% pal PALEOCEANOGRAPHY +% ras RADIO SCIENCE +% rog REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS +% tec TECTONICS +% wrr WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH +% gc GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS +% sw SPACE WEATHER +% ms JAMES +% ef EARTH'S FUTURE +% ea EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE +% +% +% +% (If you are submitting to a journal other than jgrga, +% substitute the initials of the journal for "jgrga" below.) + +\documentclass[draft,jgrga]{agutex} +% To create numbered lines: + +% If you don't already have lineno.sty, you can download it from +% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ednotes/ +% (or search the internet for lineno.sty ctan), available at TeX Archive Network (CTAN). +% Take care that you always use the latest version. + +% To activate the commands, uncomment \usepackage{lineno} +% and \linenumbers*[1]command, below: + +% \usepackage{lineno} +% \linenumbers*[1] +% To add line numbers to lines with equations: +% \begin{linenomath*} +% \begin{equation} +% \end{equation} +% \end{linenomath*} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Figures and Tables +% +% +% DO NOT USE \psfrag or \subfigure commands. +% +% +% Uncomment the following command to include .eps files +% (comment out this line for draft format): +% \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} +% +% Uncomment the following command to allow illustrations to print +% when using Draft: +% \setkeys{Gin}{draft=false} +% +% Substitute one of the following for [dvips] above +% if you are using a different driver program and want to +% proof your illustrations on your machine: +% +% [xdvi], [dvipdf], [dvipsone], [dviwindo], [emtex], [dviwin], +% [pctexps], [pctexwin], [pctexhp], [pctex32], [truetex], [tcidvi], +% [oztex], [textures] +% +% See how to enter figures and tables at the end of the article, after +% references. +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% ENTER PREAMBLE +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +% Author names in capital letters: +\authorrunninghead{BALES ET AL.} + +% Shorter version of title entered in capital letters: +\titlerunninghead{SHORT TITLE} + +%Corresponding author mailing address and e-mail address: +%\authoraddr{Corresponding author: A. B. Smith, +%Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of +%Arizona, Harshbarger Building 11, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. +%(a.b.smith@hwr.arizona.edu)} + +\begin{document} + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% TITLE +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + + +\title{Title of article} +% +% e.g., \title{Terrestrial ring current: +% Origin, formation, and decay $\alpha\beta\Gamma\Delta$} +% + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + + +%Use \author{\altaffilmark{}} and \altaffiltext{} + +% \altaffilmark will produce footnote; +% matching \altaffiltext will appear at bottom of page. + +% \authors{A. B. Smith,\altaffilmark{1} +% Eric Brown,\altaffilmark{1,2} Rick Williams,\altaffilmark{3} +% John B. McDougall\altaffilmark{4}, and S. Visconti\altaffilmark{5}} + +%\altaffiltext{1}{Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, +%University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.} + +%\altaffiltext{2}{Department of Geography, Ohio State University, +%Columbus, Ohio, USA.} + +%\altaffiltext{3}{Department of Space Sciences, University of +%Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.} + +%\altaffiltext{4}{Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research +%Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA.} + +%\altaffiltext{5}{Dipartimento di Idraulica, Trasporti ed +%Infrastrutture Civili, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.} + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% ABSTRACT +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +% >> Do NOT include any \begin...\end commands within +% >> the body of the abstract. + +\begin{abstract} +(Type abstract here) +\end{abstract} + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% BEGIN ARTICLE +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +% The body of the article must start with a \begin{article} command +% +% \end{article} must follow the references section, before the figures +% and tables. + +\begin{article} + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% TEXT +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +\section{Introduction} +(Article text here) + + +%%% End of body of article: + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Optional Appendix goes here +% +% \appendix resets counters and redefines section heads +% but doesn't print anything. +% After typing \appendix +% +%\section{Here Is Appendix Title} +% will show +% Appendix A: Here Is Appendix Title +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% Optional Glossary or Notation section, goes here +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Glossary is only allowed in Reviews of Geophysics +% \section*{Glossary} +% \paragraph{Term} +% Term Definition here +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Notation -- End each entry with a period. +% \begin{notation} +% Term & definition.\\ +% Second term & second definition.\\ +% \end{notation} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + +\begin{acknowledgments} +(Text here) +\end{acknowledgments} + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +%% REFERENCE LIST AND TEXT CITATIONS +% +% Either type in your references using +% \begin{thebibliography}{} +% \bibitem{} +% Text +% \end{thebibliography} +% +% Or, +% +% If you use BiBTeX for your references, please use the agufull08.bst file (available at % ftp://ftp.agu.org/journals/latex/journals/Manuscript-Preparation/) to produce your .bbl +% file and copy the contents into your paper here. +% +% Follow these steps: +% 1. Run LaTeX on your LaTeX file. +% +% 2. Make sure the bibliography style appears as \bibliographystyle{agufull08}. Run BiBTeX on your LaTeX +% file. +% +% 3. Open the new .bbl file containing the reference list and +% copy all the contents into your LaTeX file here. +% +% 4. Comment out the old \bibliographystyle and \bibliography commands. +% +% 5. Run LaTeX on your new file before submitting. +% +% AGU does not want a .bib or a .bbl file. Please copy in the contents of your .bbl file here. + +\begin{thebibliography}{} + +%\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1} +%\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax +% \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else +% \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup +% \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi +% +%\bibitem[{\textit{Atkinson and Sloan}(1991)}]{AtkinsonSloan} +%Atkinson, K., and I.~Sloan (1991), The numerical solution of first-kind +% logarithmic-kernel integral equations on smooth open arcs, \textit{Math. +% Comp.}, \textit{56}(193), 119--139. +% +%\bibitem[{\textit{Colton and Kress}(1983)}]{ColtonKress1} +%Colton, D., and R.~Kress (1983), \textit{Integral Equation Methods in +% Scattering Theory}, John Wiley, New York. +% +%\bibitem[{\textit{Hsiao et~al.}(1991)\textit{Hsiao, Stephan, and +% Wendland}}]{StephanHsiao} +%Hsiao, G.~C., E.~P. Stephan, and W.~L. Wendland (1991), On the {D}irichlet +% problem in elasticity for a domain exterior to an arc, \textit{J. Comput. +% Appl. Math.}, \textit{34}(1), 1--19. +% +%\bibitem[{\textit{Lu and Ando}(2012)}]{LuAndo} +%Lu, P., and M.~Ando (2012), Difference of scattering geometrical optics +% components and line integrals of currents in modified edge representation, +% \textit{Radio Sci.}, \textit{47}, RS3007, \doi{10.1029/2011RS004899}. + +\end{thebibliography} + +%Reference citation examples: + +%...as shown by \textit{Kilby} [2008]. +%...as shown by {\textit {Lewin}} [1976], {\textit {Carson}} [1986], {\textit {Bartholdy and Billi}} [2002], and {\textit {Rinaldi}} [2003]. +%...has been shown [\textit{Kilby et al.}, 2008]. +%...has been shown [{\textit {Lewin}}, 1976; {\textit {Carson}}, 1986; {\textit {Bartholdy and Billi}}, 2002; {\textit {Rinaldi}}, 2003]. +%...has been shown [e.g., {\textit {Lewin}}, 1976; {\textit {Carson}}, 1986; {\textit {Bartholdy and Billi}}, 2002; {\textit {Rinaldi}}, 2003]. + +%...as shown by \citet{jskilby}. +%...as shown by \citet{lewin76}, \citet{carson86}, \citet{bartoldy02}, and \citet{rinaldi03}. +%...has been shown \citep{jskilbye}. +%...has been shown \citep{lewin76,carson86,bartoldy02,rinaldi03}. +%...has been shown \citep [e.g.,][]{lewin76,carson86,bartoldy02,rinaldi03}. +% +% Please use ONLY \citet and \citep for reference citations. +% DO NOT use other cite commands (e.g., \cite, \citeyear, \nocite, \citealp, etc.). + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% END ARTICLE +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +\end{article} +% +% +%% Enter Figures and Tables here: +% +% DO NOT USE \psfrag or \subfigure commands. +% +% Figure captions go below the figure. +% Table titles go above tables; all other caption information +% should be placed in footnotes below the table. +% +%---------------- +% EXAMPLE FIGURE +% + %\begin{figure} + %\noindent\includegraphics[width=20pc]{samplefigure.eps} + %\caption{Caption text here} + %\label{figure_label} + %\end{figure} +% +% --------------- +% EXAMPLE TABLE +% +%\begin{table} +%\caption{Time of the Transition Between Phase 1 and Phase 2\tablenotemark{a}} +%\centering +%\begin{tabular}{l c} +%\hline +% Run & Time (min) \\ +%\hline +% $l1$ & 260 \\ +% $l2$ & 300 \\ +% $l3$ & 340 \\ +% $h1$ & 270 \\ +% $h2$ & 250 \\ +% $h3$ & 380 \\ +% $r1$ & 370 \\ +% $r2$ & 390 \\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\tablenotetext{a}{Footnote text here.} +%\end{table} + +% See below for how to make sideways figures or tables. + +\end{document} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +More Information and Advice: + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% SECTION HEADS +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +% Capitalize the first letter of each word (except for +% prepositions, conjunctions, and articles that are +% three or fewer letters). + +% AGU follows standard outline style; therefore, there cannot be a section 1 without +% a section 2, or a section 2.3.1 without a section 2.3.2. +% Please make sure your section numbers are balanced. +% --------------- +% Level 1 head +% +% Use the \section{} command to identify level 1 heads; +% type the appropriate head wording between the curly +% brackets, as shown below. +% +%An example: +%\section{Level 1 Head: Introduction} +% +% --------------- +% Level 2 head +% +% Use the \subsection{} command to identify level 2 heads. +%An example: +%\subsection{Level 2 Head} +% +% --------------- +% Level 3 head +% +% Use the \subsubsection{} command to identify level 3 heads +%An example: +%\subsubsection{Level 3 Head} +% +%--------------- +% Level 4 head +% +% Use the \subsubsubsection{} command to identify level 3 heads +% An example: +%\subsubsubsection{Level 4 Head} An example. +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% IN-TEXT LISTS +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% Do not use bulleted lists; enumerated lists are okay. +% \begin{enumerate} +% \item +% \item +% \item +% \end{enumerate} +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% EQUATIONS +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +% Single-line equations are centered. +% Equation arrays will appear left-aligned. + +Math coded inside display math mode \[ ...\] + will not be numbered, e.g.,: + \[ x^2=y^2 + z^2\] + + Math coded inside \begin{equation} and \end{equation} will + be automatically numbered, e.g.,: + \begin{equation} + x^2=y^2 + z^2 + \end{equation} + +% IF YOU HAVE MULTI-LINE EQUATIONS, PLEASE +% BREAK THE EQUATIONS INTO TWO OR MORE LINES +% OF SINGLE COLUMN WIDTH (20 pc, 8.3 cm) +% using double backslashes (\\). + +% To create multiline equations, use the +% \begin{eqnarray} and \end{eqnarray} environment +% as demonstrated below. +\begin{eqnarray} + x_{1} & = & (x - x_{0}) \cos \Theta \nonumber \\ + && + (y - y_{0}) \sin \Theta \nonumber \\ + y_{1} & = & -(x - x_{0}) \sin \Theta \nonumber \\ + && + (y - y_{0}) \cos \Theta. +\end{eqnarray} + +%If you don't want an equation number, use the star form: +%\begin{eqnarray*}...\end{eqnarray*} + +% Break each line at a sign of operation +% (+, -, etc.) if possible, with the sign of operation +% on the new line. + +% Indent second and subsequent lines to align with +% the first character following the equal sign on the +% first line. + +% Use an \hspace{} command to insert horizontal space +% into your equation if necessary. Place an appropriate +% unit of measure between the curly braces, e.g. +% \hspace{1in}; you may have to experiment to achieve +% the correct amount of space. + + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% EQUATION NUMBERING: COUNTER +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% + +% You may change equation numbering by resetting +% the equation counter or by explicitly numbering +% an equation. + +% To explicitly number an equation, type \eqnum{} +% (with the desired number between the brackets) +% after the \begin{equation} or \begin{eqnarray} +% command. The \eqnum{} command will affect only +% the equation it appears with; LaTeX will number +% any equations appearing later in the manuscript +% according to the equation counter. +% + +% If you have a multiline equation that needs only +% one equation number, use a \nonumber command in +% front of the double backslashes (\\) as shown in +% the multiline equation above. + +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% SIDEWAYS FIGURE AND TABLE EXAMPLES +% +%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------ %% +% +% For tables and figures, add \usepackage{rotating} to the paper and add the rotating.sty file to the folder. +% AGU prefers the use of {sidewaystable} over {landscapetable} as it causes fewer problems. +% +% \begin{sidewaysfigure} +% \includegraphics[width=20pc]{samplefigure.eps} +% \caption{caption here} +% \label{label_here} +% \end{sidewaysfigure} +% +% +% +% \begin{sidewaystable} +% \caption{} +% \begin{tabular} +% Table layout here. +% \end{tabular} +% \end{sidewaystable} +% +% + diff --git a/agu_BibTex/agufull.bst b/agu_BibTex/agufull.bst new file mode 100755 index 0000000..16d5b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/agu_BibTex/agufull.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1796 @@ +%% +%% This is file `agufull.bst', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `head,ay,nat,seq-key,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-end,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% physjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-key,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-end,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% geojour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-key,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-end,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% photjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-key,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-end,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `tail,ay,nat,seq-key,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-end,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** For journals of the American Geophysical Union *** +%% *** NOTE: this version does not limit the number of authors in ref list. +%% *** Use agu.bst to limit authors to maximum 9. +%% *** +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** Version 2.2 from 2003/06/26 +%% *** (with bug fix from 2003/08/19) +%% *** Includes new fields eid and doi +%% *** The eid is what the AGU calls "citation number" +%% *** and doi is the DOI number; both of these are +%% *** used as substitution for page number +%% *** The issue number is now also included as +%% *** 84(3) for vol. 84, nr. 3 +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1d from 1999/05/20 +%% *** Book editors done right as P. James (Ed.), +%% *** Missing italics with some authors fixed +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1c from 1999/02/11 +%% *** This version does not crash older BibTeX installations with +%% *** more than 3000 wiz-functions +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1b from 1997/11/18 +%% *** (page numbers over 9999 are broken with commas, as 12,345) +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1a from 1997/05/26 +%% *** (contains improvements from copy editor comments, +%% *** notes added with first word lowercase (bug in 2.1 fixed) +%% *** and journal `number' never output +%% *** abbreviation for grl corrected) +%% *** +%% +%% Copyright 1994-2004 Patrick W Daly + % =============================================================== + % IMPORTANT NOTICE: + % This bibliographic style (bst) file has been generated from one or + % more master bibliographic style (mbs) files, listed above. + % + % This generated file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms + % of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN + % archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either + % version 1 of the License, or any later version. + % =============================================================== + % Name and version information of the main mbs file: + % \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[2004/02/09 4.13 (PWD, AO, DPC)] + % For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH + % This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is + % non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file to function properly. + % Such a package is natbib.sty by Patrick W. Daly + % The form of the \bibitem entries is + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}... + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}... + % The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists + % of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year + % in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening + % parenthesis! + % With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year. + % In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is + % really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must + % be parentheses in the label. + % The \cite command functions as follows: + % \citet{key} ==>> Jones et al. (1990) + % \citet*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990) + % \citep{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep*{key} ==>> (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990) + % \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) + % \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., p. 32) + % \citeauthor{key} ==>> Jones et al. + % \citeauthor*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith + % \citeyear{key} ==>> 1990 + %--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + skip$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\textit{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {cite.name.font} +{ emphasize } +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words. + % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word. + % The language selected here is ENGLISH +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "and"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "pp." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "p." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "Master's thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "Ph.D. thesis" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{physjour.mbs}[2002/01/14 2.2 (PWD)] +MACRO {aa}{"Astron. \& Astrophys."} +MACRO {aasup}{"Astron. \& Astrophys. Suppl. Ser."} +MACRO {aj} {"Astron. J."} +MACRO {aph} {"Acta Phys."} +MACRO {advp} {"Adv. Phys."} +MACRO {ajp} {"Amer. J. Phys."} +MACRO {ajm} {"Amer. J. Math."} +MACRO {amsci} {"Amer. Sci."} +MACRO {anofd} {"Ann. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {am} {"Ann. Math."} +MACRO {ap} {"Ann. Phys. (NY)"} +MACRO {adp} {"Ann. Phys. (Leipzig)"} +MACRO {ao} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {apl} {"Appl. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {app} {"Astroparticle Phys."} +MACRO {apj} {"Astrophys. J."} +MACRO {apjsup} {"Astrophys. J. Suppl."} +MACRO {apss} {"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {araa} {"Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."} +MACRO {baas} {"Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc."} +MACRO {baps} {"Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc."} +MACRO {cmp} {"Comm. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {cpam} {"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."} +MACRO {cppcf} {"Comm. Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {cpc} {"Comp. Phys. Comm."} +MACRO {cqg} {"Class. Quant. Grav."} +MACRO {cra} {"C. R. Acad. Sci. A"} +MACRO {fed} {"Fusion Eng. \& Design"} +MACRO {ft} {"Fusion Tech."} +MACRO {grg} {"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."} +MACRO {ieeens} {"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."} +MACRO {ieeeps} {"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."} +MACRO {ijimw} {"Interntl. J. Infrared \& Millimeter Waves"} +MACRO {ip} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {irp} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {jap} {"J. Appl. Phys."} +MACRO {jasa} {"J. Acoust. Soc. America"} +MACRO {jcp} {"J. Comp. Phys."} +MACRO {jetp} {"Sov. Phys.--JETP"} +MACRO {jfe} {"J. Fusion Energy"} +MACRO {jfm} {"J. Fluid Mech."} +MACRO {jmp} {"J. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {jne} {"J. Nucl. Energy"} +MACRO {jnec} {"J. Nucl. Energy, C: Plasma Phys., Accelerators, Thermonucl. Res."} +MACRO {jnm} {"J. Nucl. Mat."} +MACRO {jpc} {"J. Phys. Chem."} +MACRO {jpp} {"J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {jpsj} {"J. Phys. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jsi} {"J. Sci. Instrum."} +MACRO {jvst} {"J. Vac. Sci. \& Tech."} +MACRO {nat} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nature} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nedf} {"Nucl. Eng. \& Design/Fusion"} +MACRO {nf} {"Nucl. Fusion"} +MACRO {nim} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth."} +MACRO {nimpr} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth. in Phys. Res."} +MACRO {np} {"Nucl. Phys."} +MACRO {npb} {"Nucl. Phys. B"} +MACRO {nt/f} {"Nucl. Tech./Fusion"} +MACRO {npbpc} {"Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)"} +MACRO {inc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {nc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {pf} {"Phys. Fluids"} +MACRO {pfa} {"Phys. Fluids A: Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {pfb} {"Phys. Fluids B: Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {pl} {"Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {pla} {"Phys. Lett. A"} +MACRO {plb} {"Phys. Lett. B"} +MACRO {prep} {"Phys. Rep."} +MACRO {pnas} {"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"} +MACRO {pp} {"Phys. Plasmas"} +MACRO {ppcf} {"Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {phitrsl} {"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {prl} {"Phys. Rev. Lett."} +MACRO {pr} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {physrev} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {pra} {"Phys. Rev. A"} +MACRO {prb} {"Phys. Rev. B"} +MACRO {prc} {"Phys. Rev. C"} +MACRO {prd} {"Phys. Rev. D"} +MACRO {pre} {"Phys. Rev. E"} +MACRO {ps} {"Phys. Scripta"} +MACRO {procrsl} {"Proc. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {rmp} {"Rev. Mod. Phys."} +MACRO {rsi} {"Rev. Sci. Inst."} +MACRO {science} {"Science"} +MACRO {sciam} {"Sci. Am."} +MACRO {sam} {"Stud. Appl. Math."} +MACRO {sjpp} {"Sov. J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {spd} {"Sov. Phys.--Doklady"} +MACRO {sptp} {"Sov. Phys.--Tech. Phys."} +MACRO {spu} {"Sov. Phys.--Uspeki"} +MACRO {st} {"Sky and Telesc."} + % End module: physjour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{geojour.mbs}[2002/07/10 2.0h (PWD)] +MACRO {aisr} {"Adv. Space Res."} +MACRO {ag} {"Ann. Geophys."} +MACRO {anigeo} {"Ann. Geofis."} +MACRO {angl} {"Ann. Glaciol."} +MACRO {andmet} {"Ann. d. Meteor."} +MACRO {andgeo} {"Ann. d. Geophys."} +MACRO {andphy} {"Ann. Phys.-Paris"} +MACRO {afmgb} {"Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol."} +MACRO {atph} {"Atm\'osphera"} +MACRO {aao} {"Atmos. Ocean"} +MACRO {ass}{"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {atenv} {"Atmos. Environ."} +MACRO {aujag} {"Aust. J. Agr. Res."} +MACRO {aumet} {"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."} +MACRO {blmet} {"Bound.-Lay. Meteorol."} +MACRO {bams} {"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {cch} {"Clim. Change"} +MACRO {cdyn} {"Clim. Dynam."} +MACRO {cbul} {"Climatol. Bull."} +MACRO {cap} {"Contrib. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {dsr} {"Deep-Sea Res."} +MACRO {dhz} {"Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z."} +MACRO {dao} {"Dynam. Atmos. Oceans"} +MACRO {eco} {"Ecology"} +MACRO {empl}{"Earth, Moon and Planets"} +MACRO {envres} {"Environ. Res."} +MACRO {envst} {"Environ. Sci. Technol."} +MACRO {ecms} {"Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci."} +MACRO {expa}{"Exper. Astron."} +MACRO {geoint} {"Geofis. Int."} +MACRO {geopub} {"Geofys. Publ."} +MACRO {geogeo} {"Geol. Geofiz."} +MACRO {gafd} {"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {gfd} {"Geophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {geomag} {"Geophys. Mag."} +MACRO {georl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {grl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {ga} {"Geophysica"} +MACRO {gs} {"Geophysics"} +MACRO {ieeetap} {"IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag."} +MACRO {ijawp} {"Int. J. Air Water Pollut."} +MACRO {ijc} {"Int. J. Climatol."} +MACRO {ijrs} {"Int. J. Remote Sens."} +MACRO {jam} {"J. Appl. Meteorol."} +MACRO {jaot} {"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."} +MACRO {jatp} {"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jastp} {"J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jce} {"J. Climate"} +MACRO {jcam} {"J. Climate Appl. Meteor."} +MACRO {jcm} {"J. Climate Meteor."} +MACRO {jcy} {"J. Climatol."} +MACRO {jgr} {"J. Geophys. Res."} +MACRO {jga} {"J. Glaciol."} +MACRO {jh} {"J. Hydrol."} +MACRO {jmr} {"J. Mar. Res."} +MACRO {jmrj} {"J. Meteor. Res. Japan"} +MACRO {jm} {"J. Meteor."} +MACRO {jpo} {"J. Phys. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {jra} {"J. Rech. Atmos."} +MACRO {jaes} {"J. Aeronaut. Sci."} +MACRO {japca} {"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."} +MACRO {jas} {"J. Atmos. Sci."} +MACRO {jmts} {"J. Mar. Technol. Soc."} +MACRO {jmsj} {"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {josj} {"J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jwm} {"J. Wea. Mod."} +MACRO {lao} {"Limnol. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {mwl} {"Mar. Wea. Log"} +MACRO {mau} {"Mausam"} +MACRO {meteor} {"``Meteor'' Forschungsergeb."} +MACRO {map} {"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {metmag} {"Meteor. Mag."} +MACRO {metmon} {"Meteor. Monogr."} +MACRO {metrun} {"Meteor. Rundsch."} +MACRO {metzeit} {"Meteor. Z."} +MACRO {metgid} {"Meteor. Gidrol."} +MACRO {mwr} {"Mon. Weather Rev."} +MACRO {nwd} {"Natl. Weather Dig."} +MACRO {nzjmfr} {"New Zeal. J. Mar. Freshwater Res."} +MACRO {npg} {"Nonlin. Proc. Geophys."} +MACRO {om} {"Oceanogr. Meteorol."} +MACRO {ocac} {"Oceanol. Acta"} +MACRO {oceanus} {"Oceanus"} +MACRO {paleoc} {"Paleoceanography"} +MACRO {pce} {"Phys. Chem. Earth"} +MACRO {pmg} {"Pap. Meteor. Geophys."} +MACRO {ppom} {"Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor."} +MACRO {physzeit} {"Phys. Z."} +MACRO {pps} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pss} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pag} {"Pure Appl. Geophys."} +MACRO {qjrms} {"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {quatres} {"Quat. Res."} +MACRO {rsci} {"Radio Sci."} +MACRO {rse} {"Remote Sens. Environ."} +MACRO {rgeo} {"Rev. Geophys."} +MACRO {rgsp} {"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."} +MACRO {rdgeo} {"Rev. Geofis."} +MACRO {revmeta} {"Rev. Meteorol."} +MACRO {sgp}{"Surveys in Geophys."} +MACRO {sp} {"Solar Phys."} +MACRO {ssr} {"Space Sci. Rev."} +MACRO {tellus} {"Tellus"} +MACRO {tac} {"Theor. Appl. Climatol."} +MACRO {tagu} {"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (EOS)"} +MACRO {wrr} {"Water Resour. Res."} +MACRO {weather} {"Weather"} +MACRO {wafc} {"Weather Forecast."} +MACRO {ww} {"Weatherwise"} +MACRO {wmob} {"WMO Bull."} +MACRO {zeitmet} {"Z. Meteorol."} + % End module: geojour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{photjour.mbs}[1999/02/24 2.0b (PWD)] + +MACRO {appopt} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {bell} {"Bell Syst. Tech. J."} +MACRO {ell} {"Electron. Lett."} +MACRO {jasp} {"J. Appl. Spectr."} +MACRO {jqe} {"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {jlwt} {"J. Lightwave Technol."} +MACRO {jmo} {"J. Mod. Opt."} +MACRO {josa} {"J. Opt. Soc. America"} +MACRO {josaa} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~A"} +MACRO {josab} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~B"} +MACRO {jdp} {"J. Phys. (Paris)"} +MACRO {oc} {"Opt. Commun."} +MACRO {ol} {"Opt. Lett."} +MACRO {phtl} {"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."} +MACRO {pspie} {"Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng."} +MACRO {sse} {"Solid-State Electron."} +MACRO {sjot} {"Sov. J. Opt. Technol."} +MACRO {sjqe} {"Sov. J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {sleb} {"Sov. Phys.--Leb. Inst. Rep."} +MACRO {stph} {"Sov. Phys.--Techn. Phys."} +MACRO {stphl} {"Sov. Techn. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {vr} {"Vision Res."} +MACRO {zph} {"Z. f. Physik"} +MACRO {zphb} {"Z. f. Physik~B"} +MACRO {zphd} {"Z. f. Physik~D"} + +MACRO {CLEO} {"CLEO"} +MACRO {ASSL} {"Adv. Sol.-State Lasers"} +MACRO {OSA} {"OSA"} + % End module: photjour.mbs +%% Copyright 1994-2004 Patrick W Daly +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."} + +MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."} + +MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +STRINGS { bibinfo} +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + "," * + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + capitalize + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.book.pages} +{ pages "pages" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { " " * bbl.pages * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi "doi" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "\doi{" swap$ * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {if.digit} +{ duplicate$ "0" = + swap$ duplicate$ "1" = + swap$ duplicate$ "2" = + swap$ duplicate$ "3" = + swap$ duplicate$ "4" = + swap$ duplicate$ "5" = + swap$ duplicate$ "6" = + swap$ duplicate$ "7" = + swap$ duplicate$ "8" = + swap$ "9" = or or or or or or or or or +} +FUNCTION {n.separate} +{ 't := + "" + #0 'numnames := + { t empty$ not } + { t #-1 #1 substring$ if.digit + { numnames #1 + 'numnames := } + { #0 'numnames := } + if$ + t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ * + t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + numnames #5 = + { duplicate$ #1 #2 substring$ swap$ + #3 global.max$ substring$ + "," swap$ * * + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + while$ +} +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + n.separate + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + series "series" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { emphasize ", " * swap$ * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { bbl.number } + { bbl.number capitalize } + if$ + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * * + bbl.in space.word * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + bbl.pages swap$ + n.dashify + } + { + bbl.page swap$ + } + if$ + tie.or.space.prefix + "pages" bibinfo.check + * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ", " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ", " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + emphasize + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + format.bvolume duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { ", " swap$ * * } + if$ + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + bbl.edby + " " * swap$ * + swap$ + "," * + " " * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + t empty$ + { address "address" bibinfo.check * + } + { t * + address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.doi output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.book.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.book.pages output + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.chapter.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.pages output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.title output + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title + "title" output.check + format.tr.number emphasize output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + format.date "year" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + format.note "note" output.check + format.date output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" * } + { numnames #2 > nameptr #2 = and + { "zz" * year field.or.null * " " * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t sortify * + } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + " " + * + cite$ + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + cite$ + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib} +%% End of customized bst file +%% +%% End of file `agufull.bst'. diff --git a/agu_BibTex/agufull08.bst b/agu_BibTex/agufull08.bst new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c4a69f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/agu_BibTex/agufull08.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1828 @@ +%% +%% This is file `agufull08.bst', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `head,ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% physjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% geojour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% photjour.mbs (with options: `ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% merlin.mbs (with options: `tail,ay,nat,seq-labc,nm-rev1,jnrlst,lab,lab-it,keyxyr,blkyear,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,note-yr,thtit-a,trnum-it,vol-it,volp-com,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,pg-bk,pg-pre,pre-edn,agu-doi,doi,edpar,bkedcap,edby,blk-com,pp,ed,abr,ednx,xedn,jabr,and-com,em-it,nfss,{}') +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** For journals of the American Geophysical Union *** +%% *** NOTE: this version does not limit the number of authors in ref list. +%% *** Use agu08.bst to limit authors to maximum 9. +%% *** +%% ---------------------------------------- +%% *** Version 3.1 from 2008/08/27 +%% *** Multiple authors of same first author and year now in order of citation +%% *** and other minor fixes +%% *** Renamed to agu08.bst and agufull08.bst +%% *** +%% *** Version 3.0 from 2004/02/06 +%% *** Changed date format for AGU journals +%% *** The date now appears in parentheses after authors +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.2 from 2003/06/26 +%% *** (with bug fix from 2003/08/19) +%% *** Includes new fields eid and doi +%% *** The eid is what the AGU calls "citation number" +%% *** and doi is the DOI number; both of these are +%% *** used as substitution for page number +%% *** The issue number is now also included as +%% *** 84(3) for vol. 84, nr. 3 +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1d from 1999/05/20 +%% *** Book editors done right as P. James (Ed.), +%% *** Missing italics with some authors fixed +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1c from 1999/02/11 +%% *** This version does not crash older BibTeX installations with +%% *** more than 3000 wiz-functions +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1b from 1997/11/18 +%% *** (page numbers over 9999 are broken with commas, as 12,345) +%% *** +%% *** Version 2.1a from 1997/05/26 +%% *** (contains improvements from copy editor comments, +%% *** notes added with first word lowercase (bug in 2.1 fixed) +%% *** and journal `number' never output +%% *** abbreviation for grl corrected) +%% *** +%% +%% Copyright 1994-2008 Patrick W Daly + % =============================================================== + % IMPORTANT NOTICE: + % This bibliographic style (bst) file has been generated from one or + % more master bibliographic style (mbs) files, listed above. + % + % This generated file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms + % of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN + % archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either + % version 1 of the License, or any later version. + % =============================================================== + % Name and version information of the main mbs file: + % \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[2008/08/27 4.30 (PWD, AO, DPC)] + % For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH + % This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is + % non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file to function properly. + % Such a package is natbib.sty by Patrick W. Daly + % The form of the \bibitem entries is + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}... + % \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}... + % The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists + % of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year + % in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening + % parenthesis! + % With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year. + % In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is + % really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must + % be parentheses in the label. + % The \cite command functions as follows: + % \citet{key} ==>> Jones et al. (1990) + % \citet*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990) + % \citep{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep*{key} ==>> (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990) + % \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>> (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2) + % \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990) + % \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>> (e.g. Jones et al., 1990, p. 32) + % \citeauthor{key} ==>> Jones et al. + % \citeauthor*{key} ==>> Jones, Baker, and Smith + % \citeyear{key} ==>> 1990 + %--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + doi + edition + editor + eid + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + publisher + school + series + title + type + volume + year + } + {} + { label extra.label sort.label short.list } +INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } +FUNCTION {init.state.consts} +{ #0 'before.all := + #1 'mid.sentence := + #2 'after.sentence := + #3 'after.block := +} +STRINGS { s t} +FUNCTION {output.nonnull} +{ 's := + output.state mid.sentence = + { ", " * write$ } + { output.state after.block = + { add.period$ write$ + newline$ + "\newblock " write$ + } + { output.state before.all = + 'write$ + { add.period$ " " * write$ } + if$ + } + if$ + mid.sentence 'output.state := + } + if$ + s +} +FUNCTION {output} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {output.check} +{ 't := + duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + 'output.nonnull + if$ +} +FUNCTION {fin.entry} +{ add.period$ + write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {new.block} +{ output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.block 'output.state := } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.sentence} +{ output.state after.block = + 'skip$ + { output.state before.all = + 'skip$ + { after.sentence 'output.state := } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {add.blank} +{ " " * before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {date.block} +{ + skip$ +} + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} +{ empty$ + swap$ empty$ + and + 'skip$ + 'new.block + if$ +} +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "\textit{" swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {cite.name.font} +{ emphasize } +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ +} + +FUNCTION {capitalize} +{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ } + +FUNCTION {space.word} +{ " " swap$ * " " * } + % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words. + % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word. + % The language selected here is ENGLISH +FUNCTION {bbl.and} +{ "and"} + +FUNCTION {bbl.etal} +{ "et~al." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editors} +{ "eds." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.editor} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edby} +{ "edited by" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.edition} +{ "ed." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.volume} +{ "vol." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.of} +{ "of" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.number} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.nr} +{ "no." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.in} +{ "in" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.pages} +{ "pp." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.page} +{ "p." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.chapter} +{ "chap." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.techrep} +{ "Tech. Rep." } + +FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis} +{ "Master's thesis" } + +FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis} +{ "Ph.D. thesis" } + +MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} + +MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} + +MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} + +MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"Jun."} + +MACRO {jul} {"Jul."} + +MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} + +MACRO {sep} {"Sep."} + +MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} + +MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} + +MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} + + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{physjour.mbs}[2002/01/14 2.2 (PWD)] +MACRO {aa}{"Astron. \& Astrophys."} +MACRO {aasup}{"Astron. \& Astrophys. Suppl. Ser."} +MACRO {aj} {"Astron. J."} +MACRO {aph} {"Acta Phys."} +MACRO {advp} {"Adv. Phys."} +MACRO {ajp} {"Amer. J. Phys."} +MACRO {ajm} {"Amer. J. Math."} +MACRO {amsci} {"Amer. Sci."} +MACRO {anofd} {"Ann. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {am} {"Ann. Math."} +MACRO {ap} {"Ann. Phys. (NY)"} +MACRO {adp} {"Ann. Phys. (Leipzig)"} +MACRO {ao} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {apl} {"Appl. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {app} {"Astroparticle Phys."} +MACRO {apj} {"Astrophys. J."} +MACRO {apjsup} {"Astrophys. J. Suppl."} +MACRO {apss} {"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {araa} {"Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."} +MACRO {baas} {"Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc."} +MACRO {baps} {"Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc."} +MACRO {cmp} {"Comm. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {cpam} {"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."} +MACRO {cppcf} {"Comm. Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {cpc} {"Comp. Phys. Comm."} +MACRO {cqg} {"Class. Quant. Grav."} +MACRO {cra} {"C. R. Acad. Sci. A"} +MACRO {fed} {"Fusion Eng. \& Design"} +MACRO {ft} {"Fusion Tech."} +MACRO {grg} {"Gen. Relativ. Gravit."} +MACRO {ieeens} {"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."} +MACRO {ieeeps} {"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."} +MACRO {ijimw} {"Interntl. J. Infrared \& Millimeter Waves"} +MACRO {ip} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {irp} {"Infrared Phys."} +MACRO {jap} {"J. Appl. Phys."} +MACRO {jasa} {"J. Acoust. Soc. America"} +MACRO {jcp} {"J. Comp. Phys."} +MACRO {jetp} {"Sov. Phys.--JETP"} +MACRO {jfe} {"J. Fusion Energy"} +MACRO {jfm} {"J. Fluid Mech."} +MACRO {jmp} {"J. Math. Phys."} +MACRO {jne} {"J. Nucl. Energy"} +MACRO {jnec} {"J. Nucl. Energy, C: Plasma Phys., Accelerators, Thermonucl. Res."} +MACRO {jnm} {"J. Nucl. Mat."} +MACRO {jpc} {"J. Phys. Chem."} +MACRO {jpp} {"J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {jpsj} {"J. Phys. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jsi} {"J. Sci. Instrum."} +MACRO {jvst} {"J. Vac. Sci. \& Tech."} +MACRO {nat} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nature} {"Nature"} +MACRO {nedf} {"Nucl. Eng. \& Design/Fusion"} +MACRO {nf} {"Nucl. Fusion"} +MACRO {nim} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth."} +MACRO {nimpr} {"Nucl. Inst. \& Meth. in Phys. Res."} +MACRO {np} {"Nucl. Phys."} +MACRO {npb} {"Nucl. Phys. B"} +MACRO {nt/f} {"Nucl. Tech./Fusion"} +MACRO {npbpc} {"Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.)"} +MACRO {inc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {nc} {"Nuovo Cimento"} +MACRO {pf} {"Phys. Fluids"} +MACRO {pfa} {"Phys. Fluids A: Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {pfb} {"Phys. Fluids B: Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {pl} {"Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {pla} {"Phys. Lett. A"} +MACRO {plb} {"Phys. Lett. B"} +MACRO {prep} {"Phys. Rep."} +MACRO {pnas} {"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"} +MACRO {pp} {"Phys. Plasmas"} +MACRO {ppcf} {"Plasma Phys. \& Controlled Fusion"} +MACRO {phitrsl} {"Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {prl} {"Phys. Rev. Lett."} +MACRO {pr} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {physrev} {"Phys. Rev."} +MACRO {pra} {"Phys. Rev. A"} +MACRO {prb} {"Phys. Rev. B"} +MACRO {prc} {"Phys. Rev. C"} +MACRO {prd} {"Phys. Rev. D"} +MACRO {pre} {"Phys. Rev. E"} +MACRO {ps} {"Phys. Scripta"} +MACRO {procrsl} {"Proc. Roy. Soc. London"} +MACRO {rmp} {"Rev. Mod. Phys."} +MACRO {rsi} {"Rev. Sci. Inst."} +MACRO {science} {"Science"} +MACRO {sciam} {"Sci. Am."} +MACRO {sam} {"Stud. Appl. Math."} +MACRO {sjpp} {"Sov. J. Plasma Phys."} +MACRO {spd} {"Sov. Phys.--Doklady"} +MACRO {sptp} {"Sov. Phys.--Tech. Phys."} +MACRO {spu} {"Sov. Phys.--Uspeki"} +MACRO {st} {"Sky and Telesc."} + % End module: physjour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{geojour.mbs}[2002/07/10 2.0h (PWD)] +MACRO {aisr} {"Adv. Space Res."} +MACRO {ag} {"Ann. Geophys."} +MACRO {anigeo} {"Ann. Geofis."} +MACRO {angl} {"Ann. Glaciol."} +MACRO {andmet} {"Ann. d. Meteor."} +MACRO {andgeo} {"Ann. d. Geophys."} +MACRO {andphy} {"Ann. Phys.-Paris"} +MACRO {afmgb} {"Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol."} +MACRO {atph} {"Atm\'osphera"} +MACRO {aao} {"Atmos. Ocean"} +MACRO {ass}{"Astrophys. Space Sci."} +MACRO {atenv} {"Atmos. Environ."} +MACRO {aujag} {"Aust. J. Agr. Res."} +MACRO {aumet} {"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."} +MACRO {blmet} {"Bound.-Lay. Meteorol."} +MACRO {bams} {"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {cch} {"Clim. Change"} +MACRO {cdyn} {"Clim. Dynam."} +MACRO {cbul} {"Climatol. Bull."} +MACRO {cap} {"Contrib. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {dsr} {"Deep-Sea Res."} +MACRO {dhz} {"Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z."} +MACRO {dao} {"Dynam. Atmos. Oceans"} +MACRO {eco} {"Ecology"} +MACRO {empl}{"Earth, Moon and Planets"} +MACRO {envres} {"Environ. Res."} +MACRO {envst} {"Environ. Sci. Technol."} +MACRO {ecms} {"Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci."} +MACRO {expa}{"Exper. Astron."} +MACRO {geoint} {"Geofis. Int."} +MACRO {geopub} {"Geofys. Publ."} +MACRO {geogeo} {"Geol. Geofiz."} +MACRO {gafd} {"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {gfd} {"Geophys. Fluid Dyn."} +MACRO {geomag} {"Geophys. Mag."} +MACRO {georl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {grl} {"Geophys. Res. Lett."} +MACRO {ga} {"Geophysica"} +MACRO {gs} {"Geophysics"} +MACRO {ieeetap} {"IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag."} +MACRO {ijawp} {"Int. J. Air Water Pollut."} +MACRO {ijc} {"Int. J. Climatol."} +MACRO {ijrs} {"Int. J. Remote Sens."} +MACRO {jam} {"J. Appl. Meteorol."} +MACRO {jaot} {"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."} +MACRO {jatp} {"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jastp} {"J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys."} +MACRO {jce} {"J. Climate"} +MACRO {jcam} {"J. Climate Appl. Meteor."} +MACRO {jcm} {"J. Climate Meteor."} +MACRO {jcy} {"J. Climatol."} +MACRO {jgr} {"J. Geophys. Res."} +MACRO {jga} {"J. Glaciol."} +MACRO {jh} {"J. Hydrol."} +MACRO {jmr} {"J. Mar. Res."} +MACRO {jmrj} {"J. Meteor. Res. Japan"} +MACRO {jm} {"J. Meteor."} +MACRO {jpo} {"J. Phys. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {jra} {"J. Rech. Atmos."} +MACRO {jaes} {"J. Aeronaut. Sci."} +MACRO {japca} {"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."} +MACRO {jas} {"J. Atmos. Sci."} +MACRO {jmts} {"J. Mar. Technol. Soc."} +MACRO {jmsj} {"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {josj} {"J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan"} +MACRO {jwm} {"J. Wea. Mod."} +MACRO {lao} {"Limnol. Oceanogr."} +MACRO {mwl} {"Mar. Wea. Log"} +MACRO {mau} {"Mausam"} +MACRO {meteor} {"``Meteor'' Forschungsergeb."} +MACRO {map} {"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."} +MACRO {metmag} {"Meteor. Mag."} +MACRO {metmon} {"Meteor. Monogr."} +MACRO {metrun} {"Meteor. Rundsch."} +MACRO {metzeit} {"Meteor. Z."} +MACRO {metgid} {"Meteor. Gidrol."} +MACRO {mwr} {"Mon. Weather Rev."} +MACRO {nwd} {"Natl. Weather Dig."} +MACRO {nzjmfr} {"New Zeal. J. Mar. Freshwater Res."} +MACRO {npg} {"Nonlin. Proc. Geophys."} +MACRO {om} {"Oceanogr. Meteorol."} +MACRO {ocac} {"Oceanol. Acta"} +MACRO {oceanus} {"Oceanus"} +MACRO {paleoc} {"Paleoceanography"} +MACRO {pce} {"Phys. Chem. Earth"} +MACRO {pmg} {"Pap. Meteor. Geophys."} +MACRO {ppom} {"Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor."} +MACRO {physzeit} {"Phys. Z."} +MACRO {pps} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pss} {"Planet. Space Sci."} +MACRO {pag} {"Pure Appl. Geophys."} +MACRO {qjrms} {"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."} +MACRO {quatres} {"Quat. Res."} +MACRO {rsci} {"Radio Sci."} +MACRO {rse} {"Remote Sens. Environ."} +MACRO {rgeo} {"Rev. Geophys."} +MACRO {rgsp} {"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."} +MACRO {rdgeo} {"Rev. Geofis."} +MACRO {revmeta} {"Rev. Meteorol."} +MACRO {sgp}{"Surveys in Geophys."} +MACRO {sp} {"Solar Phys."} +MACRO {ssr} {"Space Sci. Rev."} +MACRO {tellus} {"Tellus"} +MACRO {tac} {"Theor. Appl. Climatol."} +MACRO {tagu} {"Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (EOS)"} +MACRO {wrr} {"Water Resour. Res."} +MACRO {weather} {"Weather"} +MACRO {wafc} {"Weather Forecast."} +MACRO {ww} {"Weatherwise"} +MACRO {wmob} {"WMO Bull."} +MACRO {zeitmet} {"Z. Meteorol."} + % End module: geojour.mbs + %------------------------------------------------------------------- + % Begin module: + % \ProvidesFile{photjour.mbs}[1999/02/24 2.0b (PWD)] + +MACRO {appopt} {"Appl. Opt."} +MACRO {bell} {"Bell Syst. Tech. J."} +MACRO {ell} {"Electron. Lett."} +MACRO {jasp} {"J. Appl. Spectr."} +MACRO {jqe} {"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {jlwt} {"J. Lightwave Technol."} +MACRO {jmo} {"J. Mod. Opt."} +MACRO {josa} {"J. Opt. Soc. America"} +MACRO {josaa} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~A"} +MACRO {josab} {"J. Opt. Soc. Amer.~B"} +MACRO {jdp} {"J. Phys. (Paris)"} +MACRO {oc} {"Opt. Commun."} +MACRO {ol} {"Opt. Lett."} +MACRO {phtl} {"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."} +MACRO {pspie} {"Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng."} +MACRO {sse} {"Solid-State Electron."} +MACRO {sjot} {"Sov. J. Opt. Technol."} +MACRO {sjqe} {"Sov. J. Quantum Electron."} +MACRO {sleb} {"Sov. Phys.--Leb. Inst. Rep."} +MACRO {stph} {"Sov. Phys.--Techn. Phys."} +MACRO {stphl} {"Sov. Techn. Phys. Lett."} +MACRO {vr} {"Vision Res."} +MACRO {zph} {"Z. f. Physik"} +MACRO {zphb} {"Z. f. Physik~B"} +MACRO {zphd} {"Z. f. Physik~D"} + +MACRO {CLEO} {"CLEO"} +MACRO {ASSL} {"Adv. Sol.-State Lasers"} +MACRO {OSA} {"OSA"} + % End module: photjour.mbs +%% Copyright 1994-2008 Patrick W Daly +MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."} + +MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."} + +MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"} + +MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."} + +MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."} + +MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."} + +MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."} + +MACRO {ieeetcad} + {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."} + +MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."} + +MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"} + +MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."} + +MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."} + +MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."} + +MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."} + +MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."} + +MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."} + +MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"} + +MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."} + +MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."} + +MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."} + +FUNCTION {bibinfo.check} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + pop$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ pop$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn} +{ swap$ + duplicate$ missing$ + { + swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ + "" + } + { duplicate$ empty$ + { + swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + } + { swap$ + pop$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + + +STRINGS { bibinfo} + +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + duplicate$ #1 > + { "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" } + { "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" } + if$ + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + "," * + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.names.ed} +{ + 'bibinfo := + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ { + 's := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" + format.name$ + bibinfo bibinfo.check + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + t "others" = + { + + " " * bbl.etal * + } + { + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.key} +{ empty$ + { key field.or.null } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author "author" format.names +} +FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor} +{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ } + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + " " * + get.bbl.editor + capitalize + "(" swap$ * ")" * + * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.book.pages} +{ pages "pages" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { " " * bbl.pages * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.doi} +{ doi empty$ + { "" } + { + "\doi{" doi * "}" * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ + note empty$ + { "" } + { note #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "{" = + 'skip$ + { output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "u" } + if$ + change.case$ + } + if$ + note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title} +{ title + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { "t" change.case$ } + if$ + "title" bibinfo.check +} +FUNCTION {format.full.names} +{'s := + "" 't := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { + s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" = + { 't := } + { pop$ } + if$ + t "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + } + { + numnames #2 > + { "," * } + 'skip$ + if$ + bbl.and + space.word * t * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.full} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.full} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.full.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.full.names} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.full + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.full + 'author.key.full + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} +{ newline$ + "\bibitem[{" write$ + label write$ + ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list = + { pop$ } + { * } + if$ + "}]{" * write$ + cite$ write$ + "}" write$ + newline$ + "" + before.all 'output.state := +} + +FUNCTION {if.digit} +{ duplicate$ "0" = + swap$ duplicate$ "1" = + swap$ duplicate$ "2" = + swap$ duplicate$ "3" = + swap$ duplicate$ "4" = + swap$ duplicate$ "5" = + swap$ duplicate$ "6" = + swap$ duplicate$ "7" = + swap$ duplicate$ "8" = + swap$ "9" = or or or or or or or or or +} +FUNCTION {n.separate} +{ 't := + "" + #0 'numnames := + { t empty$ not } + { t #-1 #1 substring$ if.digit + { numnames #1 + 'numnames := } + { #0 'numnames := } + if$ + t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ * + t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + numnames #5 = + { duplicate$ #1 #2 substring$ swap$ + #3 global.max$ substring$ + "," swap$ * * + } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + while$ +} +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ + n.separate + 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {word.in} +{ bbl.in + " " * } + +FUNCTION {format.date} +{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ + { + } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label * + before.all 'output.state := + " (" swap$ * ")" * +} +FUNCTION {format.btitle} +{ title "title" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + emphasize + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {either.or.check} +{ empty$ + 'pop$ + { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.bvolume} +{ volume empty$ + { "" } + { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix + "volume" bibinfo.check * * + series "series" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { emphasize ", " * swap$ * } + if$ + "volume and number" number either.or.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.number.series} +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + { series field.or.null } + { series empty$ + { number "number" bibinfo.check } + { output.state mid.sentence = + { bbl.number } + { bbl.number capitalize } + if$ + number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * * + bbl.in space.word * + series "series" bibinfo.check * + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + { "" } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} +{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + output.state mid.sentence = + { "l" } + { "t" } + if$ change.case$ + "edition" bibinfo.check + " " * bbl.edition * + } + if$ +} +INTEGERS { multiresult } +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { duplicate$ multi.page.check + { + bbl.pages swap$ + n.dashify + } + { + bbl.page swap$ + } + if$ + tie.or.space.prefix + "pages" bibinfo.check + * * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.pages} +{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ pop$ format.pages } + { + ", " * + swap$ + n.dashify + "pages" bibinfo.check + * + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.journal.eid} +{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check + duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + ", " * + } + if$ + swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} +{ volume field.or.null + duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + "volume" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + emphasize + number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ } + 'skip$ + if$ + swap$ + "(" swap$ * ")" * + } + if$ * + eid empty$ + { format.journal.pages } + { format.journal.eid } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + 'format.pages + { type empty$ + { bbl.chapter } + { type "l" change.case$ + "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ + chapter tie.or.space.prefix + "chapter" bibinfo.check + * * + pages empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ + booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check + emphasize +} +FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle} +{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ + { + format.bvolume duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { ", " swap$ * * } + if$ + editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$ + { + bbl.edby + " " * swap$ * + swap$ + "," * + " " * swap$ + * } + if$ + word.in swap$ * + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} +{ type duplicate$ empty$ + 'pop$ + { swap$ pop$ + "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.tr.number} +{ number "number" bibinfo.check + type duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ bbl.techrep } + 'skip$ + if$ + "type" bibinfo.check + swap$ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "t" change.case$ } + { tie.or.space.prefix * * } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} +{ volume duplicate$ empty$ + { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ + pop$ word.in + } + { bbl.volume + swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word * + } + if$ + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref} +{ + word.in + " \cite{" * crossref * "}" * +} +FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub} +{ 't := + "" + address empty$ t empty$ and + 'skip$ + { + t empty$ + { address "address" bibinfo.check * + } + { t * + address empty$ + 'skip$ + { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.publisher.address} +{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.address} +{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub +} + +FUNCTION {article} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + journal + "journal" bibinfo.check + emphasize + "journal" output.check + format.vol.num.pages output + format.doi output + } + { format.article.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.book.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.book.pages output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + author empty$ + { format.editors "author and editor" output.check + editor format.key output + } + { format.authors output.nonnull + crossref missing$ + { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } + 'skip$ + if$ + } + if$ + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { + format.bvolume output + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.publisher.address output + } + { + format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check + format.book.crossref output.nonnull + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.edition output + format.chapter.pages output + format.publisher.address output + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.chapter.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + crossref missing$ + { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check + format.number.series output + format.pages output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + } + { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull + format.pages output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.edition output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors output + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title output + howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull + school "school" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + format.editors output + editor format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.btitle "title" output.check + format.bvolume output + format.number.series output + publisher empty$ + { format.organization.address output } + { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output + format.publisher.address output + } + if$ + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title + "title" output.check + format.tr.number emphasize output.nonnull + institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output + address "address" bibinfo.check output + format.doi output + format.note output + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + format.authors "author" output.check + author format.key output + format.date "year" output.check + date.block + format.title "title" output.check + format.doi output + format.note "note" output.check + fin.entry +} + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } +READ +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} +INTEGERS { len } +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} +FUNCTION {format.lab.names} +{ 's := + "" 't := + s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + s num.names$ duplicate$ + #2 > + { pop$ + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { #2 < + 'skip$ + { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = + { + " " * bbl.etal * + cite.name.font + "others" 't := + } + { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ + * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + t "others" = + 'skip$ + { cite.name.font } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ + } + { author format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } + 'key + if$ + } + { editor format.lab.names } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.short.authors} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + 'short.list := +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ calc.short.authors + short.list + "(" + * + year duplicate$ empty$ + short.list key field.or.null = or + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ + * + 'label := +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + "" + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr + "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" + format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { + " " * + namesleft #1 = t "others" = and + { "zzzzz" 't := } + 'skip$ + if$ + numnames #2 > nameptr #2 = and + { "zz" * year field.or.null * " " * + #1 'namesleft := + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + } + { t sortify * } + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} +FUNCTION {author.sort} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {author.editor.sort} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ + } + { author sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {editor.sort} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$ + "" + } + { key sortify } + if$ + } + { editor sort.format.names } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {presort} +{ calc.label + label sortify + " " + * + type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.sort + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.sort + 'author.sort + if$ + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.label := + sort.label + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {presort} +SORT +STRINGS { last.label next.extra } +INTEGERS { last.extra.num last.extra.num.extended last.extra.num.blank number.label } +FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := + "a" chr.to.int$ #1 - 'last.extra.num.blank := + last.extra.num.blank 'last.extra.num.extended := + #0 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.label label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num "z" chr.to.int$ > + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num.extended #1 + 'last.extra.num.extended := + } + 'skip$ + if$ + last.extra.num.extended last.extra.num.blank > + { last.extra.num.extended int.to.chr$ + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ + * 'extra.label := } + { last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := } + if$ + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + label 'last.label := + } + if$ + number.label #1 + 'number.label := +} +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := + extra.label + duplicate$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * } + if$ + 'extra.label := + label extra.label * 'label := +} +EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} +ITERATE {forward.pass} +REVERSE {reverse.pass} +FUNCTION {bib.sort.order} +{ sort.label + " " + * + year field.or.null sortify + * + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} +ITERATE {bib.sort.order} +SORT +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { preamble$ write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * + write$ newline$ + "\providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1}" + write$ newline$ + "\expandafter\ifx\csname urlstyle\endcsname\relax" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}#1}\else" + write$ newline$ + " \providecommand{\doi}{doi:\discretionary{}{}{}\begingroup \urlstyle{rm}\Url}\fi" + write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {begin.bib} +EXECUTE {init.state.consts} +ITERATE {call.type$} +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} +EXECUTE {end.bib} +%% End of customized bst file +%% +%% End of file `agufull08.bst'. diff --git a/agu_BibTex/bibtex.pdf b/agu_BibTex/bibtex.pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d5c9bb8 Binary files /dev/null and b/agu_BibTex/bibtex.pdf differ diff --git a/agu_BibTex/sample-bib-08.bib b/agu_BibTex/sample-bib-08.bib new file mode 100755 index 0000000..6ba6735 --- /dev/null +++ b/agu_BibTex/sample-bib-08.bib @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +This is a test bib file for AGU +It contains all the examples from the +AuthorRefSheet.pdf, January 6, 2004 + +The fields EID and DOI are new, and are not yet standard for +all BibTeX files, but I hope they will be soon. + +EID is what AGU calls "citation number" and what other publishers + call "sequence number". It replaces the page number for electronic + journals. + +Recall rules for title: words that are always to be capitalized are + placed in {Curly Braces} while other words should be capitalized + as they would be printed for those journals that like capitalized + titles; for other journals, like AGU, these words will be set in + lower case. + +These rules do not apply to BOOKTITLE, which is printed as is. + +The first letter of a note text will also be set in lower case, unless + placed in curly braces. + +@ARTICLE{liu2004, + AUTHOR = "Liu, H.-L. and J. W. Meriwether", + TITLE = "Analysis of a Temperature Inversion Event in the Lower Mesosphere", + JOURNAL = "J. Geophys. Res.", + VOLUME = "108", + doi = "10.1029/2002JD003026", + eid = "D02S07", + YEAR = "2004", + note = "in press" +} + +Field entries can be in quotes as above or in curly braces. + +@TECHREPORT{mon1994, + AUTHOR = {J. W. H. Monger and J. M. Journeay}, + TITLE = {Guide to the Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Southern {Coast Mountains}}, + INSTITUTION = {Geol. Surv. of Can.}, + YEAR = {1994}, + type = {Open File Rep.}, + number = {2490}, + address = {Ottawa, Ont.}, + pages = {77}, +} + +@TECHREPORT{sch1997, + AUTHOR = {Schiarizza, P. and R. G. Gaba and J. K. Glover and J. I. Garver and P. J. Umhoefer}, + TITLE = {Geology and Mineral Occurrences of the {Taseko-Bridge River} Area}, + INSTITUTION = {B. C. Minist. of Employ. and Invest., Energy and Miner. Div., Geol. Surv. Branch}, + YEAR = {1997}, + type = {Bull.}, + number = {100}, + address = {Vancouver}, + pages = {291}, +} + +@BOOKLET{cam1970, + author = {Campbell, J. K.}, + title = {{Mariner Mars} 1969, Report}, + howpublished = {Jet. Propul. Lab.}, + address = {Pasadena, Calif.}, + year = {1970}, +} + +@TECHREPORT{kin1992, + AUTHOR = {J. J. Kineman and M. A. Ohrenschall}, + TITLE = {{Global Ecosystems Database}, version 1.0, {A} Documentation Manual {[CD-ROM]}}, + INSTITUTION = {Natl. Geophys. Data Cent.}, + YEAR = {1992}, + type = {Key Geophys. Rec. Doc.}, + number = {27}, + address = {Boulder, Colo.}, +} + +@TECHREPORT{bro1967, + AUTHOR = {R. J. E. Brown}, + TITLE = {Permafrost in {Canada}}, + INSTITUTION = {Geol. Surv. of Can.}, + YEAR = {1967}, + type = {Map}, + number = {1246A}, + address = {Ottawa, Ont.}, +} + +@MASTERSTHESIS{hen2000, + AUTHOR = {T. Henderson}, + TITLE = {High-Pressure Metamorphism in the western {Llano} Uplift}, + SCHOOL = {Univ. of Tex. at Austin}, + YEAR = {2000}, + type = {{M.S.} Thesis}, + address = {Austin}, + month = {28 June}, + pages = {134}, +} + +@misc{hod1994, + AUTHOR = "D. A. Hodell and R. H. Benson and D. V. Kent", + TITLE = "{Carbon Calcium Database}, paleo@mail.ngcd.noaa.gov", + howpublished = "Natl. Geophys. Cent., Boulder, Colo.", + year = "1994", +} + + +@ARTICLE{bud1998, + AUTHOR = "Budetta, G. and D. Carbone", + TITLE = "Temporal Variations in Gravity at {Mt. Etna} ({Italy}) Associated + with the 1989 and 1991 Eruptions", + JOURNAL = "Bull. Volcanol.", + VOLUME = "59", + YEAR = "1998", + pages = "311-326" +} + +@ARTICLE{ma2003, + AUTHOR = "J. Ma and D. W. Waugh and A. R. Douglass and S. R. Kawa + and S.-J. Lin", + TITLE = "Evaluation of the Transport in the {Goddard + Space Flight Center} Three-Dimensional Chemical + Transport Model using the Equivalent Length Diagnostic", + JOURNAL = jgr, + YEAR = "2003", + volume = "108", + number = "D6", + doi = "10.1029/2002JD002268", + eid = "4201" +} + +@ARTICLE{Brophy1999, + AUTHOR = "J. G. Brophy and E. M. Klein and M. A. Stewart", + TITLE = "Textural ({Nomarski} Interferometry) Studies of Plagioclase + Phenocryst Zonation Styles in {MORB} Dikes and Lavas from + the North Wall of the {Hess Deep Rift}", + JOURNAL = "Eos Trans. AGU", + YEAR = "1999", + volume = "80", + number = "46", + note = "{Fall} Meet. Suppl., F985", +} + +@ARTICLE{Morrill2001, + AUTHOR = "J. C. Morrill and R. C. Bales and M. H. Conklin", + TITLE = "The Relationship Between Air Temperature and Stream Temperature", + JOURNAL = "Eos Trans. AGU", + YEAR = "2001", + volume = "82", + number = "20", + note = "{Spring} Meet. Suppl., Abstract H42A-09", +} + +@BOOK{Gaines1992, + editor = "Gaines, S. and P. Hataway and S. Hipskind", + TITLE = "Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II", + PUBLISHER = "NASA Ames Res. Cent.", + YEAR = "1992", + address = "Moffett Field, Calif.", + note = "{CDROM NASA/UARP-004}", +} + +@BOOK{McDougall1999, + editor = "McDougall, I. and T. M. Harrison", + TITLE = "Geochronology and Thermochronology by the $^{40}$Ar/$^{39}$Ar Method", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford Univ. Press", + YEAR = "1999", + address = "New York", + edition = "2nd", + pages = "269", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Sweet1958, + AUTHOR = "P. A. Sweet", + editor = "B. Lehnert", + TITLE = "The Neutral Point Theory of Solar Flares", + BOOKTITLE = "Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmic Physics", + pages = "123-134", + PUBLISHER = "Cambridge Univ. Press", + address = "New York", + YEAR = "1958", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Scholz2004, + AUTHOR = "Scholz, C. H. and T. C. Hanks", + TITLE = "The Strength of the {San Andreas} Fault: A Discussion", + BOOKTITLE = "Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphere at + Continental Margins", + PUBLISHER = "Columbia Univ. Press", + YEAR = "2004", + editor = "G. D. Karner and others", + address = "New York", + note = "in press", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Tullis1986, + AUTHOR = "T. Tullis and J. Tullis", + TITLE = "Experimental Rock Deformation Techniques", + BOOKTITLE = "Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies", + volume = "36", + series = "Geophys. Monogr. Ser.", + PUBLISHER = "AGU", + YEAR = "1986", + editor = "B. E. Hobbs and H. C. Heard", + pages = "297-324", + address = "Washington, D.C.", +} + +@UNPUBLISHED{Englemann1986, + author = "Englemann, R. J. and R. W. Perkins and D. I. Hagan + and W. A. Haller", + title = "Washout Coefficients for Selected Gases and Particulates", + note = "Paper presented at 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollut. + Control Agency, San Francisco, Calif., 20--24 + June", + year = "1986" +} diff --git a/agu_BibTex/sample-bib.bib b/agu_BibTex/sample-bib.bib new file mode 100755 index 0000000..31b5556 --- /dev/null +++ b/agu_BibTex/sample-bib.bib @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +This is a test bib file for AGU +It contains all the examples from the +AuthorRefSheet.pdf, April 15, 2003 + +The fields EID and DOI are new, and are not yet standard for +all BibTeX files, but I hope they will be soon. + +EID is what AGU calls "citation number" and what other publishers + call "sequence number". It replaces the page number for electronic + journals. + +Recall rules for title: words that are always to be capitalized are + placed in {Curly Braces} while other words should be capitalized + as they would be printed for those journals that like capitalized + titles; for other journals, like AGU, these words will be set in + lower case. + +These rules do not apply to BOOKTITLE, which is printed as is. + +The first letter of a note text will also be set in lower case, unless + placed in curly braces. + +@ARTICLE{ma2003, + AUTHOR = "J. Ma and D. W. Waugh and A. R. Douglass and S. R. Kawa + and S.-J. Lin", + TITLE = "Evaluation of the Transport in the {Goddard + Space Flight Center} Three-Dimensional Chemical + Transport Model using the Equivalent Length Diagnostic", + JOURNAL = jgr, + YEAR = "2003", + volume = "108", + number = "D6", + doi = "10.1029/2002JD002268", + eid = "4201" +} + +@ARTICLE{Brophy1999, + AUTHOR = "J. G. Brophy and E. M. Klein and M. A. Stewart", + TITLE = "Textural ({Nomarski} Interferometry) Studies of Plagioclase + Phenocryst Zonation Styles in {MORB} Dikes and Lavas from + the North Wall of the {Hess Deep Rift}", + JOURNAL = "Eos Trans. AGU", + YEAR = "1999", + volume = "80", + number = "46", + note = "{Fall} Meet. Suppl., F985", +} + +@ARTICLE{Morrill2001, + AUTHOR = "J. C. Morrill and R. C. Bales and M. H. Conklin", + TITLE = "The Relationship Between Air Temperature and Stream Temperature", + JOURNAL = "Eos Trans. AGU", + YEAR = "2001", + volume = "82", + number = "20", + note = "{Spring} Meet. Suppl., Abstract H42A-09", +} + +@ARTICLE{Weaver1993, + AUTHOR = "C. J. Weaver and A. R. Douglass and R. B. Rood", + TITLE = "Thermodynamic Balance of Three-Dimensional Stratospheric Winds + Derived from a Data Assimilation Procedure", + JOURNAL = "J. Atmos. Sci.", + YEAR = "1993", + volume = "50", + pages = "2987-2993", +} + +@ARTICLE{Werner2003, + AUTHOR = "S. Werner and R. C. Beardsley and A. J. Williams", + TITLE = "Bottom Friction and Bedforms on the Southern Flank of {Georges + Bank}", + JOURNAL = jgr, + YEAR = "2003", + doi = "10.1029/2002JC000692", + note = "in press" +} + +@BOOK{Gaines1992, + editor = "Gaines, S. and P. Hataway and S. Hipskind", + TITLE = "Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II", + PUBLISHER = "NASA Ames Res. Cent.", + YEAR = "1992", + address = "Moffett Field, Calif.", + series = "CDROM NASA/UARP-004" +} + +@BOOK{McDougall1999, + editor = "McDougall, I. and T. M. Harrison", + TITLE = "Geochronology and Thermochronology by the $^{40}$Ar/$^{39}$Ar Method", + PUBLISHER = "Oxford Univ. Press", + YEAR = "1999", + address = "New York", + edition = "2nd", + pages = "269", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Sweet1958, + AUTHOR = "P. A. Sweet", + editor = "B. Lehnert", + TITLE = "The Neutral Point Theory of Solar Flares", + BOOKTITLE = "Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmic Physics", + pages = "123-134", + PUBLISHER = "Cambridge Univ. Press", + address = "New York", + YEAR = "1958", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Scholz2003, + AUTHOR = "Scholz, C. H. and T. C. Hanks", + TITLE = "The Strength of the {San Andreas} Fault: A Discussion", + BOOKTITLE = "Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphere at + Continental Margins", + PUBLISHER = "Columbia Univ. Press", + YEAR = "2003", + editor = "G. D. Karner and others", + address = "New York", + note = "In press", +} + +@INCOLLECTION{Tullis1986, + AUTHOR = "T. Tullis and J. Tullis", + TITLE = "Experimental Rock Deformation Techniques", + BOOKTITLE = "Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies", + volume = "36", + series = "Geophys. Monogr. Ser.", + PUBLISHER = "AGU", + YEAR = "1986", + editor = "B. E. Hobbs and H. C. Heard", + pages = "297-324", + address = "Washington, D.C.", +} + +@UNPUBLISHED{Englemann1986, + author = "Englemann, R. J. and R. W. Perkins and D. I. Hagan + and W. A. Haller", + title = "Washout Coefficients for Selected Gases and Particulates", + note ="Paper presented at 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollut. + Control Agency, San Francisco, Calif., 20--24 + June 1986" +} diff --git a/refs_zotero_20161201.bib b/refs_zotero_20161201.bib new file mode 100755 index 0000000..36b33d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/refs_zotero_20161201.bib @@ -0,0 +1,37791 @@ + +@article{sherwood2014, + title = {A {{Drier Future}}?}, + volume = {343}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1247620}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:15Z}, + number = {6172}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Sherwood, S. and Fu, Q.}, + month = feb, + year = {2014}, + pages = {737--739} +} + +@article{karydis2012, + title = {Adjoint Sensitivity of Global Cloud Droplet Number to Aerosol and Dynamical Parameters}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-9041-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:18Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Karydis, V. A. and Capps, S. L. and Russell, A. G. and Nenes, A.}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + pages = {9041--9055} +} + +@article{gray2000, + title = {A Model Study of the Influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on Trace Gas Distributions in the Middle and Upper Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Gray, L. J.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{hajj2004, + title = {{{CHAMP}} and {{SAC}}-{{C}} Atmospheric Occultation Results and Intercomparisons}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {0.1029/2003JD003909,}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hajj, G. A. and Ao, C. O. and Iijima, A. B.and Kuang, D. and Kursinski, E .R. and Mannucci, A .J. and Meehan, T. K. and Romans, L. J. and Juarez, M. S. T. and Yunck, T. P.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {D06109} +} + +@book{koneckovitch, + title = {Radiating {{Instabilities}} of {{Non Zonal Currents}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {{Koneckovitch}}, + year = {26 feb 98}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from MIT} +} + +@article{sausen1994, + title = {Simulating the Global Transport of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Aircraft}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Sausen, R.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {subsonic aircraft}, + pages = {394--402} +} + +@book{drdla1999, + title = {Modeling of {{PSCs}} and Stratospheric Aerosols}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Drdla, K.}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW special atms seminar +speaker from NASA-Ames} +} + +@article{murphy2009, + title = {An Observationally Based Energy Balance for the {{Earth}} since 1950}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D17107}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Murphy, D. M. and Solomon, S. and Portmann, R. W. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Forster, P. M. and Wong, T.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{ray1996, + title = {General {{Exam Practice}}: {{Long}} Time Scale Variability and Mean Circulation of the Tropical Middle Atmosphere from {{UARS}} Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Ray, E.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{spichtinger2004, + title = {On the Distribution of Relative Humidity in Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. and Smit, H. G. J. and Ovarlez, J. and Gayet, J.-F.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {639--647} +} + +@article{meraner2013, + title = {Robust Increase in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity under Global Warming}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058118}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Meraner, K. and Mauritsen, T. and Voigt, A.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{sherwood2015, + title = {Adjustments in the {{Forcing}}-{{Feedback Framework}} for {{Understanding Climate Change}}}, + volume = {96}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00167.1}, + abstract = {The traditional forcing\textendash{}feedback framework has provided an indispensable basis for discussing global climate changes. However, as analysis of model behavior has become more detailed, shortcomings and ambiguities in the framework have become more evident, and physical effects unaccounted for by the traditional framework have become interesting. In particular, the new concept of adjustments, which are responses to forcings that are not mediated by the global-mean temperature, has emerged. This concept, related to the older ones of climate efficacy and stratospheric adjustment, is a more physical way of capturing unique responses to specific forcings. We present a pedagogical review of the adjustment concept, why it is important, and how it can be used. The concept is particularly useful for aerosols, where it helps to organize what has become a complex array of forcing mechanisms. It also helps clarify issues around cloud and hydrological response, transient versus equilibrium climate change, and geoengineering.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T02:25:36Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Sherwood, Steven C. and Bony, Sandrine and Boucher, Olivier and Bretherton, Chris and Forster, Piers M. and Gregory, Jonathan M. and Stevens, Bjorn}, + year = {2015}, + pages = {217--228} +} + +@article{xu2015, + title = {The Importance of Aerosol Scenarios in Projections of Future Heat Extremes}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-015-1565-1}, + abstract = {Global climate models project a large increase in the frequency and intensity of heat extremes (HEs) during the 21st century under the Representative Pathway Concentration (RCP8.5) scenario. To assess the relative sensitivity of future HEs to the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) increases and aerosol emission decreases, we contrast Community Earth System Model (CESM)'s Large Ensemble projection under RCP8.5 with two additional ensembles: one keeping aerosol emissions at 2005 levels (but allowing all other forcings to progress as in RCP8.5) and the other using the RCP4.5 with lower GHG levels. By the late 21st century (2060\textendash{}2080), the 3 $^\circ$C warmer-than-present-day climate simulated under RCP8.5 could be 0.6 $^\circ$C cooler (0.9 $^\circ$C over land) if the aerosol emissions in RCP8.5 were not reduced, compared with a 1.2 $^\circ$C cooling due to GHG mitigation (switching from RCP8.5 to RCP4.5). Aerosol induced cooling and associated HE reductions are relatively stronger in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), as opposed to GHG mitigation induced cooling. When normalized by the global mean temperature change in these two cases, aerosols have a greater effect than GHGs on all HE statistics over NH extra-tropical land areas. Aerosols are more capable of changing HE duration than GHGs in the tropics, explained by stronger dynamical changes in atmospheric circulation, despite weaker thermodynamic changes. Our results highlight the importance of aerosol scenario assumptions in projecting future HEs at regional scales.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-18T22:35:05Z}, + urldate = {2016-02-18}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Xu, Yangyang and Lamarque, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Sanderson, Benjamin M.}, + month = nov, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Sciences,Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts}, + pages = {1--14}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DNV8J8VV/Xu et al. - 2015 - The importance of aerosol scenarios in projections.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/JFMPS3WJ/s10584-015-1565-1.html:text/html} +} + +@book{zhang1995, + title = {Propagaion and the {{MJO}}}, + abstract = {Theories and mechanisms of the MJO. Uses statistical analysis}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + author = {Zhang, Chidong}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW (JISAO) +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Madden Julian Oscillation,MJO,wave propagation} +} + +@techreport{ehhalt1974, + type = {Technical Note}, + title = {Vertical Profiles of {{HDO}}, {{HTO}} and {{H}}2{{O}} in the {{Troposphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {STR-100}, + institution = {National Center for Atmospheric Research}, + author = {Ehhalt, D. H.}, + year = {1974} +} + +@article{douglass1996, + title = {A Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Ozone Annual Cycle Using Winds from a Data Assimilation System}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Douglass, A. R. and Weaver, C. J. and Rood, R. B. and Coy, L.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1463--1474} +} + +@article{garrett2009, + title = {Acceleration by Aerosol of a Radiative-Thermodynamic Cloud Feedback Influencing {{Arctic}} Surface Warming}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL040195}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {L19804}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Garrett, T. J. and Maestas, M. M. and Krueger, S. K. and Schmidt, C. T.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{langland1998, + title = {Adaptive Observations}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {Langland, R.H.}, + month = sep, + year = {1998}, + note = {Speaker from NRL +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{bates2001, + title = {Trends in Upper-Tropospheric Humidity}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Bates, J. J. and Jackson, D. L.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1695--1698} +} + +@article{karcher2002, + title = {A Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation: {{Homogeneous}} Freezing Including Effects of Aerosol Size}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001429}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{johnson2010, + title = {Changes in the Sea Surface Temperature Threshold for Tropical Convection}, + volume = {3}, + issn = {1752-0894, 1752-0908}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo1008}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:54Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience}, + author = {Johnson, Nathaniel C. and Xie, Shang-Ping}, + month = nov, + year = {2010}, + pages = {842--845} +} + +@article{ramanathan2005, + title = {Atmospheric Brown Clouds: {{Impacts}} on {{South Asian}} Climate and Hydrologic Cycle}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {Ramanathan, V. and Chung, C. and Kim, D. and Bettge, T. and Buja, L. and Kiehl, J. T. and Washington, W. M. and Fu, Q. and Sikka, D. R. and Wild, M.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {5326--5333} +} + +@article{gultepe2001, + title = {Ice {{Crystal Number Concentration Versus Temperature}} for {{Climate Studies}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1002/joc.642}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {Int. J. Clim.}, + author = {Gultepe, I. and Isaac, G. A. and Cober, S. G.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1281--1302} +} + +@article{lebo2012, + title = {Are Simulated Aerosol-Induced Effects on Deep Convective Clouds Strongly Dependent on Saturation Adjustment?}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-12-10059-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Lebo, Z. J. and Seinfeld, H. Morrisona nd J. H.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {10059--10114} +} + +@article{bitz2012, + title = {Climate {{Sensitivity}} of the {{Community Climate System Model}}, {{Version}} 4}, + volume = {25}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00290.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:29:44Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Bitz, C. M. and Shell, K. M. and Gent, P. R. and Bailey, D. A. and Danabasoglu, G. and Armour, K. C. and Holland, M. M. and Kiehl, J. T.}, + month = may, + year = {2012}, + pages = {3053--3070} +} + +@article{waugh2008, + title = {Quantitative {{Performance Metrics}} for {{Stratosphere}}-{{Resolving Models}}}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Eyring, V.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5699--5713} +} + +@book{pullman1999, + title = {Forecast Uncertainty: {{Ensembles}} vs. {{Resolution}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + author = {{Pullman}}, + month = may, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW atms sci colloquium +speaker from NWS seattle} +} + +@article{warner1982, + title = {Mesoscale Features and Cloud Organization on 10\textendash{}12 {{December}} 1978 over the {{South China Sea}}}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Warner, C.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {1619--1641} +} + +@article{ceppi2016a, + title = {Mechanisms of the {{Negative Shortwave Cloud Feedback}} in {{Middle}} to {{High Latitudes}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0327.1}, + abstract = {Increases in cloud optical depth and liquid water path (LWP) are robust features of global warming model simulations in high latitudes, yielding a negative shortwave cloud feedback, but the mechanisms are still uncertain. Here the importance of microphysical processes for the negative optical depth feedback is assessed by perturbing temperature in the microphysics schemes of two aquaplanet models, both of which have separate prognostic equations for liquid water and ice. It is found that most of the LWP increase with warming is caused by a suppression of ice microphysical processes in mixed-phase clouds, resulting in reduced conversion efficiencies of liquid water to ice and precipitation. Perturbing the temperature-dependent phase partitioning of convective condensate also yields a small LWP increase. Together, the perturbations in large-scale microphysics and convective condensate partitioning explain more than two-thirds of the LWP response relative to a reference case with increased SSTs, and capture all of the vertical structure of the liquid water response. In support of these findings, a very robust positive relationship between monthly mean LWP and temperature in CMIP5 models and observations is shown to exist in mixed-phase cloud regions only. In models, the historical LWP sensitivity to temperature is a good predictor of the forced global warming response poleward of about 45$^\circ$, although models appear to overestimate the LWP response to warming compared to observations. The results indicate that in climate models, the suppression of ice-phase microphysical processes that deplete cloud liquid water is a key driver of the LWP increase with warming and of the associated negative shortwave cloud feedback.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-01T01:09:51Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-07-01}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Ceppi, Paulo and Hartmann, Dennis L. and Webb, Mark J.}, + year = {2016}, + pages = {139--157} +} + +@article{jacobson2002, + title = {Control of Fossil-Fuel Particulate Black Carbon and Organic Matter, Possibly the Most Effective Method of Slowing Global Warming}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001376}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jacobson, M. Z.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{canziani1998, + title = {Kelvin {{Wavers}} and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation: {{An}} Observational Analysis}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Canziani, P. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,509--31,521} +} + +@article{weinstock2001, + title = {Constraints on the Seasonal Cycle of Stratospheric Water Vapor in the Stratosphere Using in Situ Measurements from the {{ER}}-2 and a {{CO}} Photochemical Clock}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {in Press, J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Weinstock, E. M. and Hintsa, E. J. and Anderson, J. G. and Andrews, A. E. and Herman, R. L. and May, R. D. and Webster, C. R. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R. and Bui, T. P.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{pielkejr2008, + title = {Normalized Hurricane Damage in the {{United States}}: 1900\textendash{}2005}, + volume = {9}, + shorttitle = {Normalized Hurricane Damage in the {{United States}}}, + timestamp = {2016-03-10T23:07:22Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-03-10}, + journal = {Natural Hazards Review}, + author = {Pielke Jr, Roger A. and Gratz, Joel and Landsea, Christopher W. and Collins, Douglas and Saunders, Mark A. and Musulin, Rade}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {29--42} +} + +@article{hintsa1999, + title = {On the Accuracy of in Situ Water Vapor Measurements in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere with the {{Harvard Lyman}}-$\alpha$ Hygrometer}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hintsa, E. J. and Weinstock, E. M. and Anderson, J. G. and May, R. D. and Hurst, D. F.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {8183--8189} +} + +@article{wood2000, + title = {Parameterization of the Effect of Drizzle upon the Droplet Effective Radius in Stratocumulus Clouds}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Wood, R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3309--3324} +} + +@article{abdul-razzak1998, + title = {A Parameterization of Aerosol Activation 1. {{Single}} Aerosol Type}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:07:53Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res}, + author = {Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J. and Rivera-Carpio, C.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {6123--6131} +} + +@book{wu1998, + title = {Thermally Driven Surface Winds in the Tropics}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Wu, Z}, + month = nov, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium- PhD defense +speaker from UW} +} + +@book{leovy1996, + title = {{{MARS}}: An Update since {{Viking}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Leovy, Conway}, + month = jan, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {climate,dust} +} + +@article{seethala2010, + title = {Global Assessment of {{AMSR}}-{{E}} and {{MODIS}} Cloud Liquid Water Path Retrievals in Warm Oceanic Clouds}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012662}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D13202}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Seethala, C. and Horv{\'a}th, {\'A}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@book{forbes2011, + title = {A {{New Prognastic Bulk Microphysics Scheme}} for the {{IFS}}}, + timestamp = {2016-03-08T23:34:15Z}, + publisher = {{European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts}}, + author = {Forbes, Richard M. and Tompkins, Adrian M. and Untch, Agathe}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{zhang2008, + title = {Mechanisms of Low Cloud-Climate Feedback in Idealized Single-Column Simulations with the {{Community Atmospheric Model}}, Version 3 ({{CAM3}})}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Zhang, M. and Bretherton, C.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {4859--4878} +} + +@book{langland1997, + title = {Synoptic {{Interpertation}} of {{Adjoint Sensivity}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {Langland, R.H.}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from NRL +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{garny2009, + title = {Impact of Prescribed {{SSTs}} on Climatologies and Long-Term Trends in {{CCM}} Simulations}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Garny, H. and Dameris, M. and Stenke, A.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {6017--6031} +} + +@book{rose2002, + title = {New {{Fu}}\textendash{}{{Liou}} Code Tested with {{ARM Raman}} Lidar and {{CERES}} in Pre-{{CALIPSO}} Exercise, {{Extended Abstract}} for 11th {{Conference}} on {{Atmospheric Radiation}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + author = {Rose, F.G. and Charlock, T. P.}, + month = jun, + year = {2002}, + note = {Ogden, Utah} +} + +@article{possner2016, + title = {The Resolution Dependence of Cloud Effects and Ship-Induced Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Marine Stratocumulus}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024685}, + abstract = {Measures of aerosol-cloud interactions in stratocumulus have been shown to depend on the resolution of the applied data set. In order to contrast resolution with emission dilution effects in models, a regional numerical weather prediction model is used to simulate ship tracks at a range of spatiotemporal resolutions ranging from the global climate modeling scale ($\Delta$x = 50~km, $\Delta$t = 180~s) to the convection-resolving scale ($\Delta$x = 1~km, $\Delta$t = 20~s). The background simulations without ship emissions display a high degree of similarity in the planetary boundary layer and cloud properties at all spatiotemporal resolutions. Simulations assessing the impact of emission dilution show an increasing overestimation of the shortwave (SW) cloud radiative effect (CRE) with degenerating emission resolution. Although mean perturbations in the activation-sized aerosol number concentration (Nact) are similar for all dilution experiments, the variability in Nact is increasingly lost with stronger emission dilution. The enhanced Nact homogeneity in turn leads to an overestimated SW CRE. We show that emission dilution alone accounts for 47\% of the overestimated SW CRE simulated at low resolutions. The remainder of the differences is attributed to a combination of locally enhanced aerosol concentrations due to weaker vertical mixing simulated at coarse resolutions, in combination with a faster conversion rate of Aitken to accumulation mode particles by redistribution in these regions.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-09T14:59:44Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-09}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Possner, A. and Zubler, E. and Lohmann, U. and Sch{\"a}r, C.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3307 Boundary layer processes,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3355 Regional modeling,3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization,aerosol-cloud interactions,Cloud radiative effect,ship emission impacts}, + pages = {2015JD024685} +} + +@book{saravanan, + title = {Tropical {{Atlantic Variability}}: {{El Ninos}} Poor Cousin}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {{Saravanan}}, + year = {6 July}, + note = {Published: JISAO seminar +speaker from NCAR} +} + +@article{mastenbrook1983, + title = {Stratospheric {{Water Vapor Variability}} for {{Washington}}, {{DC}}/{{Boulder}}, {{CO}}: 1964-82}, + volume = {40}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Mastenbrook, H. J. and Oltmans, S. J.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {2157--2165} +} + +@article{wang1995, + title = {Interdecadal Changes in {{El Ni{\~n}o}} Onset in the Last Four Decades}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Wang, B.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {267--285} +} + +@article{bucholtz2010, + title = {Directly Measured Heating Rates of a Tropical Subvisible Cirrus Cloud}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013128}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D00J09}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bucholtz, A. and Hlavka, D. L. and McGill, M. J. and Schmidt, S. and Pilewskie, P. and Davis, S. M. and Reid, E. A. and Walker, A. L.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{hatsushika2003, + title = {Stratospheric Drain over {{Indonesia}} and Dehydration within the Tropical Tropopause Layer Diagnosed by Air Parcel Trajectories}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002/JD002986}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hatsushika, H. and Yamazaki, K.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{corti2005, + title = {Mean Radiative Energy Balance and Vertical Mass Fluxes in the Equatorial Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL021889}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {L06802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Corti, T. and Luo, B. P. and Peter, T. and Fu, Q. and V{\"o}mel, H.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{pierrehumbert1998, + title = {Lateral Mixing as a Source of Subtropical Water Vapor}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Pierrehumbert, R. T.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {151--154} +} + +@article{andrews2008, + title = {{{CO}}2 Forcing Induces Semi-Direct Effects with Consequences for Climate Feedback Interpretations}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL032273}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {L04802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Andrews, T. and Forster, Piers M.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{solomon1990, + title = {Progress towards a Quantative Understanding of {{Antarctic}} Ozone Depletion}, + volume = {347}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {6291}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Solomon, Susan}, + year = {1990}, + keywords = {chlorine chemistry,ozone,PSC}, + pages = {347--354} +} + +@article{merlivat1978, + title = {Molecular Diffusivities of {{H}}\^2-\^{{16O}}, {{HD}}\^{{16O}}, and {{H}}\_2\^{{18O}} in Gases}, + volume = {69}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, + author = {Merlivat, L.}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {2864--2871} +} + +@article{sherwood1994, + title = {Response of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model to Radiative Forcing of Tropical Clouds}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Ramanathan, V. and Barnett, T. P. and Tyree, M. K. and Roeckner, E.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {20,829--20,845} +} + +@article{cooper1986, + title = {Ice Initiation in Natural Clouds. {{Precipitation Enhancement}} - {{A Scientific Challenge}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {43}, + journal = {Meteor. Monogr.}, + author = {Cooper, W. A.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {29--32} +} + +@article{salawitch1994, + title = {The Distribution of Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Chlorine Radicals in the Lower Stratosphere: {{Implications}} for Changes in {{O3}} due to Emission of {{NOy}} from Supersonic Aircraft}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Salawitch, R. J. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {NOx HOx ClOx}, + pages = {2547--2550} +} + +@article{jaegle1994, + title = {In Situ Measurements of the {{NO2}}/{{NO}} Ratio for Testing Atmospheric Photochemical Models}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jaegl{\'e}, L. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {NOx}, + pages = {2555--2558} +} + +@book{kennedy1996, + title = {What Will Future Faculty Be Like?}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Kennedy, D.}, + month = may, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from Stanford +Published: Seminar- UW-Preparing Future Faculty Project} +} + +@article{sardeshmukh1988, + title = {The Generation of Global Rotational Flow by Steady Idealized Tropical Divergence}, + volume = {45}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Sardeshmukh, P. D. and Hoskins, B. J.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {1228--1251} +} + +@article{zhao2012, + title = {Aerosol First Indirect Effects on Non-Precipitating Low-Level Liquid Cloud Properties as Simulated by {{CAM5}} at {{ARM}} Sites: {{AEROSOL FIE SIMULATED BY CAMS}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Aerosol First Indirect Effects on Non-Precipitating Low-Level Liquid Cloud Properties as Simulated by {{CAM5}} at {{ARM}} Sites}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL051213}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:15Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Zhao, Chuanfeng and Klein, Stephen A. and Xie, Shaocheng and Liu, Xiaohong and Boyle, James S. and Zhang, Yuying}, + month = apr, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{eyring2006, + title = {Assessment of Temperature, Trace Species, and Ozone in Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations of the Recent Past}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007327}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D22308}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Eyring, V. and {others}}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{grise2014, + title = {Is Climate Sensitivity Related to Dynamical Sensitivity? {{A Southern Hemisphere}} Perspective: {{SH DYNAMICAL SENSITIVITY}}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Is Climate Sensitivity Related to Dynamical Sensitivity?}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058466}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:51Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Grise, Kevin M. and Polvani, Lorenzo M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {534--540} +} + +@article{sherwood2000, + title = {A {{Stratospheric}} ``{{Drain}}'' over the {{Maritime Continent}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {677--680} +} + +@techreport{roeckner1996, + title = {The Atmospheric General Circulation Model {{ECHAM4}}: {{Model}} Description and Simulation of Present Day Climate}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {218}, + institution = {Max Planck Institute for Meteorology}, + author = {Roeckner, E. and {others}}, + year = {1996} +} + +@article{collimore1998, + title = {Is There a Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Tropical Deep Convection?}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Collimore, C. C. and Hitchman, M. H. and Martin, D. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {333--336} +} + +@book{kiehl1996, + title = {Modelling the {{Sulfur Cycle}} in {{CCM3}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Kiehl, J.}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from NCAR +Published: Seminar- UW Atms Sci} +} + +@article{cho1999, + title = {Observations of Convective and Dynamical Instabilities in Tropopause Folds and Their Contribution to Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Cho, J. Y. and Newell, R. E. and Bui, T. Paul and Browell, E. V. and Fenn, M. A. and Mahoney, M. J. and Gregory, G. L. and Sachse, G. W. and Vay, S. A. and Kucsera, T. L. and Thompson, A. M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {21,549--21,568} +} + +@article{bourqui2006, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange from the {{Lagrangian}} Perspective: A Case Study and Method Sensitivities}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Bourqui, M. S.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2651--2670} +} + +@book{baughcum1996, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Aircraft {{Emissions Deposited}} in the {{Stratosphere}} and {{Within}} the {{Arctic Polar Vortex}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Contractor Report 4714}}, + author = {Baughcum, S. L.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996} +} + +@techreport{randel2002, + title = {{{SPARC Intercomparison}} of {{Middle Atmosphere Climatologies}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {WCRP 116, WMO/TD - 1142, SPARC Report 3}, + institution = {SPARC, World Climate Research Program}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Chanin, M. L. and Michaut, C.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{hagerle1997, + title = {Detection of {{Anthropogenic Climate Change}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Hagerle, G.}, + month = oct, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium +speaker vistitng at JISAO} +} + +@article{terai2015, + title = {Satellite Estimates of Precipitation Susceptibility in Low-Level Marine Stratiform Clouds}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023319}, + abstract = {Quantifying the sensitivity of warm rain to aerosols is important for constraining climate model estimates of aerosol indirect effects. In this study, the precipitation sensitivity to cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) in satellite retrievals is quantified by applying the precipitation susceptibility metric to a combined CloudSat/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data set of stratus and stratocumulus clouds that cover the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Consistent with previous observational studies of marine stratocumulus, precipitation susceptibility decreases with increasing liquid water path (LWP), and the susceptibility of the mean precipitation rate R is nearly equal to the sum of the susceptibilities of precipitation intensity and of probability of precipitation. Consistent with previous modeling studies, the satellite retrievals reveal that precipitation susceptibility varies not only with LWP but also with Nd. Puzzlingly, negative values of precipitation susceptibility are found at low LWP and high Nd. There is marked regional variation in precipitation susceptibility values that cannot simply be explained by regional variations in LWP and Nd. This suggests other controls on precipitation apart from LWP and Nd and that precipitation susceptibility will need to be quantified and understood at the regional scale when relating to its role in controlling possible aerosol-induced cloud lifetime effects.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-08T20:34:45Z}, + urldate = {2015-09-08}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Terai, C. R. and Wood, R. and Kubar, T. L.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,aerosol,drizzle,microphysics,stratocumulus,susceptibility,warm rain}, + pages = {2015JD023319}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/MA44VS46/Terai et al. - 2015 - Satellite estimates of precipitation susceptibilit.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/43G6SUJ9/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gettelman2008a, + title = {A New Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM3}}), {{Part II}}: {{Single}}-{{Column}} and {{Global Results}}}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. and Ghan, S. J.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {3660--3679} +} + +@article{kuang2007, + title = {Testing the {{Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis}} in a {{Cloud}}-{{Resolving Model}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kuang, Z. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {2051--2057} +} + +@article{webster1982, + title = {Cross Equatorial Response to Middle-Latitude Forcing in a Zonally Varying Basic State}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Webster, P. J. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {722--733} +} + +@article{kruger2008, + title = {Long-Term Climatology of Air Mass Transport through the {{Tropical Tropopause Layer}} during {{NH}} Winter}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Kr{\"u}ger, K. and Tegtmeier, S. and Rex, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {813--823} +} + +@book{tennekes1972, + title = {A {{First Course}} in {{Turbulence}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + publisher = {{MIT Press}}, + author = {Tennekes, H. and Lumley, J. L.}, + year = {1972} +} + +@book{klonecki1999, + title = {Model Study of Chemical Composition of Trop during Spring}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Klonecki, A.}, + month = oct, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP research Rpt +speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{ghan2002, + title = {The Thermodynamic Influence of Subgrid Orography in a Global Climate Model}, + volume = {20}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-002-0257-5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Bian, X. and Hunt, A. G. and Coleman, A.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {31--44} +} + +@article{gierens1998, + title = {A Numerical Study of the Contrail\textendash{}to\textendash{}cirrus Transition}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gierens, K. and Jensen, E.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {4341--4344} +} + +@article{bort1902, + title = {Variations de La Temp{\'e}rature de L'air Libre Dans La Zone Comprise Entre 8 Km et 13km D'altitude}, + volume = {134}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Compt. Rend/ S{\'e}ances Acad. Sci. Paris}, + author = {de Bort, L. Teisserenc}, + year = {1902}, + pages = {987--989} +} + +@article{hall1997, + title = {Age as a Diagnostic of Stratospheric Transport}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Hall, T. M. and Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {age spectrum}, + pages = {1059--1070} +} + +@book{ghan1995, + title = {Physically {{Based Models}} of {{Precipitation}} and {{Surface Hydrology}} in {{Mountain Watersheds}}}, + abstract = {Discussion and analysis of the prerformance of a watershed model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + author = {Ghan, Steven}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from PNL +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {hydrology,models,mountain precipitation} +} + +@article{rosenlof1993, + title = {Estimates of the Stratospheric Residual Circulation Using the Downward Control Principle}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rosenlof, K. H. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {10,465--10,479} +} + +@article{boering1996, + title = {Stratospheric {{Mean Ages}} and {{Transport Rates}} from {{Observations}} of {{Carbon Dioxide}} and {{Nitrous Oxide}}}, + volume = {274}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Boering, K. A. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1340--1343} +} + +@article{chen1992, + title = {Propagation of {{Planetary Waves}} between the {{Troposphere}} and {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Chen, P. and Robinson, W. A.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {2533--2545} +} + +@article{sugi2002, + title = {Infouence of the Global Warming on Tropical Cyclone Climatology: {{An}} Experiment with the {{JMA}} Global Model}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {J. met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Sugi, M. and Noda, A. and Sato, N.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {249--272} +} + +@article{brasseur2005, + title = {Impact of Improved Air Quality on the Future Evolution of Climate}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL023902}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {L23704}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Brasseur, G. P. and Roeckner, E.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{noel2007, + title = {Midlatitude Cirrus Clouds and Multiple Tropopauses from a 2002-2006 Climatology over the {{SIRTA}} Observatory}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007753}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {No{\"e}l, V. and Haeffelin, M.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {13206--+} +} + +@article{ravishankara2009, + title = {Nitrous {{Oxide}} ({{N}}2{{O}}): {{The}} Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st {{Century}}}, + volume = {326}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Ravishankara, A. R. and Daniel, J. S. and Portman, R. W.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {123--125} +} + +@article{merali2010, + title = {Error: {{Why}} Scientific Programming Does Not Compute}, + volume = {467}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Merali, Z.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {775--777} +} + +@book{trenberth1999, + title = {The Global {{Monsoon}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + author = {Trenberth, K.}, + month = oct, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: NCAR CGD seminar +Speaker from NCAR CGD} +} + +@article{bloch-johnson2015, + title = {Feedback Temperature Dependence Determines the Risk of High Warming}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL064240}, + abstract = {The long-term warming from an anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 is often assumed to be proportional to the forcing associated with that increase. This paper examines this linear approximation using a zero-dimensional energy balance model with a temperature-dependent feedback, with parameter values drawn from physical arguments and general circulation models. For a positive feedback temperature dependence, warming increases Earth's sensitivity, while greater sensitivity makes Earth warm more. These effects can feed on each other, greatly amplifying warming. As a result, for reasonable values of feedback temperature dependence and preindustrial feedback, Earth can jump to a warmer state under only one or two CO2 doublings. The linear approximation breaks down in the long tail of high climate sensitivity commonly seen in observational studies. Understanding feedback temperature dependence is therefore essential for inferring the risk of high warming from modern observations. Studies that assume linearity likely underestimate the risk of high warming.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-29T15:04:44Z}, + urldate = {2015-06-29}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Bloch-Johnson, Jonah and Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. and Abbot, Dorian S.}, + month = jun, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0429 Climate dynamics,3305 Climate change and variability,3337 Global climate models,4901 Abrupt/rapid climate change,climate sensitivity,GCMs,long tail,nonlinear feedbacks,observational estimates}, + pages = {2015GL064240} +} + +@book{wirth1998, + title = {Reports on {{EGS98 General Assembly}}: {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Wirth, V. and Haynes, P. H.}, + month = jul, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: SPARC newsletter no 11} +} + +@article{haynes1987, + title = {On the {{Evolution}} of {{Vorticity}} and {{Potential Vorticity}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Diabatic Heating}} and {{Frictional}} or {{Other Forces}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Haynes, P.H. and McIntyre, M. E.}, + year = {1987}, + keywords = {PV,theta}, + pages = {828--841} +} + +@techreport{charney1979, + address = {Washington, D. C.}, + title = {Carbon {{Dioxide}} and {{Climate}}: {{A Scientific Assessment}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + institution = {National Academy of Science}, + author = {Charney, J. G.}, + year = {1979} +} + +@article{terai2012, + title = {Does Precipitation Susceptibility Vary with Increasing Cloud Thickness in Marine Stratocumulus?}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-4567-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Terai, C. R. and Wood, R. and Leon, D. C. and Zuidema, P.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {4567--4583} +} + +@article{zhou2002, + title = {Intraseasonal Variations of Tropical Cold Point Tropopause Temperatures}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Zhou, X. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1460--1473} +} + +@article{seidel2001, + title = {Climatological Characteristics of the Tropical Tropopause as Revealed by {{Radiosondes}}}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:49Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Seidel, D. J. and Ross, R. J. and Angell, J. K. and Reid, G. C.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {7857--7878} +} + +@article{shepherd2000, + title = {The Middle Atmosphere}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics}, + author = {Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1587--1601} +} + +@article{bian2012, + title = {In Situ Water Vapor and Ozone Measurements in {{Lhasa}} and {{Kunming}} during the {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL052996}, + abstract = {The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone circulation system is recognized to be a significant transport pathway for water vapor and pollutants to enter the stratosphere. The observational evidence, however, is largely based on satellite retrievals. We report the first coincident in situ measurements of water vapor and ozone within the ASM anticyclone. The combined water vapor and ozonesondes were launched from Kunming, China in August 2009 and Lhasa, China in August 2010. In total, 11 and 12 sondes were launched in Kunming and Lhasa, respectively. We present the key characteristics of these measurements, and provide a comparison to similar measurements from an equatorial tropical location, during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) campaign in July and August of 2007. Results show that the ASM anticyclone region has higher water vapor and lower ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere than the TC4 observations. The results also show that the cold point tropopause in the ASM region has a higher average height and potential temperature. The in situ observations therefore support the satellite-based conclusion that the ASM is an effective transport pathway for water vapor to enter stratosphere.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:54:21Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-05-11}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Bian, Jianchun and Pan, Laura L. and Paulik, Laura and V{\"o}mel, Holger and Chen, Hongbin and Lu, Daren}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {0340 Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry,Asian summer monsoon,Upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,water vapor and ozone}, + pages = {L19808} +} + +@article{tsushima2013, + title = {Quantitative Evaluation of the Seasonal Variations in Climate Model Cloud Regimes}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-012-1609-4}, + abstract = {An extended cloud-clustering method to assess the seasonal variation of clouds is applied to five CMIP5 models. The seasonal variation of the total cloud radiative effect (CRE) is dominated by variations in the relative frequency of occurrence of the different cloud regimes. Seasonal variations of the CRE within the individual regimes contribute much less. This is the case for both observations, models and model errors. The error in the seasonal variation of cloud regimes, and its breakdown into mean amplitude and time varying components, are quantified with a new metric. The seasonal variation of the CRE of the cloud regimes is relatively well simulated by the models in the tropics, but less well in the extra-tropics. The stratocumulus regime has the largest seasonal variation of shortwave CRE in the tropics, despite having a small magnitude in the climatological mean. Most of the models capture the temporal variation of the CRE reasonably well, with the main differences between models coming from the variation in amplitude. In the extra-tropics, most models fail to correctly represent both the amplitude and time variation of the CRE of congestus, frontal and stratocumulus regimes. The annual mean climatology of the CRE and its amplitude in the seasonal variation are both underestimated for the anvil regime in the tropics, the cirrus regime and the congestus regime in the extra-tropics. The models in this study that best capture the seasonal variation of the cloud regimes tend to have higher climate sensitivities.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-16T17:30:48Z}, + number = {9-10}, + urldate = {2016-05-03}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Tsushima, Yoko and Ringer, Mark A. and Webb, Mark J. and Williams, Keith D.}, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {climate model,Climatology,cloud feedback,Cloud metric,Cloud radiative effect,Cloud regime,Geophysics/Geodesy,Oceanography,seasonal variation}, + pages = {2679--2696} +} + +@article{rangarajan1984, + title = {Comments on {{Strontium}}-90 in {{Surface Air}} in {{Relation}} to {{Stratospheric Fallout}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Rangarajan, C. and Eapen, C. D.}, + year = {1984}, + keywords = {90Sr radioactive tracers bomb debris}, + pages = {2356--8} +} + +@article{lawson2014, + title = {Impact of {{Antarctic}} Mixed-Phase Clouds on Climate}, + volume = {111}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1418197111}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:35Z}, + number = {51}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Lawson, R. Paul and Gettelman, Andrew}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {18156--18161} +} + +@article{fujiwara2003, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Inversion and Easterly Jet in the Tropics}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003928}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {2796}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Xie, S.-P. and Shiotani, M. and Hashizume, H. and Hasebe, F. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J. and Watanabe, T.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{hartmann2001, + title = {The Heat Balance of the Tropical Tropopause, Cirrus, and Stratospheric Dehydration}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hartmann, D. L. and Holton, J. R. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1969--1972} +} + +@article{chen2006, + title = {Antarctic Mass Rates from {{GRACE}}}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:40:11Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-20}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Chen, J. L. and Wilson, C. R. and Blankenship, D. D. and Tapley, B. D.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{rao1998, + title = {Moisture Budget in the Tropics and the {{Walker Circulation}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rao, V. B. and Chapa, S. R. and Cavalcanti, I. F. A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {13,713--13,728} +} + +@article{schraner2008, + title = {Technical {{Note}}: {{Chemistry}}-Climate Model {{SOCOL}}: Version 2.0 with Improved Transport and Chemistry/Microphysics Schemes}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Schraner, M. and {others}}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5957--5974} +} + +@article{hauglustaine1994, + title = {Impact of Present Aircraft Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides on Tropospheric Ozone and Climate Forcing}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hauglustaine, D. A. and Granier, C. and Brasseur, G. P. and M{\'e}gie, G.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {NOx subsonic}, + pages = {2031--2034} +} + +@article{wickert2001, + title = {Atmosphere Sounding by {{GPS}} Radio Occultation: {{First}} Results from {{CHAMP}}}, + volume = {28}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL013117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wickert, J. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3263--3266} +} + +@book{warren, + title = {Noctilucent {{Clouds}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {Warren, S}, + year = {17 November}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{rex2014, + title = {A Tropical {{West Pacific OH}} Minimum and Implications for Stratospheric Composition}, + volume = {14}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Rex, M. and Wohltmann, I. and Ridder, T. and Lehmann, R. and Rosenlof, K. and Wennberg, P. and Weisenstein, D. and Notholt, J. and Kr{\"u}ger, K. and Mohr, V. and Tegtmeier, S.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4827--4841} +} + +@article{liu2007, + title = {Impact of {{Tibetan Orography}} and {{Heating}} on the {{Summer Flow}} over {{Asia}}}, + volume = {85B}, + doi = {10.2151/jmsj.85B.1}, + abstract = {The influence on the summer flow over Asia of both the orographic and thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau is investigated using a sequence of idealised experiments with a global primitive equation model. The zonally averaged flow is prescribed and both realistic and idealised orography and heating are used. There is some similarity between the responses to the two forcings when applied separately. The upper tropospheric Tibetan anticyclone is predominantly forced by the heating but also weakly by the orography. Below this, both forcings tend to give air descending in an equatorward anticyclonic circulation down the isentropes to the west and rising in a similar poleward circulation to the east. However the heating-only response has a strong ascending southwesterly flow that is guided around the south and south-east of the orography when it is included. On the northern side, the westerly flow over the orography gives ascent on the upslope and descent on the downslope.It is found that heating over the Plateau leads to a potential vorticity (PV) minimum and that if it is sufficiently strong the flow is unstable, producing a quasi-biweekly oscillation. During this oscillation the Tibetan anticyclone changes between a single centre over the southwestern side of the Plateau and a split/double structure with centres over China and the Middle East. These characteristics are similar to observed variability in the region. Associated with this quasi-biweekly oscillation are significant variations in the strength of the ascent over the Plateau and the Rossby wave pattern over the North Pacific.The origin of the variability is instability associated with the zonally extended potential vorticity PV minimum on a \texttheta-surface, as proposed by Hsu and Plumb (2000). This minimum is due to the tendency to reduce the PV above the heating over the Plateau and to advection by the consequent anticyclone of high PV around from the east and low PV to the west. The deep convection to the south and southeast of the Plateau tends to suppress the quasi-biweekly oscillation because the low PV produced above it acts to reduce the meridional PV gradient reversal. The occurrence of the oscillation depends on the relative magnitude of the heating in the two regions.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-18T20:50:55Z}, + journal = {Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II}, + author = {Liu, Yimin and Hoskins, Brian and Blackburn, Michael}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1--19} +} + +@article{mannucci2015, + title = {On Scientific Inference in Geophysics and the Use of Numerical Simulations for Scientific Investigations}, + issn = {2333-5084}, + doi = {10.1002/2015EA000108}, + abstract = {Scientific knowledge is acquired in geophysics generally without the benefit of controlled experiments. In this paper, we discuss how scientific inference based on observations occurs in geophysical contexts. We develop a specific approach that uses approximate simultaneity of proposed cause and effect phenomena to infer causality. The approach applies equally well to effect phenomena that follow the cause with a known time delay. We find that, in general, establishing a causal relationship between two phenomena based on simultaneity requires knowledge of how often simultaneity of these phenomena occurs in the absence of causality. We then extend the discussion to using numerical simulations in the scientific inference process. Numerical simulations of physical processes, because they can simulate the values of observations, are often used to infer what physical processes are occurring in nature. We discuss agreement between model output and observations as a basis for inferring the physical processes underlying the observations. We find that an important factor to consider, which we here call the ``confusion factor,'' is how often it may occur that insufficient model representations of the physical processes nevertheless lead to agreement between model computations and observations. We suggest that models of intermediate or low complexity may have a significant role to play when using geophysical simulations to reach scientific conclusions.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-30T19:57:29Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-30}, + journal = {Earth and Space Science}, + author = {Mannucci, A. J. and Tsurutani, B. T. and Verkhoglyadova, O. P. and Meng, X.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0545 Modeling,0550 Model verification and validation,1622 Earth system modeling,7959 Models,geophysical simulation,model validation,scientific inference}, + pages = {2015EA000108} +} + +@book{rood1997, + title = {Transport of {{Aircraft Effluent}} from the {{Subsonic Fleet}}: {{The Role}} of {{Convective Transport}} in a {{Global Model}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + author = {Rood, R. B. and Lin, S. J.}, + month = jul, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from GSFC +Published: Seminar- GSFC} +} + +@article{sinnhuber2006, + title = {Estimating the Contribution of Bromoform to Stratospheric Bromine and Its Relation to Dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Sinnhuber, B. M. and Folkins, I.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {4755--4761} +} + +@article{bauer2012, + title = {Aerosol Direct, Indirect, Semidirect, and Surface Albedo Effects from Sector Contributions Based on the {{IPCC AR5}} Emissions for Preindustrial and Present-Day Conditions}, + volume = {117}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD016816}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D01206}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bauer, S. E. and Menon, S.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{shindell2001, + title = {Climate and Ozone Response to Increased Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Shindell, D. T.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1551--1554} +} + +@article{huber2011, + title = {Constraints on {{Climate Sensitivity}} from {{Radiation Patterns}} in {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Huber, M. and Mahlstein, I. and Wild, M. and Fasullo, J. and Knutti, R.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1034--1052} +} + +@article{chubb2013, + title = {In Situ Observations of Supercooled Liquid Clouds over the {{Southern Ocean}} during the {{HIAPER Pole}}-to-{{Pole Observation}} Campaigns}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50986}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Chubb, Thomas H and Jensen, Jorgen B and Siems, Steven T and Manton, Michael J}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {5280--5285} +} + +@article{carslaw2013, + title = {Large Contribution of Natural Aerosols to Uncertainty in Indirect Forcing}, + volume = {503}, + doi = {10.1038/nature12674}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {7474}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Carslaw, KS and Lee, LA and Reddington, CL and Pringle, KJ and Rap, A and Forster, PM and Mann, GW and Spracklen, DV and Woodhouse, MT and Regayre, LA and {others}}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {67--71} +} + +@book{lilly1995, + title = {Multi-{{Wavelet Spectral}} \& {{Polarization Analysis}} of {{Seismic Records}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Lilly, J.}, + month = sep, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW Oceanography +Published: Seminar- Applied Physics Lab UW} +} + +@article{lary1995, + title = {Three-Dimensional Tracer Initialization and General Diagnostics Using Equivalent {{PV}} Latitude-Potential-Temperature Coordinates}, + volume = {121}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Lary, D.J. and Chipperfield, M. P. and Pyle, J. A. and Norton, W. A. and Riishjgaard, L. P.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {theta coordinates}, + pages = {187--210} +} + +@article{donner2001, + title = {A {{Cumulus Parameterization Including Mass Fluxes}}, {{Convective Vertical Velocities}}, and {{Mesoscale Effects}}: {{Thermodynamic}} and {{Hydrological Aspects}} in a {{General Circulation Model}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Donner, L. J. and Seman, C. J. and Hemler, R. S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3444--3463} +} + +@article{heymsfield2000, + title = {Cirrus {{Crystal Terminal Velocities}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and Iaquinta, J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {916--938} +} + +@article{soden2011, + title = {The {{Vertical Distribution}} of {{Cloud Feedback}} in {{Coupled Ocean}}-{{Atmosphere Models}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The Vertical Distribution of Cloud Feedback in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL047632}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:22:09Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Soden, Brian J. and Vecchi, Gabriel A.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{huang2012, + title = {A Study on the Low-Altitude Clouds over the {{Southern Ocean}} Using the {{DARDAR}}-{{MASK}}: {{LOW}}-{{ALTITUDE CLOUDS OVER THE SOUTHERN OCEAN}}}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {01480227}, + shorttitle = {A Study on the Low-Altitude Clouds over the {{Southern Ocean}} Using the {{DARDAR}}-{{MASK}}}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD017800}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:32Z}, + number = {D18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Huang, Yi and Siems, Steven T. and Manton, Michael J. and Protat, Alain and Delano{\"e}, Julien}, + month = sep, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{kiladis2000, + title = {Aspects of Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability of the Tropopause and Lower Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., in press}, + author = {Kiladis, G. N. and Straub, K. H. and Reid, G. C. and Gage, K. S.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{hall1994, + title = {Seasonal {{Evolutions}} of {{N2O}}, {{O3}} and {{CO2}}: {{Three Dimensional}} Simulations of Stratospheric Correlations}, + abstract = {GISS GCM (Goddard) is used to simulate tracer evolution in the stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {JGR (submitted)}, + author = {Hall, T. M. and Prather, M. J.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {3-D,stratosphere,Tracers} +} + +@article{muller1995, + title = {{{IMAGES}}: {{A}} Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model of the Global Atmosphere}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {M{\"u}ller, J. F. and Brasseur, G.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {16,445--16,490} +} + +@article{tomassini2015, + title = {On the Connection between Tropical Circulation, Convective Mixing, and Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {141}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2014 Royal Meteorological Society}, + issn = {1477-870X}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.2450}, + abstract = {The connection between the large-scale tropical circulation of the atmosphere, convective mixing, and climate sensitivity is explored in a wide range of climates through a perturbed-parameter ensemble of a comprehensive Earth System Model. Four parameters related to the representation of atmospheric moist convection are found to dominate the response of the model. Their values govern the strength of the tropical circulation, the surface temperature, atmospheric humidity, and the strength of the tropical overturning circulation, largely through their influence on the atmospheric stability. The same convective parameters, albeit in different combinations, also have a strong influence on the equilibrium climate sensitivity of the model, which ranges from a little over 3 $^\circ$C to more than 10 $^\circ$C. The importance of the most poorly represented processes in determining important aspects of the behaviour of the model argues for the need to move beyond statistical approaches to estimating climate sensitivity and to focus on the development of a better understanding and representation of convective mixing, particularly in the Tropics.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-05T04:07:27Z}, + number = {689}, + urldate = {2016-07-05}, + journal = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Tomassini, L. and Voigt, A. and Stevens, B.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {climate sensitivity,convection parametrization,convective mixing,tropical circulation}, + pages = {1404--1416} +} + +@article{rignot2006, + title = {Changes in Ice Dynamics and Mass Balance of the {{Antarctic}} Ice Sheet}, + volume = {364}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2006.1793}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {1844}, + journal = {Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.}, + author = {Rignot, E.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1637--1655} +} + +@article{lowenthal2004, + title = {Parameterization of the Cloud Droplet-Sulfate Relationship}, + volume = {38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Env.}, + author = {Lowenthal, D. H. and Borys, R. D. and Choularton, T. W. and Bower, K. N. and Flynn, M. J. and Gallagher, M. W.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {287--292} +} + +@article{wahr2006, + title = {The {{Accuracy}} of {{GRACE Mass Estimates}}}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL025305}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wahr, J. and Swenson, S. and Veliconga, I.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{trenberth2007, + title = {Effects of {{Mount Pinatubo}} Volcanic Eruption on the Hydrologic Cycle as an Analog of Geoengineering}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {L15702}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Dai, A.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {10.1029/2007GL030524} +} + +@article{zelinka2012, + title = {Computing and Partitioning Cloud Feedbacks Using Cloud Property Histograms. {{Part II}}: {{Attribution}} to {{Changes}} in {{Cloud Amount}}, {{Altitude}}, and {{Optical Depth}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Journal of climate}, + author = {Zelinka, M.D. and Klein, S.A. and Hartmann, D.L.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {3736--3754} +} + +@article{appenzeller1998, + title = {North {{Atlantic Oscillation Dynamics Recorded}} in {{Greenland Ice Cores}}}, + volume = {282}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Appenzeller, C. and Stocker, T. F. and Anklin, M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {446--449} +} + +@article{wang2009, + title = {The Pacemaker of Major Climate Shifts}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL036874}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {L07709}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wang, G. and Swanson, K. L. and Tsonis, A. A.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{gryspeerdt2012, + title = {Regime-Based Analysis of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions}, + volume = {39}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053221}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {L21802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gryspeerdt, E. and Stier, P.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{dutra2011, + title = {Land-Atmosphere Coupling Associated with Snow Cover: {{LAND}}-{{ATMOSPHERE COUPLING AND SNOW}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Land-Atmosphere Coupling Associated with Snow Cover}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL048435}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:08Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Dutra, Emanuel and Sch{\"a}r, Christoph and Viterbo, Pedro and Miranda, Pedro M. A.}, + month = aug, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@book{radke1998, + title = {Cloud-{{Aerosolo Interactions}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + author = {Radke, L.}, + month = feb, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium +speaker from NCAR} +} + +@article{eidhammer2010, + title = {Ice {{Initiation}} by {{Aerosol Particles}}: {{Measured}} and {{Predicted Ice Nuclei Concentrations}} versus {{Measured Ice Concentrations}} in an {{Orographic Wave Cloud}}}, + volume = {67}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAS3266.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Eidhammer, T. and {others}}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2417--2436} +} + +@article{theys2013, + title = {Volcanic {{SO2}} Fluxes Derived from Satellite Data: A Survey Using {{OMI}}, {{GOME}}-2, {{IASI}} and {{MODIS}}}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Volcanic {{SO2}} Fluxes Derived from Satellite Data}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-5945-2013}, + abstract = {Sulphur dioxide (SO2) fluxes of active degassing volcanoes are routinely measured with ground-based equipment to characterize and monitor volcanic activity. SO2 of unmonitored volcanoes or from explosive volcanic eruptions, can be measured with satellites. However, remote-sensing methods based on absorption spectroscopy generally provide integrated amounts of already dispersed plumes of SO2 and satellite derived flux estimates are rarely reported. + Here we review a number of different techniques to derive volcanic SO2 fluxes using satellite measurements of plumes of SO2 and investigate the temporal evolution of the total emissions of SO2 for three very different volcanic events in 2011: Puyehue-Cord{\'o}n Caulle (Chile), Nyamulagira (DR Congo) and Nabro (Eritrea). High spectral resolution satellite instruments operating both in the ultraviolet-visible (OMI/Aura and GOME-2/MetOp-A) and thermal infrared (IASI/MetOp-A) spectral ranges, and multispectral satellite instruments operating in the thermal infrared (MODIS/Terra-Aqua) are used. We show that satellite data can provide fluxes with a sampling of a day or less (few hours in the best case). Generally the flux results from the different methods are consistent, and we discuss the advantages and weaknesses of each technique. Although the primary objective of this study is the calculation of SO2 fluxes, it also enables us to assess the consistency of the SO2 products from the different sensors used.}, + timestamp = {2015-08-21T15:25:34Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-08-21}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Theys, N. and Campion, R. and Clarisse, L. and Brenot, H. and {van Gent}, J. and Dils, B. and Corradini, S. and Merucci, L. and Coheur, P.-F. and Van Roozendael, M. and Hurtmans, D. and Clerbaux, C. and Tait, S. and Ferrucci, F.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {5945--5968}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ASFZJ7MA/Theys et al. - 2013 - Volcanic SO2 fluxes derived from satellite data a.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/BPBSB5MR/2013.html:text/html} +} + +@article{thompson2001, + title = {Tropical {{Tropspheric Ozone}} and {{Biomass Burning}}}, + volume = {291}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Thompson, A. M. and Witte, J. C. and Hudson, R. D. and Guo, H. and Herman, J. R. and Fujiwara, M.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2128--2132} +} + +@article{bony2008, + title = {Influence of Convective Processes on the Isotopic Composition ({{d18O}} and {{dD}}) of Precipitation and Water Vapor in the Tropics: 1. {{Radiative}}-Convective Equilibrium and {{Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean}}-{{Atmosphere Response Experiment}} ({{TOGA}}-{{COARE}}) Simulations}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009942}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D19305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bony, S. and Risi, C. and Vimeux, F.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{plumb1998, + title = {Effect of Aircraft on Ultraviolet Radiation Reaching the Ground}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Plumb, I. C. and Ryan, K. R.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,231--31,239} +} + +@article{karcher2004, + title = {Cirrus Clouds in the Tropical Tropopause Layer: {{Role}} of Heterogenous Ice Nuclei}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL019774}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {L12101}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{jaffe1997, + title = {Influence of {{Asia Pollutants}} in the {{Pacific Northwest}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + author = {{Jaffe}}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from U Alaska - Fairbanks +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{yu1998, + title = {Contrail Formation and Impacts on Aerosol Properties in Aircraft Plumes: {{Effects}} of Fuel Sulfur Content}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Yu, F. and Turco, R. P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {313--316} +} + +@article{kay2014, + title = {The {{Community Earth System Model}} ({{CESM}}) {{Large Ensemble Project}}: {{A Community Resource}} for {{Studying Climate Change}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Internal Climate Variability}}}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {The {{Community Earth System Model}} ({{CESM}}) {{Large Ensemble Project}}}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1}, + abstract = {Abstract While internal climate variability is known to affect climate projections, its influence is often underappreciated and confused with model error. Why? In general, modeling centers contribute a small number of realizations to international climate model assessments (e.g., Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5)). As a result, model error and internal climate variability are difficult, and at times impossible, to disentangle. In response, the Community Earth System Model (CESM) community designed the CESM Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) with the explicit goal of enabling assessment of climate change in the presence of internal climate variability. All CESM-LE simulations use a single CMIP5 model (CESM with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5). The core simulations replay the 20\textendash{}21st century (1920\textendash{}2100) 30 times under historical and Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 external forcing with small initial condition differences. Two companion 1000+-year long pre-industrial control simulations (fully coupled, prognostic atmosphere and land only) allow assessment of internal climate variability in the absence of climate change. Comprehensive outputs, including many daily fields, are available as single-variable time series on the Earth System Grid for anyone to use. Early results demonstrate the substantial influence of internal climate variability on 20th\textendash{}21st century climate trajectories. Global warming hiatus decades occur, similar to those recently observed. Internal climate variability alone can produce projection spread comparable to that in CMIP5. Scientists and stakeholders can use CESM-LE outputs to help interpret the observational record, to understand projection spread, and to plan for a range of possible futures influenced by both internal climate variability and forced climate change. Capsule: ``By simulating climate trajectories over the period 1920\textendash{}2100 multiple times with small atmospheric initialization differences but using the same model and external forcing, this community project provides a comprehensive resource for studying climate change in the presence of internal climate variability.''}, + timestamp = {2015-08-21T20:50:32Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-21}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and Deser, C. and Phillips, A. and Mai, A. and Hannay, C. and Strand, G. and Arblaster, J. M. and Bates, S. C. and Danabasoglu, G. and Edwards, J. and Holland, M. and Kushner, P. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Lawrence, D. and Lindsay, K. and Middleton, A. and Munoz, E. and Neale, R. and Oleson, K. and Polvani, L. and Vertenstein, M.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014} +} + +@book{sarachik1999, + title = {Decadal {{Variability}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Sarachik, Ed}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW-JISAO CIG} +} + +@article{brown1997, + title = {A Test of the Strict Quasi-Equilibrium Theory on Long Time and Space Scales}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Brown, R. G. and Bretherton, C. S.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {624--638} +} + +@article{rougier2009, + title = {Analyzing the {{Climate Sensitivity}} of the {{HadSM3 Climate Model Using Ensembles}} from {{Different}} but {{Related Experiments}}}, + volume = {22}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI2533.1}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:44:39Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Rougier, J. and Sexton, D. M. H. and Murphy, J. M. and Stainforth, D.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3540--3557} +} + +@article{thuburn2002, + title = {On the Temperature Structure of the Tropical Substratosphere}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thuburn, J. and Craig, G. C.}, + year = {2002}, + note = {10.1029/2001JD000448} +} + +@article{bony2005, + title = {Marine Boundary Layer Clouds at the Heart of Tropical Cloud Feedback Uncertainties in Climate Models}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL023851}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:10:20Z}, + number = {L20806}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Bony, S. and Dufresne, J. L.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{randel2006, + title = {Decreases in Stratospheric Water Vapor since 2001: Links to Changes in the Tropical Tropopause and the {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson Circulation}}}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006744}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Vomel, H. and Nedoluha, G. E. and Forster, P. F.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{pan2011, + title = {Relationship of Cloud Top to the Tropopause and Jet Structure from {{CALIPSO}} Data}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015462}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:08Z}, + number = {D12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and Munchak, L. A.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{grosvenor2007, + title = {A Study of the Effect of Overshooting Deep Convection on the Water Content of the {{TTL}} and Lower Stratosphere from {{Cloud Resolving Model Simulations}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Grosvenor, D. P. and Choularton, W. W. and Coe, H. and Held, G.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {7277--7346} +} + +@article{webb2006, + title = {On the Contribution of Local Feedback Mechanism to the Range of Climate Sensitivity in Two {{GCM}} Ensembles}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-006-0111-2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Webb, M. J. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {17--38} +} + +@article{thompson2011, + title = {Gravity and {{Rossby}} Wave Signatures in the Tropical Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Based on {{Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes}} ({{SHADOZ}}), 1998\textendash{}2007}, + volume = {116}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thompson, A.M. and Allen, A.L. and Lee, S. and Miller, S.K. and Witte, J.C.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {D05302} +} + +@article{tilmes2009, + title = {Impact of Geoengineered Aerosols on the Troposphere and Stratosphere}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD011420}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D12305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tilmes, S. and Garcia, R. R. and Kinnison, D. E. and Gettelman, A. and Rasch, P. J.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{wang2012, + title = {Constraining Cloud Lifetime Effects of Aerosols Using {{A}}-{{Train Satellite}} Observations}, + volume = {39}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL052204}, + timestamp = {2015-10-23T19:44:48Z}, + number = {L15709}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Wang, M. and Ghan, S. and Liu, X. and L'Ecuyer, T. S. and Zhang, K. and Morrison, H. and M. Ovchinnikov, R. Easter and Marchand, R. and Chand, D. and Qian, Y. and Penner, J. E.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{webster1980, + title = {Tropical {{Upper}}-{{Tropospheric Extended Clouds}}: {{Inferences}} from {{Winter MONEX}}}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Webster, P. J. and Stephens, G. L.}, + year = {1980}, + pages = {1521--1541} +} + +@article{dessler1998, + title = {A Reexamination of the ``stratospheric Fountain'' Hypothesis}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {4165--4168} +} + +@article{sigman2000, + title = {Glacial/Interglacial Variations in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide}, + volume = {407}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:37:33Z}, + number = {6806}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Sigman, Daniel M. and Boyle, Edward A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {859--869} +} + +@book{bretherton, + title = {Frictional {{Destabilization}} of {{Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Bretherton, C.}, + year = {29 Oct 98}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar} +} + +@article{newell1999, + title = {Ubiquity of Quasi-Horizontal Layers in the Troposphere}, + volume = {398}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Newell, R. E. and Thouret, V. and Cho, J. Y. N. and Stoller, P. and Marenco, A. and Smit, H. G.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {316--319} +} + +@article{boehm2000, + title = {Stratospheric Influence on Upper Tropospheric Tropical Cirrus}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Boehm, M. T. and Verlinde, J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3209--3212} +} + +@article{dessler2010, + title = {A {{Determination}} of the {{Cloud Feedback}} from {{Climate Variations}} over the {{Past Decade}}}, + volume = {330}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1192546}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1523--1527} +} + +@article{morrison2011, + title = {A {{Three}}-{{Year Climatology}} of {{Cloud}}-{{Top Phase}} over the {{Southern Ocean}} and {{North Pacific}}}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3842.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:41Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Morrison, Anthony E. and Siems, Steven T. and Manton, Michael J.}, + month = may, + year = {2011}, + pages = {2405--2418} +} + +@article{kaufmann2011, + title = {Reconciling Anthropogenic Climate Change with Observed Temperature 1998\textendash{}2008}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1102467108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {29}, + journal = {Proc. Nat. Academy Science}, + author = {Kaufmann, Robert K. and Kauppi, Heikki and Mann, Michael L. and Stock, James H.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {11790--11793} +} + +@book{leovy1997, + title = {Cloud {{Sensitivity}} and {{Climate}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Leovy, C.}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{kremser2009, + title = {Water Vapor Transport in the Tropical Tropopause Region in Coupled {{Chemistry}}-{{Climate Models}} and {{ERA40}} Reanalysis Data}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Kremser, S. and Wohltmann, I. and Rex, M. and Langematz, U. and Dameris, M. and Kunze, M.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {2679--2694} +} + +@article{kirk-davidoff1999, + title = {The Effect of Climate Changes on Ozone Depletion through Changes in Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {402}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Kirk-Davidoff, D. B. and Hintsa, E. J. and Anderson, J. G. and Keith, D. W.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {399--401} +} + +@inproceedings{lesht1997, + title = {Comparison of Precipitable Watere Vapor Measurements Obtained by Microwave Radiometry and Radiosondes at the {{Southern Great Plains Cloud}} and {{Radiation Testbed}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Sixth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement}} ({{ARM}}) {{Science Team Meeting}}, {{DOE CONF}}-9603149 {{UC}}-402}, + author = {Lesht, B. M. and Liljegren, J. C.}, + year = {1997}, + note = {available from NTIS as CONF-9603149}, + pages = {165--168} +} + +@article{singh1997, + title = {Trace Chemical Measurements from the Northern Midlatitude Lowermost Stratosphere in Early Spring: {{Distributions}}, Correlations, and Fate}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Singh, H. B. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {NOx,NOy,PAN}, + pages = {127--130} +} + +@article{choi2014, + title = {Influence of Cloud Phase Composition on Climate Feedbacks}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD020582}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:24Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Choi, Yong-Sang and Ho, Chang-Hoi and Park, Chang-Eui and Storelvmo, Trude and Tan, Ivy}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3687--3700} +} + +@book{bonan2002, + title = {Ecological {{Climatology}}: {{Concepts}} and {{Applications}}}, + isbn = {978-0-521-80476-9}, + shorttitle = {Ecological {{Climatology}}}, + abstract = {Ecological climatology is an interdisciplinary framework to understand the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems in the climate system. It examines the physical, chemical, and biological processes by which landscapes affect and are affected by climate. The central theme is that terrestrial ecosystems, through their cycling of energy, water, chemical elements, and trace gases, are important determinants of climate. The coupling between climate and vegetation is seen at spatial scales from stomata to vegetation geography and at time scales of near instantaneous to millennia. In particular, natural vegetation dynamics and human land uses and land management are important mechanisms of climate change. The boreal forest-tundra ecotone and the North African Sahel are examples of climate-ecosystem dynamics at the biogeographical spatial and temporal scale. Deforestation, desertification of drylands, cultivation of grasslands, reforestation following farm abandonment, and urbanization are case studies of how human uses of land alter climate.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-24T03:58:17Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + author = {Bonan, Gordon B.}, + year = {2002}, + keywords = {Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology \& Climatology,Science / Life Sciences / Botany} +} + +@article{wu2012, + title = {Thermal {{Controls}} on the {{Asian Summer Monsoon}}}, + volume = {2}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved}, + doi = {10.1038/srep00404}, + abstract = {The Asian summer monsoon affects more than sixty percent of the world's population; understanding its controlling factors is becoming increasingly important due to the expanding human influence on the environment and climate and the need to adapt to global climate change. Various mechanisms have been suggested; however, an overarching paradigm delineating the dominant factors for its generation and strength remains debated. Here we use observation data and numerical experiments to demonstrates that the Asian summer monsoon systems are controlled mainly by thermal forcing whereas large-scale orographically mechanical forcing is not essential: the South Asian monsoon south of 20$^\circ$N by land\textendash{}sea thermal contrast, its northern part by the thermal forcing of the Iranian Plateau, and the East Asian monsoon and the eastern part of the South Asian monsoon by the thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T16:15:55Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-11}, + journal = {Sci. Rep.}, + author = {Wu, Guoxiong and Liu, Yimin and He, Bian and Bao, Qing and Duan, Anmin and Jin, Fei-Fei}, + month = may, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Atmospheric science,Climate Change,Environmental sciences,Hydrology} +} + +@article{nedoluha1998, + title = {Inreases in Middle Atmospheric Water Vapor as Observed by the {{Halogen Occultation Experiment}} and the Ground-Based {{Water Vapor Millimeter}}-Wave {{Spectrometer}} from 1991 to 1997}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Nedoluha, G. E. and Bevilacqua, R. M. and Gomez, R. Michael and Siskind, D. E. and Hicks, B. C. and III, J. M. Russell and Connor, B. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3531--3543} +} + +@article{feulner2010, + title = {On the Effect of a New Grand Minimum of Solar Activity on the Future Climate on {{Earth}}}, + volume = {37}, + doi = {10.1029/2010GL042710}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {L05707}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Feulner, G. and Rahmstorf, S.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@book{miles1998, + title = {Impacts of {{Climate}} Variability in the {{Pacific Northwest}}: Integrated {{Assessment}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + author = {Miles, E.}, + month = apr, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci Colloquium +speaker from UW marine affairs} +} + +@article{bannister2004, + title = {The Role of the {{S}}. {{E}}. {{Asian Monsoon}} and Other Seasonal Features in Creating The 'tape Recorder' Signal in the {{Unified Model}}}, + volume = {130}, + doi = {10.1256/qj.03.106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Bannister, R. N. and O'Neill, A. and Gregory, A. R. and Nissen, K. M.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1531--1554} +} + +@article{lohmann2016, + title = {Persistence of Orographic Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL071036}, + abstract = {Mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) consist of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets at temperatures between 0 and approximately -38$^\circ$C. They are thermodynamically unstable because the saturation vapor pressure over ice is lower than that over supercooled liquid water. Nevertheless, long-lived MPCs are ubiquitous in the Arctic. Here we show that persistent MPCs are also frequently found in orographic terrain, especially in the Swiss Alps, when the updraft velocities are high enough to exceed saturation with respect to liquid water allowing simultaneous growth of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals. Their existence is characterized by holographic measurements of cloud particles obtained at the high-altitude research station Jungfraujoch during spring 2012 and winter 2013 and simulations with the regional climate model COSMO (Consortium of Small-Scale Modeling).}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-17T15:35:32Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-17}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Henneberger, J. and Henneberg, O. and Fugal, J. P. and B{\"u}hl, J. and Kanji, Z. A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0394 Instruments and techniques,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3355 Regional modeling,3394 Instruments and techniques,mixed-phase clouds,orographic clouds,regional modeling}, + pages = {2016GL071036} +} + +@article{curry1996, + title = {Overview of {{Arctic Cloud}} and {{Radiation Characteristics}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Curry, J. A. and Rossow, W. B. and Randall, D. and Schramm, J. L.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1731--1764} +} + +@book{mortlock1998, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Military, {{Charter}}, {{Unreported Domestic Traffic}} and {{General Aviation}}, 1976, 1984, 1992, and 2015 {{Emissions Scenarios}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Contractor Report 1998-207639}}, + author = {Mortlock, A. and van Alstyne, R.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{ingram2010, + title = {A Very Simple Model for the Water Vapour Feedback on Climate Change}, + volume = {136}, + issn = {00359009, 1477870X}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.546}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:39Z}, + number = {646}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Ingram, William}, + month = jan, + year = {2010}, + pages = {30--40} +} + +@article{heymsfield2010, + title = {Contrail {{Microphysics}}}, + volume = {91}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and Baumgardner, D. and DeMott, P. and Forster, P. and Gierens, K. and K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {465--472} +} + +@article{zhang2013, + title = {{{CGILS}}: {{Results}} from the First Phase of an International Project to Understand the Physical Mechanisms of Low Cloud Feedbacks in Single Column Models}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + shorttitle = {{{CGILS}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2013MS000246}, + abstract = {CGILS\textemdash{}the CFMIP-GASS Intercomparison of Large Eddy Models (LESs) and single column models (SCMs)\textemdash{}investigates the mechanisms of cloud feedback in SCMs and LESs under idealized climate change perturbation. This paper describes the CGILS results from 15 SCMs and 8 LES models. Three cloud regimes over the subtropical oceans are studied: shallow cumulus, cumulus under stratocumulus, and well-mixed coastal stratus/stratocumulus. In the stratocumulus and coastal stratus regimes, SCMs without activated shallow convection generally simulated negative cloud feedbacks, while models with active shallow convection generally simulated positive cloud feedbacks. In the shallow cumulus alone regime, this relationship is less clear, likely due to the changes in cloud depth, lateral mixing, and precipitation or a combination of them. The majority of LES models simulated negative cloud feedback in the well-mixed coastal stratus/stratocumulus regime, and positive feedback in the shallow cumulus and stratocumulus regime. A general framework is provided to interpret SCM results: in a warmer climate, the moistening rate of the cloudy layer associated with the surface-based turbulence parameterization is enhanced; together with weaker large-scale subsidence, it causes negative cloud feedback. In contrast, in the warmer climate, the drying rate associated with the shallow convection scheme is enhanced. This causes positive cloud feedback. These mechanisms are summarized as the ``NESTS'' negative cloud feedback and the ``SCOPE'' positive cloud feedback (Negative feedback from Surface Turbulence under weaker Subsidence\textemdash{}Shallow Convection PositivE feedback) with the net cloud feedback depending on how the two opposing effects counteract each other. The LES results are consistent with these interpretations.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-28T13:16:03Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-10-28}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Zhang, Minghua and Bretherton, Christopher S. and Blossey, Peter N. and Austin, Phillip H. and Bacmeister, Julio T. and Bony, Sandrine and Brient, Florent and Cheedela, Suvarchal K. and Cheng, Anning and Del Genio, Anthony D. and De Roode, Stephan R. and Endo, Satoshi and Franklin, Charmaine N. and Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Hannay, Cecile and Heus, Thijs and Isotta, Francesco Alessandro and Dufresne, Jean-Louis and Kang, In-Sik and Kawai, Hideaki and K{\"o}hler, Martin and Larson, Vincent E. and Liu, Yangang and Lock, Adrian P. and Lohmann, Ulrike and Khairoutdinov, Marat F. and Molod, Andrea M. and Neggers, Roel A. J. and Rasch, Philip and Sandu, Irina and Senkbeil, Ryan and Siebesma, A. Pier and Siegenthaler-Le Drian, Colombe and Stevens, Bjorn and Suarez, Max J. and Xu, Kuan-Man and {von Salzen}, Knut and Webb, Mark J. and Wolf, Audrey and Zhao, Ming}, + month = dec, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1626 Global climate models,3305 Climate change and variability,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3323 Large eddy simulation,CGILS,large eddy models,low cloud feedbacks,single column models}, + pages = {826--842}, + file = {zhang2013.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/zhang2013.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{dessler1999, + title = {Reply}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2739} +} + +@article{chan1998, + title = {Analysis of the Seasonal Behavior of Tropospheric Ozone at {{Hong Kong}}}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Chan, L. Y. and Liu, H. Y. and Lam, K. S. and Wang, T. and Oltmans, S. J. and Harries, J. M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {159--168} +} + +@article{liao1998, + title = {Effect of Clouds on Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J. H.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3781--3788} +} + +@article{baumgardner2001, + title = {The Cloud, Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer ({{CAPS}}): {{A}} New Instrument for Cloud Investigations}, + volume = {59-60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Res.}, + author = {Baumgardner, D. and Jonsson, H. and Dawson, W. and O'Connor, D. and Newton, R.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {251--264} +} + +@article{uno2014, + title = {Eruption of {{Mt}}. {{Kilauea Impacted Cloud Droplet}} and {{Radiation Budget}} over {{North Pacific}}}, + timestamp = {2015-12-15T04:46:42Z}, + urldate = {2015-12-15}, + author = {Uno, I. and Eguchi, K. and Yumimoto, K.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{shi2016, + title = {Effect of Cloud-Scale Vertical Velocity on the Contribution of Homogeneous Nucleation to Cirrus Formation and Radiative Forcing}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL069531}, + abstract = {Ice nucleation is a critical process for the ice crystal formation in cirrus clouds. The relative contribution of homogeneous nucleation versus heterogeneous nucleation to cirrus formation differs between measurements and predictions from general circulation models. Here we perform large-ensemble simulations of the ice nucleation process using a cloud parcel model driven by observed vertical motions and find that homogeneous nucleation occurs rather infrequently, in agreement with recent measurement findings. When the effect of observed vertical velocity fluctuations on ice nucleation is considered in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5, the relative contribution of homogeneous nucleation to cirrus cloud occurrences decreases to only a few percent. However, homogeneous nucleation still has strong impacts on the cloud radiative forcing. Hence, the importance of homogeneous nucleation for cirrus cloud formation should not be dismissed on the global scale.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-26T21:10:19Z}, + urldate = {2016-06-26}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Shi, X. and Liu, X.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3311 Clouds and aerosols,Cirrus clouds}, + pages = {2016GL069531} +} + +@article{karcher2002a, + title = {A Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation: {{Homogeneous}} Freezing of Supercooled Aerosols}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000470}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{karlsdottir2000, + title = {Changing Methane Lifetime: {{Possible}} Cause for Reduced Growth}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Karlsdottir, S. and Isaken, I. S. A.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{skamarock1996, + title = {Models of {{Coastally Trapped}} Disturbances along the West Coast}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {{Skamarock}}, + month = nov, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from NCAR +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{quaas2012, + title = {Evaluating the ``critical Relative Humidity'' as a Measure of Subgrid-Scale Variability of Humidity in General Circulation Model Cloud Cover Parameterizations Using Satellite Data}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD017495}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:09Z}, + number = {D9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Quaas, Johannes}, + month = may, + year = {2012} +} + +@book{durlack1999, + title = {Evolution of Mexico City Aerosols during {{MAPS}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Durlack, S.}, + month = dec, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP research report +speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@book{prather, + title = {Chemistry-{{Climate Coupling}} \& {{Indirect Effects}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + author = {Prather, M.}, + year = {22 Nov 991999}, + note = {Published: ACD Seminar +speaker from UIrvine} +} + +@article{waters2006, + title = {The {{Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder}} ({{EOS MLS}}) on the {{Aura Satellite}}}, + volume = {44}, + doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2006.873771}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {IEEE Trans. on Geosci. and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Waters, J. W. and {others}}, + month = may, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1075--1092} +} + +@article{hansen2010, + title = {Global Surface Temperature Change}, + volume = {48}, + doi = {10.1029/2010RG000345}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {RG4004}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Hansen, J. and Ruedy, R. and Sato, M. and Lo, K.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{kvenvolden1989, + title = {Methane Hydrates and Global Climate}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:36:10Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles;(USA)}, + author = {Kvenvolden, Keith A.}, + year = {1989} +} + +@article{tomikawa2009, + title = {Charistics of {{Tropopause}} and {{Tropopause Inversion Layer}} in the {{Polar Region}}}, + volume = {5}, + doi = {10.2151/sola.2009-036}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Sci. Online Lett. on the Atmos.}, + author = {Tomikawa, Y. and Nishimura, Y. and Yamanouchi, T.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {141--144} +} + +@article{thompson2003, + title = {The 1998-2000 {{SHADOZ Tropical Ozone Climatology}}: 1. {{Comparison}} with {{TOMS}} and Ground-Based Measurements}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000967}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thompson, A. M. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {8238} +} + +@article{arking1999, + title = {The Influence of Clouds and Water Vapor on Atmospheric Absorption}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Arking, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2729--2732} +} + +@book{alexanderc, + title = {Satellite {{Observations}} of {{Gravity Waves}} in the {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Alexander, M. J.}, + year = {8 nov}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{livesey2003, + title = {The {{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}} Version 5 Data Set: {{Theory}}, Characterization and Validation}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002273}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Livesey, N. J. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W. and Santee, M. L. and Pumphrey, H. C. and Wu, D. L. and Shippony, Z. and Jarnot, R. F.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{smith2000, + title = {Seasonal Trends in Stratospheric Water Vapour}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Smith, C. A. and Toumi, R. and Haigh, J. D.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1687--1690} +} + +@article{peters2004, + title = {Tropospheric Ozone over a Tropical {{Atlantic}} Station in the {{Northern Hemisphere}}: {{Paramaribo}}, {{Surinam}} (6$\backslash${{degN}}, 55$\backslash${{degW}})}, + volume = {56}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00083.x}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology B}, + author = {Peters, W. and Krol, M. C. and Fortuin, J. P. F. and Kelder, H. M. and Thompson, A. M. and Becker, C. R. and Lelieveld, J. and Crutzen, P. J.}, + month = feb, + year = {2004}, + pages = {21--34} +} + +@article{larson2015, + title = {A {{Temporal Kernel Method}} to {{Compute Effective Radiative Forcing}} in {{CMIP5 Transient Simulations}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0577.1}, + abstract = {Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is calculated as the flux change at the top of the atmosphere after allowing rapid adjustments resulting from a forcing agent, such as greenhouse gases. Rapid adjustments include changes to atmospheric temperature, water vapor, and clouds. Accurate estimates of ERF are necessary in order to understand the drivers of climate change. This work presents a new method of calculating ERF using a kernel derived from the time series of a model variable (e.g., global mean surface temperature) in a model-step change experiment. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative imbalance has the best noise tolerance for retrieving the ERF of the model variables tested. This temporal kernel method is compared with an energy balance method, which equates ERF to the TOA radiative imbalance plus the scaled surface temperature change. Sensitivities and biases of these methods are quantified using output from phase 5 of the the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The temporal kernel method is likely more accurate for models in which a linear fit is a poor approximation for the relationship between temperature change and TOA imbalance. The difference between these methods is most apparent in forcing estimates for the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. The CMIP5 multimodel mean ERF calculated for large volcanic eruptions is 80\% of the adjusted forcing reported by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). This suggests that about 5\% more energy has come into the earth system since 1870 than suggested by the IPCC AR5.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-19T15:00:44Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-05-19}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Larson, Erik J. L. and Portmann, Robert W.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1497--1509}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EK4AH58F/JCLI-D-15-0577.html:text/html} +} + +@article{tsutsui2002, + title = {Implications of {{Anthropogenic Climate Change}} for {{Tropical Cyclone Activity}}: {{A Case Study}} with the {{NCAR CCM2}}}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Tsutsui, J.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {45--65} +} + +@article{sherwood2010, + title = {Tropospheric Water Vapor, Convection, and Climate}, + volume = {48}, + issn = {8755-1209}, + doi = {10.1029/2009RG000301}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:12Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Roca, R. and Weckwerth, T. M. and Andronova, N. G.}, + month = apr, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{albani2014, + title = {Improved Dust Representation in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2013MS000279}, + abstract = {Aerosol-climate interactions constitute one of the major sources of uncertainty in assessing changes in aerosol forcing in the anthropocene as well as understanding glacial-interglacial cycles. Here we focus on improving the representation of mineral dust in the Community Atmosphere Model and assessing the impacts of the improvements in terms of direct effects on the radiative balance of the atmosphere. We simulated the dust cycle using different parameterization sets for dust emission, size distribution, and optical properties. Comparing the results of these simulations with observations of concentration, deposition, and aerosol optical depth allows us to refine the representation of the dust cycle and its climate impacts. We propose a tuning method for dust parameterizations to allow the dust module to work across the wide variety of parameter settings which can be used within the Community Atmosphere Model. Our results include a better representation of the dust cycle, most notably for the improved size distribution. The estimated net top of atmosphere direct dust radiative forcing is -0.23\,$\pm$\,0.14 W/m2 for present day and -0.32\,$\pm$\,0.20 W/m2 at the Last Glacial Maximum. From our study and sensitivity tests, we also derive some general relevant findings, supporting the concept that the magnitude of the modeled dust cycle is sensitive to the observational data sets and size distribution chosen to constrain the model as well as the meteorological forcing data, even within the same modeling framework, and that the direct radiative forcing of dust is strongly sensitive to the optical properties and size distribution used.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-28T17:56:41Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-11-28}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Albani, S. and Mahowald, N. M. and Perry, A. T. and Scanza, R. A. and Zender, C. S. and Heavens, N. G. and Maggi, V. and Kok, J. F. and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0360 Radiation: transmission and scattering,1622 Earth system modeling,4926 Glacial,dust optical properties,dust size,last glacial maximum,mineral dust,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {541--570}, + file = {albani2014.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/albani2014.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{yoneyama1999, + title = {A {{Proposed Mechanism}} for the {{Intrusion}} of {{Dry Air}} into the {{Tropical Western Pacific Region}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Yoneyama, K. and Parsons, D. B.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1524--1546} +} + +@article{fasullo2015, + title = {Recent {{Progress}} in {{Constraining Climate Sensitivity With Model Ensembles}}}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-11-24T23:05:04Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-11-24}, + journal = {Current Climate Change Reports}, + author = {Fasullo, J. T. and Sanderson, B. M. and Trenberth, K. E.}, + year = {2015}, + pages = {268--275}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/84JS4TBU/s40641-015-0021-7.html:text/html} +} + +@article{hervig1999, + title = {Cirrus Detection Using {{HALOE}} Measurements}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hervig, M. and McHugh, M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {719--722} +} + +@article{manney2009, + title = {Satellite Observations and Modelling of Transport during the 2006 Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Manney, G. L. and {others}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {4775--4795} +} + +@article{yang2010, + title = {Radiative Impacts of Clouds in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012393}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D00H12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Yang, Q. and Fu, Q. and Y, Hu}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{korolev2003, + title = {Microphysical Characterization of Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + volume = {129}, + issn = {1477870X, 00359009}, + doi = {10.1256/qj.01.204}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:00:02Z}, + number = {587}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Korolev, Alexei V. and Isaac, George A. and Cober, Stewart G. and Strapp, J. Walter and Hallett, John}, + month = jan, + year = {2003}, + pages = {39--65} +} + +@article{jochum2012, + title = {True to {{Milankovitch}}: {{Glacial Inception}} in the {{New Community Climate System Model}}}, + volume = {25}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00044.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Jochum, M. and Jahn, A. and Peacock, S. and Bailey, D. A. and Fasullo, J. T. and Kay, J. E. and Levis, S. and Otto-Bliesner, B.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2226--2239} +} + +@article{erler2011, + title = {The Static Stability of the Tropopause Region in Adiabatic Baroclinic Life Cycle Experiments}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Erler, A. and Wirth, V.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{zhang2008a, + title = {What Causes the Excessive Response of Clear-Sky Greenhouse Effect to {{El Nino}} Warming in {{Community Atmosphere Models}}}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009247}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D02108}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zhang, T. and Sun, D.-Z.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{schneider2010, + title = {{{WATER VAPOR AND THE DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGES}}}, + volume = {48}, + issn = {8755-1209}, + doi = {10.1029/2009RG000302}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:00Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, + author = {Schneider, Tapio and O'Gorman, Paul A. and Levine, Xavier J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{schlager1997, + title = {In Situ Observations of Air Traffic Emission Signatures in the {{North Atlantic}} Flight Corridor}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schlager, H. and Konopka, P. and Schulte, P. and Schumann, U. and Ziereis, H. and Arnold, F. and Klemm, M. and Hagen, D. E. and Whitefield, P. D. and Ovarlez, J.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {POLINAT}, + pages = {10,739--10,750} +} + +@article{folkins2006, + title = {Seasonal Cycles of {{O}}3, {{CO}}, and Convective Outflow at the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL026602}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {L16802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Bernath, P. and Boone, C. and Lesins, G. and Livesey, N. and Thompson, A. M. and Walker, K. and Witte, J. C.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{twomey1959, + title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Cloud Nucleus Population}} on the {{Microstructure}} and {{Stability}} of {{Convective Clouds}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Twomey, S. and Squires, P.}, + year = {1959}, + pages = {408--411} +} + +@article{nakajima1989, + title = {Determination of the {{Optical Thickness}} and {{Effective Particle Radius}} of {{Clouds}} from {{Reflected Solar Radiation Measurements}}. {{Part I}}: {{Theory}}}, + volume = {47}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {Determination of the {{Optical Thickness}} and {{Effective Particle Radius}} of {{Clouds}} from {{Reflected Solar Radiation Measurements}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1878:DOTOTA>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {A method is presented for determining the optical thickness and effective particle radius of stratiform cloud layers from reflected solar radiation measurements. A detailed study is presented which shows that the cloud optical thickness ($\tau$c) and effective particle radius (re) of water clouds can be determined solely from reflection function measurements at 0.75 and 2.16 $\mu$m, provided $\tau$c $\greaterequivlnt$ 4 and re $\greaterequivlnt$ 6 $\mu$m. For optically thin clouds the retrieval becomes ambiguous, resulting in two possible solutions for the effective radius and optical thickness. Adding a third channel near 1.65 $\mu$m does not improve the situation noticeably, whereas the addition of a channel near 3.70 $\mu$m reduces the ambiguity in deriving the effective radius. The effective radius determined by the above procedure corresponds to the droplet radius at some optical depth within the cloud layer. For clouds having $\tau$c $\greaterequivlnt$ 8, the effective radius determined using the 0.75 and 2.16 $\mu$m channels can be regarded as 85\%\textendash{}95\% of the radius at cloud top, which corresponds in turn to an optical depth 20\%\textendash{}40\% of the total optical thickness of the cloud layer.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-27T01:50:06Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2016-05-27}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Nakajima, Teruyuki and King, Michael D.}, + month = aug, + year = {1989}, + pages = {1878--1893} +} + +@book{gardner1998, + title = {The {{ANCAT}}/{{EC2}} Global Aircraft Emissions Inventories for 1991/92 and 2015: Final Results}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Gardner, R. M. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: AEAP poster April 1998} +} + +@article{sato1981, + title = {Some {{Characteristic Properties}} of {{Ice Crystal Precipitation}} in the {{Summer Season}} at {{South Pole Station}}, {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Sato, N. and Kikuchi, K. and Barnard, S. C. and Hogan, A. W.}, + year = {1981}, + pages = {772--780} +} + +@article{gettelman2004, + title = {The {{Radiation Balance}} of the {{Tropical Tropopause Layer}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004190}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Forster, P. M. F. and Fujuwara, M. and Fu, Q. and Vomel, H. and Gohar, L. K. and Johanson, C. and Ammeraman, M.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{kentarchos2000, + title = {Simulation of Extratropical Synoptic-Scale Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Using a Coupled Chemistry {{GCM}}: {{Sensitivity}} to Horizontal Resolution}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Kentarchos, A. S. and Roelofs, G. J. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2824--2838} +} + +@article{xie2008, + title = {Simulations of {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phase Clouds in Forecasts with {{CAM3}} and {{AM2}} for {{M}}-{{PACE}}}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009225}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D04211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Xie, S. and Boyle, J. and Klein, S. A. and Liu, X. and Ghan, S.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{zelinka2014, + title = {Quantifying Components of Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions in Climate Models}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD021710}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:03Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Zelinka, Mark D. and Andrews, Timothy and Forster, Piers M. and Taylor, Karl E.}, + month = jun, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7599--7615} +} + +@article{kay2012, + title = {The Influence of Local Feedbacks and Heat Transport on the Equilibrium {{Arctic}} Climate Response to Increased Greenhouse Gas Forcing in Coupled Climate Models}, + volume = {25}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00622.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and Bitz, M. M. Holland C. and Gettelman, A. and Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E. and Conley, A. and Bailey, D.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {5433--5450} +} + +@article{yuan2011, + title = {Cloud Macroscopic Organization: Order Emerging from Randomness}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Cloud Macroscopic Organization}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-7483-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-04T15:09:56Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Yuan, T.}, + month = aug, + year = {2011}, + pages = {7483--7490} +} + +@article{moss2011, + title = {Reducing Doubt about Uncertainty: {{Guidance}} for {{IPCC}}'s Third Assessment}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + shorttitle = {Reducing Doubt about Uncertainty}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-011-0182-x}, + abstract = {It is usually necessary to apply incomplete and uncertain information to inform policy and decision making, creating the need to characterize the state of knowledge and identify when more certain information may be available. After all, some information is better than none and conversely, even perfect information is of no use if it is available only after a decision has been made. In scientific assessments for global change, the challenges are particularly acute because of scientific complexity, long time horizons, and large political and economic stakes, among other factors. Moss and Schneider prepared uncertainty guidelines for the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that recommended a process to make expert judgments of levels of confidence and uncertainty more systematic and transparent. The guidance provided calibrated uncertainty terms to improve communication of findings to users and urged preparation of a traceable account of the authors' assessment of the evidence for each major finding. This article reviews the recommendations and their effectiveness and highlights ensuing critiques and the evolution of uncertainty guidance for subsequent assessment reports. It discusses emerging challenges in providing science for decision making in the era of increasing model resolution and complexity and burgeoning interest in information to inform adaptation and mitigation at regional and finer scales.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-29T02:50:26Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-29}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Moss, Richard H.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {Meteorology/Climatology}, + pages = {641--658} +} + +@book{plumb1999, + title = {Stratospheric {{Dynamics}} and {{Transport}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Plumb, A.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: CU CIRES Seminar +speaker from MIT} +} + +@book{garcia1999, + title = {Equatorial {{Waves}} and the {{SAO}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Garcia, R.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: MLT group meeting +speaker from NCAR ACD} +} + +@article{fu2011, + title = {Poleward {{Shift}} of {{Subtropical Jets Inferred}} from {{Satellite}}-{{Observed Lower}}-{{Stratospheric Temperatures}}}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00027.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:30Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Fu, Qiang and Lin, Pu}, + month = nov, + year = {2011}, + pages = {5597--5603} +} + +@article{klocke2011, + title = {On Constraining Estimates of Climate Sensitivity with Present-Day Observations through Model Weighting}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Klocke, D. and Pincus, R. and Quaas, J.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {6092--6099} +} + +@article{grabowski1995, + title = {Entrainment and Mixing in Buoyancy-Reversing Convection with Applications to Cloud Top Entrainment}, + volume = {121}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Grabowski, W. W.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {231--253} +} + +@article{chubb2016, + title = {Observations of High Droplet Number Concentrations in {{Southern Ocean}} Boundary Layer Clouds}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-971-2016}, + abstract = {Cloud physics data collected during the NSF/NCAR High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaigns provide a snapshot of unusual wintertime microphysical conditions in the boundary layer over the Southern Ocean. On 29~June 2011, the HIAPER sampled the boundary layer in a region of pre-frontal warm air advection between 58 and 48$^\circ$ S to the south of Tasmania. Cloud droplet number concentrations were consistent with climatological values in the northernmost profiles but were exceptionally high for wintertime in the Southern Ocean at 100\textendash{}200 cm-3 in the southernmost profiles. Sub-micron (0.06 \,$<$\,D\,$<$\, 1 $\mathrm{\mu}$m) aerosol concentrations for the southern profiles were up to 400 cm-3. Analysis of back trajectories and atmospheric chemistry observations revealed that while conditions in the troposphere were more typical of a clean remote ocean airmass, there was some evidence of continental or anthropogenic influence. However, the hypothesis of long-range transport of continental aerosol fails to explain the magnitude of the aerosol and cloud droplet concentration in the boundary layer. Instead, the gale force surface winds in this case (wind speed at 167 m above sea level was \,$>$\,25 m s-1) were most likely responsible for production of sea spray aerosol which influenced the microphysical properties of the boundary layer clouds. The smaller size and higher number concentration of cloud droplets is inferred to increase the albedo of these clouds, and these conditions occur regularly, and are expected to increase in frequency, over windy parts of the Southern Ocean.}, + timestamp = {2016-03-14T21:17:38Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-03-14}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Chubb, T. and Huang, Y. and Jensen, J. and Campos, T. and Siems, S. and Manton, M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + pages = {971--987} +} + +@article{noone2002, + title = {Annular Variations in Moisture Transport Mechanisms and the Abundance of {{d18O}} in {{Antarctic}} Snow}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Noone, D. and Simmonds, I.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {4742}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002262} +} + +@article{olsen2004, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchagne of Mass and Ozone}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004278}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D24114}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Olsen, M. A. and Schoeberl, M. R. and Douglass, A. R.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{jones2011, + title = {Quantifying the Limits of Convective Parameterizations}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014913}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:57Z}, + number = {D8}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Jones, Todd R. and Randall, David A.}, + month = apr, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{fischer1997, + title = {Obervations of High Concentrations of Total Reactive Nitrogen ({{NOy}}) and Nitric Acid ({{HNO}}3) in the Lower {{Arctic}} Stratosphere during the {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Experiment}} by {{Aircraft Measurements}} ({{STREAM}}) {{II}} Campaign in {{February}} 1995}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Fischer, H. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {23,559--23,571} +} + +@article{gierens2000, + title = {On the Size Distribution of Ice Supersaturation Regions in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {Gierens, K. and Spichtinger, P.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {499--504} +} + +@article{martius2010, + title = {Tropopause Level Waveguides}, + volume = {67}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Martius, C. and Schwierz, H. and Davies, H. C.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {866--879} +} + +@book{noziere1999, + title = {Lab Investigations of {{Atmospheric Reactions}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + author = {Noziere, B.}, + month = oct, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP research report +speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{jensen1997, + title = {The Potential Impact of Soot Particles from Aircraft Exhaust on Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Toon, O. B.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {249--252} +} + +@book{mass1999, + title = {Coastally {{Trapped}} Summertime Disturbances along the {{West}} Coast}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {Mass, C.}, + month = may, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: uw dyno seminar +speaker from uw} +} + +@article{tziperman2006, + title = {Consequences of Pacing the {{Pleistocene}} 100 Kyr Ice Ages by Nonlinear Phase Locking to {{Milankovitch}} Forcing: {{HOW TO PACE AN ICE AGE}}}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {08838305}, + shorttitle = {Consequences of Pacing the {{Pleistocene}} 100 Kyr Ice Ages by Nonlinear Phase Locking to {{Milankovitch}} Forcing}, + doi = {10.1029/2005PA001241}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:17Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Paleoceanography}, + author = {Tziperman, Eli and Raymo, Maureen E. and Huybers, Peter and Wunsch, Carl}, + month = dec, + year = {2006}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{buffett2004, + title = {Global Inventory of Methane Clathrate: Sensitivity to Changes in the Deep Ocean}, + volume = {227}, + issn = {0012821X}, + shorttitle = {Global Inventory of Methane Clathrate}, + doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.005}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:04Z}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, + author = {Buffett, Bruce and Archer, David}, + month = nov, + year = {2004}, + pages = {185--199} +} + +@article{smith1993, + title = {Aerial {{Observations}} of {{Hawaii}}'s {{Wake}}}, + volume = {50}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3728:AOOHW>2.0.CO;2}, + timestamp = {2016-09-28T14:57:12Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2016-09-28}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Smith, Ronald B. and Grubi{\v s}i{\'c}, Vanda}, + month = nov, + year = {1993}, + pages = {3728--3750} +} + +@article{naito2003, + title = {A Parameter Sweep Experiment on the Effects of the Equatorial {{QBO}} on Stratospheric Sudden Warming Events}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Naito, Y. and Tagichi, M. and Yoden, S.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1380--1394} +} + +@article{ghan2012, + title = {Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: {{Comparative}} Decomposition of Aerosol Direct, Semidirect, and Indirect Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {25}, + shorttitle = {Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:10:58Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Ghan, Steven J. and Liu, Xiaohong and Easter, Richard C. and Zaveri, R. and Rasch, Philip J. and Yoon, J.-H. and Eaton, Brian}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {6461--6476} +} + +@article{dunkerton1995, + title = {Evidence of Meridional Motion in the Summer Lower Stratosphere Adjacent to Monsoon Regions}, + volume = {199}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dunkerton, T. J.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {16,675--16,688} +} + +@article{kuang2004, + title = {Convective {{Influence}} on the {{Heat Balance}} of the {{Tropical Tropopause Layer}}: {{A Cloud}}-{{Resolving Model Study}}}, + volume = {61}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Kuang, Z. and Bretherton, C. S.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {2919--2927} +} + +@article{schumann1996, + title = {On Conditions for Contrail Formation from Aircraft Exhausts (Review {{Article}})}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Meteorolog. Zeitschrift}, + author = {Schumann, U.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {4--23} +} + +@book{ugamp, + title = {{{UK Global Atmosphere Modelling Project Annual Meeting}} 1995}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + author = {{UGAMP}}, + year = {sep 20-22}, + note = {Published: Seminar +UGAMP meeting, hosted by Haines. Staring Slingo, O'Neill, Andrews et. al Notes from some of the sessions picked up while attending GEFD seminars.} +} + +@book{seebass1997, + title = {High {{Speed Civil Transport}} ({{HSCT}}): {{Why}} and {{When}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {Seebass, R}, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: Seminar- Seattle, WA}, + keywords = {Boeing,HSCT,McDonnell Douglass} +} + +@article{kay2012a, + title = {Exposing Global Cloud Biases in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM}}) Using Satellite Observations and Their Corresponding Instrument Simulators}, + volume = {25}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00469.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and {others}}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {5190--5207} +} + +@article{pawson1999, + title = {Intercomparison of Two Stratospheric Analyses: {{Temperatures}} Relevant to Polar Stratospheric Cloud Formation}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pawson, S. and Kr{\"u}ger, K. and Swinbank, R. and Bailey, M. and O'Neill, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2041--2050} +} + +@article{young1974, + title = {The Role of Contact Nucleation in Ice Phase Initiation of Clouds}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Young, K. C.}, + year = {1974}, + pages = {768--776} +} + +@article{neggers2015, + title = {Attributing the Behavior of Low-Level Clouds in Large-Scale Models to Subgrid-Scale Parameterizations}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000503}, + abstract = {This study explores ways of establishing the characteristic behavior of boundary layer schemes in representing subtropical marine low-level clouds in climate models. To this purpose, parameterization schemes are studied in both isolated and interactive mode with the larger-scale circulation. Results of the EUCLIPSE/GASS intercomparison study for Single-Column Models (SCM) on low-level cloud transitions are compared to General Circulation Model (GCM) results from the CFMIP-2 project at selected grid points in the subtropical eastern Pacific. Low cloud characteristics are plotted as a function of key state variables for which Large-Eddy Simulation results suggest a distinct and reasonably tight relation. These include the Cloud Top Entrainment Instability (CTEI) parameter and the total cloud cover. SCM and GCM results are thus compared and their resemblance is quantified using simple metrics. Good agreement is reported, to such a degree that SCM results are found to be uniquely representative of their GCM, and vice versa. This suggests that the system of parameterized fast boundary layer physics dominates the model state at any given time, even when interactive with the larger-scale flow. This behavior can loosely be interpreted as a unique ``fingerprint'' of a boundary layer scheme, recognizable in both SCM and GCM simulations. The result justifies and advocates the use of SCM simulation for improving weather and climate models, including the attribution of typical responses of low clouds to climate change in a GCM to specific parameterizations.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-01-04T16:31:14Z}, + urldate = {2016-01-04}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Neggers, R. a. J.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3323 Large eddy simulation,3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization,attribution,boundary layer,Climate models,low-level clouds,Parameterization,Single-Column Model}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@incollection{schumann2002, + title = {Contrail {{Cirrus}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + booktitle = {Cirrus}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, + author = {Schumann, U.}, + editor = {Lynch, D. K. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {231--255} +} + +@book{baughcum1998, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Scheduled {{Civil Aircraft Emission Inventories Projected}} for 2015: {{Database Development}} and {{Analysis}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Contractor Report 1998-207638}}, + author = {Baughcum, S. L. and Henderson, S. C. and Sutkus, D. J.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{canziani1997, + title = {Kelvin {{Waves}} and the {{QBO}}: 30 {{Years Later}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Canziani, P.}, + month = dec, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci- Dynamics Seminar +speaker from Univ Buenos Aries} +} + +@article{sparling1998, + title = {An Estimate of the Effect of Unresolved Structure on Modeled Ozone Loss from Aircraft Observations of {{ClO}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sparling, L. C. and Douglass, A. R. and Schoeberl, M. R.}, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {model resolution}, + pages = {305--308} +} + +@incollection{uccellini1991, + title = {Processes Contributing to the Rapid Development of Extratropical Cyclones}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + booktitle = {Extratropical {{Cyclones}}: {{The Eric Palmen Memorial Volume}}}, + publisher = {{American Meteorological Society}}, + author = {Uccellini, L. W.}, + editor = {Newton, C. \& E. Holopainen}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {81--107} +} + +@article{korhonen2010, + title = {Aerosol Climate Feedback due to Decadal Increases in {{Southern Hemisphere}} Wind Speeds}, + volume = {37}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL041320}, + abstract = {Observations indicate that the westerly jet in the Southern Hemisphere troposphere is accelerating. Using a global aerosol model we estimate that the increase in wind speed of 0.45 $\pm$ 0.2 m s-1decade-1 at 50\textendash{}65$^\circ$S since the early 1980s caused a higher sea spray flux, resulting in an increase of cloud condensation nucleus concentrations of more than 85\% in some regions, and of 22\% on average between 50 and 65$^\circ$S. These fractional increases are similar in magnitude to the decreases over many northern hemisphere land areas due to changes in air pollution over the same period. The change in cloud drop concentrations causes an increase in cloud reflectivity and a summertime radiative forcing between at 50 and 65$^\circ$S comparable in magnitude but acting against that from greenhouse gas forcing over the same time period, and thus represents a substantial negative climate feedback. However, recovery of Antarctic ozone depletion in the next two decades will likely cause a fall in wind speeds, a decrease in cloud drop concentration and a correspondingly weaker cloud feedback.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-05T04:26:56Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-07-05}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Korhonen, Hannele and Carslaw, Kenneth S. and Forster, Piers M. and Mikkonen, Santtu and Gordon, Neil D. and Kokkola, Harri}, + month = jan, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {0460 Marine systems,1637 Regional climate change,3311 Clouds and aerosols,aerosol-climate interaction}, + pages = {L02805} +} + +@article{twomey1974, + title = {Pollution and the Planetary Albedo}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:41:13Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment (1967)}, + author = {Twomey, S.}, + year = {1974}, + pages = {1251--1256} +} + +@article{walker1926, + title = {Correlation in Seasonal Variations of Weather {{IX}}}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {Mem. Indian Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Walker, G. T.}, + year = {1926}, + pages = {275--332} +} + +@book{hartmann1996, + title = {Finite Time Instabilities in Lower Stratospheric Flow}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis}, + month = jan, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {singular vectors} +} + +@article{santer2005, + title = {Amplification of {{Surface Temperature Trends}} and {{Variability}} in the {{Tropical Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {309}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1114867}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {5740}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Santer, B. D. and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1551--1556} +} + +@article{andres1998, + title = {A Time-Averaged Inventory of Subaerial Volcanic Sulfur Emissions}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Andres, R. J. and Kasgnoc, A. D.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25,251--25,261} +} + +@book{council1997, + series = {Compass Series}, + title = {Interim {{Review}} of the {{Subsonic Assessment Project}}: {{Management}}, {{Science}} and {{Goals}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + publisher = {{National Academy Press}}, + author = {Council, National Research}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{eriksson2010, + title = {Diurnal Variations of Humidity and Ice Water Content in the Tropical up per Troposphere}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-11519-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Eriksson, P. and Rydberg, B. and Johnston, M. and Murtagh, D. P. and {S truthers}, H. and Ferrachat, S. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {11519--11533} +} + +@article{kanamitsu2002, + title = {{{NCEP}}-{{DEO AMIP II Reanalysis}} ({{R}}-2)}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Kanamitsu, M. and Ebisuzaki, W. and Wollen, J. and Yang, S.-K. and Hnilo, J. J. and Fiorino, M. and Potter, G. L.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1631--1643} +} + +@techreport{collins2004, + address = {Boulder, CO, USA}, + title = {Description of the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM3}}.0)}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {NCAR/TN-464+STR}, + institution = {National Center for Atmospheric Research}, + author = {Collins, W. D. and Rasch, P. J. and Boville, B. A. and McCaa, J. R. and Williamson, D. L. and Kiehl, J. T. and Briegleb, B. P. and Bitz, C. M. and Lin, S.-J. and Zhang, and M. and Dai, Y.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{yang1991, + title = {Simulation of the {{Present}}-{{Day Atmospheric Ozone}}, {{Odd Nitrogen}}, {{Chlorine}} and {{Other Species Using}} a {{Coupled}} 2-{{D Model}} in {{Isentropic Coordinates}}}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Yang, H.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {442--471} +} + +@article{rossow1993, + title = {Comparison of {{ISCCP}} and Other {{Cloud Amounts}}}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Journal of Cliamte}, + author = {Rossow, W. B. and Walker, A. W. and Garder, L. C.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {clouds,radiation}, + pages = {2394--2418} +} + +@article{storelvmo2006, + title = {Predicting Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM}})-{{Oslo}}}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D24208}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Storelvmo, T. and Kristj{\'a}nsson, J. E. and Ghan, S. J. and Kirkevag, A. and Seland, O. and Iversen, T.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{hsu2009, + title = {Stratospheric Variability and Tropospheric Ozone}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010942}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D06102}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hsu, J. and Prather, M. J.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{randel2004, + title = {Interannual Changes of Stratospheric Water Vapor and Correllations with Tropical Tropopause Temperatures}, + volume = {61}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Oltmans, S. J. and Rosenlof, K. and Nedoluha, G. E.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {2133--2148} +} + +@article{smith2005, + title = {Orographic Precipitation and {{Oregon}}'s Climate Transition}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Smith, R. B. and Barstad, I. and Bonneau, L.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {177--191} +} + +@article{vallina2006, + title = {What Controls {{CCN}} Seasonality in the {{Southern Ocean}}? {{A}} Statistical Analysis Based on Satellite-Derived Chlorophyll and {{CCN}} and Model-Estimated {{OH}} Radical and Rainfall: {{WHAT CONTROLS CCN SEASONALITY IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN}}}, + volume = {20}, + issn = {08866236}, + shorttitle = {What Controls {{CCN}} Seasonality in the {{Southern Ocean}}?}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GB002597}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:20Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles}, + author = {Vallina, S. M. and Sim{\'o}, R. and Gass{\'o}, S.}, + month = mar, + year = {2006}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{clement2009, + title = {Observational and {{Model Evidence}} for {{Positive Low}}-{{Level Cloud Feedback}}}, + volume = {325}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Clement, A. and Burgman, R. and Norris, J. R.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {460--464} +} + +@article{roscoe2003, + title = {Stratospheric Temepratures in {{Antarctic}} Winter: {{DOes}} the 40-Year Record Confirm Midlatitude Trends in Stratospheric Water Vapor?}, + volume = {129}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {591}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Roscoe, H. K. and Colwell, S. R. and Shanklin, J. D.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1745--1759} +} + +@book{klein1995, + title = {Climate over the {{Tropical Oceans}}}, + abstract = {Discussion of a 1-D model of various aspects of the tropical vertical heat balance. Concludes that 1-D models are not very good for this heat balance}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Klein, Steve}, + month = jun, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW (going to GFDL) +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {radiator fins,reflector panels,thermostats,ventilators} +} + +@article{garcia1994, + title = {A New Numerical Model of the Middle Atmosphere 2. {{Ozone}} and Related Species}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Garcia, R. R. and Solomon, S.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {12,937--12,951} +} + +@article{feng2012, + title = {Trends in the Global Tropopause Thickness Revealed by Radiosondes: {{TRENDS IN TROPOPAUSE LAYER}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Trends in the Global Tropopause Thickness Revealed by Radiosondes}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053460}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:21Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Feng, Sha and Fu, Yunfei and Xiao, Qingnong}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{stier2016, + title = {Limitations of Passive Remote Sensing to Constrain Global Cloud Condensation Nuclei}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-6595-2016}, + abstract = {Aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions are considered a~key uncertainty in our understanding of climate change (Boucher et al., 2013). Knowledge of the global abundance of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is fundamental to determine the strength of the anthropogenic climate perturbation. Direct measurements are limited and sample only a~very small fraction of the globe so that remote sensing from satellites and ground-based instruments is widely used as a~proxy for cloud condensation nuclei (Nakajima et al., 2001; Andreae, 2009; Clarke and Kapustin, 2010; Boucher et al., 2013). However, the underlying assumptions cannot be robustly tested with the small number of measurements available so that no reliable global estimate of cloud condensation nuclei exists. This study overcomes this limitation using a self-consistent global model (ECHAM-HAM) of aerosol radiative properties and cloud condensation nuclei. An analysis of the correlation of simulated aerosol radiative properties and cloud condensation nuclei reveals that common assumptions about their relationships are violated for a~significant fraction of the globe: 71 \% of the area of the globe shows correlation coefficients between CCN0.2 \% at cloud base and aerosol optical depth (AOD) below 0.5, i.e. AOD variability explains only 25 \% of the CCN variance. This has significant implications for satellite based studies of aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions. The findings also suggest that vertically resolved remote-sensing techniques, such as satellite-based high spectral resolution lidars, have a~large potential for global monitoring of cloud condensation nuclei.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-31T19:16:47Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-05-31}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Stier, P.}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + pages = {6595--6607} +} + +@article{bonisch2009, + title = {Quantifying Transport into the Lowermost Stratosphere Using Simultaneous in-Situ Measurements of {{SF}}6 and {{CO}}2}, + volume = {9}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-9-5905-2009}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {B{\"o}nisch, H. and Engel, A. and Curtius, J. and Birner, Th. and Hoor, P.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5905--5919} +} + +@article{yanai2000, + title = {The {{Madden}}-{{Julian Oscillation Observed}} during the {{TOGA COARE IOP}}: {{Global}} View}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Yanai, M. and Chen, B. and Tung, W. W.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2374--2396} +} + +@book{muller1996, + title = {100kyr {{Glacial Cycle}}: {{Eccentricity}} or {{Orbital Inclination}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {{Muller}}, + month = nov, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from LBL +Published: Seminar- UW-Physics}, + keywords = {milankovitch theory- critic} +} + +@article{oloughlin2014, + title = {Modeling and Data Choices Sway Conclusions about Climate-Conflict Links}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {Proc. Nat. Academy Sci.}, + author = {O'Loughlin, J. and Linke, A. M. and Witmer, F. D. W.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{noholt2003, + title = {Enhanced {{Upper Tropical Tropospheric COS}}: {{Impact}} on the {{Stratospheric Aerosol Layer}}}, + volume = {300}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Noholt, J. and Kuang, Z. and Rinsland, C. P. and Toon, G. C. and Rex, M. and Jones, N. and Albrecht, T. and Deckelmann, H. and Krieg, J. and Weinzierl, C. and Bingemer, H. and Weller, R. and Schrems, O.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {307--310} +} + +@article{jensen2001, + title = {A Conceptual Model of the Dehydration of Air due to Freeze Drying by Optically Thin, Laminar Cirrus Rising Slowly across the Tropopause Region}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Pfister, L. and Ackerman, A. S. and Toon, O. B. and Tabazadeh, A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {17,237--17,252} +} + +@article{randel2010, + title = {Asian {{Monsoon Transport}} of {{Pollution}} to the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {328}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1182274}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {5978}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Randel, William J. and Park, Mijeong and Emmons, Louisa and Kinnison, Doug and Bernath, Peter and Walker, Kaley A. and Boone, Chris and Pumphrey, Hugh}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {611--613} +} + +@book{mass1998, + title = {Numerical {{Weather Prediction}} in the {{US}}: {{Present}} and {{Future}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {Mass, C}, + month = jun, + year = {1998}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{zeng1993, + title = {Chaos {{Theory}} and Its {{Applications}} to the {{Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {74}, + abstract = {Summary article providing an over view of how chaos theory is applied to atmospheric sciences.}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {BAMS}, + author = {Zeng, Xubin}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {Chaos}, + pages = {631--643} +} + +@article{rosenfeld2008, + title = {Flood or {{Drought}}: {{How}} Do {{Aerosols Affect Precipitation}}}, + volume = {321}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Rosenfeld, D. and Lohmann, U. and Raga, G. B. and O'Dowd, C. D. and Kulmala, M. and Fuzzi, S. and Reissell, A. and Andreae, M. O.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1309--1313} +} + +@article{cicerone1989, + title = {Analysis of {{Sources}} and {{Sinks}} of {{Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide}}}, + volume = {94}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Cicerone, R. J.}, + year = {1989}, + keywords = {N2O Mass Flux Lifetime}, + pages = {18,265--18,271} +} + +@article{porter2002, + title = {Sun Photometer and Lidar Measurements of the Plume from the {{Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Pu}}'u {{O}}'o Vent: {{Aerosol}} Flux and {{SO2}} Lifetime}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {Sun Photometer and Lidar Measurements of the Plume from the {{Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Pu}}'u {{O}}'o Vent}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL014744}, + abstract = {Aerosol optical depths and lidar measurements were obtained under the plume of Hawaii Kilauea Volcano on August 17, 2001, $\sim$9 km downwind from the erupting Pu'u O'o vent. Measured aerosol optical depths (at 500 nm) were between 0.2\textendash{}0.4. Aerosol size distributions inverted from the spectral sun photometer measurements suggest the volcanic aerosol is present in the accumulation mode (0.1\textendash{}0.5 micron diameter), which is consistent with past in situ optical counter measurements. The aerosol dry mass flux rate was calculated to be 53 Mg d-1. The estimated SO2 emission rate during the aerosol measurements was $\sim$1450 Mg d-1. Assuming the sulfur emissions at Pu'u O'o vent are mainly SO2 (not aerosol), this corresponds to a SO2 half-life of 6.0 hours in the atmosphere.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-29T02:41:14Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2016-11-29}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Porter, John N. and Horton, Keith A. and Mouginis-Mark, Peter J. and Lienert, Barry and Sharma, Shiv K. and Lau, Eric and Sutton, A. Jeff and Elias, Tamar and Oppenheimer, Clive}, + month = aug, + year = {2002}, + keywords = {1100 Geochronology,3099 General or miscellaneous,8121 Tectonophysics: Dynamics; convection currents and mantle plumes,9355 Information Related to Geographic Region: Pacific Ocean}, + pages = {30--1}, + file = {porter2002.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/porter2002.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{lin2002, + title = {The {{Iris Hypothesis}}: {{A Negative}} or {{Positive Cloud Feedback}}?}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Lin, B. and Wielicki, B. A. and Chambers, H. and Hu, Y. and Xu, K. M.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {3--7} +} + +@article{bretherton2000, + title = {A {{Simple Model}} of a {{Convectively Coupled Walker Circulation Using}} the {{Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation}}}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Bretherton, C. S. and Sobel, A. H.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2907--2920} +} + +@article{plumb2007, + title = {Tracer Interrelationships in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {45}, + doi = {10.1029/2005RG000179}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {RG4005}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{penner2012, + title = {Consistent Estimates from Satellites and Models for the First Aerosol Indirect Forcing}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Penner, J.E. and Zhou, C. and Xu, L.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {L13810} +} + +@article{park2004, + title = {Seasonal {{Variation}} of {{Methane}}, {{Water Vapor}}, and {{Nitrogen Oxides}} near the {{Tropopause}}: {{Satellite}} Observations and {{Model Simulations}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003706}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D03302}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Park, M. and Randel, W. J. and Kinnison, D. E. and Garcia, R. R. and Choi, W.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{roelofs1996, + title = {Model {{Study}} of the Influence of Cross-Tropopause {{O}}3 Transports on Tropospheric {{O}}3 Levels}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Tellus, Series B}, + author = {Roelofs, G. J. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {ozone flux stratosphere troposphere exchange}, + pages = {38--55} +} + +@article{nesbitt2003, + title = {The Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall and Convective Intensity according to Three Years of {{TRMM}} Measurements}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Nesbitt, S. W. and Zipser, E. J.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1456--1475} +} + +@article{lin1996, + title = {Multidimensional {{Flux}}-{{Form Semi}}-{{Lagrangian Transport Schemes}}}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Lin, S. J. and Rood, R. B.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {goddard ctm DAO}, + pages = {2046--2070} +} + +@article{forbes2014, + title = {On the {{Representation}} of {{High}}-{{Latitude Boundary Layer Mixed}}-{{Phase Cloud}} in the {{ECMWF Global Model}}}, + volume = {142}, + issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493}, + doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-13-00325.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:18:17Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Forbes, Richard M. and Ahlgrimm, Maike}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3425--3445} +} + +@article{nugent2016, + title = {Aerosol {{Impacts}} on {{Thermally Driven Orographic Convection}}}, + volume = {73}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-15-0320.1}, + abstract = {Observations from the Dominica Experiment (DOMEX) field campaign clearly show aerosols having an impact on cloud microphysical properties in thermally driven orographic clouds. It is hypothesized that when convection is forced by island surface heating, aerosols from the mostly forested island surface are lofted into the clouds, resulting in the observed high concentration of aerosols and the high concentration of small cloud droplets. When trying to understand the impact of these surface-based aerosols on precipitation, however, observed differences in cloud-layer moisture add to the complexity. The WRF Model with the aerosol-aware Thompson microphysics scheme is used to study six idealized scenarios of thermally driven island convection: with and without a surface aerosol source, with a relatively dry cloud layer and with a moist cloud layer, and with no wind and with a weak background wind. It is found that at least a weak background wind is needed to ensure Dominica-relevant results and that the effect of cloud-layer moisture on cloud and precipitation formation dominates over the effect of aerosol. The aerosol impact is limited by the dominance of precipitation formation through accretion. Nevertheless, in order to match observed cloud microphysical properties and precipitation, both a relatively dry cloud layer and a surface aerosol source are needed. The impact of a surface aerosol source on precipitation is strongest when the environment is not conducive to cloud growth.}, + timestamp = {2016-10-01T03:45:26Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2016-10-01}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Nugent, Alison D. and Watson, Campbell D. and Thompson, Gregory and Smith, Ronald B.}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + pages = {3115--3132} +} + +@article{vonnegut1997, + title = {Comment on "{{Stratosphere}}-Troposphere Exchange in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Complex 1. {{Observations}}" by {{O}}. {{Poulida}} et Al. and "{{Stratosphere}}-Troposphere Exchange in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Complex 2. {{Numerical Simulations}}" by {{G}}. {{Stenchikov}} et Al.}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Vonnegut, B.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {23,587--23,588} +} + +@article{shepherd2011, + title = {A Robust Mechanism for Strengthening of the {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson}} Circulation in Response to Climate Change: {{Critical}}-Layer Control of Subtropical Wave Breaking}, + volume = {68}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Shepherd, T.G. and McLandress, C.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {784--797} +} + +@article{engel2009, + title = {Age of Stratospheric Air Unchanged within Uncertainties over the Past 30 Years}, + volume = {2}, + issn = {1752-0894, 1752-0908}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo388}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:12Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience}, + author = {Engel, A. and M{\"o}bius, T. and B{\"o}nisch, H. and Schmidt, U. and Heinz, R. and Levin, I. and Atlas, E. and Aoki, S. and Nakazawa, T. and Sugawara, S. and Moore, F. and Hurst, D. and Elkins, J. and Schauffler, S. and Andrews, A. and Boering, K.}, + month = jan, + year = {2009}, + pages = {28--31} +} + +@article{kasibhatla1991, + title = {The {{Relative Impact}} of {{Stratospheric Photochemical Production}} on {{Tropospheric NOy Levels}}: {{A Model Study}}}, + volume = {96}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kasibhatla, P.S. and Levy II, H. and Moxim, W. J. and Chameides, W. L.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {nitrogen stratosphere troposphere exchange}, + pages = {18,631--18,646} +} + +@article{manabe1961, + title = {On the Radiative Wquilibrium and Heat Balance of the Atmosphere}, + volume = {89}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Manabe, S. and M{\"o}ller, F.}, + year = {1961}, + pages = {503--532} +} + +@article{ghan2001, + title = {Evaluation of Aerosol Indirect Radiative Forcing in {{MIRAGE}}}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Easter, R. C. and Hudson, J. and Breon, F.-M.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {5317--5334} +} + +@article{stephens2002, + title = {The {{CloudSat}} Mission and the {{A}}-{{Train}}: {{A}} New Dimension of Space-Based Observations of Clouds and Precipitation}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Stephens, G. L. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1771--1790} +} + +@article{akerlof2012, + title = {Communication of Climate Projections in {{US}} Media amid Politicization of Model Science}, + volume = {2}, + issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798}, + doi = {10.1038/nclimate1542}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:31:39Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature Climate Change}, + author = {Akerlof, Karen and Rowan, Katherine E. and Fitzgerald, Dennis and Cedeno, Andrew Y.}, + month = may, + year = {2012}, + pages = {648--654} +} + +@article{rosenlof2002, + title = {Treansport Changes Inferred from {{HALOE}} Water and Methane Measurements}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {4B}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {831--848} +} + +@article{friedlingstein2006, + title = {Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: {{Results}} from the {{C4MIP}} Model Intercomparison}, + volume = {19}, + shorttitle = {Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:33:10Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Friedlingstein, Pierre and Cox, Peter and Betts, R. and Bopp, Laurent and Von Bloh, W. and Brovkin, Victor and Cadule, P. and Doney, S. and Eby, Michael and Fung, I. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3337--3353} +} + +@article{jaegle1998, + title = {Sources of {{HO}}\$\_x\$ and Production of Ozone in the Upper Troposphere over the {{United States}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jaegl{\'e}, L. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {hox}, + pages = {1709--1712} +} + +@article{gryspeerdt2016, + title = {Constraining the Aerosol Influence on Cloud Fraction}, + volume = {121}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023744}, + abstract = {Aerosol-cloud interactions have the potential to modify many different cloud properties. There is significant uncertainty in the strength of these aerosol-cloud interactions in analyses of observational data, partly due to the difficulty in separating aerosol effects on clouds from correlations generated by local meteorology. The relationship between aerosol and cloud fraction (CF) is particularly important to determine, due to the strong correlation of CF to other cloud properties and its large impact on radiation. It has also been one of the hardest to quantify from satellites due to the strong meteorological covariations involved. This work presents a new method to analyze the relationship between aerosol~optical depth (AOD) and CF. By including information about the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), the impact of the meteorological covariations is significantly reduced. This method shows that much of the AOD-CF correlation is explained by relationships other than that mediated by CDNC. By accounting for these, the strength of the global mean AOD-CF relationship is reduced by around 80\%. This suggests that the majority of the AOD-CF relationship is due to meteorological covariations, especially in the shallow cumulus regime. Requiring CDNC to mediate the AOD-CF relationship implies an effective anthropogenic radiative forcing from an aerosol influence on liquid CF of -0.48~W~m-2 (-0.1 to -0.64~W~m-2), although some uncertainty remains due to possible biases in the CDNC retrievals in broken cloud scenes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-27T17:37:13Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2016-04-27}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Gryspeerdt, E. and Quaas, J. and Bellouin, N.}, + month = apr, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,aerosol-cloud interactions,Aerosols,causality,Clouds}, + pages = {2015JD023744} +} + +@article{minschwanter2004, + title = {Water {{Vapor Feedback}} in the {{Tropical Upper Troposphere}}: {{Model Results}} and {{Observations}}}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Minschwanter, K. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1272--1282} +} + +@article{elliott2009, + title = {Dependence of {{DMS}} Global Sea-air Flux Distribution on Transfer Velocity and Concentration Field Type}, + volume = {114}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JG000710}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:11Z}, + number = {G2}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Elliott, Scott}, + month = apr, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{hartmann1997, + title = {Waves \& {{Jets}} in the {{Southern Hemisphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, D}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{haimberger2008, + title = {Towards Elimination of the Warm Bias in Historic Radiosonde Temeprature records\textendash{}{{Some}} New Results from a Comprehensive Intercomparison of {{Upper}}-{{Air Data}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI1929.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Haimberger, L. and Tavolato, C. and Sperka, S.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {4587--4606} +} + +@article{bretherton1992, + title = {An Intercomparison of Methods for Finding Coupled Patterns in Climate Data}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Bretherton, C. S. and Smith, C. and Wallace, J. M.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {541--560} +} + +@book{ray, + title = {Stratospheric {{Transport Deduced}} from {{UARS Data}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Ray, E.}, + year = {29 Feb 96}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW- Dyno seminar}, + keywords = {tropical pipe stratosphere troposphere exchange} +} + +@article{ghan2006, + title = {Impact of Cloud-Borne Aerosol Representation on Aerosol Direct and Indirect Effects}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Easter, R. C.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {4163--4174} +} + +@article{kossin2016, + title = {Past and {{Projected Changes}} in {{Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Exposure}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0076.1}, + abstract = {The average latitude where tropical cyclones (TCs) reach their peak intensity has been observed to be shifting poleward in some regions over the past 30 years, apparently in concert with the independently observed expansion of the tropical belt. This poleward migration is particularly well observed and robust in the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP). Such a migration is expected to cause systematic changes, both increases and decreases, in regional hazard exposure and risk, particularly if it persists through the present century. Here, it is shown that the past poleward migration in the WNP has coincided with decreased TC exposure in the region of the Philippine and South China Seas, including the Marianas, the Philippines, Vietnam, and southern China, and increased exposure in the region of the East China Sea, including Japan and its Ryukyu Islands, the Korea Peninsula, and parts of eastern China. Additionally, it is shown that projections of WNP TCs simulated by, and downscaled from, an ensemble of numerical models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) demonstrate a continuing poleward migration into the present century following the emissions projections of the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). The projected migration causes a shift in regional TC exposure that is very similar in pattern and relative amplitude to the past observed shift. In terms of regional differences in vulnerability and resilience based on past TC exposure, the potential ramifications of these future changes are significant. Questions of attribution for the changes are discussed in terms of tropical belt expansion and Pacific decadal sea surface temperature variability.}, + timestamp = {2016-08-02T02:20:41Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2016-08-02}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Kossin, James P. and Emanuel, Kerry A. and Camargo, Suzana J.}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + pages = {5725--5739} +} + +@article{williamson2002, + title = {Time-{{Split}} versus {{Process}}-{{Split Coupling}} of {{Parameterizations}} and {{Dynamical Core}}}, + volume = {130}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Williamson, D. L.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2024--2041} +} + +@article{santer2000, + title = {Interpreting {{Differential Temperature Trends}} at the {{Surface}} and in the {{Lower Troposphere}}}, + volume = {287}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Santer, B. D. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1227--1232} +} + +@article{zhao2016, + title = {Uncertainty in {{Model Climate Sensitivity Traced}} to {{Representations}} of {{Cumulus Precipitation Microphysics}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0191.1}, + abstract = {Uncertainty in equilibrium climate sensitivity impedes accurate climate projections. While the intermodel spread is known to arise primarily from differences in cloud feedback, the exact processes responsible for the spread remain unclear. To help identify some key sources of uncertainty, the authors use a developmental version of the next-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global climate model (GCM) to construct a tightly controlled set of GCMs where only the formulation of convective precipitation is changed. The different models provide simulation of present-day climatology of comparable quality compared to the model ensemble from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5). The authors demonstrate that model estimates of climate sensitivity can be strongly affected by the manner through which cumulus cloud condensate is converted into precipitation in a model's convection parameterization, processes that are only crudely accounted for in GCMs. In particular, two commonly used methods for converting cumulus condensate into precipitation can lead to drastically different climate sensitivity, as estimated here with an atmosphere\textendash{}land model by increasing sea surface temperatures uniformly and examining the response in the top-of-atmosphere energy balance. The effect can be quantified through a bulk convective detrainment efficiency, which measures the ability of cumulus convection to generate condensate per unit precipitation. The model differences, dominated by shortwave feedbacks, come from broad regimes ranging from large-scale ascent to subsidence regions. Given current uncertainties in representing convective precipitation microphysics and the current inability to find a clear observational constraint that favors one version of the authors' model over the others, the implications of this ability to engineer climate sensitivity need to be considered when estimating the uncertainty in climate projections.}, + timestamp = {2016-09-11T22:03:49Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-06-30}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Zhao, Ming and Golaz, J.-C. and Held, I. M. and Ramaswamy, V. and Lin, S.-J. and Ming, Y. and Ginoux, P. and Wyman, B. and Donner, L. J. and Paynter, D. and Guo, H.}, + year = {2016}, + pages = {543--560} +} + +@article{atkinson2013, + title = {The Importance of Feldspar for Ice Nucleation by Mineral Dust in Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + volume = {498}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2013 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + doi = {10.1038/nature12278}, + abstract = {The amount of ice present in mixed-phase clouds, which contain both supercooled liquid water droplets and ice particles, affects cloud extent, lifetime, particle size and radiative properties. The freezing of cloud droplets can be catalysed by the presence of aerosol particles known as ice nuclei. One of the most important ice nuclei is thought to be mineral dust aerosol from arid regions. It is generally assumed that clay minerals, which contribute approximately two-thirds of the dust mass, dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust, and many experimental studies have therefore focused on these materials. Here we use an established droplet-freezing technique to show that feldspar minerals dominate ice nucleation by mineral dusts under mixed-phase cloud conditions, despite feldspar being a minor component of dust emitted from arid regions. We also find that clay minerals are relatively unimportant ice nuclei. Our results from a global aerosol model study suggest that feldspar ice nuclei are globally distributed and that feldspar particles may account for a large proportion of the ice nuclei in Earth/'s atmosphere that contribute to freezing at temperatures below about -15\,$^\circ$C.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:44:47Z}, + number = {7454}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Atkinson, James D. and Murray, Benjamin J. and Woodhouse, Matthew T. and Whale, Thomas F. and Baustian, Kelly J. and Carslaw, Kenneth S. and Dobbie, Steven and O'Sullivan, Daniel and Malkin, Tamsin L.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Atmospheric science}, + pages = {355--358}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9ZP3FFXS/nature12278.html:text/html} +} + +@article{chen2000, + title = {Radiative {{Effects}} of {{Cloud}}-{{Type Variations}}}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Chen, t and Rossow, W. B. and Zhang, Y.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {264--286} +} + +@article{taylor2011, + title = {Seasonal {{Variation}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} in the {{NCAR CCSM3}}.0}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3862.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Taylor, P. C. and Ellingson, R. G. and Cai, M.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3433--3444} +} + +@article{mckay1996, + title = {Search for {{Past Life}} on {{Mars}}: {{Possible Relic Biogenic Activity}} in {{Martian Meteorite ALH84001}}}, + volume = {273}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {McKay, D. S. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {924--930} +} + +@article{riese2005, + title = {Global {{Limb Radiance Imager}} for the {{Atmosphere}} ({{GLORIA}}): Scienfitic Objectives}, + volume = {36}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Adv. Space Res.}, + author = {Riese, M. and Friedl-Vallon, F. and Sprang, R. and Preusse, P. and Schiller, C. and Hoffman, L. and Oelhaf, H. and von Clarmann, T. and H{\"o}pfner, M.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {989--995} +} + +@article{zhange1997, + title = {{{ENSO}}-like {{Interdecadal Variability}}: 1900\textendash{}93}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Zhange, Y. and Wallace, J. M. and Battisti, D. S.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1004--1019} +} + +@article{karcher2004a, + title = {Factors Controlling Upper Tropospheric Relative Humidity}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Haag, W.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {705--715} +} + +@article{tompkins2002, + title = {A {{Prognostic Parameterization}} for the {{Subgrid}}-{{Scale Variability}} of {{Water Vapor}} and {{Clouds}} in {{Large}}-{{Scale Models}} and {{Its Use}} to {{Diagnose Cloud Cover}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Tompkins, A. M.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1917--1942} +} + +@article{chen2014b, + title = {Satellite-Based Estimate of Global Aerosol-Cloud Radiative Forcing by Marine Warm Clouds}, + volume = {7}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2014 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo2214}, + abstract = {Changes in aerosol concentrations affect cloud albedo and Earth's radiative balance. Aerosol radiative forcing from pre-industrial time to the present due to the effect of atmospheric aerosol levels on the micro- and macrophysics of clouds bears the largest uncertainty among external influences on climate change. Of all cloud forms, low-level marine clouds exert the largest impact on the planet's albedo. For example, a 6\% increase in the albedo of global marine stratiform clouds could offset the warming that would result from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Marine warm cloud properties are thought to depend on aerosol levels and large-scale dynamic or thermodynamic states. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of multiple measurements from the A-Train constellation of Earth-observing satellites, to quantify the radiative forcing exerted by aerosols interacting with marine clouds. Specifically, we analyse observations of co-located aerosols and clouds over the world's oceans for the period August 2006\textendash{}April 2011, comprising over 7.3 million CloudSat single-layer marine warm cloud pixels. We find that thermodynamic conditions\textemdash{}that is, tropospheric stability and humidity in the free troposphere\textemdash{}and the state of precipitation act together to govern the cloud liquid water responses to the presence of aerosols and the strength of aerosol\textendash{}cloud radiative forcing.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-08T19:57:55Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-03-08}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Chen, Yi-Chun and Christensen, Matthew W. and Stephens, Graeme L. and Seinfeld, John H.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics,attribution,Biogeochemistry}, + pages = {643--646} +} + +@book{alexandera, + title = {Gravity Waves in the Lower Tropical Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Alexander, M. J.}, + year = {2 October 98}, + note = {Published: UW atms colloquium +speaker from CRA} +} + +@article{gettelman2013, + title = {The {{Climate Impact}} of {{Aviation Aerosols}}}, + volume = {40}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {L50520}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Chen, C. C.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {10.1029/grl.50520} +} + +@article{ban-weiss2014, + title = {Evaluating Clouds, Aerosols, and Their Interactions in Three Global Climate Models Using Satellite Simulators and Observations}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ban-Weiss, G. A. and Jin, L. and Bauer, S. E. and Bennartz, R. and Liu, X. and Zhang, K. and Ming, Y. and Guo, H. and Jiang, J. H.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{matsueda2011, + title = {Accuracy of Climate Change Predictions Using High Resolution Simulations as Surrogates of Truth: {{ACCURACY OF CLIMATE CHANGE PREDICTIONS}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Accuracy of Climate Change Predictions Using High Resolution Simulations as Surrogates of Truth}, + doi = {10.1029/2010GL046618}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:42Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Matsueda, Mio and Palmer, T. N.}, + month = mar, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{wirth1999, + title = {Diagnosing {{Extratropical Synoptic}}-{{Scale Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}: {{A Case Study}}}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Wirth, V. and Egger, J.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{karcher2003, + title = {A Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation: {{Heterogeneous}} Freezing}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD003220}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{leka1999, + title = {Solar {{Variability}} and Global Change}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Leka, K. D.}, + month = dec, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP seminar +speaker from CoRA} +} + +@article{sobel2010, + title = {Climate Science: Raised Bar for Rain}, + volume = {3}, + shorttitle = {Climate Science}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:36Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience}, + author = {Sobel, Adam}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {821--822} +} + +@article{dansgaard1964, + title = {Stable Isotopes in Precipitation}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Dansgaard, W.}, + year = {1964}, + pages = {436--468} +} + +@article{pawson2008, + title = {Goddard {{Earth Observing System}} Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations of Stratospheric Ozone-Temperature Coupling between 1950 and 2005}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009511}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D12103}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pawson, S. and Stolarsky, R. S. and Douglass, A. R. and Newman, P. A. and Nielsen, J. E. and Frith, S. M. and Gupta, M. L.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{andreae2004, + title = {Smoking {{Rain Clouds}} over the {{Amazon}}}, + volume = {303}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D. and Artaxo, P. and Costa, A. A. and Frank, G. P. and Longo, K. M. and Silva-Dias, M. A. F.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1337--1342} +} + +@book{dessler1999a, + title = {Water {{Vapor}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Seminar +Speaker from UMD/GSFC} +} + +@book{hartmann, + title = {Singular {{Vectors}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis}, + year = {26 January}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{lamarque2012, + title = {{{CAM}}-Chem: Description and Evaluation of Interactive Atmospheric Chemistry in the {{Community Earth System Model}}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + shorttitle = {{{CAM}}-Chem}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012}, + abstract = {We discuss and evaluate the representation of atmospheric chemistry in the global Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 4, the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We present a variety of configurations for the representation of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, wet removal, and online and offline meteorology. Results from simulations illustrating these configurations are compared with surface, aircraft and satellite observations. Major biases include a negative bias in the high-latitude CO distribution, a positive bias in upper-tropospheric/lower-stratospheric ozone, and a positive bias in summertime surface ozone (over the United States and Europe). The tropospheric net chemical ozone production varies significantly between configurations, partly related to variations in stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Aerosol optical depth tends to be underestimated over most regions, while comparison with aerosol surface measurements over the United States indicate reasonable results for sulfate , especially in the online simulation. Other aerosol species exhibit significant biases. Overall, the model-data comparison indicates that the offline simulation driven by GEOS5 meteorological analyses provides the best simulation, possibly due in part to the increased vertical resolution (52 levels instead of 26 for online dynamics). The CAM-chem code as described in this paper, along with all the necessary datasets needed to perform the simulations described here, are available for download at www.cesm.ucar.edu.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-04T21:55:55Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-11-04}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Lamarque, J.-F. and Emmons, L. K. and Hess, P. G. and Kinnison, D. E. and Tilmes, S. and Vitt, F. and Heald, C. L. and Holland, E. A. and Lauritzen, P. H. and Neu, J. and Orlando, J. J. and Rasch, P. J. and Tyndall, G. K.}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + pages = {369--411} +} + +@article{held1994, + title = {A {{Proposal}} for the {{Intercomparison}} of the {{Dynamical Cores}} of {{Atmospheric General Circulation Models}}}, + volume = {75}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, + author = {Held, I. M. and Suarez, M. J.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {Comparison,GCM}, + pages = {1825--30} +} + +@article{vanvelthoven1997, + title = {The Passive Transport of {{NO}}\$\_x\$ Emissions from Aircraft Studied with a Heirarchy of Models}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {{van Velthoven}, P. F. J. and Sausen, R. and Johnson, C. E. and Kelder, H. and K{\"o}hler, I. and Kraus, A. B. and Ramaroson, R. and Rohrer, F. and Stevenson, D. and Strand, A. and Wauben, W. M. F.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1783--1799} +} + +@article{huang2014, + title = {The Spectral Dimension of Longwave Feedback in the {{CMIP3}} and {{CMIP5}} Experiments: {{Spectrally}} Resolved Longwave Feedbacks}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The Spectral Dimension of Longwave Feedback in the {{CMIP3}} and {{CMIP5}} Experiments}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL061938}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:24Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Huang, Xianglei and Chen, Xiuhong and Soden, Brian J. and Liu, Xu}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7830--7837} +} + +@book{slingo, + title = {Asian {{Summer Monsoon}} and {{ENSO}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + author = {Slingo, J}, + year = {21 Sept 95}, + note = {Speaker from Reading +Published: Seminar- DAMTP, Cambridge, UK}, + keywords = {teleconnections} +} + +@article{tung2002, + title = {Convective {{Momentum}} Transport Observed during the {{TOGA COARE IOP}}. {{Part II}}: {{Case Studies}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Tung, W. W. and Yanai, M.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2535--2549} +} + +@article{fuglestvedt2008, + title = {Climate Forcing from the Transport Sectors}, + volume = {105}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0702958104}, + abstract = {Although the transport sector is responsible for a large and growing share of global emissions affecting climate, its overall contribution has not been quantified. We provide a comprehensive analysis of radiative forcing from the road transport, shipping, aviation, and rail subsectors, using both past- and forward-looking perspectives. We find that, since preindustrial times, transport has contributed $\approx$15\% and 31\% of the total man-made CO2 and O3 forcing, respectively. A forward-looking perspective shows that the current emissions from transport are responsible for $\approx$16\% of the integrated net forcing over 100 years from all current man-made emissions. The dominating contributor to positive forcing (warming) is CO2, followed by tropospheric O3. By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to warming. The transport sector also exerts cooling through reduced methane lifetime and atmospheric aerosol effects. Shipping causes net cooling, except on future time scales of several centuries. Much of the forcing from transport comes from emissions not covered by the Kyoto Protocol.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-21T20:08:53Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-12-21}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Fuglestvedt, Jan and Berntsen, Terje and Myhre, Gunnar and Rypdal, Kristin and Skeie, Ragnhild Bieltvedt}, + month = jan, + year = {2008}, + keywords = {Aerosols,emissions,greenhouse gases,GWP,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {454--458}, + pmid = {18180450} +} + +@article{mcfarquhar2007, + title = {Ice Properties of Single Layer Stratocumulus during the {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment}}: 1. {{Observations}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008633}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {McFarquhar, G. M. and Zhang, G. and Poellot, M. R. and Kok, G. and McCoy, R. and Tooman, T. P. and Fridlind, A. M. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{hoinka1998, + title = {Statistics of the {{Global Tropopause Pressure}}}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Hoinka, K. P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3303--3325} +} + +@book{rodhe, + title = {Human {{Impact}} on the {{Global Mercury Cycle}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + author = {Rodhe, H.}, + year = {25 Nov 97}, + note = {Published: UW Chem Seminar +author from Stockholm Univ} +} + +@article{fan2011, + title = {Representation of {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phase Clouds and the {{Wegener}}-{{Bergeron}}-{{Findeisen}} Process in Climate Models: {{Perspectives}} from a Cloud-Resolving Study}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + shorttitle = {Representation of {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phase Clouds and the {{Wegener}}-{{Bergeron}}-{{Findeisen}} Process in Climate Models}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015375}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T19:59:47Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Fan, Jiwen and Ghan, Steven and Ovchinnikov, Mikhail and Liu, Xiaohong and Rasch, Philip J. and Korolev, Alexei}, + month = sep, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{peevey2014, + title = {The Double Tropopause and Its Dynamical Relationship to the Tropopause Inversion Layer in Storm Track Regions}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD021808}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:42Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Peevey, T. R. and Gille, J. C. and Homeyer, C. R. and Manney, G. L.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {10,194--10,212} +} + +@article{wu2009, + title = {Comparisons of Global Cloud Ice from {{MLS}}, {{CloudSat}}, and Correlative Data Sets}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009946}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D00A24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wu, D. and {others}}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{mccarthy2004, + title = {The {{Hydrogen}} Isotopic Composition of Water Vapor Entering the Stratosphere Inferred from High Precision Measurements of {{$\delta$D}}-{{CH}}4 and {{$\delta$D}}-{{H}}2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {in press J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {McCarthy, M. C. and {others}}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{plumb2002, + title = {Statospheric {{Transport}}}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {793--809} +} + +@article{horowitz2006, + title = {Past, Present, and Future Concentrations of Tropospheric Ozone and Aerosols: {{Methodology}}, Ozone Evaluation, and Sensitivity to Aerosol Wet Removal}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006937}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D22211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Horowitz, L. W.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{jensen2000, + title = {Prevalence of Ice Supersaturated Regions in the Upper Tropopshere: Implications for Optically Thin Ice Cloud Formation}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {17,253--17,266} +} + +@article{engel2006, + title = {Highly Resolved Observations of Trace Gases in the Lowermost Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere from the {{SPURT}} Project: An Overview}, + volume = {6}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-6-2651-2006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Engel, A. and B{\"o}nisch, H. and Brunner, D. and Fischer, H. and Franke, H. and G{\"u}nther, G. and Gurk, C. and Hegglin, M. and Hoor, P. and K{\"o}nigstedt, R. and Krebsbach, M. and Maser, R. and Parchatka, U. and Peter, Th. and Schell, D. and Schiller, C. and Schmidt, U. and Spelten, N. and Szabo, T. and Weers, U. and Wernli, H. and Wetter, T. and Wirth, V.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {283--301} +} + +@article{wetherald1988, + title = {Cloud {{Feedback Processes}} in a {{General Circulation Model}}}, + volume = {45}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wetherald, R. T. and Manabe, S.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {1397--1415} +} + +@article{sassi2001, + title = {Relationship between Upper-Tropospheric Humidity and Deep Convection}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sassi, F. and Salby, M. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {17,133--17,146} +} + +@article{pfaff1999, + title = {Who Benefits from Climate Forecasts?}, + volume = {397}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Pfaff, A. and Broad, K. and Glantz, M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {645--646} +} + +@article{pierce1994, + title = {Mixing {{Processes}} within the {{Polar Night Jet}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Pierce, R. B. and Fairlie, T. D. and Grose, W. L. and Swinbank, R. and 0'Neill, A.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2957--2972} +} + +@article{krebsbach2006, + title = {Seasonal Cycles and Variability of {{O}}3 and {{H}}2{{O}} in the {{UT}}/{{LMS}} during {{SPURT}}}, + volume = {6}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-6-109-2006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Krebsbach, M. and Schiller, C. and Brunner, D. and Ganther, G. and Hegglin, M.I. and Mottaghy, D. and Riese, M. and Spelten, N. and Wernli, H.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {109--125} +} + +@article{pincus2008, + title = {Evaluating the Present-Day Simulation of Clouds, Precipitation, and Radiation in Climate Models}, + volume = {113}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009334}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:19Z}, + number = {D14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Pincus, Robert and Batstone, Crispian P. and Hofmann, Robert J. Patrick and Taylor, Karl E. and Glecker, Peter J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{mitchell2006, + title = {Testing and Comparing the Modified Anomalous Diffraction Approximation}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Mitchell, D. L. and Baran, A. J. and Arnott, W. P. and Schmitt, C.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2330--2346} +} + +@article{busen1995, + title = {Visible Contrail Formation from Fuels with Different Sulfur Contents}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Busen, R. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {1357--1360} +} + +@article{fasullo2012, + title = {A {{Less Cloudy Future}}: {{The Role}} of {{Subtropical Subsidence}} in {{Climate Sensitivity}}}, + volume = {338}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {6108}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Fasullo, J.T. and Trenberth, K.E.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {792--794} +} + +@article{wang2000, + title = {On the Atmospheric Responses to Tropical Pacific Heating during the Mature Phase of {{El Ni{\~n}o}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wang, C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3767--3781} +} + +@article{morrison2005, + title = {A {{New Double}}-{{Moment Microphysics Parameterization}} for {{Application}} in {{Cloud}} and {{Climate Models}}. {{Part I}}: {{Description}}}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Morrison, H. and Curry, J. A. and Khvorostyanov, V. I.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1665--1677} +} + +@incollection{ko1993, + title = {Transport {{Fluxes}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + booktitle = {The {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Stratospheric Aircraft}}: {{Report}} of the 1992 {{Models}} and {{Measurments Workshop}}}, + publisher = {{NASA}}, + author = {Ko, M. K. W.}, + editor = {Prather, M. J. and Remsberg, E. E.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {N1--N43} +} + +@article{quaas2009, + title = {Exploiting the Weekly Cycle as Observed over {{Europe}} to Analyse Aerosol Indirect Effects in Two Climate Models}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Quaas, J. and Boucher, O. and Jones, A. and Weedon, G. P. and Kieser, J. and Joos, H.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {8493--8501} +} + +@article{mohler2005, + title = {Effect of Sulfuric Acid Coating on Heterogenous Ice Nucleation by Aerosol Soot Particles}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005169}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D11210}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {M{\"o}hler, O. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{rotstayn2009, + title = {Improved {{Simulation}} of {{Australian}} Climate and {{ENSO}}-Related Rainfall Variability in a {{GCM}} with an Interactive Aerosol Treatment}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {submitted to Intl. J. Clim.}, + author = {Rotstayn, L. D. and Collier, M. A. and Feng, Y. and Gordon, H. B. and O'Farrell, S. P. and Smith, I. N. and Syktus, J.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{hansen1989, + title = {Water Vapor and Methane in the Upper Stratosphere: An Examination of Some of the {{NIMBUS}} 7 Measurments}, + volume = {94}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hansen, A. R. and Robinson, G. D.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {8474--8484} +} + +@article{rossow1989, + title = {Measuring Cloud Properties from Space: A Review}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Rossow, W. B.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {201--213} +} + +@book{keith1997, + title = {Potential Use of Isotopes to Study Upper Tropospheric Humidity}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + author = {Keith, D.}, + month = mar, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from Harvard +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{khain2009, + title = {Notes on State-of-the-Art Investigatgions of Aerosol Effects on Precipitation: A Critical Review}, + volume = {4}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/015004}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {015004}, + journal = {Environ. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Khain, A. P.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{riehl1958, + title = {On the Heat Balance in the Equatorial Trough Zone}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {3/4}, + journal = {Geophysica}, + author = {Riehl, H. and Malkus, J. S.}, + year = {1958}, + pages = {503--538} +} + +@article{weisen1994, + title = {Nitrous {{Oxide}} and {{Methane Emissions}} from {{Aero Engines}}}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Weisen, P. J. and Keffmann, J. and Kurtenbach, R. and Becker, K. H.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {N2O CH4}, + pages = {2027--2030} +} + +@book{charlson1992, + address = {London ; San Diego}, + title = {Global {{Biogeochemical Cycles}}}, + isbn = {978-0-12-147686-1}, + abstract = {Biogeochemical cycles describe the transformation and movement of chemical substances in the global context. This text is designed for courses dealing with some aspect of biogeochemical cycles, and provides the core reading and references required for the majority of these courses. The book emphasizes the fundamentals of biogeochemistry and approaches to the analysis and understanding of complex processes. It requires no background in meteorology, geology, oceanography, or microbiology and includes questions, problems, exercises, and a glossary of terms. Features: * Emphasizes the fundamentals of biogeochemistry and approaches to the analysis and understanding of complex processes. * Requires no background in meteorology, geology, oceanography, or microbiology. * Includes questions, problems, exercises, and a glossary of terms.}, + language = {English}, + timestamp = {2015-05-24T02:30:48Z}, + publisher = {{Academic Pr}}, + author = {Charlson, R. J. and Orians, Gordon H. and Butcher, Samuel S.}, + editor = {Wolfe, G. V.}, + month = jun, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{zhao2013, + title = {A Sensitivity Study of Radiative Fluxes at the Top of Atmosphere to Cloud-Microphysics and Aerosol Parameters in the Community Atmosphere Model {{CAM5}}}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-10969-2013}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:32Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Zhao, C. and Liu, X. and Qian, Y. and Yoon, J. and Hou, Z. and Lin, G. and McFarlane, S. and Wang, H. and Yang, B. and Ma, P.-L. and Yan, H. and Bao, J.}, + month = nov, + year = {2013}, + pages = {10969--10987} +} + +@techreport{ikawa1990, + title = {Description of the Nonhydrostatic Model Developed at the {{Forecast Research Department}} of the {{MRI}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {28}, + institution = {Meteorological Institute MRI}, + author = {Ikawa, M. and Saito, K.}, + year = {1990} +} + +@article{eisele1999, + title = {High-{{Resolution Lidar Measurements}} of {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Eisele, H. and Scheel, H. E. and Sladkovic, R. and Trickl, T.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {319--330} +} + +@incollection{bloomfield1994, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Inferred {{Lifetimes}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + booktitle = {{{NASA Report}} on {{Concentrations}}, {{Lifetimes}} and {{Trends}} of {{CFCs}}, {{Halons}} and {{Related Species}}}, + publisher = {{NASA}}, + author = {Bloomfield, P.}, + editor = {Kaye, J. and Penkett, S. and Osmond, F.}, + year = {1994} +} + +@article{schmidt2011, + title = {Excess Mortality in {{Europe}} Following a Future {{Laki}}-Style {{Icelandic}} Eruption}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1108569108}, + abstract = {Historical records show that the A.D. 1783\textendash{}1784 Laki eruption in Iceland caused severe environmental stress and posed a health hazard far beyond the borders of Iceland. Given the reasonable likelihood of such an event recurring, it is important to assess the scale on which a future eruption could impact society. We quantify the potential health effects caused by an increase in air pollution during a future Laki-style eruption using a global aerosol model together with concentration-response functions derived from current epidemiological studies. The concentration of particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 $\mathrm{\mu}$m is predicted to double across central, western, and northern Europe during the first 3 mo of the eruption. Over land areas of Europe, the current World Health Organization 24-h air quality guideline for particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 $\mathrm{\mu}$m is exceeded an additional 36 d on average over the course of the eruption. Based on the changes in particulate air pollution, we estimate that approximately 142,000 additional cardiopulmonary fatalities (with a 95\% confidence interval of 52,000\textendash{}228,000) could occur in Europe. In terms of air pollution, such a volcanic eruption would therefore be a severe health hazard, increasing excess mortality in Europe on a scale that likely exceeds excess mortality due to seasonal influenza.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-01T22:28:07Z}, + number = {38}, + urldate = {2016-09-01}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Schmidt, Anja and Ostro, Bart and Carslaw, Kenneth S. and Wilson, Marjorie and Thordarson, Thorvaldur and Mann, Graham W. and Simmons, Adrian J.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {flood lava eruption,health risk,volcanic air pollution,volcanism}, + pages = {15710--15715}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/PZKQDQ5T/15710.html:text/html}, + pmid = {21930954} +} + +@article{ghan2015, + title = {A {{Multi}}-{{Model Analysis}} of {{Aerosol Effects}} on {{Clouds Simulated}} by {{Global Climate Models}}}, + timestamp = {2015-07-14T22:47:27Z}, + journal = {to be submitted}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Wang, M. and Wang, H. and Zhang, K. and {D. Neubauer} and Lohmann, U. and Ferrachat, S. and Takamura, T. and Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H.}, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{goodman1996, + title = {The {{Role}} of {{NADW}} Formation in the Global Thermohaline Circulation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + author = {Goodman, Paul}, + month = feb, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {north atlantic deep water} +} + +@article{michelsen1999, + title = {Aerosol-Mediated Paritioning of {{Cl}}\$\_y\$ and {{NO}}\$\_y\$ at Temperatures above 200 {{K}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Michelsen, H. A. and Spivakovsky, C. M. and Wofsy, S. C.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {299--302} +} + +@article{nesbitt2000, + title = {A Census of Precipitation Features in the Tropics Using {{TRMM}}: {{Radar}}, Ice Scattering and Lightning Observations}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Nesbitt, S. W. and Zipser, E. J. and Cecil, D. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {4087--4106} +} + +@article{sherwood2003, + title = {Convective {{Impact}} on {{Temperatures Observed}} near the {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Horinouci, T. and Zeleznik, H. A.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1847--1856} +} + +@article{mcintyre1983, + title = {Breaking Planetary Waves in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {305}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {McIntyre, M. E. and Palmer, T. N.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {593--600} +} + +@article{bannon1952, + title = {Humidity of the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}} over {{Southern England}}}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Geophysical Memoirs \#88}, + author = {Bannon, J. K. and Frith, R. and Shellard, H. C.}, + year = {1952}, + pages = {1--36} +} + +@article{zelinka2010, + title = {Why Is Longwave Cloud Feedback Positive?}, + volume = {115}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD013817}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:56:23Z}, + number = {D16}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Zelinka, Mark D. and Hartmann, Dennis L.}, + month = aug, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{masson2011, + title = {Climate Model Genealogy}, + volume = {38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Masson, D. and Knutti, R.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {L08703} +} + +@book{anderson, + title = {The Stratosphere/Troposphere {{Transition}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Anderson, Jim}, + year = {23 oct}, + note = {Published: UW Chem Seminar +Speaker from Harvard}, + keywords = {chemistry,ClOx,NOx HOx} +} + +@article{zhou2015, + title = {On the Incident Solar Radiation in {{CMIP5}} Models: {{Incident Solar Radiation}} in {{CMIP5 Models}}}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {On the Incident Solar Radiation in {{CMIP5}} Models}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL063239}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:16:03Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Zhou, Linjiong and Zhang, Minghua and Bao, Qing and Liu, Yimin}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1930--1935} +} + +@article{tian2006, + title = {Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Tracer Distributions in a Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006871}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D20301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tian, W. and Chipperfield, M. P. and Gray, L. J. and Zawodny, J. M.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{birner2006, + title = {The Tropopause Inversion Layer in Models and Analyses}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Birner, T. and Sankey, D. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {L14804, doi:10.1029/2006GL026549} +} + +@article{tuck1999, + title = {Fractal {{Behavior}} of {{Ozone}}, {{Wind}} and {{Temperature}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Tuck, A. F. and Hovde, S. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1271--1274} +} + +@article{reguero2014, + title = {Coastal Risks, Nature-Based Defenses and the Economics of Adaptation: {{An}} Application in the {{Gulf}} of {{Mexico}}, {{USA}}}, + volume = {1}, + shorttitle = {Coastal Risks, Nature-Based Defenses and the Economics of Adaptation}, + timestamp = {2016-02-02T16:51:56Z}, + number = {34}, + urldate = {2016-02-02}, + journal = {Coastal Engineering Proceedings}, + author = {Reguero, Borja G. and Bresch, David N. and Beck, Mike and Calil, Juliano and Meliane, Imen}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {25}, + file = {[PDF] from tdl.org:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/BZ75HVTQ/Reguero et al. - 2014 - Coastal risks, nature-based defenses and the econo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/XBNSFQEM/7585.html:text/html} +} + +@book{peter1995, + title = {Physical {{State}} of {{Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Peter, Thomas}, + month = oct, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from Max Plank Institut fur Chemie- Mainz +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Ozone depletion PSC Nucleation NAT} +} + +@article{mclandress2010, + title = {Separating the Dynamical Effects of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion: {{Part}} 1. {{Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Climate}, + author = {McLandress, C. A. and Jonsson, I. and Plummer, D. A. and Scinocca, M. C. Reader a J. F. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{graedel1979, + title = {The {{Kinetic Photochemistry}} of the {{Marine Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {84}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {C1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Graedel, T.E.}, + year = {1979}, + keywords = {rate constants}, + pages = {273--286} +} + +@article{demott2010, + title = {Predicting Global Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Distributions and Their Impacts on Climate}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {25}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {DeMott, P. J. and {others}}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {11217--11222} +} + +@article{eluszkiewicz1996, + title = {Residual {{Circulation}} in the {{Stratosphere}} and {{Lower Mesosphere}} as {{Diagnosed}} from {{Microwave Limb Sounder Data}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Eluszkiewicz, J. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {MLS}, + pages = {217--240} +} + +@article{song2014, + title = {Responses of {{East Asian}} Summer Monsoon to Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in the 17 Latest {{CMIP5}} Models: {{RESPONSES OF EASM TO EXTERNAL FORCINGS}}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Responses of {{East Asian}} Summer Monsoon to Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in the 17 Latest {{CMIP5}} Models}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058705}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:42Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Song, Fengfei and Zhou, Tianjun and Qian, Yun}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {596--603} +} + +@article{han1994, + title = {Near-{{Global Survey}} of {{Effective Droplet Radii}} in {{Liquid Water Clouds Using ISCCP Data}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Han, Q. and Rossow, W. B. and Lacis, A. A.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {465--497} +} + +@article{schauffler1999, + title = {Distributions of Brominated Organic Compounds in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schauffler, S. M. and Atlas, E. L. and Flocke, F. and R. A. Lueb Lee-Taylor, J. M. and Stroud, V. and Travnicek, W.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {21513--215335} +} + +@article{dameris2006, + title = {Solar Cycle Effect Delays Onset of Ozone Recovery}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {L03806}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dameris, M. and Matthes, S. and Deckert, R. and Grewe, V. and Ponater, M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {10.1029/2005GL024741} +} + +@article{bekki1997, + title = {On the Possible Role of Aircraft-Generated Soot in the Middle Latitude Ozone Depletion}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Bekki, S.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {10,751--10,758} +} + +@article{kleinman1997, + title = {Dependence of Ozone Production on {{NO}} and Hydrocarbons in the Troposphere}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kleinman, L. I. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {HC O3 smog chemistry}, + pages = {2299--2302} +} + +@book{shindell2000, + title = {Stratospheric {{Influences}} on {{Natural Climate Variability}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {Shindell, D.}, + month = jan, + year = {2000}, + note = {Published: NCAR seminar +speaker from NASA GISS} +} + +@article{guo2007, + title = {Investigation of the First and Second Aerosol Indirect Effects Using Data from the {{May}} 2003 {{Intensive Operational Period}} at the {{Southern Great Plains}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007173}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D15206}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Guo, H. and Penner, J. E. and Herzog, M. and Xie, S.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{haynes1997, + title = {The {{Vertical}}-{{Scale Cascade}} in {{Atmospheric Tracers}} due to {{Large}}-{{Scale Differential Advection}}}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Haynes, P. H. and Anglade, J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1121--1136} +} + +@article{zuidema2005, + title = {An {{Arctic}} Springtime Mixed-Phase Cloudy Boundary Layer Observed during {{SHEBA}}}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Zuidema, P. and Baker, B. and Han, Y. and Intrieri, J. and Key, J. and Lawson, P. and Matrasov, S. and Shupe, M. and Stone, R. and Uttal, T.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {160--176} +} + +@incollection{shapiro1991, + title = {Fronts, {{Jet Streams}} and the {{Tropopause}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + booktitle = {Extratropical {{Cyclones}}: {{The Eric Palmen Memorial Volume}}}, + publisher = {{American Meteorological Society}}, + author = {Shapiro, M. A. and Keyser, D.}, + editor = {Newton, C. and Holopainen, E.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {167--191} +} + +@article{murphy1993, + title = {Reactive {{Nitrogen}} and {{Its Correlation With Ozone}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}} and {{Upper Troposphere}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Murphy, D. M. and Fahey, D. W. and Proffitt, M. H. and Liu, S. C. and Chan, K. R. and Eubank, C. S. and Kawa, S. R. and Kelly, K. K.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {NOx,NOy,O3 ratios ER2 data}, + pages = {8751--8873} +} + +@book{brown1998, + title = {Serendipity and {{Remote Sensing}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Brown, R.}, + month = oct, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Colloquium} +} + +@article{wang1999, + title = {Retrieval of {{Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Profiles}} from {{High}}-{{Resolution Interferometer Observations}}: {{A New Digital Gas Correlation}} ({{DGC}}) {{Method}} and {{Applications}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wang, J. and Gille, J. C. and Bailey, P. L. and Pan, L. and Edwards, D. and Drummond, J. R.}, + year = {1999}, + keywords = {CO,MOPPIT}, + pages = {219--232} +} + +@article{kruger1994, + title = {Aviation and {{Space Flight}}\textendash{} {{Impact}} on the {{Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Bernd C.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {363--364} +} + +@article{wernli2007, + title = {Identification and {{ERA}}-15 {{Climatology}} of {{Potential}} Vorticity Streamers and Cutoffs near the {{Extratropical Tropopause}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wernli, H. and Sprenger, M.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{noone1999, + title = {Atmospheric Signals and Characteristics of Accumulation in {{Dronning Maud Land}}, {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {104}, + doi = {10.1029/1999JD900376}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Noone, D. and Turner, J. and Mulvaney, R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {19191--19212} +} + +@article{marvel2015, + title = {Implications for Climate Sensitivity from the Response to Individual Forcings}, + volume = {advance online publication}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2016 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {1758-678X}, + doi = {10.1038/nclimate2888}, + abstract = {Climate sensitivity to doubled CO2 is a widely used metric for the large-scale response to external forcing. Climate models predict a wide range for two commonly used definitions: the transient climate response (TCR: the warming after 70 years of CO2 concentrations that rise at 1\% per year), and the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS: the equilibrium temperature change following a doubling of CO2 concentrations). Many observational data sets have been used to constrain these values, including temperature trends over the recent past, inferences from palaeoclimate and process-based constraints from the modern satellite era. However, as the IPCC recently reported, different classes of observational constraints produce somewhat incongruent ranges. Here we show that climate sensitivity estimates derived from recent observations must account for the efficacy of each forcing active during the historical period. When we use single-forcing experiments to estimate these efficacies and calculate climate sensitivity from the observed twentieth-century warming, our estimates of both TCR and ECS are revised upwards compared to previous studies, improving the consistency with independent constraints.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-01-30T18:35:41Z}, + urldate = {2016-01-30}, + journal = {Nature Clim. Change}, + author = {Marvel, Kate and Schmidt, Gavin A. and Miller, Ron L. and Nazarenko, Larissa S.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Climate and Earth system modelling,Projection and prediction} +} + +@article{shupe2008, + title = {Vertical Motions in {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phase Stratus}, + volume = {65}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Shupe, M. D. and Kollias, P. and Persson, P. O. G. and McFarquhar, G. M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1304--1322} +} + +@article{harries1996, + title = {Validation of Measurements of Water Vapour from the {{Halogen Occultation Experiment}} ({{HALOE}})}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Harries, J. E. and III, J. M. Russell and Tuck, A. F. and Gordley, L. L. and Purcell, P. and Stone, K. and Bevilacqua, R. M. and Gunson, M. and {G. Nedoluha} and Traub, W. A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {10,205--10,216} +} + +@article{dethof2000, + title = {Quantification of Isentropic Water Vapour Transport into the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Dethof, A. and O'Neill, A. and Slingo, J. M. and Berrisford, P.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1771--1788} +} + +@article{boucher1999, + title = {Air Traffic May Increase Cirrus Cloudiness}, + volume = {397}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Boucher, O.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {30--31} +} + +@article{manabe1967, + title = {Thermal {{Equilibrium}} of the {{Atmosphere}} with a {{Given Distribution}} of {{Relative Humidity}}}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R. T.}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {241--259} +} + +@article{hagemann1970, + title = {Absolute Isotopic Scale for Deuterium Analysis of Natural Waters. {{Absolute D}}/{{H}} Ratio for {{SMOW}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Hagemann, R. and Nief, G. and Roth, E.}, + year = {1970} +} + +@book{kushner1998, + title = {Method for Estimating Diffusivities with Atmospheric Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {Kushner, P.}, + month = dec, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from GFDL} +} + +@article{salathe1997, + title = {A {{Trajectory Analysis}} of {{Tropical Upper}}-{{Tropospheric Moisture}} and {{Convection}}}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Salath{\'e}, E. P. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2533--2547} +} + +@article{risi2008, + title = {Influence of Convective Processes on the Isotopic Composition ({{d18O}} and {{dD}}) of Precipitation and Water Vapor in the Tropics: 2. {{Physical}} Interpretation of the Amount Effect}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009943}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D19306}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Risi, C. and Bony, S. and Vimeux, F.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{bretherton1999, + title = {The {{MJO}}: A Puzzle in Tropical Scale Interaction}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Bretherton, C.}, + month = sep, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: NCAR/GTP Seminar} +} + +@article{huang2005, + title = {Spatial and Spectral Variability of the Outgoing Thermal {{IR}} Spectra from {{AIRS}}: A Case Study of {{July}} 2003}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005530}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D12102}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Huang, X. and Yung, Y. L.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{colman2003, + title = {A {{Comparison}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} in {{General Circulation Models}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Colman, R.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {865--873} +} + +@article{grandey2013, + title = {Investigating Relationships between Aerosol Optical Depth and Cloud Fraction Using Satellite, Aerosol Reanalysis and General Circulation Model Data}, + volume = {13}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-3177-2013}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Grandey, B. S. and Stier, P. and Wagner, T. M.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3177--3184} +} + +@book{pandya1996, + title = {Influence of {{Convectively Generated Thermal Forcing}} on {{Mesoscale Circulation}} around {{Squall Lines}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + author = {Pandya, R.}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW- Colloq}, + keywords = {gravity waves} +} + +@article{rosenlof2008, + title = {Trends in the Temperature and Water Vapor Content of the Tropical Lower Stratosphere: {{Sea}} Surface Connection}, + volume = {113}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D06107}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rosenlof, K. H. and Reid, G. C.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{hofmann1991, + title = {Aircraft Sulphur Emissions}, + volume = {349}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Hofmann, D. J.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {sulfur}, + pages = {659} +} + +@article{marshall1948, + title = {The Distribution of Raindrops with Size}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {J. Meteor.}, + author = {Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W. M.}, + year = {1948}, + pages = {165--166} +} + +@article{trenberth2002, + title = {Accuracy of {{Atmospheric Energy Budgets}} from {{Analyses}}}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Stepaniak, D. P. and Caron, J. M.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {3343--3360} +} + +@article{jochum2010, + title = {Response of Air-Sea Carbon Fluxes and Climate to Orbital Forcing Changes in the {{Community Climate System Model}}}, + volume = {25}, + issn = {0883-8305}, + doi = {10.1029/2009PA001856}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:35Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Paleoceanography}, + author = {Jochum, M. and Peacock, S. and Moore, K. and Lindsay, K.}, + month = jul, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{rieck2012, + title = {Marine {{Boundary Layer Cloud Feedbacks}} in a {{Constant Relative Humidity Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {69}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-11-0203.1}, + abstract = {The mechanisms that govern the response of shallow cumulus, such as found in the trade wind regions, to a warming of the atmosphere in which large-scale atmospheric processes act to keep relative humidity constant are explored. Two robust effects are identified. First, and as is well known, the liquid water lapse rate increases with temperature and tends to increase the amount of water in clouds, making clouds more reflective of solar radiation. Second, and less well appreciated, the surface fluxes increase with the saturation specific humidity, which itself is a strong function of temperature. Using large-eddy simulations it is shown that the liquid water lapse rate acts as a negative feedback: a positive temperature increase driven by radiative forcing is reduced by the increase in cloud water and hence cloud albedo. However, this effect is more than compensated by a reduction of cloudiness associated with the deepening and relative drying of the boundary layer, driven by larger surface moisture fluxes. Because they are so robust, these effects are thought to underlie changes in the structure of the marine boundary layer as a result of global warming.}, + timestamp = {2016-09-10T17:05:39Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2016-09-10}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Rieck, Malte and Nuijens, Louise and Stevens, Bjorn}, + month = apr, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2538--2550} +} + +@article{norton2001, + title = {Longwave Heating of the Tropical Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Norton, W. A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3653--3656} +} + +@article{lee2011, + title = {Emulation of a Complex Global Aerosol Model to Quantify Sensitivity to Uncertain Parameters}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-12253-2011}, + abstract = {Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric models is necessary to identify the processes that lead to uncertainty in model predictions, to help understand model diversity through comparison of driving processes, and to prioritise research. Assessing the effect of parameter uncertainty in complex models is challenging and often limited by CPU constraints. Here we present a cost-effective application of variance-based sensitivity analysis to quantify the sensitivity of a 3-D global aerosol model to uncertain parameters. A Gaussian process emulator is used to estimate the model output across multi-dimensional parameter space, using information from a small number of model runs at points chosen using a Latin hypercube space-filling design. Gaussian process emulation is a Bayesian approach that uses information from the model runs along with some prior assumptions about the model behaviour to predict model output everywhere in the uncertainty space. We use the Gaussian process emulator to calculate the percentage of expected output variance explained by uncertainty in global aerosol model parameters and their interactions. To demonstrate the technique, we show examples of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sensitivity to 8 model parameters in polluted and remote marine environments as a function of altitude. In the polluted environment 95 \% of the variance of CCN concentration is described by uncertainty in the 8 parameters (excluding their interaction effects) and is dominated by the uncertainty in the sulphur emissions, which explains 80 \% of the variance. However, in the remote region parameter interaction effects become important, accounting for up to 40 \% of the total variance. Some parameters are shown to have a negligible individual effect but a substantial interaction effect. Such sensitivities would not be detected in the commonly used single parameter perturbation experiments, which would therefore underpredict total uncertainty. Gaussian process emulation is shown to be an efficient and useful technique for quantifying parameter sensitivity in complex global atmospheric models.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-12T22:19:03Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-07-12}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Lee, L. A. and Carslaw, K. S. and Pringle, K. J. and Mann, G. W. and Spracklen, D. V.}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {12253--12273} +} + +@article{kaye1990, + title = {Analysis of the {{Origins}} and {{Implications}} of the {{Content}} of {{Stratospheric Water}} Vapor}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {J. Atms. Chem.}, + author = {Kaye, J. A.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {39--57} +} + +@book{limpasuvan1998, + title = {Tropical {{Dynamics Near}} the {{Stratopause}} and the {{Two Day Wave}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Limpasuvan, V.}, + month = may, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Colloquium, PhD defense +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{oneill2015, + title = {The Roads Ahead: {{Narratives}} for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Describing World Futures in the 21st Century}, + issn = {0959-3780}, + shorttitle = {The Roads Ahead}, + doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.004}, + abstract = {Long-term scenarios play an important role in research on global environmental change. The climate change research community is developing new scenarios integrating future changes in climate and society to investigate climate impacts as well as options for mitigation and adaptation. One component of these new scenarios is a set of alternative futures of societal development known as the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The conceptual framework for the design and use of the SSPs calls for the development of global pathways describing the future evolution of key aspects of society that would together imply a range of challenges for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Here we present one component of these pathways: the SSP narratives, a set of five qualitative descriptions of future changes in demographics, human development, economy and lifestyle, policies and institutions, technology, and environment and natural resources. We describe the methods used to develop the narratives as well as how these pathways are hypothesized to produce particular combinations of challenges to mitigation and adaptation. Development of the narratives drew on expert opinion to (1) identify key determinants of these challenges that were essential to incorporate in the narratives and (2) combine these elements in the narratives in a manner consistent with scholarship on their inter-relationships. The narratives are intended as a description of plausible future conditions at the level of large world regions that can serve as a basis for integrated scenarios of emissions and land use, as well as climate impact, adaptation and vulnerability analyses.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-15T23:39:52Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-15}, + journal = {Global Environmental Change}, + author = {O'Neill, Brian C. and Kriegler, Elmar and Ebi, Kristie L. and Kemp-Benedict, Eric and Riahi, Keywan and Rothman, Dale S. and {van Ruijven}, Bas J. and {van Vuuren}, Detlef P. and Birkmann, Joern and Kok, Kasper and Levy, Marc and Solecki, William}, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Adaptation,Climate Change,mitigation,Narratives,Scenarios,Shared socioeconomic pathways} +} + +@article{austin2006, + title = {Ensemble Simulations of the Decline and Recovery of Stratospheric Ozone}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006907}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D16314}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Austin, J. and Wilson, R. J.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{storelvmo2014, + title = {Cirrus Cloud Susceptibility to the Injection of Ice Nuclei in the Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {119}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD020816}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Storelvmo, T and Herger, N}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2375--2389} +} + +@incollection{group1995, + title = {A {{Global Inventory}} of {{Aircraft NO}}\$\_x\$ {{Emissions}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + booktitle = {{{AERONOX The Impact}} of {{NO}}\$\_x\$ {{Emissions}} from {{Aircraft Upon}} the {{Atmosphere}} at {{Flight Altitudes}} 8-15 Km}, + publisher = {{EC-DLR}}, + author = {Group, ECAC/ANCAT Working}, + editor = {Schumann, U.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {129--194} +} + +@article{jost1998, + title = {Laminae in the Tropical Middle Stratosphere: {{Origin}} and Age Estimation}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jost, H. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {4337--4340} +} + +@article{park2011, + title = {Revised {{Stratiform Macrophysics}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {J. Climate, in preparation}, + author = {Park, S. and {others}}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{shindell2001a, + title = {Solar {{Forcing}} of {{Regional Climate Change During}} the {{Maunder Minimum}}}, + volume = {294}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1064363}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Shindell, D. T. and Schmidt, G. A. and Mann, M. E. and Rind, D. and Waple, A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2149--2152} +} + +@article{gettelman2004b, + title = {Validation of {{Aqua}} Satellite Data in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere with in Situ Aircraft Instruments}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL020730}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Weinstock, E. M. and Fetzer, E. J. and Irion, F. W. and Eldering, A. and Richard, E. C. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Thompson, T. L. and Pittman, J. V. and R.Webster, C. and Herman, R. L.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@phdthesis{zhou1998, + title = {Diagnostic {{Modeling Study}} on the {{Interannual Variabilities}} in {{Stratospheric Water Vapor}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + school = {State University of New York at Stony Brook}, + author = {Zhou, X.}, + year = {1998}, + note = {thesis proposal} +} + +@inproceedings{adler1982, + address = {Seattle}, + title = {Determination of Thunderstorm Heights and Intensities from {{GOES}} Infrared Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + booktitle = {9th {{Conference}} on {{Weather Forecasting}} and {{Analysis}}}, + publisher = {{Amer. Met. Soc.}}, + author = {Adler, R. F. and Markus, M. J.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {250--257} +} + +@article{barahona2010, + title = {Sensitivity of the Global Distributon of Cirrus Ice Crystal Concentration to Heterogeneous Freezing}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014273}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D23213}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Barahona, D. and Rodriguez, J. and Nenes, A.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{atticks1983, + title = {Some Features of the Structure of the Tropical {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {109}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {460}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Atticks, M. G. and Robinson, G. D.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {295--308} +} + +@article{doyle2015, + title = {Amplified Melt and Flow of the {{Greenland}} Ice Sheet Driven by Late-Summer Cyclonic Rainfall}, + volume = {advance online publication}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2014 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo2482}, + abstract = {Intense rainfall events significantly affect Alpine and Alaskan glaciers through enhanced melting, ice-flow acceleration and subglacial sediment erosion, yet their impact on the Greenland ice sheet has not been assessed. Here we present measurements of ice velocity, subglacial water pressure and meteorological variables from the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet during a week of warm, wet cyclonic weather in late August and early September 2011. We find that extreme surface runoff from melt and rainfall led to a widespread acceleration in ice flow that extended 140 km into the ice-sheet interior. We suggest that the late-season timing was critical in promoting rapid runoff across an extensive bare ice surface that overwhelmed a subglacial hydrological system in transition to a less-efficient winter mode. Reanalysis data reveal that similar cyclonic weather conditions prevailed across southern and western Greenland during this time, and we observe a corresponding ice-flow response at all land- and marine-terminating glaciers in these regions for which data are available. Given that the advection of warm, moist air masses and rainfall over Greenland is expected to become more frequent in the coming decades, our findings portend a previously unforeseen vulnerability of the Greenland ice sheet to climate change.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-07-15T14:25:09Z}, + urldate = {2015-07-15}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Doyle, Samuel H. and Hubbard, Alun and {van de Wal}, Roderik S. W. and Box, Jason E. and {van As}, Dirk and Scharrer, Kilian and Meierbachtol, Toby W. and Smeets, Paul C. J. P. and Harper, Joel T. and Johansson, Emma and Mottram, Ruth H. and Mikkelsen, Andreas B. and Wilhelms, Frank and Patton, Henry and Christoffersen, Poul and Hubbard, Bryn}, + month = jul, + year = {2015} +} + +@article{rind2000, + title = {Water {{Vapor Feedback}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {submitted?}, + author = {Rind, D.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{marashak1999, + title = {{{3D}} Radiative Effects in Fractal Clouds}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {{Marashak}}, + month = may, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from JCET (UMD Baltimore?} +} + +@article{dovidio2009, + title = {Local Mixing Events in the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}. {{Part I}}: {{Detection}} with {{Lyapunov Diffusivity}}}, + volume = {66}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {{d'Ovidio}, F. and Shuckburgh, E. and Lagras, B.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3678--3694} +} + +@article{meehl2006, + title = {Climate {{Change Projections}} for the {{Twenty}}-{{First Century}} and {{Climate Change Commitment}} in {{CCSM3}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Meehl, G. A. and Washington, W. M. and Santer, B. D. and Collins, W. D. and Arblaster, J. M. and Hu, A. and Lawrence, D. M. and Teng, H. and Buja, L. E. and Strand, W. G.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2597--2616} +} + +@book{thompson1998, + title = {Arctic {{Oscillation}}: {{NH}} Surface Temp and the Stratospheric Polar Vortex}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + author = {Thompson, D.}, + month = jan, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from UW ATMS SCI} +} + +@article{chen2014, + title = {Regional Changes in the Annual Mean {{Hadley}} Circulation in Recent Decades}, + volume = {119}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Chen, Shangfeng and Wei, Ke and Chen, Wen and Song, Linye}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7815--7832} +} + +@article{raupach2011, + title = {Pinning down the Land Carbon Sink}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2016-07-07T02:04:51Z}, + urldate = {2016-07-07}, + journal = {Nature Climate Change}, + author = {Raupach, Michael R.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {148--149} +} + +@article{chen1998, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from {{GEOS}} Reanalysis and {{UARS MLS}} Observation}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chen, M. and Rood, R. B. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19,587--19,594} +} + +@article{dorf2008, + title = {Bromine in the Tropical Troposphere and Stratosphere as Derived from Balloon-Borne {{BrO}} Observations}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Dorf, M. and Butz, A. and Camy-Peyret, C. and Chipperfield, M. P. and Kritten, K. and Pfeilsticker, K.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {7265--7271} +} + +@article{thuburn2000, + title = {Stratospheric {{Influence}} on {{Tropopause Height}}: {{The Radiative Constraint}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Thuburn, J. and Craig, G. C.}, + year = {2000}, + keywords = {tropopause height}, + pages = {17--28} +} + +@article{sobel1997, + title = {Methods of {{Calculating Transport}} across the {{Polar Vortex Edge}}}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Sobel, A. H. and Plumb, R. A. and Waugh, D. W.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {revers domain filling STE}, + pages = {2241--2260} +} + +@article{fu1995, + title = {Interactions of {{Radiation}} and {{Convection}} in {{Simulated Tropical Cloud Clusters}}}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Krueger, S. K. and Liou, K. N.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {1310--1328} +} + +@article{zuidema2003, + title = {Convective Clouds over the {{Fay}} of {{Bengal}}}, + volume = {131}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Zuidema, P.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {780--798} +} + +@article{tonttila2013, + title = {Monte {{Carlo}}-Based Subgrid Parameterization of Vertical Velocity and Stratiform Cloud Microphysics in {{ECHAM5}}.5-{{HAM2}}}, + volume = {13}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-7551-2013}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Tonttila, J. and R{\"a}is{\"a}nen, P. and J{\"a}rvinen, H.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {7551--7565} +} + +@article{stoelinga1996, + title = {A {{Potential}}-{{Vorticity Based Study}} of the {{Role}} of {{Diabatic Heating}} and {{Friction}} in a {{Numerically Simulated Baroclinic Cyclone}}}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Stoelinga, M. T.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {PV}, + pages = {849--74} +} + +@article{ovchinnikov2013, + title = {Untangling Dynamical and Microphysical Controls for the Structure of Stratocumulus}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50810}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Ovchinnikov, M. and Easter, R. C. and Jr, W. I. Gustafson}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{jacob1997, + title = {Evaluation and {{Intercomparison}} of {{Global Atmospheric Transport Models}} Using {\textsuperscript{222\$}}{{Rn}} and Other {{Short}} Lived Tracers}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jacob, D. J. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {aircraft,ctm,lightning,radon}, + pages = {5953+} +} + +@article{scott2016, + title = {Unique Manifestations of Mixed-Phase Cloud Microphysics over {{Ross Island}} and the {{Ross Ice Shelf}}, {{Antarctica}}}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL067246}, + abstract = {Spaceborne radar and lidar observations from the CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites are used to compare seasonal variations in the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds over Ross Island, Antarctica, with two contrasting Arctic atmospheric observatories located in Barrow, Alaska, and Summit, Greenland. At Ross Island, downstream from recurrent intrusions of marine air over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and eastern Ross Ice Shelf, clouds exhibit a tendency toward the greatest geometrical thickness and coldest temperatures in summer, the largest average ice water content, IWC, at low altitude during summer and autumn, the most abundant IWC at cold mixed-phase temperatures (-40$^\circ$C}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-28T15:14:58Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-28}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Scott, Ryan C. and Lubin, Dan}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0758 Remote sensing,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3349 Polar meteorology,3359 Radiative processes,Antarctica,Arctic,Cloud microphysics,McMurdo,Orographic ice nucleation,Ross Island}, + pages = {2015GL067246} +} + +@article{wang2006, + title = {Instantaneous Cloud Overlap Statistics in the Tropical Area Revealed by {{ICESat}}/{{GLAS}} Data}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL024350}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {L15804}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wang, L. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{mcintyre1995, + title = {Lucidity and Science: {{I}}. {{Writing}} Skills and the Pattern Perception Hypothesis}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {McIntyre, ME}, + month = sep, + year = {1995}, + note = {Published: preprint}, + keywords = {cognitive science,patterns,writing} +} + +@article{fu2003, + title = {Contribuition of {{Stratospheric Cooling}} to {{Satellite}}-{{Inferred Tropospheric Temperature Trends}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Johanson, C. M. and Warren, S. G. and Seidel, D. J.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{randel2007, + title = {A {{Large Annual Cycle}} in {{Ozone}} above the {{Tropical Tropopause Linked}} to the {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson Circulation}}}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Park, M. and Wu, F. and Livesey, N.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4479--4488} +} + +@article{sokolov2009, + title = {Probabilistic {{Forecast}} for {{Twenty}}-{{First}}-{{Century Climate Based}} on {{Uncertainties}} in {{Emissions}} ({{Without Policy}}) and {{Climate Parameters}}}, + volume = {22}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI2863.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Sokolov, A. P. and {others}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5175--5204} +} + +@article{gettelman1997, + title = {Mass {{Fluxes}} of {{O}}3, {{CH}}4, {{N}}2{{O}} and {{CF}}2{{Cl}}2 in the {{Lower Stratosphere Calculated}} from {{Observational Data}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Holton, J. R. and Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {19,149--19,159} +} + +@article{salby2004, + title = {Control of the Tropical Tropopause and Vertical Transport across It}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Salby, M. and Callaghan, P.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {965--985} +} + +@article{yue2016, + title = {Observation-{{Based Longwave Cloud Radiative Kernels Derived}} from the {{A}}-{{Train}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0257.1}, + abstract = {The authors present a new method to derive both the broadband and spectral longwave observation-based cloud radiative kernels (CRKs) using cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and cloud fraction (CF) for different cloud types using multisensor A-Train observations and MERRA data collocated on the pixel scale. Both observation-based CRKs and model-based CRKs derived from the Fu\textendash{}Liou radiative transfer model are shown. Good agreement between observation- and model-derived CRKs is found for optically thick clouds. For optically thin clouds, the observation-based CRKs show a larger radiative sensitivity at TOA to cloud-cover change than model-derived CRKs. Four types of possible uncertainties in the observed CRKs are investigated: 1) uncertainties in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud properties, 2) the contributions of clear-sky changes to the CRF, 3) the assumptions regarding clear-sky thresholds in the observations, and 4) the assumption of a single-layer cloud. The observation-based CRKs show the TOA radiative sensitivity of cloud types to unit cloud fraction change as observed by the A-Train. Therefore, a combination of observation-based CRKs with cloud changes observed by these instruments over time will provide an estimate of the short-term cloud feedback by maintaining consistency between CRKs and cloud responses to climate variability.}, + timestamp = {2016-04-19T21:40:40Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2016-04-19}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Yue, Qing and Kahn, Brian H. and Fetzer, Eric J. and Schreier, Mathias and Wong, Sun and Chen, Xiuhong and Huang, Xianglei}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + pages = {2023--2040}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/46WK6DCD/Yue et al. - 2016 - Observation-Based Longwave Cloud Radiative Kernels.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/KCHDB9WT/JCLI-D-15-0257.html:text/html} +} + +@book{council1998, + series = {Compass Series}, + title = {The {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Stratospheric Aviation}}: {{An Interim Review}} of {{Science}} and {{Progress}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + publisher = {{National Academy Press}}, + author = {Council, National Research}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{stevenson1997, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Aircraft Nitrogen Oxide Emissions}} on {{Tropospheric Ozone Studied}} with a {{3D Lagrangian Model Including Full Diurnal Chemistry}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Stevenson, D. S. and Collins, W. J. and Derwent, C. E. Johnson R. G.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {NOx O3 CTM}, + pages = {1837--1850} +} + +@article{ray1999, + title = {Transport into the {{Northern Hemisphere}} Lowermost Stratosphere Revealed by in Situ Tracer Measurements}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Ray, E. A. and Moore, F. L. and Elkins, J. W. and Dutton, G. S. and Fahey, D. W. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J. and Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {26,565--26,580} +} + +@article{perliski1989, + title = {On the {{Interpretation}} of {{Seasonal Variations}} of {{Stratospheric Ozone}}}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Planetary and Space Science}, + author = {Perliski, L. M.}, + year = {1989}, + keywords = {mass flux}, + pages = {1527--1538} +} + +@book{weisman1997, + title = {Tornadoes: {{Tales}} from the {{VORTEX}} Experiment}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + author = {Weisman, M.}, + month = dec, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci Colloquium +speaker from NCAR} +} + +@article{suzuki2013, + title = {Aerosol Effect on the Warm Rain Formation Process: {{Satellite}} Observations and Modeling: {{AEROSOL EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Aerosol Effect on the Warm Rain Formation Process}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50043}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:57Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Suzuki, Kentaroh and Stephens, Graeme L. and Lebsock, Matthew D.}, + month = jan, + year = {2013}, + pages = {170--184} +} + +@article{dvortsov2001, + title = {Response of the Stratospheric Temperatures and Ozone to Past and Future Increases in Stratospheric Humidity}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dvortsov, V. L. and Solomon, S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {7505--7514} +} + +@article{swinbank1994, + title = {A Stratosphere-Troposphere Data Assimilation System}, + volume = {122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Swinbank, R and O'Neill, A.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {686--702} +} + +@book{esbensen1996, + title = {Meridional {{Cross}}-{{Section}} of the {{Atmosphere}} and {{Ocean}} in the {{Eastern Pacific}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {{Esbensen}}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from Oregon +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{mann2014, + title = {Aerosol Impacts on Drizzle Properties in Warm Clouds from {{ARM Mobile Facility}} Maritime and Continental Deployments: {{Aerosol}} Impacts on Drizzle at {{AMF}} Sites}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Aerosol Impacts on Drizzle Properties in Warm Clouds from {{ARM Mobile Facility}} Maritime and Continental Deployments}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD021339}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:33Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Mann, Julian A. L. and Christine Chiu, J. and Hogan, Robin J. and O'Connor, Ewan J. and L'Ecuyer, Tristan S. and Stein, Thorwald H. M. and Jefferson, Anne}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4136--4148} +} + +@article{vanvelthoven1996, + title = {Estimates of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange: {{Sensivity}} to Model Formulation and Horizontal Resolution}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {{van Velthoven}, P. F. J. and Kelder, H.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {STE ECMWF}, + pages = {1429--1434} +} + +@article{feldl2014, + title = {The Influence of Regional Feedbacks on Circulation Sensitivity}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL059336}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:18Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Feldl, N. and Frierson, D. M. W. and Roe, G. H.}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2212--2220} +} + +@article{rinsland1994, + title = {Heterogeneous Conversion of {{N2O5}} to {{HNO3}} in the Post-{{Mount Pinatubo}} Eruption Stratosphere}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rinsland, C. P. and Gunson, M. R. and Abrams, M. C. and Lowes, L. L. and Zander, R. and Mahieu, E. and Goldman, A. and Ko, M. K. W. and Rodriguez, J. M. and Sze, N. D.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {nitric acid volcanoes}, + pages = {8213--8219} +} + +@article{colman2001, + title = {On the Vertical Extent of Atmospheric Feedbacks}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {391-405}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Colman, R. A.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{tung1999, + title = {Basic Modes of Cumulus Heating and Drying Observed during {{TOGA}}-{{COARE IOP}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Tung, W. W. and Lin, C. and Chen, B. and Yanai, M. and Arakawa, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {3117--3120} +} + +@book{archer2010, + title = {The {{Global Carbon Cycle}}}, + isbn = {1-4008-3707-3}, + abstract = {The Global Carbon Cycle is a short introduction to this essential geochemical driver of the Earth's climate system, written by one of the world's leading climate-science experts. In this one-of-a-kind primer, David Archer engages readers in clear and simple terms about the many ways the global carbon cycle is woven into our climate system. He begins with a concise overview of the subject, and then looks at the carbon cycle on three different time scales, describing how the cycle interacts with climate in very distinct ways in each. On million-year time scales, feedbacks in the carbon cycle stabilize Earth's climate and oxygen concentrations. Archer explains how on hundred-thousand-year glacial/interglacial time scales, the carbon cycle in the ocean amplifies climate change, and how, on the human time scale of decades, the carbon cycle has been dampening climate change by absorbing fossil-fuel carbon dioxide into the oceans and land biosphere. A central question of the book is whether the carbon cycle could once again act to amplify climate change in centuries to come, for example through melting permafrost peatlands and methane hydrates. The Global Carbon Cycle features a glossary of terms, suggestions for further reading, and explanations of equations, as well as a forward-looking discussion of open questions about the global carbon cycle.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-23T18:11:11Z}, + publisher = {{Princeton University Press}}, + author = {Archer, David}, + month = nov, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Science / Earth Sciences / General,Science / Global Warming \& Climate Change,Science / Physics / Geophysics} +} + +@article{barnes2013, + title = {Revisiting the Evidence Linking {{Arctic}} Amplification to Extreme Weather in Midlatitudes}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50880}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Barnes, E. A.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {4728--4733} +} + +@article{bacmeister2014, + title = {Exploratory {{High}}-{{Resolution Climate Simulations}} Using the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM}})}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00387.1}, + timestamp = {2016-02-22T17:57:20Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Bacmeister, J. T. and Wehner, M. F. and Neale, R. B. and Gettelman, A. and Hannay, C. and Lauritzen, P. H. and Caron, J. M. and Truesdale, J. E.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3073--3099} +} + +@article{akiyoshi2009, + title = {A {{CCM}} Simulation of the Breakup of the {{Antarctic}} Polar Vortex in the Years 1980\textendash{}2004 under the {{CCMVal}} Scenarios}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009261}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D03103}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Akiyoshi, H. and Zhou, L. B. and Yamashita, Y. and Sakamoto, K. and Yoshiki, M. and Nagashima, T. and Takahashi, M. and Kurokawa, J. and Takigawa, M. and Imamura, T.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{fromm2000, + title = {Observations of Boreal Forest Fire Smoke in the Stratosphere by {{POAM III}}, {{SAGE II}}, and {{LIDAR}} in 1998}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fromm, M. and Alfred, J. and Hoppel, K. and Hornstein, J. and Bevilacqua, R. and Shettle, E. and Servranckx, R. and Li, Z. and Stocks, B.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1407--1410} +} + +@book{mantua1998, + title = {Mid-Stream Assessment of Climate Event of the Century}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + author = {Mantua, N.}, + month = jan, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from UW-JISAO} +} + +@article{vergados2016, + title = {Using {{GPS}} Radio Occultations to Infer the Water Vapor Feedback}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL071017}, + abstract = {The air refractive index at L-band frequencies depends on the air's water vapor content and density. Exploiting this relationship, we derive for the first time a theoretical model to infer the specific humidity response to surface temperature variations, dq/dTs, given knowledge of how the air refractive index and temperature vary with surface temperature. We validate this model by using 1.2\textendash{}1.6\,GHz Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS RO) observations from 2007 to 2010 at 250\,hPa, where the water vapor feedback on surface warming is strongest. The dq/dTs estimation from GPS RO observations shows excellent agreement with previously published results and the responses estimated by using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and the NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications data sets. Because of their high sensitivity to fractional changes in water vapor, current and future GPS RO observations show great promise in monitoring climate feedback and their trends.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-28T18:18:51Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-28}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Vergados, Panagiotis and Mannucci, Anthony J. and Ao, Chi O. and Fetzer, Eric J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1640 Remote sensing,3305 Climate change and variability,3309 Climatology,3374 Tropical meteorology,3394 Instruments and techniques,air refractive index,COSMIC,GPS,radio occultation,Upper troposphere,water vapor feedback}, + pages = {2016GL071017}, + file = {vergados2016.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/vergados2016.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{field2007, + title = {Precipitation and {{Cloud Structure}} in {{Midlatitude Cyclones}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Field, P. R. and Wood, R.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {233--254} +} + +@article{larson2012, + title = {{{PDF Parameterization}} of {{Boundary Layer Clouds}} in {{Models}} with {{Horizontal Grid Spacings}} from 2 to 16 Km}, + volume = {140}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-10-05059.1}, + abstract = {Many present-day numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are run at resolutions that permit deep convection. In these models, however, the boundary layer turbulence and boundary layer cloud features are still grossly underresolved. Underresolution is also present in climate models that use a multiscale modeling framework (MMF), in which a convection-permitting model is run in each grid column of a global general circulation model.To better represent boundary layer clouds and turbulence in convection-permitting models, a parameterization was developed that models the joint probability density function (PDF) of vertical velocity, heat, and moisture. Although PDF-based parameterizations are more complex and computationally expensive than many other parameterizations, in principle PDF parameterizations have several advantages. For instance, they ensure consistency of liquid (cloud) water and cloud fraction; they avoid using separate parameterizations for different cloud types such as cumulus and stratocumulus; and they have an appropriate formulation in the ``terra incognita'' in which updrafts are marginally resolved.In this paper, an implementation of a PDF parameterization is tested to see whether it improves the simulations of a state-of-the-art convection-permitting model. The PDF parameterization used is the Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) parameterization. The host cloud-resolving model used is the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM). SAM is run both with and without CLUBB implemented in it. Simulations of two shallow cumulus (Cu) cases and two shallow stratocumulus (Sc) cases are run in a 3D configuration at 2-, 4-, and 16-km horizontal grid spacings.Including CLUBB in the simulations improves some of the simulated fields\textemdash{}such as vertical velocity variance, horizontal wind fields, cloud water content, and drizzle water content\textemdash{}especially in the two Cu cases. Implementing CLUBB in SAM improves the simulations slightly at 2-km horizontal grid spacing, significantly at 4-km grid spacing, and greatly at 16-km grid spacing. Furthermore, the simulations that include CLUBB exhibit a reduced sensitivity to horizontal grid spacing.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-17T22:08:06Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-11-17}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Larson, Vincent E. and Schanen, David P. and Wang, Minghuai and Ovchinnikov, Mikhail and Ghan, Steven}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {285--306}, + file = {Larson et al2011.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Larson et al2011.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/NRUQH6XU/MWR-D-10-05059.html:text/html} +} + +@article{mills2016, + title = {Global Volcanic Aerosol Properties Derived from Emissions, 1990\textendash{}2014, Using {{CESM1}}({{WACCM}})}, + volume = {121}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024290}, + abstract = {Accurate representation of global stratospheric aerosols from volcanic and nonvolcanic sulfur emissions is key to understanding the cooling effects and ozone losses that may be linked to volcanic activity. Attribution of climate variability to volcanic activity is of particular interest in relation to the post-2000 slowing in the rate of global average temperature increases. We have compiled a database of volcanic SO2 emissions and plume altitudes for eruptions from 1990 to 2014 and developed a new prognostic capability for simulating stratospheric sulfate aerosols in the Community Earth System Model. We used these combined with other nonvolcanic emissions of sulfur sources to reconstruct global aerosol properties from 1990 to 2014. Our calculations show remarkable agreement with ground-based lidar observations of stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) and with in situ measurements of stratospheric aerosol surface area density (SAD). These properties are key parameters in calculating the radiative and chemical effects of stratospheric aerosols. Our SAOD calculations represent a clear improvement over available satellite-based analyses, which generally ignore aerosol extinction below 15\,km, a region that can contain the vast majority of stratospheric aerosol extinction at middle and high latitudes. Our SAD calculations greatly improve on that provided for the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative, which misses about 60\% of the SAD measured in situ on average during both volcanically active and volcanically quiescent periods.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-20T17:42:18Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-04-20}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Mills, Michael J. and Schmidt, Anja and Easter, Richard and Solomon, Susan and Kinnison, Douglas E. and Ghan, Steven J. and Neely, Ryan R. and Marsh, Daniel R. and Conley, Andrew and Bardeen, Charles G. and Gettelman, Andrew}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0340 Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry,0370 Volcanic effects,1626 Global climate models,3305 Climate change and variability,aerosol,climate,ozone loss,Radiative forcing,stratosphere,volcanoes}, + pages = {2015JD024290} +} + +@article{heymsfield2010a, + title = {Advances in the Estimation of Ice Particle Fall Speeds Using Laboratory and Field Measurements}, + volume = {67}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAS3379.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and Westbrook, C. D.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2469--2482} +} + +@book{mote1999, + title = {Possible Impacts of {{Climate Change}} on {{Pacific NW}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Mote, Phil W.}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from JISAO-CIG +Published: colloquium} +} + +@article{harrington2013, + title = {A {{Method}} for {{Adaptive Habit Prediction}} in {{Bulk Microphysical Models}}. {{Part I}}: {{Theoretical Development}}}, + volume = {70}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {A {{Method}} for {{Adaptive Habit Prediction}} in {{Bulk Microphysical Models}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-12-040.1}, + abstract = {AbstractBulk microphysical schemes use the capacitance model for ice vapor growth in combination with mass\textendash{}size relationships to determine the evolution of ice water content (IWC) and ice particle maximum dimension in time. These approaches are limited since a single axis length is used, the aspect ratio is usually held constant and mass\textendash{}size relations have many available coefficients for similar ice types. Fixing the crystal aspect ratio severs the nonlinear link between aspect ratio changes and increased growth rates that occur during crystal growth. A method is presented here for predicting two crystal axes and the crystal aspect ratio in bulk models. Evolution of the ice mass mixing ratio is tied to the evolution of two axis length mixing ratios through the use of a historical axis ratio parameter containing memory of crystal shape. This parameter links the distributions of the two axes, allowing characterization of particle lengths using a single distribution. The method uses four prognostic variables: the mass and number mixing ratios, and two axis length mixing ratios. Development of the method is presented, with testing described in Part II.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-01T21:40:59Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-07-01}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Harrington, Jerry Y. and Sulia, Kara and Morrison, Hugh}, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Cloud parameterizations,Clouds,Ice crystals,Ice particles}, + pages = {349--364} +} + +@article{penner2011, + title = {Satellite Methods Underestimate Indirect Climate Forcing by Aerosols}, + volume = {108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:13Z}, + number = {33}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Penner, Joyce E. and Xu, Li and Wang, Minghuai}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {13404--13408} +} + +@article{mahesh1997, + title = {Radiosonde Temperature Measurements in {{Strong Inversions}}: {{Correction}} for {{Thermal Lag}} Based on an {{Experiment}} at the {{South Pole}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.}, + author = {Mahesh, A. and Walden, V. P. and Warren, S. G.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {45--53} +} + +@book{kinnersley1996, + title = {Modelling the Interannual Variability of Stratospheric Ozone and Dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Kinnersley, J.}, + month = nov, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW AMath +Published: Seminar- UW- A Math} +} + +@article{newell1981, + title = {A Stratospheric {{Fountain}}?}, + volume = {38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Newell, R. E. and Gould-Stewart, S.}, + year = {1981}, + pages = {2789--2796} +} + +@article{norris2016a, + title = {Evidence for Climate Change in the Satellite Cloud Record}, + volume = {536}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2016 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + doi = {10.1038/nature18273}, + abstract = {Clouds substantially affect Earth's energy budget by reflecting solar radiation back to space and by restricting emission of thermal radiation to space. They are perhaps the largest uncertainty in our understanding of climate change, owing to disagreement among climate models and observational datasets over what cloud changes have occurred during recent decades and will occur in response to global warming. This is because observational systems originally designed for monitoring weather have lacked sufficient stability to detect cloud changes reliably over decades unless they have been corrected to remove artefacts. Here we show that several independent, empirically corrected satellite records exhibit large-scale patterns of cloud change between the 1980s and the 2000s that are similar to those produced by model simulations of climate with recent historical external radiative forcing. Observed and simulated cloud change patterns are consistent with poleward retreat of mid-latitude storm tracks, expansion of subtropical dry zones, and increasing height of the highest cloud tops at all latitudes. The primary drivers of these cloud changes appear to be increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and a recovery from volcanic radiative cooling. These results indicate that the cloud changes most consistently predicted by global climate models are currently occurring in nature.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-08-04T03:19:12Z}, + number = {7614}, + urldate = {2016-08-04}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Norris, Joel R. and Allen, Robert J. and Evan, Amato T. and Zelinka, Mark D. and O'Dell, Christopher W. and Klein, Stephen A.}, + month = aug, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics,attribution,Climate and Earth system modelling,Projection and prediction}, + pages = {72--75} +} + +@article{lindzen2002, + title = {Comment on ``{{No Evidence}} for {{Iris}}''}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Lindzen, R. S. and Chou, M. D. and Hou, A. Y.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1345--1349} +} + +@article{johnson2001, + title = {Isotopic Composition of Stratospheric Water Vapor: {{Implications}} for Transport}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Johnson, D. G. and Jucks, K. W. and Taub, W. A. and Chance, K. V.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {12,219--12,226} +} + +@article{matsueda2008, + title = {Evaluation of Atmospheric {{CO}}2 Measurements from New Flask Air Sampling of {{JAL}} Airliner Observations}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Pap. Meteorol. Geophys.}, + author = {Matsueda, H. and Machida, T. and Sawa, T. and Nakagawa, Y. and Hirotani, K. and Ikeda, H. and Kondo, N. and Goto, K.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1--17} +} + +@article{barnola1987, + title = {Vostok Ice Core Provides 160,000-Year Record of Atmospheric {{CO}}2}, + volume = {329}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Barnola, J. M. and {others}}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {408--414} +} + +@article{gutzler1992, + title = {Climatic Variability of Temperature and Humidity over the Tropical Western {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gutzler, D. S.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {1595--1598} +} + +@book{shepherd1995, + title = {Available {{Energy}} and {{Nonlinear Stability}} in {{GFD}}, a {{Hamiltonian Perspective}}}, + abstract = {Generalized mathematical treatment of Available Potential Energy and non linear stability. Lots of Maths}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {Shepherd, Ted}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from University of Toronto +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {APE,Available Potential Energy,GFD,hamiltonian} +} + +@article{elsner1994, + title = {Ignoring {{Chaos}}}, + volume = {75}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, + author = {Elsner, J. B. and Honore, J. C.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {Chaos}, + pages = {1846--7} +} + +@article{shapiro1987, + title = {The Arctic Tropopause Fold}, + volume = {115}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Shapiro, M. A. and Krueger, A. J.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {444--454} +} + +@article{schultz2006, + title = {Radiative Forcing by Aerosols as Derived from the {{AeroCom}} Present-Day Nad Pre-Industrial Simulations}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Schultz, M. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {5225--5246} +} + +@article{sarewitz2000, + title = {Breaking the {{Global Warming Gridlock}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Atlantic Monthly}, + author = {Sarewitz, D. and Jr, R. Pielke}, + month = jul, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{minschwaner1996, + title = {The {{Bulk Properties}} of {{Isentropic}} Mixing into the {{Tropics}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Minschwaner, K. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {CFC-11,N20,nitrous oxide}, + pages = {9433--9349} +} + +@article{vuille2003, + title = {Modeling {{del18O}} in Precipitation over the Tropical {{Americas}}: 1. {{Interannual}} Variability and Climate Controls}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD002038}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Vuille, M. and Bradley, R. S. and Werner, M. and Healy, R. and Keimig, F.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{jancso1974, + title = {Condensed Phase Isotopic Effects ({{Especially}} Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects)}, + volume = {74}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {Chemical Reviews}, + author = {Jancso, G. and Hook, W. A. Van}, + year = {1974}, + pages = {689--750} +} + +@book{reed1997, + title = {Perspectives on {{Polar Lows}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Reed, R. J.}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{eluszkiewicz1996a, + title = {A Three-Dimensional View of the Stratosphere-to-Troposphere Exchange in the {{GFDL SKYHI}} Model}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Eluszkiewicz, J}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {trajectories,transport}, + pages = {2489--2492} +} + +@article{wang1995a, + title = {Extinction Coefficient (1um) Properties of High-Altitude Clouds from Solar Occulation Measurements (1985-1990): {{Evidence}} of Volcanic Aerosol Effect}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wang, P. H. and Minnis, P. and Yue, G. K.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {3181--3199} +} + +@article{yun2013, + title = {An Evaluation of the Potential Radiative Forcing and Climatic Impact of Marine Organic Aerosols as Heterogeneous Ice Nuclei: {{MARINE ORGANIC AEROSOLS AS ICE NUCLEI}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {An Evaluation of the Potential Radiative Forcing and Climatic Impact of Marine Organic Aerosols as Heterogeneous Ice Nuclei}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50794}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:54Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Yun, Yuxing and Penner, Joyce E.}, + month = aug, + year = {2013}, + pages = {4121--4126} +} + +@article{vanhaver1996, + title = {Climatology of Tropopause Folds at Midlatitudes}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {{van Haver}, P. and DeMuer, D. and Beekmann, M. and Mancier, C.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {ozone upper troposphere}, + pages = {1033--1036} +} + +@article{pielkejr.1997, + title = {Asking the {{Right Questions}}: {{Atmospheric Sciences Research}} and {{Societal Needs}}}, + volume = {78}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Bulletin of the Americal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Pielke Jr., R. A.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {policy}, + pages = {255--264} +} + +@article{chuang1997, + title = {Kinetic Limitations on Droplet Formation in Clouds}, + volume = {390}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Chuang, P. Y. and Charlson, R. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {594--596} +} + +@article{demott2011, + title = {Resurgence in Ice Nuclei Measurement Research}, + volume = {92}, + doi = {10.1175/2011BAMS3119.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {DeMott, P. J. and {others}}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1623--1635} +} + +@article{sparling1995, + title = {Trajectory Modeling of Emissions from Lower Stratospheric Aircraft}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sparling, L. C. and Schoeberl, M. R. and Douglass, A. R. and Weaver, C. J. and Newman, P. A. and Lait, L. R.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {transport}, + pages = {1427--1438} +} + +@article{shine1991, + title = {On the Relative Greenhouse Strength of Gases such as the Halocarbons}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Shine, K. P.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1513--1518} +} + +@article{shine1989, + title = {Sources and Sinks of Zonal Momentum in the Middle Atmosphere Diagnosed Using the Diabatic Circulation}, + volume = {115}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meterol. Soc.}, + author = {Shine, K.}, + year = {1989}, + keywords = {residual circulation TEM streamfunction}, + pages = {265--292} +} + +@article{guo2008, + title = {Does the Threshold Representation Associated with the Autoconversion Process Matter?}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:54Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Guo, H. and Liu, Y. and Penner, J. E.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1225--1230} +} + +@article{stier2006, + title = {Emission-{{Induced Nonlinearities}} in the {{Global Aerosol System}}: {{Results}} from the {{ECHAM5}}-{{HAM Aerosol}}-{{Climate Model}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Stier, P. and Feichter, J. and Kloster, S. and Vignati, E. and Wilson, J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3845--3862} +} + +@article{kerley1961, + title = {High-Altitude Observations between the {{United Kingdom}} and {{Nairobi}}}, + volume = {90}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Meteorological Magazine}, + author = {Kerley, M. J.}, + year = {1961}, + pages = {3--18} +} + +@article{jackson1998, + title = {Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport at Low Latitudes as Studied Using {{HALOE}} Observations of Water Vapour 1992\textendash{}1997}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Jackson, D. R. and Driscoll, S. J. and Highwood, E. J. and Harries, J. E. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {169--192} +} + +@article{knutti2015, + title = {Feedbacks, Climate Sensitivity and the Limits of Linear Models}, + volume = {373}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2015 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.}, + issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2015.0146}, + abstract = {The term `feedback' is used ubiquitously in climate research, but implies varied meanings in different contexts. From a specific process that locally affects a quantity, to a formal framework that attempts to determine a global response to a forcing, researchers use this term to separate, simplify and quantify parts of the complex Earth system. We combine new model results with a historical and educational perspective to organize existing ideas around feedbacks and linear models. Our results suggest that the state- and forcing-dependency of feedbacks are probably not appreciated enough, and not considered appropriately in many studies. A non-constant feedback parameter likely explains some of the differences in estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity from different methods and types of data. Clarifying the value and applicability of the linear forcing feedback framework and a better quantification of feedbacks on various timescales and spatial scales remains a high priority in order to better understand past and predict future changes in the climate system.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-06T10:46:14Z}, + number = {2054}, + urldate = {2015-10-06}, + journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A}, + author = {Knutti, Reto and Rugenstein, Maria A. A.}, + month = nov, + year = {2015}, + pages = {20150146} +} + +@article{platnick2003, + title = {The {{MODIS}} Cloud Products: {{Algorithms}} and Examples from {{Terra}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on}, + author = {Platnick, Steven and King, Michael D and Ackerman, Steven A and Menzel, W Paul and Baum, Bryan A and Ri{\'e}di, J{\'e}r{\^o}me C and Frey, Richard A}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {459--473} +} + +@article{pan2009, + title = {Tropospheric Intrusions Associated with the Secondary Tropopause}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD011374}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D10302}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and Randel, W. J. and Gille, J. C. and Hall, W. D. and Nardi, B. and Massie, S. and Yudin, V. and Khosravi, R. and Konopka, P. and Tarasick, D.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{kanitz2011, + title = {Contrasting the Impact of Aerosols at Northern and Southern Midlatitudes on Heterogeneous Ice Formation: {{AEROSOL EFFECT ON ICE FORMATION}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Contrasting the Impact of Aerosols at Northern and Southern Midlatitudes on Heterogeneous Ice Formation}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL048532}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:00Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Kanitz, T. and Seifert, P. and Ansmann, A. and Engelmann, R. and Althausen, D. and Casiccia, C. and Rohwer, E. G.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{henriksson2011, + title = {Spatial Distributions and Seasonal Cycles of Aerosols in {{India}} and {{China}} Seen in Global Climate-Aerosol Model}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-7975-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:09Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Henriksson, S. V. and Laaksonen, A. and Kerminen, V.-M. and R{\"a}is{\"a}nen, P. and J{\"a}rvinen, H. and Sundstr{\"o}m, A.-M. and {de Leeuw}, G.}, + month = aug, + year = {2011}, + pages = {7975--7990} +} + +@article{baldwin1999, + title = {Propagation of the {{Arctic Oscillation}} from the Stratosphere to the Troposphere}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Baldwin, M. P. and Dunkerton, T. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {30,937--30,946} +} + +@article{morrison2015, + title = {Parameterization of {{Cloud Microphysics Based}} on the {{Prediction}} of {{Bulk Ice Particle Properties}}. {{Part II}}: {{Case Study Comparisons}} with {{Observations}} and {{Other Schemes}}}, + volume = {72}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {Parameterization of {{Cloud Microphysics Based}} on the {{Prediction}} of {{Bulk Ice Particle Properties}}. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-14-0066.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:47Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Morrison, Hugh and Milbrandt, Jason A. and Bryan, George H. and Ikeda, Kyoko and Tessendorf, Sarah A. and Thompson, Gregory}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + pages = {312--339} +} + +@article{tesche2016, + title = {Aviation Effects on Already-Existing Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {7}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2016 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + doi = {10.1038/ncomms12016}, + abstract = {Determining the effects of the formation of contrails within natural cirrus clouds has proven to be challenging. Quantifying any such effects is necessary if we are to properly account for the influence of aviation on climate. Here we quantify the effect of aircraft on the optical thickness of already-existing cirrus clouds by matching actual aircraft flight tracks to satellite lidar measurements. We show that there is a systematic, statistically significant increase in normalized cirrus cloud optical thickness inside mid-latitude flight tracks compared with adjacent areas immediately outside the tracks.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-22T21:21:05Z}, + urldate = {2016-06-22}, + journal = {Nat Commun}, + author = {Tesche, Matthias and Achtert, Peggy and Glantz, Paul and Noone, Kevin J.}, + month = jun, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {Atmospheric science,Climate science,Earth sciences}, + pages = {12016} +} + +@article{emanuel1999, + title = {Thermodynamic Control of Hurricane Intensity}, + volume = {401}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Emanuel, K. A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {665--669} +} + +@article{medeiros2015, + title = {Using Aquaplanets to Understand the Robust Responses of Comprehensive Climate Models to Forcing}, + volume = {44}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-014-2138-0}, + abstract = {Idealized climate change experiments using fixed sea-surface temperature are investigated to determine whether zonally symmetric aquaplanet configurations are useful for understanding climate feedbacks in more realistic configurations. The aquaplanets capture many of the robust responses of the large-scale circulation and hydrologic cycle to both warming the sea-surface temperature and quadrupling atmospheric CO2. The cloud response to both perturbations varies across models in both Earth-like and aquaplanet configurations, and this spread arises primarily from regions of large-scale subsidence. Most models produce a consistent cloud change across the subsidence regimes, and the feedback in trade-wind cumulus regions dominates the tropical response. It is shown that these trade-wind regions have similar cloud feedback in Earth-like and aquaplanet warming experiments. The tropical average cloud feedback of the Earth-like experiment is captured by five of eight aquaplanets, and the three outliers are investigated to understand the discrepancy. In two models, the discrepancy is due to warming induced dissipation of stratocumulus decks in the Earth-like configuration which are not represented in the aquaplanet. One model shows a circulation response in the aquaplanet experiment accompanied by a cloud response that differs from the Earth-like configuration. Quadrupling atmospheric CO2 in aquaplanets produces slightly greater adjusted forcing than in Earth-like configurations, showing that land-surface effects dampen the adjusted forcing. The analysis demonstrates how aquaplanets, as part of a model hierarchy, help elucidate robust aspects of climate change and develop understanding of the processes underlying them.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:08:43Z}, + number = {7-8}, + urldate = {2015-11-13}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Medeiros, Brian and Stevens, Bjorn and Bony, Sandrine}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Aquaplanet,Climate Change,Climate feedbacks,Climate models,Climatology,Cloud radiative effect,Geophysics/Geodesy,Oceanography,Tropospheric adjustment}, + pages = {1957--1977}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/J8DZHG6W/Medeiros et al. - 2014 - Using aquaplanets to understand the robust respons.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/KUANJVQB/s00382-014-2138-0.html:text/html} +} + +@article{hegglin2010, + title = {Multi-Model Assessment of the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}: {{Extra}}-Tropics}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013884}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D00M09}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hegglin, M. I. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{zhao2006, + title = {A Possible Positive Feedback of Reduction of Precipitation and Increase in Aerosols over Eastern Central {{China}}}, + volume = {33}, + issn = {0094-8276}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL025959}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:29Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Zhao, Chunsheng and Tie, Xuexi and Lin, Yunping}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{haberl1997, + title = {Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production as an Environmental Indicator: {{Implications}} for Sustainable Development}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Ambio}, + author = {Haberl, H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {143--146} +} + +@book{devore1987, + address = {Monterey, CA}, + title = {Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + publisher = {{Brooks/Cole}}, + author = {Devore, J. L.}, + year = {1987} +} + +@article{kley1982, + title = {Transport of Water through the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kley, D. and Schmeltekopf, A. L. and Kelly, K. and Thompson, R. H. Winklerand T. L. and McFarland, M.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {617--620} +} + +@article{vernier2015, + title = {Increase in Upper Tropospheric and Lower Stratospheric Aerosol Levels and Its Potential Connection with {{Asian}} Pollution}, + volume = {120}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022372}, + abstract = {Satellite observations have shown that the Asian Summer Monsoon strongly influences the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) aerosol morphology through its role in the formation of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar observations show that summertime UTLS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) between 13 and 18\,km over Asia has increased by three times since the late 1990s. Here we present the first in situ balloon measurements of aerosol backscatter in the UTLS from Western China, which confirm high aerosol levels observed by CALIPSO since 2006. Aircraft in situ measurements suggest that aerosols at lower altitudes of the ATAL are largely composed of carbonaceous and sulfate materials (carbon/sulfur elemental ratio ranging from 2 to 10). Back trajectory analysis from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization observations indicates that deep convection over the Indian subcontinent supplies the ATAL through the transport of pollution into the UTLS. Time series of deep convection occurrence, carbon monoxide, aerosol, temperature, and relative humidity suggest that secondary aerosol formation and growth in a cold, moist convective environment could play an important role in the formation of ATAL. Finally, radiative calculations show that the ATAL layer has exerted a short-term regional forcing at the top of the atmosphere of -0.1\,W/m2 in the past 18\,years.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-07T23:36:09Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-12-07}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Vernier, J.-P. and Fairlie, T. D. and Natarajan, M. and Wienhold, F. G. and Bian, J. and Martinsson, B. G. and Crumeyrolle, S. and Thomason, L. W. and Bedka, K. M.}, + month = feb, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,aerosol,pollution,trend}, + pages = {2014JD022372} +} + +@article{potter2004, + title = {Testing the Impact of Clouds on the Radiation Budgets of 19 Atmospheric General Circulation Models}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004018}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D02106}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Potter, G. L. and Cess, R. D.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{bower1992, + title = {A Parameterization of the Effective Radius of Ice Free Clouds for Use in Global Climate Models}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {305-339}, + journal = {Atmos. Res.}, + author = {Bower, K. N. and Choularton, T. W.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{buehler2003, + title = {The Impact of Temperature Errors on Perceived Humidity Supersaturation}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL017691}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Buehler, S. and Courcoux, N.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1759} +} + +@article{unterstrasser2010, + title = {Study of Contrail Microphysics in the Vortex Phase with a {{Lagrangian}} Particle Tracking Model}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-10003-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Unterstrasser, S. and S{\"o}lch, I.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {10003--10015} +} + +@article{sherwood2001, + title = {A Model for Transport across the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {765--779} +} + +@article{gregory1997, + title = {The Climate Response to {{CO}}2 of the {{Hadley Centre}} Coupled {{AOGCM}} with and without Flux Adjustment}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gregory, J. M. and Mitchell, J. F. B.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1943--1946} +} + +@article{fritz1993, + title = {Detection of Water Vapor in the Stratosphere over Very High Clouds in the Tropics}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fritz, S. and Laszlo, I.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {22,959--22,967} +} + +@article{penner2009, + title = {Possible Infuence of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Cirrus Clouds and Anthropogenic Forcing}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Penner, J. E. and Chen, Y. and Wang, M. and Liu, X.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {879--896} +} + +@article{mendelsohn2012, + title = {The Impact of Climate Change on Global Tropical Cyclone Damage}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {10.1038/NCLIMATE1357}, + journal = {Nature Climate Change}, + author = {Mendelsohn, R. and Emanuel, K. and Chonabayashi, S. and Bakkensen, L.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {205--209} +} + +@article{shao2013, + title = {Recent Global Dust Trend and Connections to Climate Forcing}, + volume = {118}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50836}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Shao, Yaping and Klose, Martina and Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{chen2015, + title = {Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Ship Tracks Using {{Terra MODIS}}/{{MISR}}: {{Aerosol}}-Cloud Interactions}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Ship Tracks Using {{Terra MODIS}}/{{MISR}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022736}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:18Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Chen, Yi-Chun and Christensen, Matthew W. and Diner, David J. and Garay, Michael J.}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{hoerling1991, + title = {Global {{Objective Tropopause Analysis}}}, + volume = {119}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Hoerling, M. P. and Schaack, T. K. and Lenzen, A. J.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1816--1831} +} + +@article{boing2012, + title = {Detrainment in Deep Convection: {{DETRAINMENT IN DEEP CONVECTION}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Detrainment in Deep Convection}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053735}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:03Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {B{\"o}ing, S. J. and Siebesma, A. P. and Korpershoek, J. D. and Jonker, H. J. J.}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{knaff2007, + title = {Reexamination of {{Tropical Cyclone Wind}}\textendash{}{{Pressure Relationships}}}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {0882-8156}, + doi = {10.1175/WAF965.1}, + abstract = {Tropical cyclone wind\textendash{}pressure relationships are reexamined using 15 yr of minimum sea level pressure estimates, numerical analysis fields, and best-track intensities. Minimum sea level pressure is estimated from aircraft reconnaissance or measured from dropwindsondes, and maximum wind speeds are interpolated from best-track maximum 1-min wind speed estimates. The aircraft data were collected primarily in the Atlantic but also include eastern and central North Pacific cases. Global numerical analyses were used to estimate tropical cyclone size and environmental pressure associated with each observation. Using this dataset (3801 points), the influences of latitude, tropical cyclone size, environmental pressure, and intensification trend on the tropical cyclone wind\textendash{}pressure relationships were examined. Findings suggest that latitude, size, and environmental pressure, which all can be quantified in an operational and postanalysis setting, are related to predictable changes in the wind\textendash{}pressure relationships. These factors can be combined into equations that estimate winds given pressure and estimate pressure given winds with greater accuracy than current methodologies. In independent testing during the 2005 hurricane season (524 cases), these new wind\textendash{}pressure relationships resulted in mean absolute errors of 5.3 hPa and 6.2 kt compared with the 7.7 hPa and 9.0 kt that resulted from using the standard Atlantic Dvorak wind\textendash{}pressure relationship. These new wind\textendash{}pressure relationships are then used to evaluate several operational wind\textendash{}pressure relationships. These intercomparisons have led to several recommendations for operational tropical cyclone centers and those interested in reanalyzing past tropical cyclone events.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-13T20:45:25Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-11-13}, + journal = {Wea. Forecasting}, + author = {Knaff, John A. and Zehr, Raymond M.}, + month = feb, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Cyclone,Pressure,Tropical,Wind}, + pages = {71--88}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QSPHN7MZ/Knaff and Zehr - 2007 - Reexamination of Tropical Cyclone Wind–Pressure Re.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/UDSPPMNU/WAF965.html:text/html} +} + +@book{garreau1998, + title = {Cold {{Surges}} over {{South America}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Garreau, R.}, + month = oct, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Seminar} +} + +@book{council2003, + title = {Understanding {{Climate Change Feedbacks}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + publisher = {{National Academy Press}}, + author = {Council, National Research}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{shupe2008a, + title = {A {{Focus On Mixed}}-{{Phase Clouds}}}, + volume = {89}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + doi = {10.1175/2008BAMS2378.1}, + abstract = {The phase composition and microphysical structure of clouds define the manner in which they modulate atmospheric radiation and contribute to the hydrologic cycle. Issues regarding cloud phase partitioning and transformation come to bear directly in mixed-phase clouds, and have been difficult to address within current modeling frameworks. Ground-based, remote-sensing observations of mixed-phase clouds can contribute a significant body of knowledge with which to better understand, and thereby more accurately model, clouds and their phase-defining processes. Utilizing example observations from the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE), which occurred at the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Climate Research Facility in Barrow, Alaska, during autumn 2004, we review the current status of ground-based observation and retrieval methods used in characterizing the macrophysical, microphysical, radiative, and dynamical properties of stratiform mixed-phase clouds. In general, cloud phase, boundaries, ice properties, liquid water path, optical depth, and vertical velocity are available from a combination of active and passive sensors. Significant deficiencies exist in our ability to vertically characterize the liquid phase, to distinguish ice crystal habits, and to understand aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions. Further validation studies are needed to evaluate, improve, and expand our retrieval abilities in mixed-phase clouds.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-08T19:08:43Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-01-08}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Shupe, Matthew D. and Daniel, John S. and {de Boer}, Gijs and Eloranta, Edwin W. and Kollias, Pavlos and Luke, Edward P. and Long, Charles N. and Turner, David D. and Verlinde, Johannes}, + month = oct, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1549--1562}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/JKGX8TKJ/Shupe et al. - 2008 - A Focus On Mixed-Phase Clouds.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/VBCSS297/2008BAMS2378.html:text/html} +} + +@article{qian2011, + title = {Sensitivity Studies on the Impacts of {{Tibetan Plateau}} Snowpack Pollution on the {{Asian}} Hydrological Cycle and Monsoon Climate}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-1929-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:03Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Qian, Y. and Flanner, M. G. and Leung, L. R. and Wang, W.}, + month = mar, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1929--1948} +} + +@article{hofmann1998, + title = {An Analysis of 25 Years of Balloon-Borne Aerosol Data in Search of a Signature of the Subsonic Commercial Aircraft Fleet}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hofmann, D. J. and Stone, R. S. and Wood, M. E. and Deshler, T. and Harris, J. M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2433--2436} +} + +@article{kentarchos1999, + title = {Model Study of a Stratospheric Intrusion Event at Lower Midlatitudes Associated with the Development of a Cutoff Low}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kentarchos, A. S. and Roelofs, G. J. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1717--1727} +} + +@article{jensen1998, + title = {Environmental Conditions Required for Contrail Formation and Persistance}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3929--3936} +} + +@article{waliser2011, + title = {The Impact of Precipitating Ice and Snow on the Radiation Balance in Global Climate Models}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {in Press, Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Waliser, D. E. and Li, J. L. F. and L'Ecuyer, T. S. and Chen, W.-T.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{bell2008, + title = {Tropopause Inversion Layer: {{Seasonal}} and Latitudinal Variations and Representation in Standard Radiosonde Data and Global Models}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009022}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D05109}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bell, S. W. and Geller, M. A.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{brasseur1986, + address = {Norwell, Mass.}, + edition = {2nd}, + title = {Aeronomy of the {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + publisher = {{D. Reidel}}, + author = {Brasseur, G. P. and Solomon, S.}, + year = {1986} +} + +@article{stier2006a, + title = {Impact of Nonabsorbing Anthropogenic Aerosols on Clear-Sky Atmospheric Absorbtion}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007147}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D18201}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stier, P. and Seinfeld, J. H. and Kinne, S. and Feichter, J. and Boucher, O.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{colman2002, + title = {Geographical Contributions to Global Climate Sensitivity in a {{General Circulation Model}}}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, + author = {Colman, R.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {211--243} +} + +@article{lohmann1999, + title = {Prediction of the Number of Cloud Droplets in the {{ECHAM GCM}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J. and Chuang, C. C. and Penner, J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {9169--9198} +} + +@article{hurrell2013, + title = {The {{Community Earth System Model}}: A Framework for Collaborative Research.}, + volume = {94}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1}, + timestamp = {2016-02-22T17:59:18Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Hurrell, James W and Holland, MM and Gent, PR and Ghan, S and Kay, Jennifer E and Kushner, PJ and Lamarque, J-F and Large, WG and Lawrence, D and Lindsay, K and {others}}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1339--1360} +} + +@article{dessler2011, + title = {Cloud Variations and the {{Earth}}'s Energy Budget}, + volume = {38}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL049236}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {L19701}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{tan2016, + title = {Observational Constraints on Mixed-Phase Clouds Imply Higher Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {352}, + copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.aad5300}, + abstract = {A more sensitive climate system +How much global average temperature eventually will rise depends on the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS), which relates atmospheric CO2 concentration to atmospheric temperature. For decades, ECS has been estimated to be between 2.0$^\circ$ and 4.6$^\circ$C, with much of that uncertainty owing to the difficulty of establishing the effects of clouds on Earth's energy budget. Tan et al. used satellite observations to constrain the radiative impact of mixed phase clouds. They conclude that ECS could be between 5.0$^\circ$ and 5.3$^\circ$C\textemdash{}higher than suggested by most global climate models. +Science, this issue p. 224 +Global climate model (GCM) estimates of the equilibrium global mean surface temperature response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2, measured by the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), range from 2.0$^\circ$ to 4.6$^\circ$C. Clouds are among the leading causes of this uncertainty. Here we show that the ECS can be up to 1.3$^\circ$C higher in simulations where mixed-phase clouds consisting of ice crystals and supercooled liquid droplets are constrained by global satellite observations. The higher ECS estimates are directly linked to a weakened cloud-phase feedback arising from a decreased cloud glaciation rate in a warmer climate. We point out the need for realistic representations of the supercooled liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds in GCMs, given the sensitivity of the ECS to the cloud-phase feedback. +Weaknesses in cloud parameterizations may be causing global climate models to underestimate future warming. +Weaknesses in cloud parameterizations may be causing global climate models to underestimate future warming.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-08T16:03:12Z}, + number = {6282}, + urldate = {2016-04-08}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Tan, Ivy and Storelvmo, Trude and Zelinka, Mark D.}, + month = apr, + year = {2016}, + pages = {224--227}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4WIIQ2UM/Tan et al. - 2016 - Observational constraints on mixed-phase clouds im.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/2ZZD2VG4/224.html:text/html} +} + +@article{boering1995, + title = {Measurements of Stratospheric Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor at Northern Midlatitudes: {{Implications}} for Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Transport}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Boering, K. A. and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {2737--2740} +} + +@article{forster2016, + title = {Recommendations for Diagnosing Effective Radiative Forcing from Climate Models for {{CMIP6}}}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2016JD025320}, + abstract = {The usefulness of previous Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) exercises has been hampered by a lack of radiative forcing information. This has made it difficult to understand reasons for differences between model responses. Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is easier to diagnose than traditional radiative forcing in global climate models (GCMs) and is more representative of the eventual temperature response. Here we examine the different methods of computing ERF in two GCMs. We find that ERF computed from a fixed sea surface temperature (SST) method (ERF\_fSST) has much more certainty than regression based methods. Thirty year integrations are sufficient to reduce the 5\textendash{}95\% confidence interval in global ERF\_fSST to 0.1\,W\,m-2. For 2xCO2 ERF, 30\,year integrations are needed to ensure that the signal is larger than the local confidence interval over more than 90\% of the globe. Within the ERF\_fSST method there are various options for prescribing SSTs and sea ice. We explore these and find that ERF is only weakly dependent on the methodological choices. Prescribing the monthly averaged seasonally varying model's preindustrial climatology is recommended for its smaller random error and easier implementation. As part of CMIP6, the Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) asks models to conduct 30\,year ERF\_fSST experiments using the model's own preindustrial climatology of SST and sea ice. The Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) will also mainly use this approach. We propose this as a standard method for diagnosing ERF and recommend that it be used across the climate modeling community to aid future comparisons.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-07T15:53:36Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-07}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Forster, Piers M. and Richardson, Thomas and Maycock, Amanda C. and Smith, Christopher J. and Samset, Bjorn H. and Myhre, Gunnar and Andrews, Timothy and Pincus, Robert and Schulz, Michael}, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1610 Atmosphere,1627 Coupled models of the climate system,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3359 Radiative processes,AerChemMIP,Climate models,CMIP6,effective radiative forcing,Radiative forcing,RFMIP}, + pages = {2016JD025320} +} + +@book{riemer1999, + title = {{{VOCs}} and Oxidation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Riemer, D.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP research Report +Speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{richard2003, + title = {Large-{{Scale}} Equatorward Transport of Ozone in the Subtropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003884}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Richard, E. C. and Aiken, K. C. and Ray, E. A. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Thompson, T. L. and Weinheimer, A. and Montzka, D. and Knapp, D. and Ridley, B. and Gettelman, A.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{ghan2013, + title = {A Simple Model of Global Aerosol Indirect Effects}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50567}, + abstract = {Most estimates of the global mean indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosol on the Earth's energy balance are from simulations by global models of the aerosol lifecycle coupled with global models of clouds and the hydrologic cycle. Extremely simple models have been developed for integrated assessment models, but lack the flexibility to distinguish between primary and secondary sources of aerosol. Here a simple but more physically based model expresses the aerosol indirect effect (AIE) using analytic representations of cloud and aerosol distributions and processes. Although the simple model is able to produce estimates of AIEs that are comparable to those from some global aerosol models using the same global mean aerosol properties, the estimates by the simple model are sensitive to preindustrial cloud condensation nuclei concentration, preindustrial accumulation mode radius, width of the accumulation mode, size of primary particles, cloud thickness, primary and secondary anthropogenic emissions, the fraction of the secondary anthropogenic emissions that accumulates on the coarse mode, the fraction of the secondary mass that forms new particles, and the sensitivity of liquid water path to droplet number concentration. Estimates of present-day AIEs as low as -5 W m-2 and as high as -0.3 W m-2 are obtained for plausible sets of parameter values. Estimates are surprisingly linear in emissions. The estimates depend on parameter values in ways that are consistent with results from detailed global aerosol-climate simulation models, which adds to understanding of the dependence on AIE uncertainty on uncertainty in parameter values.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-19T23:18:14Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-10-19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Ghan, Steven J. and Smith, Steven J. and Wang, Minghuai and Zhang, Kai and Pringle, Kirsty and Carslaw, Kenneth and Pierce, Jeffrey and Bauer, Susanne and Adams, Peter}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3320 Idealized model,3367 Theoretical modeling,aerosol,climate,cloud,indirect,interactions}, + pages = {6688--6707} +} + +@techreport{fujita1992, + type = {WRL Research Paper}, + title = {The {{Mystery}} of {{Severe Storms}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {239}, + institution = {Wind Research Laboratory, University of Chicago}, + author = {Fujita, T. T.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{mote2000, + title = {Intraseasonal Variations of Water Vapor in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Tropopause Region}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and Clark, H. L. and Harwood, T. J. Dunkerton adn R. S. and Pumphrey, H. C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {17457--17470} +} + +@article{jackson2001, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Humidity Algorithm Assessment}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jackson, D. L. and Bates, J. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {32259--32270} +} + +@article{holton1990, + title = {On the {{Global Exchange}} of {{Mass}} between the {{Stratosphere}} and {{Troposphere}}}, + volume = {47}, + abstract = {using TEM equations at 100mb level and a 15 year climatology, a 2.5 year turnover time for the atmosphere above 100mb is estimated}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1990}, + keywords = {exchange,stratosphere,troposphere}, + pages = {392--5} +} + +@article{peng2003, + title = {Sensitivity Study of the Spectral Dispersion of the Cloud Droplet Size Distribution on the Indirect Aerosol Effect: {{CLOUD DROPLET DISPERSION EFFECT}}}, + volume = {30}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Sensitivity Study of the Spectral Dispersion of the Cloud Droplet Size Distribution on the Indirect Aerosol Effect}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL017192}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:59Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Peng, Yiran and Lohmann, Ulrike}, + month = may, + year = {2003}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{roberts2008, + title = {Simultaneous Observations of Aerosol-Cloud-Albedo Interactions with Three Stacked Unmanned Aerial Vehicles}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {Roberts, G. C. and Ramana, M. V. and Corrigan, C. and Kim, D. and Ramanathan, V.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {7370--7375} +} + +@article{bretherton2013, + title = {Mechanisms of Marine Low Cloud Sensitivity to Idealized Climate Perturbations: {{A}} Single-{{LES}} Exploration Extending the {{CGILS}} Cases}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + shorttitle = {Mechanisms of Marine Low Cloud Sensitivity to Idealized Climate Perturbations}, + doi = {10.1002/jame.20019}, + abstract = {Climate change sensitivities of subtropical cloud-topped marine boundary layers are analyzed using large-eddy simulation (LES) of three CGILS cases of well-mixed stratocumulus, cumulus under stratocumulus, and shallow cumulus cloud regimes, respectively. For each case, a steadily forced control simulation on a small horizontally doubly periodic domain is run 10\textendash{}20 days into quasi-steady state. The LES is rerun to steady state with forcings perturbed by changes in temperature, free-tropospheric relative humidity (RH), CO2 concentration, subsidence, inversion stability, and wind speed; cloud responses to combined forcings superpose approximately linearly. For all three cloud regimes and 2\texttimes{} CO2 forcing perturbations estimated from the CMIP3 multimodel mean, the LES predicts positive shortwave cloud feedback, like most CMIP3 global climate models. At both stratocumulus locations, the cloud remains overcast but thins in the warmer, moister, CO2-enhanced climate, due to the combined effects of an increased lower-tropospheric vertical humidity gradient and an enhanced free-tropospheric greenhouse effect that reduces the radiative driving of turbulence. Reduced subsidence due to weakening of tropical overturning circulations partly counteracts these two factors by raising the inversion and allowing the cloud layer to deepen. These compensating mechanisms may explain the large scatter in low cloud feedbacks predicted by climate models. CMIP3-predicted changes in wind speed, inversion stability, and free-tropospheric RH have lesser impacts on the cloud thickness. In the shallow cumulus regime, precipitation regulates the simulated boundary-layer depth and vertical structure. Cloud-droplet (aerosol) concentration limits the boundary-layer depth and affects the simulated cloud feedbacks.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T05:50:34Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Bretherton, Christopher S. and Blossey, Peter N. and Jones, Christopher R.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3323 Large eddy simulation,3379 Turbulence,boundary-layer cloud,climate sensitivity,cloud feedbacks,LES}, + pages = {316--337} +} + +@article{homeyer2014, + title = {Transport from Convective Overshooting of the Extratropical Tropopause and the Role of Large-Scale Lower Stratosphere Stability}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD020931}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:12Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Homeyer, Cameron R. and Pan, Laura L. and Barth, Mary C.}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2220--2240} +} + +@article{appleman1953, + title = {The Formation of Exhaust Condensation Trails by Jet Aircraft}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Appleman, H. S.}, + year = {1953}, + pages = {14--20} +} + +@article{forster1997, + title = {Radiative Forcing and Temperature Trends from Stratospheric Ozone Depletion}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Forster, P. M. de F. and Shine, K. P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {10841--10855} +} + +@article{bennartz2011, + title = {Scale-Aware Integral Constraints on Autoconversion and Accretion in Regional and Global Climate Models}, + volume = {38}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL047618}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {L10809}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Bennartz, R. and Lauer, A. and Brenguier, J.-L.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@incollection{jouzel1986, + title = {Isotopes in Cloud Physics: Multistep and Multistage Processes in {{Handbook}} of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + publisher = {{Elsevier}}, + author = {Jouzel, J.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {61--112} +} + +@book{harrison, + title = {Puget {{Sound Ozone Storm}} of 1994}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Harrison, H.}, + year = {27 January}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Tropospheric ozone} +} + +@article{kiehl2000, + title = {Radiative Forcing due to Sulfate Aerosols from Simulations with the {{National Center}} for {{Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model}}, Version 3}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:01:04Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Kiehl, J. T. and Schneider, T. L. and Rasch, P. J. and Barth, M. C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1441--1457} +} + +@article{stewart1975, + title = {Stable Isotope Fractionation due to Evaporation and Isotopic Exchange of Falling Waterdrops: {{Applications}} to Atmospheric Processes and Evaporation of Lakes}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stewart, M. K.}, + year = {1975}, + pages = {1133--1146} +} + +@article{mauritsen2015, + title = {Missing Iris Effect as a Possible Cause of Muted Hydrological Change and High Climate Sensitivity in Models}, + volume = {8}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2015 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo2414}, + abstract = {Equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO2 falls between 2.0 and 4.6 K in current climate models, and they suggest a weak increase in global mean precipitation. Inferences from the observational record, however, place climate sensitivity near the lower end of this range and indicate that models underestimate some of the changes in the hydrological cycle. These discrepancies raise the possibility that important feedbacks are missing from the models. A controversial hypothesis suggests that the dry and clear regions of the tropical atmosphere expand in a warming climate and thereby allow more infrared radiation to escape to space. This so-called iris effect could constitute a negative feedback that is not included in climate models. We find that inclusion of such an effect in a climate model moves the simulated responses of both temperature and the hydrological cycle to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations closer to observations. Alternative suggestions for shortcomings of models \textemdash{} such as aerosol cooling, volcanic eruptions or insufficient ocean heat uptake \textemdash{} may explain a slow observed transient warming relative to models, but not the observed enhancement of the hydrological cycle. We propose that, if precipitating convective clouds are more likely to cluster into larger clouds as temperatures rise, this process could constitute a plausible physical mechanism for an iris effect. +View full text}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-18T15:36:26Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-05-18}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Mauritsen, Thorsten and Stevens, Bjorn}, + month = may, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics,Climate and Earth system modelling,Projection and prediction}, + pages = {346--351} +} + +@book{dao1999, + title = {Algorithm {{Theoretical Basis Document}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + publisher = {{Data Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center}}, + author = {{DAO}}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{shindell2004, + title = {Impacts of Climate Change on Methane Emissions from Wetlands}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {0094-8276}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL021009}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:08Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Shindell, Drew T.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{klemm1998, + title = {Measurements of Nitrogen Oxides from Aircraft in the Northeast {{Atlantic}} Flight Corridor}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Klemm, O. and Stockwell, W. R. and Schlager, H. and Ziereis, H.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,217--31,229} +} + +@article{gaffen1991, + title = {Space and Time Scales of Global Tropospheric Moisture}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gaffen, D. J. and Barnett, T. P. and P.Elliott, W.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {989--1008} +} + +@article{wang1996, + title = {A 6-Year Climatology of Cloud Occurance Frequency from {{Stratospheric Aerosol}} and {{Gas Experiment II}} Observations (1985-1990)}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wang, P. H. and Minnis, P. and McCormick, M. P. and Kent, G. S. and Skeens, K. M.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {29,407--29,429} +} + +@article{quinn2007, + title = {Arctic Haze: Current Trends and Knowledge Gaps}, + volume = {59}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00238.x}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology B}, + author = {Quinn, P. K. and Shaw, G. and Andrews, E. and Dutton, E. G. and Ruoho-Airola, T. and Gong, S. L.}, + month = feb, + year = {2007}, + pages = {99--114} +} + +@book{ray1997, + title = {Low {{Frequency Variability}} of the {{Tropical Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Ray, E.}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{kunz2011, + title = {Dynamical Tropopause Based on Isentropic {{PV}} Gradients}, + volume = {116}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014343}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D01110}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kunz, A. and Konopka, P. and Mueller, R. and Pan, L. L.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@book{brashers1998, + title = {Oceanic {{Latent Heat Flux}} from {{Satellite Data}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Brashers, B.}, + month = may, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium (PhD defense) +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{mitchell2012, + title = {Satellite Retrieval of the Liquid Water Fraction in Tropical Clouds between -20 and -38 {{C}}}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques}, + author = {Mitchell, DL and {d{\~O}Entremont}, RP}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1683--1698} +} + +@article{dessler2003, + title = {The Distribution of {{Tropical Thin Cirrus Clouds Inferred}} from {{Terra MODIS}} Data}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Yang, P.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1241--1247} +} + +@article{morgenstern2009, + title = {Evaluation of the New {{UKCA}} Climate-Composition Model. {{Part}} 1: {{The}} Stratosphere}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {gmd}, + author = {Morgenstern, O. and {others}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {43--57} +} + +@article{hoppel2002, + title = {{{POAM III}} Observations of Arctic Ozone Loss for the 1999/2000 Winter}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000476}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D20}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hoppel, K. and {others}}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{pinsky2016a, + title = {Theoretical Analysis of Mixing in Liquid Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}} 3: {{Inhomogeneous}} Mixing}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Theoretical Analysis of Mixing in Liquid Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}} 3}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016}, + abstract = {An idealized diffusion\textendash{}evaporation model of time-dependent mixing between a cloud volume and a droplet-free volume is analyzed. The initial droplet size distribution (DSD) in the cloud volume is assumed to be monodisperse. It is shown that evolution of the microphysical variables and the final equilibrium state are unambiguously determined by two non-dimensional parameters. The first one is the potential evaporation parameter R, proportional to the ratio of the saturation deficit to the liquid water content in the cloud volume, that determines whether the equilibrium state is reached at 100 \% relative humidity, or is characterized by a complete evaporation of cloud droplets. The second parameter Da is the Damk{\"o}lher number equal to the ratio of the characteristic mixing time to the phase relaxation time. Parameters R and Da determine the type of mixing.The results are analyzed within a wide range of values of R and Da. It is shown that there is no pure homogeneous mixing, since the first mixing stage is always inhomogeneous. The mixing type can change during the mixing process. Any mixing type leads to formation of a tail of small droplets in DSD and, therefore, to DSD broadening that depends on Da. At large Da, the final DSD dispersion can be as large as 0.2. The total duration of mixing varies from several to 100 phase relaxation time periods, depending on R and Da.The definitions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous types of mixing are reconsidered and clarified, enabling a more precise delimitation between them. The paper also compares the results obtained with those based on the classic mixing concepts. $>$}, + timestamp = {2016-07-31T20:59:17Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2016-07-31}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Pinsky, M. and Khain, A. and Korolev, A.}, + month = jul, + year = {2016}, + pages = {9273--9297} +} + +@unpublished{crum1996, + title = {A Guide to the {{Goddard}} Three-Dimensional Chemistry and Transport Model: {{Second}} Revision}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + author = {Crum, F. X.}, + year = {1996}, + note = {Working Paper} +} + +@article{johnson1982, + title = {Thermodynamic and {{Circulation Characteristics}} of {{Winter Monsoon Tropical Mesoscale Convection}}}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Johnson, R. H. and Kriete, D. C.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {1898--1911} +} + +@article{wild2003, + title = {{{CTM}} Ozone Simulations in Spring 2002 over the Western {{Pacific}}: {{Comparisons}} with {{TRACE}}-{{P}} Lidar, Ozone and {{TOMS}} Columns}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002/JD003283}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {8826}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wild, O. and Sundet, J. K. and Prather, M. J. and Isaksen, I. S. A. and Akimoto, H. and Browell, E. V. and Oltmans, S. J.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{uppala2005, + title = {The {{ERA}}-40 Re-Analysis}, + volume = {131}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Uppala, S.M. and Kallberg, P. W. and Simmons, A. J. and Andrae, U. and Bechtold, V. da Costa and Fiorino, M. and Gibson, J. K. and Haseler, J. and Hernandez, A. and Kelly, G. A. and Li, X. and Onogi, K. and Saarinen, S. and Sokka, N. and Allan, R. P. and Andersson, E. and Arpe, K. and Balmaseda, M. A. and Beljaars, A. C. M. and van de Berg, L. and Bidlot, J. and Bormann, N. and Caires, S. and Chevallier, F. and Dethof, A. and Dragosavac, M. and Fisher, M. and Fuentes, M. and Hagemann, S. and Holm, E. and Hoskins, B. J. and Isaksen, L. and Janssen, P. A. E. M. and Jenne, R. and McNally, A. P. and Mahfouf, J.-F. and Morcrette, J.-J. and Rayner, N. A. and Saunders, R. W. and Simon, P. and Sterl, A. and Trenberth, K. E. and Untch, A. and Vasiljevic, D. and Viterbo, P. and Woollen, J.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2961--3012} +} + +@book{michener2008, + title = {Stable {{Isotopes}} in {{Ecology}} and {{Environmental Science}}}, + isbn = {978-0-470-69117-5}, + abstract = {This book highlights new and emerging uses of stable isotope analysis in a variety of ecological disciplines. While the use of natural abundance isotopes in ecological research is now relatively standard, new techniques and ways of interpreting patterns are developing rapidly. The second edition of this book provides a thorough, up-to-date examination of these methods of research. As part of the Ecological Methods and Concepts series which provides the latest information on experimental techniques in ecology, this book looks at a wide range of techniques that use natural abundance isotopes to: follow whole ecosystem element cycling understand processes of soil organic matter formation follow the movement of water in whole watersheds understand the effects of pollution in both terrestrial and aquatic environments study extreme systems such as hydrothermal vents follow migrating organisms In each case, the book explains the background to the methodology, looks at the underlying principles and assumptions, and outlines the potential limitations and pitfalls. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science is an ideal resource for both ecologists who are new to isotopic analysis, and more experienced isotope ecologists interested in innovative techniques and pioneering new uses.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-23T18:14:35Z}, + publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons}}, + author = {Michener, Robert and Lajtha, Kate}, + month = apr, + year = {2008}, + keywords = {Science / Life Sciences / Ecology,Science / Life Sciences / Zoology / General} +} + +@book{richey1999, + title = {{{PRISM}}: {{Puget Sound Regional Assessment Model}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Richey, J.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: Atms Sci Colloquium +speaker from UW oceanography}, + keywords = {integrated assessment} +} + +@article{ricciardulli2000, + title = {The Excitation of Equatorial Waves by Deep Convection in the {{NCAR Community Climate Model}} ({{CCM3}})}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Ricciardulli, L. and Garcia, R. R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3641--3487} +} + +@article{chin1995, + title = {A Reanalysis of Carbonyl Sulfide as a Source of Stratospheric Background Sulfur Aerosol}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {8993--9005} +} + +@article{schneider1999, + title = {Tropospheric {{Water Vapor}} and {{Climate Sensitivity}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Schneider, E. K. and Kirtman, B. P. and Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1649--1658} +} + +@article{pfister1993, + title = {Gravity {{Waves Generated}} by a {{Tropical Cyclone During}} the {{STEP Tropical Field Program}}: {{A Case Study}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pfister, L. and Chan, K. R. and Bui, T. P. and Bowen, S. and Legg, M. and Gary, B. and Kelly, K. and Proffitt, M. and Starr, W.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {8611--8638} +} + +@article{boering2004, + title = {Observations of the Anomalous Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Carbon Dioxide in the Lower Stratosphere and the Flux of the Anomaly to the Troposphere}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL018451}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {L03109}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Boering, K. A. and Jackson, T. and Hoag, K. J. and Cole, A. S. and Perri, M. J. and Thiemens, M. and Atlas, E.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{easter2004, + title = {{{MIRAGE}}: {{Model}} Description and Evaluation of Aerosols and Trace Gases}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004571}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D20210}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Easter, R. C. and {others}}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{eckhardt2004, + title = {A 15-Year Climatology of Warm Conveyor Belts}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Eckhardt, S. and Stohl, A. and Wernli, H. and James, P. and Forster, C. and Spichtinger, N.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {218--237} +} + +@article{bony2016, + title = {Thermodynamic Control of Anvil Cloud Amount}, + volume = {113}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1601472113}, + abstract = {General circulation models show that as the surface temperature increases, the convective anvil clouds shrink. By analyzing radiative\textendash{}convective equilibrium simulations, we show that this behavior is rooted in basic energetic and thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere: As the climate warms, the clouds rise and remain at nearly the same temperature, but find themselves in a more stable atmosphere; this enhanced stability reduces the convective outflow in the upper troposphere and decreases the anvil cloud fraction. By warming the troposphere and increasing the upper-tropospheric stability, the clustering of deep convection also reduces the convective outflow and the anvil cloud fraction. When clouds are radiatively active, this robust coupling between temperature, high clouds, and circulation exerts a positive feedback on convective aggregation and favors the maintenance of strongly aggregated atmospheric states at high temperatures. This stability iris mechanism likely contributes to the narrowing of rainy areas as the climate warms. Whether or not it influences climate sensitivity requires further investigation.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-15T15:28:10Z}, + number = {32}, + urldate = {2016-09-15}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Bony, Sandrine and Stevens, Bjorn and Coppin, David and Becker, Tobias and Reed, Kevin A. and Voigt, Aiko and Medeiros, Brian}, + month = sep, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {anvil cloud,climate sensitivity,cloud feedback,convective aggregation,large-scale circulation}, + pages = {8927--8932}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9D6ITQIV/8927.html:text/html}, + pmid = {27412863} +} + +@article{meehl2007, + title = {The {{WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset}}: {{A New Era}} in {{Climate Change Research}}}, + volume = {88}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-88-9-1383}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Meehl, Gerald A. and Covey, Curt and Taylor, Karl E. and Delworth, Thomas and Stouffer, Ronald J. and Latif, Mojib and McAvaney, Bryant and Mitchell, John F. B.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1383--1394} +} + +@article{hobbs1998, + title = {Microstructures of Low and Middle-Level Clouds over the {{Beaufort Sea}}}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T19:59:53Z}, + number = {550}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Hobbs, Peter V. and Rangno, Arthur L.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2035--2071} +} + +@article{pan2006, + title = {Observations and Model Simulations of Mixing near the Extratropical Tropopause}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006480}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L.L.and Konopka, P. and Browell, E.V.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{gent2011, + title = {The {{Community Climate System Model Version}} 4}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:23Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Gent, Peter R. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Donner, Leo J. and Holland, Marika M. and Hunke, Elizabeth C. and Jayne, Steve R. and Lawrence, David M. and Neale, Richard B. and Rasch, Philip J. and Vertenstein, Mariana and Worley, Patrick H. and Yang, Zong-Liang and Zhang, Minghua}, + month = oct, + year = {2011}, + pages = {4973--4991} +} + +@incollection{niedermeier1994, + address = {Koln}, + title = {Atmospheric Residence Times and Stratospheric-Tropopsheric Exchange}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + booktitle = {Impact of Emissions from Aircraft and Spacecraft upon the Atmosphere}, + publisher = {{DLR}}, + author = {Niedermeier, M. and Fabian, P.}, + editor = {Schumann, U and Wurtzel, D.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {199--204} +} + +@article{kay2008, + title = {The Contribution of Cloud and Radiation Anomalies to th2 2007 {{Arctic}} Sea Ice Extent Minimum}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL033451}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {L08503}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and L'Ecuyer, T. and Gettelman, A. and Stephens, G. and O'Dell, C.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{knutti2010, + title = {Challenges in Combining Projections from Multiple Models}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Knutti, R. and Furrer, R. and Tebaldi, C. and Cermak, J. and Meehl, G. A.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2739--2758} +} + +@article{chu1997, + title = {Recent Climate Change in the Tropical Western {{Pacific}} and {{Indian}} Ocean Regions as Detected by Outgoing Longwave Radiation Records}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Chu, P.-S. and Wang, J.-B.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {636--646} +} + +@article{rind1993, + title = {Overview of the {{Stratospheric Aerosol}} and {{Gas Experiment II}} Water Vapor Observations: {{Method}}, Validation, and Data Characteristics}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rind, D. and Chiou, E. W. and Chu, W. and Oltmans, S. and Lerner, J. and Larson, J. and McCormick, M. P. and McMaster, L.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {4835--4856} +} + +@article{garfinkel2010, + title = {{{QBO}}'s Influence on the {{North Pacific}} and {{ENSO}} Teleconnections}, + volume = {115}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D20116}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Garfinkel, C. I. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {10.1029/2010JD014181} +} + +@article{ma2015, + title = {How Does Increasing Horizontal Resolution in a Global Climate Model Improve the Simulation of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions?}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL064183}, + abstract = {The Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 is run at horizontal grid spacing of 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25$^\circ$, with the meteorology nudged toward the Year Of Tropical Convection analysis, and cloud simulators and the collocated A-Train satellite observations are used to explore the resolution dependence of aerosol-cloud interactions. The higher-resolution model produces results that agree better with observations, showing an increase of susceptibility of cloud droplet size, indicating a stronger first aerosol indirect forcing (AIF), and a decrease of susceptibility of precipitation probability, suggesting a weaker second AIF. The resolution sensitivities of AIF are attributed to those of droplet nucleation and precipitation parameterizations. The annual average AIF in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (where most anthropogenic emissions occur) in the 0.25$^\circ$ model is reduced by about 1\,W\,m-2 (-30\%) compared to the 2$^\circ$ model, leading to a 0.26\,W\,m-2 reduction (-15\%) in the global annual average AIF.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-29T15:06:57Z}, + urldate = {2015-06-29}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Ma, Po-Lun and Rasch, Philip J. and Wang, Minghuai and Wang, Hailong and Ghan, Steven J. and Easter, Richard C. and Gustafson, William I. and Liu, Xiaohong and Zhang, Yuying and Ma, Hsi-Yen}, + month = jun, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3337 Global climate models,aerosol-cloud interactions,aerosol indirect forcing,global climate model,resolution dependence}, + pages = {2015GL064183} +} + +@article{meehl2014, + title = {Climate {{Model Intercomparisons}}: {{Preparing}} for the {{Next Phase}}}, + volume = {95}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Eos}, + author = {Meehl, G. A. and {Others}}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {77--78} +} + +@article{stevens2008, + title = {Understanding Microphysical Outcomes of Microphysical Choices in Simulations of Shallow Cumulus Convection}, + volume = {86}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {J. Meteor. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Stevens, B. and Seifert, A.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {143--162} +} + +@article{huang2008, + title = {Cloud Radiative Effect on Tropical Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport Represented in a Large-Scale Model}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL035673}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:35:27Z}, + number = {L21806}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Huang, X. and Su, H.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{karcher2007, + title = {Insights into the Role of Soot Aerosols in Cirrus Cloud Formation}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and M{\"o}hler, O. and DeMott, P. J. and Pechtl, S. and Yu, F.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4203--4227} +} + +@article{haimberger2007, + title = {Homogenization of {{Radiosonde Temperature Time Series Using Innovation Statistics}}}, + volume = {20}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI4050.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Haimberger, L.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1377--1403} +} + +@article{bolton1980, + title = {The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature}, + volume = {108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Bolton, D.}, + year = {1980}, + pages = {1046--1053} +} + +@article{danielsen1968, + title = {Stratospheric-{{Tropospheric Exchange Based}} on {{Radioactivity}}, {{Ozone}} and {{Potential Vorticity}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1968}, + keywords = {mixing,stratosphere,tropopause}, + pages = {502--518} +} + +@article{walters2014, + title = {The {{Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere}} 4.0 and {{JULES Global Land}} 4.0 Configurations}, + volume = {7}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-7-361-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Walters, D. N. and Williams, K. D. and Boutle, I. A. and Bushell, A. C. and Edwards, J. M. and Field, P. R. and Lock, A. P. and Morcrette, C. J. and Stratton, R. A. and Wilkinson, J. M. and Willett, M. R. and Bellouin, N. and Bodas-Salcedo, A. and Brooks, M. E. and Copsey, D. and Earnshaw, P. D. and Hardiman, S. C. and Harris, C. M. and Levine, R. C. and MacLachlan, C. and Manners, J. C. and Martin, G. M. and Milton, S. F. and Palmer, M. D. and Roberts, M. J. and Rodr{\'\i}guez, J. M. and Tennant, W. J. and Vidale, P. L.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {361--386} +} + +@article{he2014, + title = {The Robustness of the Atmospheric Circulation and Precipitation Response to Future Anthropogenic Surface Warming: {{CIRCULATION RESPONSE TO SST WARMING}}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The Robustness of the Atmospheric Circulation and Precipitation Response to Future Anthropogenic Surface Warming}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL059435}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:06Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {He, Jie and Soden, Brian J. and Kirtman, Ben}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2614--2622} +} + +@article{lee1997, + title = {Estimations of {{Global NOx Emissions}} and Their {{Uncertainties}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Lee, D.S. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1735--1749} +} + +@article{beier1994, + title = {Modeling of Aircraft Exhaust Emission and Infrared Spectra for Remote Measurement of Nitrogen Oxides}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Beier, K.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {920--943} +} + +@article{randel2002a, + title = {Time-{{Dependent Upwellng}} in the {{Tropical Lower Stratosphere Estimated}} from the {{Zonal}}-{{Mean Momentum Budget}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Garcia, R. R. and Wu, F.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2141} +} + +@article{majoube1970, + title = {Fractionation {{Factor}} of {{18O}} between Water Vapour and Ice}, + volume = {226}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Majoube, M.}, + year = {1970}, + pages = {1242} +} + +@article{dai2000, + title = {Global {{Patterns}} of {{ENSO}}-Induced Precipitation}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dai, A. and Wigley, T. M. L.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1283--1286} +} + +@article{stith2011, + title = {Observations of Ice Nuclei and Heterogeneous Freezing in a {{Western Pacific}} Extratropical Storm}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-6229-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:51Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Stith, J. L. and Twohy, C. H. and DeMott, P. J. and Baumgardner, D. and Campos, T. and Gao, R. and Anderson, J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2011}, + pages = {6229--6243} +} + +@incollection{schoeberl1994, + title = {Trajectory {{Modelling}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + booktitle = {Diagnostic {{Tools}} in {{Atmospheric Physics}}}, + publisher = {{North-Holland}}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R. and Sparling, L. C.}, + editor = {Fiocco, G. and Visconti, G.}, + year = {1994}, + note = {Published: Seminar- Amsterdam}, + pages = {289--305} +} + +@article{karcher2002b, + title = {Properties of Subvisible Cirrus Clouds Formed by Homogeneous Freezing}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {161-170}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{folkins2000, + title = {Tropical Convective Outflow and near Surface Equivalent Potential Tempratures}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Oltmans, S. J. and Thompson, A. M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2549--2552} +} + +@article{lindzen1990, + title = {Some {{Coolness Concerning Global Warming}}}, + volume = {71}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {288--299} +} + +@article{burrows2013, + title = {Ice Nuclei in Marine Air: Biogenic Particles or Dust?}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Ice Nuclei in Marine Air}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-245-2013}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:32:47Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Burrows, S. M. and Hoose, C. and P{\"o}schl, U. and Lawrence, M. G.}, + month = jan, + year = {2013}, + pages = {245--267} +} + +@article{chuang2012, + title = {Sensitivity of Aerosol Indirect Effects to Cloud Nucleation and Autoconversion Parameterizations in Short-Range Weather Forecasts during the {{May}} 2003 Aerosol {{IOP}}: {{SENSITIVITY OF AEROSOL INDIRECT EFFECTS}}}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {Sensitivity of Aerosol Indirect Effects to Cloud Nucleation and Autoconversion Parameterizations in Short-Range Weather Forecasts during the {{May}} 2003 Aerosol {{IOP}}}, + doi = {10.1029/2012MS000161}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:15Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Chuang, Catherine C. and Kelly, James T. and Boyle, James S. and Xie, Shaocheng}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{wohltmann2008, + title = {Improvement of Vertical and Residual Velocities in Pressure or Hybrid Sigma-Pressure Coordinates in Analysis Data in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Wohltmann, I. and Rex, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {265--272} +} + +@article{unterstrasser2010a, + title = {Numerical Simulations of Contrail-to-Cirrus Transition - {{Part}} 2: {{Impact}} of Initial Ice Crystal Number, Radiation, Stratification, Secondary Nucleation and Layer Depth}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Unterstrasser, S. and Gierens, K.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2037--2051} +} + +@article{danielsen1993, + title = {In Situ Evidence of Rapid, Vertical, Irreversible Transport of Lower Tropospheric Air into the Lower Tropical Stratosphere by Convective Cloud Turrets and by Larger-Scale Upwelling in Tropical Cyclones}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {8665--8691} +} + +@article{atlas1990, + title = {The {{Estimation}} of {{Convective Rainfall}} by {{Area Integrals}} 1. {{The}} Theoretical and {{Empirical Basis}}}, + volume = {95}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Atlas, D. and Rosenfeld, D. and Short, D. A.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {2153--2160} +} + +@article{matrosov1999, + title = {Retrievals of Vertical Profiles of Ice Cloud Microphysics from Radar and {{IR}} Measurements Using Tuned Regressions between Reflectivity and Cloud Parameters}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Matrosov, S. Y.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {16,741--16,753} +} + +@article{loeb2009, + title = {Towards {{Optimal Closure}} of the {{Earth}}'s {{Top}}-of-{{Atmosphere Radiation Budget}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {10.1175/2008JCLI2637.1}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Loeb, N. G. and Wielicki, B. A. and Doelling, D. R. and Smith, G. L. and Keyes, D. F. and Kato, S. and Smith, N. M. and Wong, T.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {748--766} +} + +@article{pan1998, + title = {Retrieval of Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide for the {{MOPPITT}} Experiment}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L. and Gille, J. C. and Edwards, D. P. and Bailey, P. L. and Rodgers, C. D.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {32,277--32,290} +} + +@article{ponater1996, + title = {Simulating the Global Atmospheric Response to Aircraft Water Vapour Emissions and Contrails: A First Approach Using a {{GCM}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Ponater, M. and Brinkop, S. and Sausen, R. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {H2O}, + pages = {941--60} +} + +@article{salawitch1994a, + title = {The Diurnal Variation of Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Chlorine Radicals: Implications for the Heterogenous Production of {{HNO}}2}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Salawitch, R. J. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2551--2554} +} + +@article{arakawa2011, + title = {Toward Unification of the Multiscale Modeling of the Atmosphere}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:44:59Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Arakawa, A. and Jung, J. H. and Wu, C. M.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3731--3742} +} + +@article{krankowsky2000, + title = {Isotopic Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Krankowsky, D. and L{\"a}mmerzahl, P. and Mauersberger, K.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2593--2595} +} + +@article{zotero-null-3642, + timestamp = {2016-01-26T20:12:24Z} +} + +@article{rosenfield1998, + title = {The Impact of Subvisible Cirrus Clouds near the Tropopause on Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Rosenfield, J. E. and Considine, D. B. and Schoeberl, M. R. and Browell, E. V.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1883--1886} +} + +@article{fujiwara2001, + title = {Role of the Equatorial {{Kelvin}} Wace in Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Takahashi, M.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {22,763--22,780} +} + +@article{johnson2001a, + title = {Isotopic Composition of Stratospheric Water Vapor: {{Measurements}} and Photochemistry}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Johnson, D. G. and Jucks, K. W. and Taub, W. A. and Chance, K. V.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {12,211--12,227} +} + +@article{lohmann2006, + title = {Disentangling the Role of Microphysical and Dynamic Effects in Determining Cloud Properties over the {{Atlantic}}}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL024625}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {L09802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Koren, I. and Kaufman, Y. J.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{morgenstern1999, + title = {Quantification of Filaments Penetrating the Subtropical Barrier}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Morgenstern, O. and Carver, G. D.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {31,275--31,286} +} + +@article{kodera2000, + title = {A Mechanistic Model Study of Slowly Propagating Coupled Stratosphere-Troposphere Variability}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kodera, K. and Kuroda, Y.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {12,361--12,370} +} + +@article{teyssedre2007, + title = {A New Topospheric and Stratospheric Chemistry and Transport Model {{MOCAGE}}-{{Climat}} for Multi-Year Studies: Evaluation of the Present-Day Climatology and Sensitivity to Surface Processes}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Teyss{\`e}dre, H. and {others}}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {5815--5860} +} + +@article{fuglestvedt2014, + title = {Counteracting the Climate Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Using Short-Lived Greenhouse Gases: {{Counteracting}} Volcanic Eruptions}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Counteracting the Climate Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Using Short-Lived Greenhouse Gases}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL061886}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:17Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Fuglestvedt, Jan S. and Samset, Bj\o{}rn H. and Shine, Keith P.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {8627--8635} +} + +@article{ward2010, + title = {The Role of the Particle Size Distribution in Assessing Aerosol Composition Effects on Simulated Droplet Activation}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-5435-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Ward, D. S. and Eidhammer, T. and Cotton, W. R. and Kreidenweis, S. M.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {5435--5447} +} + +@book{hartmanna, + title = {Vacillations and {{Index Cycles}}: {{Mid Latitude Zonal Flow Variations}}}, + abstract = {Model of cyclone evolution is presented with particular emphasis on low frequency structure. Discussion of energy arguments. Cyclone evolution feeds back on zonal flow to sustain structure}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis}, + year = {31 March}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Baroclinic Waves,Index Cycles} +} + +@article{waliser2009, + title = {Cloud Ice: {{A}} Climate Model Challenge with Signs and Expectations of Progress}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010015}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D00A21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Waliser, D. E. and {others}}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{pincus2015, + title = {Radiative Flux and Forcing Parameterization Error in Aerosol-Free Clear Skies}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL064291}, + abstract = {This article reports on the accuracy in aerosol- and cloud-free conditions of the radiation parameterizations used in climate models. Accuracy is assessed relative to observationally validated reference models for fluxes under present-day conditions and forcing (flux changes) from quadrupled concentrations of carbon dioxide. Agreement among reference models is typically within 1 W/m2, while parameterized calculations are roughly half as accurate in the longwave and even less accurate, and more variable, in the shortwave. Absorption of shortwave radiation is underestimated by most parameterizations in the present day and has relatively large errors in forcing. Error in present-day conditions is essentially unrelated to error in forcing calculations. Recent revisions to parameterizations have reduced error in most cases. A dependence on atmospheric conditions, including integrated water vapor, means that global estimates of parameterization error relevant for the radiative forcing of climate change will require much more ambitious calculations.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-07-06T15:33:57Z}, + urldate = {2015-07-06}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Pincus, Robert and Mlawer, Eli J. and Oreopoulos, Lazaros and Ackerman, Andrew S. and Baek, Sunghye and Brath, Manfred and Buehler, Stefan A. and Cady-Pereira, Karen E. and Cole, Jason N. S. and Dufresne, Jean-Louis and Kelley, Maxwell and Li, Jiangnan and Manners, James and Paynter, David J. and Roehrig, Romain and Sekiguchi, Miho and Schwarzkopf, Daniel M.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0360 Radiation: transmission and scattering,1626 Global climate models,3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization,Parameterization,Radiation,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {2015GL064291} +} + +@article{wilkerson2010, + title = {Analysis of Emission Data from Global Commercial Aviation: 2004 and 2006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Wilkerson, J. T. and Jacobson, M. Z. and Malwitz, A. and Balasubramanian, S.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@book{colle1997, + title = {Downslope Windstorms in the {{Pacific NW}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + author = {Colle, B.}, + month = jan, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{eskridge1995, + title = {A {{Comprehensive Aerological Reference Data Set}} ({{CARDS}}): {{Rough}} and {{Systematic}} Errors}, + volume = {76}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Eskridge, R. E. and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {1759--1775} +} + +@article{daleu2015, + title = {Intercomparison of Methods of Coupling between Convection and Large-Scale Circulation: 1. {{Comparison}} over Uniform Surface Conditions}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + shorttitle = {Intercomparison of Methods of Coupling between Convection and Large-Scale Circulation}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000468}, + abstract = {As part of an international intercomparison project, a set of single-column models (SCMs) and cloud-resolving models (CRMs) are run under the weak-temperature gradient (WTG) method and the damped gravity wave (DGW) method. For each model, the implementation of the WTG or DGW method involves a simulated column which is coupled to a reference state defined with profiles obtained from the same model in radiative-convective equilibrium. The simulated column has the same surface conditions as the reference state and is initialized with profiles from the reference state. We performed systematic comparison of the behavior of different models under a consistent implementation of the WTG method and the DGW method and systematic comparison of the WTG and DGW methods in models with different physics and numerics. CRMs and SCMs produce a variety of behaviors under both WTG and DGW methods. Some of the models reproduce the reference state while others sustain a large-scale circulation which results in either substantially lower or higher precipitation compared to the value of the reference state. CRMs show a fairly linear relationship between precipitation and circulation strength. SCMs display a wider range of behaviors than CRMs. Some SCMs under the WTG method produce zero precipitation. Within an individual SCM, a DGW simulation and a corresponding WTG simulation can produce different signed circulation. When initialized with a dry troposphere, DGW simulations always result in a precipitating equilibrium state. The greatest sensitivities to the initial moisture conditions occur for multiple stable equilibria in some WTG simulations, corresponding to either a dry equilibrium state when initialized as dry or a precipitating equilibrium state when initialized as moist. Multiple equilibria are seen in more WTG simulations for higher SST. In some models, the existence of multiple equilibria is sensitive to some parameters in the WTG calculations.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-03T17:24:51Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-03-03}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Daleu, C. L. and Plant, R. S. and Woolnough, S. J. and Sessions, S. and Herman, M. J. and Sobel, A. and Wang, S. and Kim, D. and Cheng, A. and Bellon, G. and Peyrille, P. and Ferry, F. and Siebesma, P. and {van Ulft}, L.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3314 Convective processes,3320 Idealized model,3354 Precipitation,3371 Tropical convection,damped gravity wave,large-scale parameterized dynamics,multiple equilibria,tropical convection,weak-temperature gradient}, + pages = {1576--1601} +} + +@article{wood2007, + title = {Open Cellular Structure in Marine Stratocumulus Sheets}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Wood, R. and Comstock, K. K. and Bretherton, C. S. and Cornish, C. and Tomlinson, J. and Collins, D. R. and Fairall, C.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{allen1999, + title = {Trajectory Modeling of Aerosol Clouds Observed by {{TOMS}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D33}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Allen, D. R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {27,461--27,471} +} + +@article{wirth2004, + title = {A Dynamical Mechanism for Tropopause Sharpening}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Meteorol. Z.}, + author = {Wirth, V.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {477--484} +} + +@article{haag2003, + title = {Freezing Thresholds and Cirrus Cloud Formation Mechanisms Inferred from in Situ Measurements of Relative Humidity}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Haag, W. and Karcher, B. and Strom, J. and Minikin, A. and Lohmann, U. and Ovarlez, J. and Stohl, A.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1791--1806} +} + +@article{chaboureau2007, + title = {A Numerical Study of Tropical Cross-Tropopasue Transport by Convective Overshoots}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Chaboureau, J. P. and Cammas, J. P. and Duron, J. and Mascart, P. J. and Sitnikov, N. M. and Voessing, H. J.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1731--1740} +} + +@article{zelinka2011, + title = {The Observed Sensitivity of High Clouds to Mean Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropics: {{TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF HIGH CLOUDS}}}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {01480227}, + shorttitle = {The Observed Sensitivity of High Clouds to Mean Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropics}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD016459}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:00Z}, + number = {D23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Zelinka, Mark D. and Hartmann, Dennis L.}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{pena-ortiz2013, + title = {Observed Trends in the Global Jet Stream Characteristics during the Second Half of the 20th Century: {{TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL JET STREAMS}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Observed Trends in the Global Jet Stream Characteristics during the Second Half of the 20th Century}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50305}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:45Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Pena-Ortiz, Cristina and Gallego, David and Ribera, Pedro and Ordonez, Paulina and Alvarez-Castro, Maria Del Carmen}, + month = apr, + year = {2013}, + pages = {2702--2713} +} + +@article{donner2016, + title = {Are Atmospheric Updrafts a Key to Unlocking Climate Forcing and Sensitivity?}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-12983-2016}, + abstract = {Both climate forcing and climate sensitivity persist as stubborn uncertainties limiting the extent to which climate models can provide actionable scientific scenarios for climate change. A key, explicit control on cloud\textendash{}aerosol interactions, the largest uncertainty in climate forcing, is the vertical velocity of cloud-scale updrafts. Model-based studies of climate sensitivity indicate that convective entrainment, which is closely related to updraft speeds, is an important control on climate sensitivity. Updraft vertical velocities also drive many physical processes essential to numerical weather prediction.Vertical velocities and their role in atmospheric physical processes have been given very limited attention in models for climate and numerical weather prediction. The relevant physical scales range down to tens of meters and are thus frequently sub-grid and require parameterization. Many state-of-science convection parameterizations provide mass fluxes without specifying vertical velocities, and parameterizations that do provide vertical velocities have been subject to limited evaluation against what have until recently been scant observations. Atmospheric observations imply that the distribution of vertical velocities depends on the areas over which the vertical velocities are averaged. Distributions of vertical velocities in climate models may capture this behavior, but it has not been accounted for when parameterizing cloud and precipitation processes in current models.New observations of convective vertical velocities offer a potentially promising path toward developing process-level cloud models and parameterizations for climate and numerical weather prediction. Taking account of the scale dependence of resolved vertical velocities offers a path to matching cloud-scale physical processes and their driving dynamics more realistically, with a prospect of reduced uncertainty in both climate forcing and sensitivity.}, + timestamp = {2016-10-20T18:51:23Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2016-10-20}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Donner, L. J. and O'Brien, T. A. and Rieger, D. and Vogel, B. and Cooke, W. F.}, + month = oct, + year = {2016}, + pages = {12983--12992} +} + +@book{reber1985, + title = {Upper {{Atmosphere Research Satellite Mission}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Reber, Carl A.}, + month = may, + year = {1985}, + note = {Published: Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)} +} + +@article{eguchi2004, + title = {Intraseasonal Variations of Water Vapor and Cirrus Clouds in the Tropical Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004314}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Eguchi, N. and Shiotani, M.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{monaghan2006, + title = {Insignificant {{Change}} in {{Antarctic Snowfall Since}} the {{International Geophysical Year}}}, + volume = {313}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1128243}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Monaghan, A. J. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {827--831} +} + +@article{li2014, + title = {Recent Trends in Aerosol Optical Properties Derived from {{AERONET}} Measurements}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-12271-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:00Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Li, J. and Carlson, B. E. and Dubovik, O. and Lacis, A. A.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {12271--12289} +} + +@article{ridley1996, + title = {On the Production of Active Nitrogen by Thunderstorms over {{New Mexico}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ridley, B. A. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {(abstract only on file)}, + pages = {20,985--21,005} +} + +@article{wentz2000, + title = {Precise Climate Monitoring Using Complementary Data Sets}, + volume = {403}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Wentz, F. J. and Schabel, M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {414--416} +} + +@article{winton2006, + title = {Amplified {{Arctic}} Climate Change: {{What}} Does Surface Albedo Feedback Have to Do with It?}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {L03701}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Winton, M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {10.1029/2005GL025244} +} + +@book{gettelman2016, + address = {Berlin}, + series = {Earth Systems Data and Models}, + title = {Demystifying {{Climate Models}}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-48957-4}, + timestamp = {2016-06-30T05:15:20Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-06-30}, + publisher = {{Springer-Verlag}}, + author = {Gettelman, Andrew and Rood, Richard B.}, + year = {2016} +} + +@article{schmidt2014, + title = {Configuration and Assessment of the {{GISS ModelE2}} Contributions to the {{CMIP5}} Archive}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., in press}, + author = {Schmidt, G. A. and {others}}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{reid1998, + title = {The {{Tropical Tropopause}}: {{Approaching}} a {{Physical Picture}}}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {SPARC Newsletter}, + author = {Reid, G. C.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {16--19} +} + +@article{hayhoe1999, + title = {Costs of {{Multigreenhouse Gas Reduction Targets}} for the {{USA}}}, + volume = {286}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Hayhoe, K. and Jain, A. and Pitcher, H. and MacCracken, C. and Gibbs, M. and Wuebbles, D. and Harvey, R. and Kruger, D.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {905--906} +} + +@article{beagley1997, + title = {Radiative\textendash{}dynamical Climatology of the First\textendash{}generation {{Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Atmos\textendash{}Ocean}, + author = {Beagley, S. R. and de Grandpr{\'e}, J. and Koshyk, J. and McFarlane, N. A. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {293--331} +} + +@book{doran1999, + title = {Boundary {{Layer Features}} in the {{Mexico City Basin}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Doran, P.}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci Colloquium +speaker from battelle} +} + +@article{schoeberl1993, + title = {The Evolution of {{ClO}} and {{NO}} along Air Parcel Trajectories}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R. and {others}}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {chlorine oxide nitric oxide NOx nitrogen}, + pages = {2511--2514} +} + +@article{fang1996, + title = {A {{Simple Model}} of {{Nonlinear Hadley Circulation}} with an {{ITCZ}}: {{Analytic}} and {{Numerical Solutions}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Fang, M. and Tung, K. K.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1241--1261} +} + +@article{deser2010, + title = {Uncertainty in Climate Change Projections: The Role of Internal Variability}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + shorttitle = {Uncertainty in Climate Change Projections}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-010-0977-x}, + abstract = {Uncertainty in future climate change presents a key challenge for adaptation planning. In this study, uncertainty arising from internal climate variability is investigated using a new 40-member ensemble conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3) under the SRES A1B greenhouse gas and ozone recovery forcing scenarios during 2000\textendash{}2060. The contribution of intrinsic atmospheric variability to the total uncertainty is further examined using a 10,000-year control integration of the atmospheric model component of CCSM3 under fixed boundary conditions. The global climate response is characterized in terms of air temperature, precipitation, and sea level pressure during winter and summer. The dominant source of uncertainty in the simulated climate response at middle and high latitudes is internal atmospheric variability associated with the annular modes of circulation variability. Coupled ocean-atmosphere variability plays a dominant role in the tropics, with attendant effects at higher latitudes via atmospheric teleconnections. Uncertainties in the forced response are generally larger for sea level pressure than precipitation, and smallest for air temperature. Accordingly, forced changes in air temperature can be detected earlier and with fewer ensemble members than those in atmospheric circulation and precipitation. Implications of the results for detection and attribution of observed climate change and for multi-model climate assessments are discussed. Internal variability is estimated to account for at least half of the inter-model spread in projected climate trends during 2005\textendash{}2060 in the CMIP3 multi-model ensemble.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-25T15:50:13Z}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2015-11-25}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Deser, Clara and Phillips, Adam and Bourdette, Vincent and Teng, Haiyan}, + month = dec, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Annular modes,Climate Change,Climate detection and attribution,Coupled climate models,Geophysics/Geodesy,Meteorology/Climatology,Oceanography,uncertainty}, + pages = {527--546} +} + +@article{mcintyre1993, + title = {The {{Quasi}}-{{Biennial Oscillation}} ({{QBO}}): {{Some Points}} about the {{Terrestrail QBO}} and the Possibility of {{Related Phenomena}} in the {{Solar Interior}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {Solar Engine and its influence on the Terrestrial Atmosphere and Climate}, + journal = {NATO ASI Subseries I, Global Envrionmental Change}, + author = {McIntyre, M. E.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {QBO} +} + +@article{chen2011, + title = {Using Luminosity Data as a Proxy for Economic Statistics}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1017031108}, + abstract = {A pervasive issue in social and environmental research has been how to improve the quality of socioeconomic data in developing countries. Given the shortcomings of standard sources, the present study examines luminosity (measures of nighttime lights visible from space) as a proxy for standard measures of output (gross domestic product). We compare output and luminosity at the country level and at the 1$^\circ$ latitude \texttimes{} 1$^\circ$ longitude grid-cell level for the period 1992\textendash{}2008. We find that luminosity has informational value for countries with low-quality statistical systems, particularly for those countries with no recent population or economic censuses.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-21T17:14:38Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2016-03-28}, + journal = {Proc. Natl. Academy Sci.}, + author = {Chen, Xi and Nordhaus, William D.}, + month = may, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {data quality,output proxy,synthetic output measures}, + pages = {8589--8594}, + pmid = {21576474} +} + +@article{podolske1993, + title = {Airborne Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometer for Trace-Gas Measurement in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Appl. Opt.}, + author = {Podolske, J. and Loewenstein, M.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {5324--5333} +} + +@article{grewe1998, + title = {Impact of Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry on Northern Hemisphere Midlatitude Ozone Loss}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Grewe, V. and Dameris, M. and Sausen, R. and Steil, B.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25,417--25,433} +} + +@article{golaz2002, + title = {A {{PDF}}-{{Based Model}} for {{Boundary Layer Clouds}}. {{Part II}}: {{Model Results}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Golaz, J.-C. and Larson, V. E. and Cotton, W. R.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {3552--3571} +} + +@article{sherwood2000a, + title = {On the Control of Stratospheric Humidity}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2513--2516} +} + +@article{bowman2002, + title = {Capturing Time and Vertical Variability of Tropospheric Ozone: {{A}} Study Using ({{TES}}) Nadir Retrievals}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002150}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bowman, K. W. and Worden, J. and Steck, T. and Worden, H. M. and Clough, S. and Rodgers, C.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{trenberth2012, + title = {Climate Extremes and Climate Change: {{The Russian}} Heat Wave and Other Climate Extremes of 2010: {{CLIMATE EXTREMES}}-{{THE RUSSIAN HEAT WAVE}}}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {01480227}, + shorttitle = {Climate Extremes and Climate Change}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD018020}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:06Z}, + number = {D17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Trenberth, Kevin E. and Fasullo, John T.}, + month = sep, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{hegglin2009, + title = {Large Climate-Induced Changes in {{UV}} Index and Stratosphere-to-Troposphere Ozone Flux}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Nature Geosci.}, + author = {Hegglin, M. I. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {687--691} +} + +@article{riedi2000, + title = {Global Distribution of Cloud Top Phase from {{POLDER}}/{{ADEOS I}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Riedi, J. and Doutriaux-Boucher, M. and Goloub, P.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1707--1710} +} + +@article{dlugokencky1998, + title = {Continuing Decline in the Growth Rate of the Atmospheric Methane Burden}, + volume = {393}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Dlugokencky, E. J. and Masarie, K. A. and Lang, P. M. and Tans, P. P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {447--450} +} + +@article{harnik1998, + title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Basic}}-{{State Potential Vorticity Gradients}} on the {{Growth}} of {{Baroclinic Waves}} and the {{Height}} of the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {55}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Harnik, N. and Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {344--360} +} + +@article{raleigh2014, + title = {Extreme Temperatures and Violence}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Nature Climate Change}, + author = {Raleigh, C. and Linke, A. and O'Loughlin, J.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@book{muraki1999, + title = {Lows, {{Highs}}, {{Jets}} and {{Storms}} ({{Tropopause Dynamics}})}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Muraki, D. J.}, + month = may, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW AMATH seminar +speaker from Courant institute} +} + +@article{rodwell1995, + title = {A {{Model}} of the {{Asian Summer Monsoon}}. {{Part II}}: {{Cross}}-{{Equatorial Flow}} and {{PV}} Behavior}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Rodwell, M. J. and Hoskins, B. J.}, + year = {1995}, + note = {part 1 is hoskins95}, + pages = {1341--1356} +} + +@article{pumphrey2000, + title = {Lower Stratospheric Water Vapor Retrieval Measured by {{UARS MLS}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Pumphrey, H. C. and Clark, H. L. and Harwood, R. S.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1691--1694} +} + +@article{seager2007, + title = {Model {{Projections}} of an {{Imminent Transition}} to a {{More Arid Climate}} in {{Southwestern North America}}}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1139601}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Science Express}, + author = {Seager, R. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{kay2009, + title = {Cloud Influence on and Response to Seasonal {{Arctic}} Sea Ice Loss}, + volume = {114}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D18204}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and Gettelman, A.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {10.029/2009JD011773} +} + +@article{salby2004a, + title = {Evidence of the {{Solar Cycle}} in the {{General Circulation}} of the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Salby, M. and Callaghan, P.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {34--46} +} + +@article{deque2007, + title = {Frequency of Precipitation and Temperature Extremes over {{France}} in an Anthropogenic Scenario: Model Results and Statistical Correction according to Observed Values}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, + author = {D{\'e}qu{\'e}, M.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {16--26} +} + +@article{rex2003, + title = {On the Unexplained Stratospheric Ozone Loses during Cold {{Arctic Januaries}}}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL016008}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Rex, M. and Salawitch, R. J. and Santee, M. L. and Waters, J. W. and Hoppel, K. and Bevilacqua, R.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1008} +} + +@article{sorooshian2010, + title = {Deconstructing the Precipitation Susecptibility Construct: {{Improving}} Methodology for Aerosol-Cloud Preciptiation Studies}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013426}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D17201}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sorooshian, A. and Feingold, G. and Lebsock, M. D. and Jiang, H. and Stephens, G. L.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{balkanski2010, + title = {Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols Emitted by Transport: From Road, Shipping and Aviation}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols Emitted by Transport}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-4477-2010}, + abstract = {Aerosols and their precursors are emitted abundantly by transport activities. Transportation constitutes one of the fastest growing activities and its growth is predicted to increase significantly in the future. Previous studies have estimated the aerosol direct radiative forcing from one transport sub-sector, but only one study to our knowledge estimated the range of radiative forcing from the main aerosol components (sulphate, black carbon (BC) and organic carbon) for the whole transportation sector. In this study, we compare results from two different chemical transport models and three radiation codes under different hypothesis of mixing: internal and external mixing using emission inventories for the year 2000. The main results from this study consist of a positive direct radiative forcing for aerosols emitted by road traffic of +20$\pm$11 mW m-2 for an externally mixed aerosol, and of +32$\pm$13 mW m-2 when BC is internally mixed. These direct radiative forcings are much higher than the previously published estimate of +3$\pm$11 mW m-2. For transport activities from shipping, the net direct aerosol radiative forcing is negative. This forcing is dominated by the contribution of the sulphate. For both an external and an internal mixture, the radiative forcing from shipping is estimated at -26$\pm$4 mW m-2. These estimates are in very good agreement with the range of a previously published one (from -46 to -13 mW m-2) but with a much narrower range. By contrast, the direct aerosol forcing from aviation is estimated to be small, and in the range -0.9 to +0.3 mW m-2.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-22T17:27:19Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-12-22}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Balkanski, Y. and Myhre, G. and Gauss, M. and R{\"a}del, G. and Highwood, E. J. and Shine, K. P.}, + month = may, + year = {2010}, + pages = {4477--4489}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/CMNKEHHG/Balkanski et al. - 2010 - Direct radiative effect of aerosols emitted by tra.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DXDMA8G6/2010.html:text/html} +} + +@article{langford1996, + title = {Modulation of Tropospheric Ozone by a Propagating Gravity Wave}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Langford, A. O. and Proffitt, M. H. and VanZandt, T. E. and Lamarque, Jean-Francois}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {26,605--26,613} +} + +@article{hassim2010, + title = {A Model Study on the Influence of Overshooting Convection on {{TTL}} Water Vapour}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-9833-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hassim, M. E. E. and Lane, T. P.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {9833--9849} +} + +@article{vomel1999, + title = {Comment on ``{{A}} Reexamination of the `stratospheric Fountain' Hypothesis'' by {{A}}. {{E}}. {{Dessler}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2737--2738} +} + +@phdthesis{kjellstrom1998, + title = {Modelling Studies of Atmospheric Sulfur with a General Circulation Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + school = {University of Stockholm}, + author = {Kjellstr{\"o}m, E.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{ross2002, + title = {Lower {{Tropospheric Humidity Temperature}} Relationships in Radiosonde Observations and Atmospheric General Circulation Models}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {J. Hydrometeorolgy}, + author = {Ross, R. J. and Elliot, W. P. and Seidel, D. J.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {26--38} +} + +@article{beesley2000, + title = {A Comparison of Cloud and Boundary Layer Variables in the {{ECMWF}} Forecast Model with Observations at {{Surface Heat Budget}} of the {{Arctic Ocean}} ({{SHEBA}}) Ice Camp}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Beesley, J. A. and Bretherton, C. S. and Jakob, C. and Andreas, E. L. and Intrieri, J. M. and Uttal, A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {12,337--12,349} +} + +@article{dentener2006, + title = {Emissions of Primary Aerosol and Precursor Gases in the Years 2000 and 1750 Prescribed Datasets Fro {{AeroCom}}}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Dentener, F. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {4321--4344} +} + +@article{schumann1996a, + title = {In Situ Observations of Particles in Jet Aircraft Exhausts and Contrails for Different Sulfur-Containing Fuels}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schumann, U. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {CCN}, + pages = {6853--6869} +} + +@techreport{rienecker2008, + type = {NASA Tech. Memo.}, + title = {The {{GEOS}}-5 {{Data Assimilation System}}-{{Documentation}} of Versions 5.0.1 and 5.1.0, and 5.2.0}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:55:58Z}, + number = {NASA/TM-2008-104606}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Rienecker, M. M. and Suarez, M. J. and Todling, R. and Bacmeister, J. T. and Takacs, L. and Liu, H.-C.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {92} +} + +@article{guo2011, + title = {Aerosol Effects on Stratocumulus Water Paths in a {{PDF}}-Based Parameterization}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL048611}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {L17808}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Guo, H. and Golaz, J.-C. and Donner, L. J.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{he2013, + title = {The {{WRF}} Nested within the {{CESM}}: {{Simulations}} of a Midlatitude Cyclone over the {{Southern Great Plains}}: {{WRF NESTED IN CESM TO SIMULATE CYCLONE}}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {The {{WRF}} Nested within the {{CESM}}}, + doi = {10.1002/jame.20042}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:03Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {He, Juanxiong and Zhang, Minghua and Lin, Wuyin and Colle, Brian and Liu, Ping and Vogelmann, Andrew M.}, + month = jul, + year = {2013}, + pages = {611--622} +} + +@article{kawa1995, + title = {Missing {{Chemistry}} of Reactive Nitrogen in the Upper Stratospheric Polar Winter}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kawa, S. R. and Kumer, J. B. and Douglass, A. R. and Roche, A. E. and Smith, S. E. and Taylor, F. W. and Allen, D. J.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {2629--2632} +} + +@article{smith1999, + title = {Mechanisms for Mid-Latitude Ozone Loss: {{Cirrus}} Clouds in the Stratosphere?}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Smith, J. B. and Hintsa, E. J. and Allen, N. T. and Stimpfle, R. M. and Anderson, J. G.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{hall1997a, + title = {Tracer {{Transport}} in the Tropical Stratosphere due to Vertical Diffusion and Horizontal Mixing}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hall, T. M. and Waugh, D.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1383--1386} +} + +@article{gettelman2006b, + title = {Relative {{Humidity}} over {{Antarctica}} from {{Radiosondes}}, {{Satellites}} and a {{General Circulation Model}}}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006636}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Walden, V. P. and Miloshevich, L. M. and Roth, W. L. and Halter, B.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{birner2010, + title = {Residual {{Circulation}} and {{Tropopause Structure}}}, + volume = {67}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAS3287.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Birner, T.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2582--2600} +} + +@article{garcia2007, + title = {Simulations of Secular Trends in the Middle Atmosphere, 1950-2003}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Garcia, R. R. and Marsh, D. and Kinnison, D. and Boville, B. A. and Sassi, F.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{carslaw2010, + title = {A Review of Natural Aerosol Interactions and Feedbacks within the {{Earth}} System}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-1701-2010}, + abstract = {The natural environment is a major source of atmospheric aerosols, including dust, secondary organic material from terrestrial biogenic emissions, carbonaceous particles from wildfires, and sulphate from marine phytoplankton dimethyl sulphide emissions. These aerosols also have a significant effect on many components of the Earth system such as the atmospheric radiative balance and photosynthetically available radiation entering the biosphere, the supply of nutrients to the ocean, and the albedo of snow and ice. The physical and biological systems that produce these aerosols can be highly susceptible to modification due to climate change so there is the potential for important climate feedbacks. We review the impact of these natural systems on atmospheric aerosol based on observations and models, including the potential for long term changes in emissions and the feedbacks on climate. The number of drivers of change is very large and the various systems are strongly coupled. There have therefore been very few studies that integrate the various effects to estimate climate feedback factors. Nevertheless, available observations and model studies suggest that the regional radiative perturbations are potentially several Watts per square metre due to changes in these natural aerosol emissions in a future climate. Taking into account only the direct radiative effect of changes in the atmospheric burden of natural aerosols, and neglecting potentially large effects on other parts of the Earth system, a global mean radiative perturbation approaching 1 W m-2 is possible by the end of the century. The level of scientific understanding of the climate drivers, interactions and impacts is very low.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:54:30Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-23}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Carslaw, K. S. and Boucher, O. and Spracklen, D. V. and Mann, G. W. and Rae, J. G. L. and Woodward, S. and Kulmala, M.}, + month = feb, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1701--1737}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/3ZM453ER/Carslaw et al. - 2010 - A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedb.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/UH2775QN/2010.html:text/html} +} + +@article{friedman2011, + title = {Ice Nucleation and Droplet Formation by Bare and Coated Soot Particles}, + volume = {116}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD015999}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D17203}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Friedman, B. and Kulkarni, G. and Beranek, J. and Zelenyul, A. and Thorton, J. A. and Cziczo, D. J.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{durran1993, + title = {Is the {{Coriolis Force Really Responsible}} for the {{Inertial Oscillation}}?}, + volume = {74}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Durran, Dale}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {coriolis force,inertial oscillation}, + pages = {2179--2184} +} + +@article{lau1997, + title = {The {{Role}} of {{Large}}-{{Scale Atmospheric Circulation}} in the {{Relationship}} between {{Tropical Convection}} and {{Sea Surface Temperature}}}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Lau, K.-M. and Wu, H.-T. and Bony, S.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {381--392} +} + +@article{sprenger2007, + title = {Stratosphere-{{Troposphere Exchange}} and {{Its Relation}} to {{Potential Vorticitiy Streamers}} and {{Cutoffs}} near the {{Extratropical Tropopause}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H. and Bourqui, M.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{khairoutdinov2000, + title = {A New Cloud Physics Parameterization in a Large-Eddy Simulation Model of Marine Stratocumulus}, + volume = {128}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:01:25Z}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Khairoutdinov, M. F. and Kogan, Y.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {229--243} +} + +@article{mann2014a, + title = {On Forced Temperature Changes, Internal Variability, and the {{AMO}}: {{INTERNAL VARIABILITY AND THE AMO}}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {On Forced Temperature Changes, Internal Variability, and the {{AMO}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL059233}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:30Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Mann, Michael E. and Steinman, Byron A. and Miller, Sonya K.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3211--3219} +} + +@article{skok2009, + title = {Object-{{Based Analysis}} of {{Satellite}}-{{Derived Precipitation Systems}} over the {{Low}}- and {{Midlatitude Pacific Ocean}}}, + volume = {137}, + doi = {10.1175/2009MWR2900.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Skok, G. and Tribbia, J. and Rakovec, J. and Brown, B.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3196--3218} +} + +@article{qian2003, + title = {Regional Climate Effects of Aerosols over {{China}}: Modeling and Observation}, + volume = {55}, + shorttitle = {Regional Climate Effects of Aerosols over {{China}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:52:06Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Tellus B}, + author = {Qian, Yun and Ruby Leung, L. and Ghan, Steven J. and Giorgi, Filippo}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {914--934} +} + +@techreport{nasapanelfordataevaluation1994, + title = {Chemical {{Kinetics}} and {{Photchemical Data}} for {{Use}} in {{Stratospheric Modeling}}, {{Evaluation Number}} 11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {94-26}, + institution = {JPL}, + author = {{NASA Panel for Data Evaluation}}, + month = dec, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {photochemistry rate data} +} + +@article{yu2009, + title = {Simulation of Particle Size Distribution with a Global Aerosol Model: Contribution of Nucleation to Aerosol and {{CCN}} Number Concentrations}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Yu, F. and Luo, G.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {7691--7710} +} + +@article{wofsy2011, + title = {{{HIAPER Pole}} to {{Pole Observations}} ({{HIPPO}}): {{Fine}} Grained, Global Scale Measuremetns of Climatically Important Atmospheric Gases and Aerosols}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {in press, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A}, + author = {Wofsy, S. C. and {others}}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{fischer2000, + title = {Tracer Correlations in the Northern High Latitude Lowermost Stratosphere: {{Influence}} of Cross-Tropopause Mass Exchange}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fischer, H. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {97--100} +} + +@article{heymsfield1990, + title = {A Scheme for Parameterizing Ice-Cloud Water Content in {{General Circulation Models}}}, + volume = {47}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and Donner, L. J.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {1865--1877} +} + +@article{plumb1987, + title = {The {{Zonally Averaged Transport Characteristics}} of the {{GFDL General Circulation}}/{{Transport Model}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Plumb, R. A. and Mahlman, J. D.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {298--327} +} + +@article{schmidt2014a, + title = {A Practical Philosophy of Complex Climate Modelling}, + issn = {1879-4912, 1879-4920}, + doi = {10.1007/s13194-014-0102-9}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:54Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {European Journal for Philosophy of Science}, + author = {Schmidt, Gavin A. and Sherwood, Steven}, + month = dec, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{wei1995, + title = {Reply}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wei, M. Y.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {Reply to Wirth 95 comment on Wei 87}, + pages = {2494} +} + +@article{shepherd2008, + title = {Dynamics, Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Change}, + volume = {46}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Ocean}, + author = {Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {371--392} +} + +@article{doherty1984, + title = {Radiative Heating Rates near the Stratospheric Fountain}, + volume = {89}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Doherty, G. M. and Newell, R. E. and Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1984}, + pages = {1380--1384} +} + +@article{wang2001, + title = {Water Vapor Variability in the Tropical Western {{Pacific}} from 20 Years of {{Radiosonde Data}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {submitted to Advances in Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Wang, J. and Cole, H. L. and Carlson, D. J.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{rosenfeld2014, + title = {High-Resolution (375 M) Cloud Microstructure as Seen from the {{NPP}}/{{VIIRS}} Satellite Imager}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-2479-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:21Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Rosenfeld, D. and Liu, G. and Yu, X. and Zhu, Y. and Dai, J. and Xu, X. and Yue, Z.}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2479--2496} +} + +@article{santer2015, + title = {Observed Multivariable Signals of Late 20th and Early 21st Century Volcanic Activity}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL062366}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:48Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Santer, Benjamin D. and Solomon, Susan and Bonfils, C{\'e}line and Zelinka, Mark D. and Painter, Jeffrey F. and Beltran, Francisco and Fyfe, John C. and Johannesson, Gardar and Mears, Carl and Ridley, David A. and Vernier, Jean-Paul and Wentz, Frank J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + pages = {500--509} +} + +@article{kuhn1978, + title = {The Effects of Cloud Height, Thickness, and Overlap on Tropospheric Terrestrial Radiation}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {C3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kuhn, W. R.}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {1337--1346} +} + +@article{marti1993, + title = {A Survey of New Measurements of Ice Vapor Pressure at Temperatures between 170 and 250 {{K}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Marti, J. and Mauersberger, K.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {363--366} +} + +@article{konopka2010, + title = {Annual Cycle of Ozone at and above the Tropical Tropopause: Observations versus Simulations with the {{Chemical Lagrangian Model}} of the {{Stratosphere}} ({{CLaMS}})}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-121-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Konopka, P. and Groo\ss{}, J.-U. and G{\"u}nther, G. and Ploeger, F. and {P ommrich}, R. and M{\"u}ller, R. and Livesey, N.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {121--132} +} + +@article{chakrabarty2000, + title = {Long-Term Trend of Tropopause over {{New Delhi}} and {{Thiruvananthapuram}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Chakrabarty, D. K. and Shaw, N. C. and Pandya, K. V.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2181--2184} +} + +@article{lopez2002, + title = {Implementation and Validation of a New Prognostic Large-Scale Cloud and Precipitation Scheme for Climate and Data- Assimilation Purposes}, + volume = {128}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Lopez, P.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {229--257} +} + +@article{luther1988, + title = {Intercomparison of {{Radiation Codes}} in {{Climate Models}} ({{ICRCCM}}): {{Longwave Clear}}-{{Sky Results}}\textendash{} {{A}} Workshop Summary}, + volume = {69}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Met. Soc.}, + author = {Luther, F. M. and Ellingson, R. G. and Fouquart, Y. and Fels, S. and Scott, N. A. and Wiscombe, W. J.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {40--48} +} + +@article{newman1999, + title = {Photochemistry of {{Ozone Loss}} in the {{Arctic}} ({{POLARIS}}) {{Special Issue}}\textendash{}{{Preface}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Newman, P. A. and Fahey, D. W. and Brune, W. H. and Kurylo, M. J. and Kawa, S. R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {26481--26495} +} + +@article{mahlman1997, + title = {Dynamics of {{Transport Processes}} in the {{Upper Troposphere}}}, + volume = {276}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Mahlman, J. D.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1079--1083} +} + +@article{li2013, + title = {{{NAO}} Implicated as a Predictor of {{Northern Hemisphere}} Mean Temperature Multidecadal Variability}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL057877}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Li, J. and Sun, C. and Jin, F.-F.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{heymsfield2007, + title = {On Measurements of Small Ice Particles in Clouds}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL030951}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {L23812}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{steffen2004, + title = {The Melt Anomaly of 2002 on the {{Greenland Ice Sheet}} from Active and Passive Microwave Satellite Observations}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL020444}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Steffen, K. and Nghiem, S. V. and Huff, R. and Neumann, G.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {20402--+} +} + +@inproceedings{wylie2002, + title = {Trends in {{High Clouds}} over the Past 22 Years}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + booktitle = {{{AMS}} 11th {{Annual}} Conference on {{Atmospheric Radiation}}?}, + author = {Wylie, D. P. and Menzel, W. P. and Jackson, D. and Bates, J.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{elliot1991, + title = {On the Utility of Radiosonde Humidity for Climate Studies}, + volume = {72}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {1507\textendash{}1520}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Elliot, W. P. and Gaffen, D. J.}, + year = {1991} +} + +@article{kratz1999, + title = {Accounting for Molecular Absorption within the Spectral Range of the {{CERES}} Window Channel}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer}, + author = {Kratz, D.P. and Rose, F. G.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {83--95} +} + +@article{feingold2003, + title = {First Measurements of the {{Twomey}} Indirect Effect Using Ground-Based Remote Sensors}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL016633}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:50:48Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {Geophyscial Research Letters}, + author = {Feingold, G. and Eberhard, W. L. and Veron, D. E. and Previdi, M.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1287} +} + +@article{huang2007, + title = {Direct and Indirect Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Regional Precipitation over East {{Asia}}}, + volume = {112}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007114}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:08Z}, + number = {D3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Huang, Yan and Chameides, William L. and Dickinson, Robert E.}, + month = feb, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{ghan2011, + title = {Droplet Nucleation: {{Physically}}-Based Parameterizations and Comparative Evaluation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {james}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and {others}}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{golaz2002a, + title = {A {{PDF}}-{{Based Model}} for {{Boundary Layer Clouds}}. {{Part I}}: {{Method}} and {{Model Description}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Golaz, J.-C. and Larson, V. E. and Cotton, W. R.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {3540--3551} +} + +@article{seifert2012, + title = {Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Effects over {{Germany}} as Simulated by a Convective-Scale Numerical Weather Prediciton Model}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-709-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Seifert, A. and K{\"o}hler, C. and Beheng, K. D.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {709--725} +} + +@article{vedantham1997, + title = {Long-Term {{Scenarios}} for {{Aviation}}: {{Demand}} and {{Emissions}} of {{CO2}} and {{NOx}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {preprint}, + author = {Vedantham, A. and Oppenheimer, M.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {EDF} +} + +@article{wood2009, + title = {Understanding the {{Importantce}} of {{Microphysics}} and {{Macrophysics}} for {{Warm Rain}} in {{Marine Low Clouds}}. {{Part II}}: {{Heuristic Models}} of {{Rain Formation}}}, + volume = {66}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JAS3072.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wood, R. and Kubar, T. L. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {2973--2990} +} + +@article{ebmeier2014, + title = {Systematic Satellite Observations of the Impact of Aerosols from Passive Volcanic Degassing on Local Cloud Properties}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-10601-2014}, + abstract = {The impact of volcanic emissions, especially from passive degassing and minor explosions, is a source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect effects. Observations of the impact of volcanic aerosol on clouds contribute to our understanding of both present-day atmospheric properties and of the pre-industrial baseline necessary to assess aerosol radiative forcing. We present systematic measurements over several years at multiple active and inactive volcanic islands in regions of low present-day aerosol burden. The time-averaged indirect aerosol effects within 200 km downwind of island volcanoes are observed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 2002\textendash{}2013) and Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR, 2002\textendash{}2008) data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at K\={\i}lauea (Hawai'i), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (la R{\'e}union) are rotated about the volcanic vent to be parallel to wind direction, so that upwind and downwind retrievals can be compared. The emissions from all three volcanoes \textendash{} including those from passive degassing, Strombolian activity and minor explosions \textendash{} lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference ranging from 2\textendash{}8 $\mu$m at the different volcanoes in different seasons. Estimations of the difference in Top of Atmosphere upward Short Wave flux upwind and downwind of the active volcanoes from NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) suggest a downwind elevation of between 10 and 45 Wm-2 at distances of 150\textendash{}400 km from the volcano, with much greater local ($<$ 80 km) effects. Comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands without degassing or erupting volcanoes suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. Our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may capture processes similar to those in the pre-industrial marine atmosphere.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-17T05:56:00Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-12-17}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Ebmeier, S. K. and Sayer, A. M. and Grainger, R. G. and Mather, T. A. and Carboni, E.}, + month = oct, + year = {2014}, + pages = {10601--10618} +} + +@article{stier2005, + title = {The Aerosol-Climate Model {{ECHAM5}}-{{HAM}}}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Stier, P. and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1125--1156} +} + +@article{stenke2005, + title = {Simulation of Stratospheric Water Vapor Trends: Impact on Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Stenke, A. and Grewe, V.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1257--1272} +} + +@article{son2007, + title = {Intraseasonal {{Variability}} of the {{Zonal}}-{{Mean Extratropical Tropopause Height}}}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Son, S. W. and Lee, S. and Feldstein, S. B.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {608--620} +} + +@article{weinstock1995, + title = {Measurements of Water Vapor in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere during the {{CEPEX}} Campaign: {{Results}} and Interpretation}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Weinstock, E. M. and Hintsa, E. J. and Dessler, A. E. and Anderson, J. G.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {3231--3234} +} + +@article{kahn2003, + title = {Near Micron-Sized Cirrus Cloud Particles in High-Resolution Infrared Spectra: {{An}} Orographic Case Study}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL016909}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kahn, B. H. and Eldering, A. and Clough, S. A. and Fetzer, E. J. and Fishbein, E. and Gunson, M. R. and Lee, S. Y. and Lester, P. F. and Realmuto, V. J.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{liu2011, + title = {A Modeling Study of the Effects of Aerosols on Clouds and Precipitation over {{East Asia}}}, + volume = {106}, + issn = {0177-798X, 1434-4483}, + doi = {10.1007/s00704-011-0436-6}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-08T22:42:35Z}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2015-09-08}, + journal = {Theor Appl Climatol}, + author = {Liu, Xiaodong and Xie, Xiaoning and Yin, Zhi-Yong and Liu, Changhai and Gettelman, Andrew}, + month = apr, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution,Climate Change,Meteorology/Climatology,Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution}, + pages = {343--354}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/NPWWJ8PT/Liu et al. - 2011 - A modeling study of the effects of aerosols on clo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/W329FQCK/10.html:text/html} +} + +@article{karcher2006, + title = {Physically Based Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation for Use in Atmospheric Models}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006219}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D01205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Hendricks, J. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{feingold2015, + title = {On the Reversibility of Transitions between Closed and Open Cellular Convection}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-15-7351-2015}, + abstract = {The two-way transition between closed and open cellular convection is addressed in an idealized cloud-resolving modeling framework. A series of cloud-resolving simulations shows that the transition between closed and open cellular states is asymmetrical and characterized by a rapid ("runaway") transition from the closed- to the open-cell state but slower recovery to the closed-cell state. Given that precipitation initiates the closed\textendash{}open cell transition and that the recovery requires a suppression of the precipitation, we apply an ad hoc time-varying drop concentration to initiate and suppress precipitation. We show that the asymmetry in the two-way transition occurs even for very rapid drop concentration replenishment. The primary barrier to recovery is the loss in turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) associated with the loss in cloud water (and associated radiative cooling) and the vertical stratification of the boundary layer during the open-cell period. In transitioning from the open to the closed state, the system faces the task of replenishing cloud water fast enough to counter precipitation losses, such that it can generate radiative cooling and TKE. It is hampered by a stable layer below cloud base that has to be overcome before water vapor can be transported more efficiently into the cloud layer. Recovery to the closed-cell state is slower when radiative cooling is inefficient such as in the presence of free tropospheric clouds or after sunrise, when it is hampered by the absorption of shortwave radiation. Tests suggest that recovery to the closed-cell state is faster when the drizzle is smaller in amount and of shorter duration, i.e., when the precipitation causes less boundary layer stratification. Cloud-resolving model results on recovery rates are supported by simulations with a simple predator\textendash{}prey dynamical system analogue. It is suggested that the observed closing of open cells by ship effluent likely occurs when aerosol intrusions are large, when contact comes prior to the heaviest drizzle in the early morning hours, and when the free troposphere is cloud free.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-10T19:16:23Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-07-10}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Feingold, G. and Koren, I. and Yamaguchi, T. and Kazil, J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + pages = {7351--7367}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DZNSA27P/Feingold et al. - 2015 - On the reversibility of transitions between closed.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/F82FZ8A2/2015.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gierens2004, + title = {Ice Supersaturation as Seen from {{TOVS}}}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Gierens, K. and Kohlhepp, R. and Spichtinger, P. and Schroedter-Homscheidt, M.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {539--547} +} + +@article{gaffen2000, + title = {Multidecadal {{Changes}} in the {{Vertical Temperature Structure}} of the {{Tropical Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {287}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Gaffen, D. J. and Santer, B. D. and Boyle, J. S. and Christy, J. R. and Graham, N. E. and Ross, R. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1242--1245} +} + +@article{park2014, + title = {A {{Unified Convection Scheme}} ({{UNICON}}). {{Part I}}: {{Formulation}}}, + volume = {71}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {A {{Unified Convection Scheme}} ({{UNICON}}). {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-13-0233.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:53Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Park, Sungsu}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3902--3930} +} + +@article{stuber2001, + title = {Is the Climate Sensitivity to Ozone Perturbations Enhanced by Stratospheric Water Vapor Feedback?}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Stuber, N. and Ponater, M. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2887--2890} +} + +@misc{centerforhistoryandnewmedia, + title = {Zotero {{Quick Start Guide}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-21T21:12:08Z}, + howpublished = {\url{http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide}}, + author = {{Center for History and New Media}} +} + +@article{renwick1999, + title = {Blocking over the {{South Pacific}} and {{Rossby Wave Propagation}}}, + volume = {127}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Renwick, J. A. and Revell, M. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2233--2247} +} + +@article{hegerl2009, + title = {Risks of {{Climate Engineering}}}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1178530}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Science Express}, + author = {Hegerl, G. C. and Solomon, S.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{wielicki2002, + title = {Evidence for {{Large Decadal Variability}} in the Tropical {{Mean Radiative Energy Budget}}}, + volume = {295}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Wielicki, B. A. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {841--844} +} + +@article{barnett1999, + title = {Inderdecadal Interactions between the Tropics and the Midlatitudes in the {{Pacific}} Basin}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Barnett, T. P. and Pierce, D. W. and Latif, M. and Dommenget, D. and Saravanan, R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {615--618} +} + +@article{mace2006, + title = {Cloud Radiative Forcing at the {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility}}: 1. {{Technique}}, Validation, and Comparison to Satellite-Derived Diagnostic Quantities}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mace, G. G. and Benson, S. and Sonntag, K. L. and Kato, S. and Min, Q. and Minnis, P. and Twohy, C. H. and Poellot, M. and Dong, X. and Long, C. and Zhang, Q. and Doelling, D. R.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@incollection{randel2000, + series = {Geophysical Monograph}, + title = {Interannual Changes in Stratospheric Consituients and Global Circulation Derived from Satellite Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {123}, + booktitle = {Atmospheric {{Science Across}} the {{Stratopause}}}, + publisher = {{American Geophysical Union}}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {271--285} +} + +@article{brasseur2015, + title = {Impact of {{Aviation}} on {{Climate}}: {{FAA}}'s {{Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative}} ({{ACCRI}}) {{Phase II}}}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {Impact of {{Aviation}} on {{Climate}}}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00089.1}, + abstract = {CapsuleCurrent and future climate impacts of aviation emissions are quantified using a combination of atmospheric models, surface and satellite observations and laboratory experiments., AbstractUnder the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative (ACCRI), non-CO2 climatic impacts of commercial aviation are assessed for current (2006) and for future (2050) baseline and mitigation scenarios. The effects of the non-CO2 aircraft emissions are examined using a number of advanced climate and atmospheric chemistry transport models. Radiative forcing (RF) estimates for individual forcing effects are provided as a range for comparison against those published in the literature. Preliminary results for selected RF components for 2050 scenarios indicate that a 2\% increase in fuel efficiency and a decrease in NOx emissions due to advanced aircraft technologies and operational procedures, as well as the introduction of renewable alternative fuels, will significantly decrease future aviation climate impacts. In particular, the use of renewable fuels will further decrease RF associated with sulfate aerosol and black carbon. While this focused ACCRI program effort has yielded significant new knowledge, fundamental uncertainties remain in our understanding of aviation climate impacts. These include several chemical and physical processes associated with NOx-O3-CH4 interactions and the formation of aviation-produced contrails and the effects of aviation soot aerosols on cirrus clouds as well as on deriving a measure of change in temperature from RF for aviation non-CO2 climate impacts \textendash{} an important metric that informs decision-making.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-25T18:58:38Z}, + urldate = {2015-07-25}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Brasseur, Guy P. and Gupta, Mohan and Anderson, Bruce E. and Balasubramanian, Sathya and Barrett, Steven and Duda, David and Fleming, Gregg and Forster, Piers M. and Fuglestvedt, Jan and Gettelman, Andrew and Halthore, Rangasayi N. and Jacob, S. Daniel and Jacobson, Mark Z. and Khodayari, Arezoo and Liou, Kuo-Nan and Lund, Marianne T. and Miake-Lye, Richard C. and Minnis, Patrick and Olsen, Seth and Penner, Joyce E. and Prinn, Ronald and Schumann, Ulrich and Selkirk, Henry B. and Sokolov, Andrei and Unger, Nadine and Wolfe, Philip and Wong, Hsi-Wu and Wuebbles, Donald W. and Yi, Bingqi and Yang, Ping and Zhou, Cheng}, + month = jul, + year = {2015} +} + +@article{dessler2008, + title = {An Analysis of the Dependence of Clear-Sky Top-of-Atmosphere Outgoing Longwave Radiation on Atmospheric Temperature and Water Vapor}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010137}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D17102}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Yang, P. and Lee, J. and Solbrig, J. and Zhange, Z. and Minschwaner, K.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{hartmannb, + title = {Meridional Shear and Baroclinic Wave Lifecycles}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis}, + year = {15 Oct 98}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{veliconga2006, + title = {Measurements of {{Time}}-{{Variable Gravity Show Mass Loss}} in {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {311}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Veliconga, I. and Wahr, J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1754--1756} +} + +@book{yulaeva1996, + title = {Meridional {{Circulation}} Induced by Eddy Forcing in the {{Troposphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yulaeva, E.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW Atms Sci +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms Sci} +} + +@book{osullivan1995, + title = {Transport and {{Dynamics}} in {{Sub}}-{{Tropical Stratosphere}} Seen with {{UARS}} Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + author = {O'Sullivan, D.}, + month = oct, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from Northwest Research (Bellvue) +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {QBO H2O N2O CLAES} +} + +@article{salby1993, + title = {Fluctuations of Total Ozone and Their Relationship to Stratospheric Air Motions}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Salby, M. L. and Callaghan, P. F.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {2715--2727} +} + +@book{tziperman1997, + title = {Is the Climate System Stable}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + author = {Tziperman, E.}, + month = sep, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from Israel +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {GFDL GCM Thermohaline circulation changes} +} + +@article{forster2001, + title = {Effect of Tropopause Height Changes on the Calculation of Ozone Trends and Their Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Forster, P. M. de F. and Tourpali, K.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {12241--12251} +} + +@article{keith2000, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange: {{Inferences}} from the Isotopic Composition of Water Vapor}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Keith, D. W.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {15,167--15,173} +} + +@book{wu1998a, + title = {Linear Theory of Thermally Forced Tropical Atmosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Wu, Z}, + month = feb, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Dyno seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{covey2013, + title = {Efficient Screening of Climate Model Sensitivity to a Large Number of Perturbed Input Parameters: {{PERTURBED INPUT}}-{{PARAMETER SENSITIVITY}}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {Efficient Screening of Climate Model Sensitivity to a Large Number of Perturbed Input Parameters}, + doi = {10.1002/jame.20040}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:30Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Covey, Curt and Lucas, Donald D. and Tannahill, John and Garaizar, Xabier and Klein, Richard}, + month = jul, + year = {2013}, + pages = {598--610} +} + +@incollection{meehl2007a, + title = {Climate {{Change}} 2007: {{The Physical Science Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Fourth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + author = {Meehl, G. A. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{rinsland1991, + title = {Stratospheric Profiles of Heavy Water Vapor Isotopes and {{CH3D}} from Analysis of the {{ATMOS Spacelab}} 3 Infrared Solar Spectra}, + volume = {96}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rinsland, C. P. and Gunson, M. R. and Foster, J. C. and Toth, R. A. and Farmer, C. B.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1057--1068} +} + +@article{cesana2012, + title = {Ubiquitous Low-Level Liquid-Containing {{Arctic}} Clouds: {{New}} Observations and Climate Model Constraints from {{CALIPSO}}-{{GOCCP}}: {{CALIPSO LIQUID}}-{{CONTAINING ARCTIC CLOUDS}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Ubiquitous Low-Level Liquid-Containing {{Arctic}} Clouds}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053385}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:12Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Cesana, G. and Kay, J. E. and Chepfer, H. and English, J. M. and {de Boer}, G.}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{wan2014, + title = {Short Ensembles: An Efficient Method for Discerning Climate-Relevant Sensitivities in Atmospheric General Circulation Models}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + shorttitle = {Short Ensembles}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-7-1961-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:17Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Wan, H. and Rasch, P. J. and Zhang, K. and Qian, Y. and Yan, H. and Zhao, C.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1961--1977} +} + +@article{tao2001, + title = {Comments on ``{{A}} Sensitivity Study of {{Radiative}}\textendash{}{{Convective}} Equilibrium in the Tropics with a Convection-Resolving Model''}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Tao, W. K. and Shie, C. L. and Simpson, J.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{polvani2002, + title = {Tropospheric Response to Stratospheric Perturbations in a Relatively Simple General Circulation Model}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL014284}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Polvani, L. M. and Kushner, P. J.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{atkinson1977, + title = {Tropical {{Cyclone Minimum Sea Level Pressure}}/{{Maximum Sustained Wind Relationship}} for the {{Western North Pacific}}}, + volume = {105}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + abstract = {Determining the proper relationship between the minimum sea level pressures and maximum sustained winds in tropical cyclones has been a long-standing problem. The major obstacle has been the lack of sufficient ground truth, i.e., actual measurements of maximum wind speeds in tropical cyclones with a wide range of central pressures. In this study 28 years of maximum wind measurements made at coastal and island stations in the western North Pacific were collected and analyzed. Because of problems in measuring and interpreting sustained surface wind speeds, only recorded peak gust values were used. These peak gust values were reduced to a standard anemometer level of 10 m using a power law relationship and then converted to 1 min sustained wind speeds using gust factors representative of an overwater environment. The sample was restricted to cases where it was reasonably certain that the station experienced the cyclone's winds during its passage. The resulting equation,where pc is the minimum sea level pressure (mb) and Vm the maximum sustained (1 min) wind speed (kt), indicates maximum wind speeds that are significantly lower than many previous studies.}, + timestamp = {2016-02-22T17:56:56Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-11-13}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Atkinson, Gary D. and Holliday, Charles R.}, + month = apr, + year = {1977}, + pages = {421--427}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/7DZ8CFGJ/Atkinson and Holliday - 1977 - Tropical Cyclone Minimum Sea Level PressureMaximu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/JSKFQDTW/1520-0493(1977)1050421TCMSLP2.0.html:text/html} +} + +@article{tuck1993, + title = {Intercomparison of {{HALOE}} and {{ER}}-2 {{Aircraft H2O}} and {{CH4 Observations Collected During}} the {{Second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Experiment}} ({{AASE}}-{{II}})}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Tuck, A. F. and Hovde, S. J. and Kelly, K. K. and Russell III, J. M. and Webster, C. R. and May, R.D.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {CH4,H2O,HALOE,UARS}, + pages = {1243--1246} +} + +@article{matsueda1998, + title = {Carbon Monoxide in the Upper Troposphere over the Western {{Pacific}} between 1993 and 1996}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Matsueda, H. and Inoue, H. Y. and Sawa, Y. and Tsutsumi, Y.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19,093--19,110} +} + +@article{soden2005, + title = {The {{Radiative Signature}} of {{Upper Tropospheric Moistening}}}, + volume = {310}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1115602}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {5749}, + journal = {science}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Jackson, D. L. and Ramaswamy, V. and Swartzkopf, M. D. and Huang, X.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {841--844} +} + +@article{read2008, + title = {The Roles of Convection, Extratropical Mixing, and in-Situ Freeze-Drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Read, W. G. and Schwartz, M. J. and Lambert, A. and Su, H. and Livesey, N. J. and Daffer, W. H. and Boone, C. D.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {6051--6067} +} + +@article{bronnimann2004, + title = {Extreme Climate of the Global Troposphere and Stratosphere in 1940\textendash{}42 Related to {{El Ni{\~n}o}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Bronnimann, S. and Luterbacher, J. and Staehelin, J. and Svendby, T. M. and Hansen, G. and Svenoe, T.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{righi2013, + title = {The Global Impact of the Transport Sectors on Atmospheric Aerosol: Simulations for Year 2000 Emissions}, + volume = {13}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-9939-2013}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Righi, M. and Hendricks, J. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {9939--9970} +} + +@article{chand2009, + title = {Satellite-Derived Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols Dependent on Cloud Cover}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Chand, D. and Wood, R. and Anderson, T. L. and Satheesh, S. K. and Charlson, R. J.}, + month = mar, + year = {2009}, + pages = {181--184} +} + +@article{xie2010, + title = {{{CLOUDS AND MORE}}: {{ARM Climate Modeling Best Estimate Data}}}, + volume = {91}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {{{CLOUDS AND MORE}}}, + doi = {10.1175/2009BAMS2891.1}, + abstract = {No Abstract available.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-07T23:32:24Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-01-07}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Xie, Shaocheng and McCoy, Renata B. and Klein, Stephen A. and Cederwall, Richard T. and Wiscombe, Warren J. and Jensen, Michael P. and Johnson, Karen L. and Clothiaux, Eugene E. and Gaustad, Krista L. and Long, Charles N. and Mather, James H. and McFarlane, Sally A. and Shi, Yan and Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Lin, Yanluan and Hall, Stefanie D. and McCord, Raymond A. and Palanisamy, Giri and Turner, David D.}, + month = jan, + year = {2010}, + pages = {13--20}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/KHZZZJCK/Xie et al. - 2010 - CLOUDS AND MORE ARM Climate Modeling Best Estimat.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/2SXZQ8IT/2009BAMS2891.html:text/html} +} + +@article{scheffer2006, + title = {Positive Feedback between Global Warming and Atmospheric {{CO}}2 Concentration Inferred from Past Climate Changes}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {L10702}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Scheffer, M. and Brovkin, V. and Cox, P. M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {10.1029/2005GL025044} +} + +@article{delgenio2005, + title = {Cumulus Microphysics and Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:35:02Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of climate}, + author = {Del Genio, Anthony D. and Kovari, William and Yao, Mao-Sung and Jonas, Jeffrey}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2376--2387} +} + +@article{liu1998, + title = {A Numerical Study of the Diurnal Cycle of Tropical Oceanic Convection}, + volume = {55}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Liu, C. and Moncrieff, M. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2329--2344} +} + +@article{zhai2005, + title = {Trends in Total Precipitation and Frequency of Daily Precipitation Extremes over {{China}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:23Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of climate}, + author = {Zhai, Panmao and Zhang, Xuebin and Wan, Hui and Pan, Xiaohua}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1096--1108} +} + +@article{remer2014, + title = {Just Add Aerosols}, + volume = {344}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1255398}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {6188}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Remer, L. A.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1089} +} + +@article{rasch2011, + title = {Description of the {{Community Atmosphere Model Version}} 5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {J. Climate, in preparation}, + author = {Rasch, P. J. and {others}}, + year = {2011} +} + +@book{cicerone1996, + title = {Atmospheric {{Methane}}: {{Use}} of {{Isotopes}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + author = {Cicerone, R. J.}, + month = mar, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from University of California Irvine +Published: Seminar- UW- Chemistry}, + keywords = {methane climate change OH} +} + +@article{wuebbles2014, + title = {Severe {{Weather}} in {{United States Under}} a {{Changing Climate}}}, + volume = {95}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union}, + author = {Wuebbles, Donald J and Kunkel, Kenneth and Wehner, Michael and Zobel, Zachary}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {149--150} +} + +@article{koren2004, + title = {Measurement of the {{Effect}} of {{Amazon Smoke}} on {{Inhibition}} of {{Cloud Formation}}}, + volume = {303}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Koren, I. and Kauffman, Y. J. and Remer, L. A. and Martins, J. V.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1342--1345} +} + +@article{harries1976, + title = {The {{Distribution}} of {{Water Vapor}} in the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics}, + author = {Harries, J. E.}, + year = {1976}, + pages = {565--575} +} + +@article{morrison2005a, + title = {A {{New Double}}-{{Moment Microphysics Parameterization}} for {{Application}} in {{Cloud}} and {{Climate Models}}. {{Part II}}: {{Single Column Modeling}} of {{Arctic Clouds}}}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Morrison, H. and Curry, J. A. and Sjupe, M. D. and Zuidema, P.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1678--1693} +} + +@article{jensen2013, + title = {Physical Processes Controlling Ice Concentrations in Synoptically Forced, Midlatitude Cirrus}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50421}, + abstract = {Numerical simulations and airborne measurements are used to evaluate the impact of physical processes on synoptically forced, midlatitude cirrus ice concentrations. The agreement within a factor of 2 between ice concentrations measured with independent techniques (replicators and optical imaging probes) provides confidence in the accuracy of the in situ measurements. We use a computationally efficient modeling approach that incorporates the key cirrus physical processes, such that thousands of cloud cases can be simulated and the model results can be statistically compared with observations. One-dimensional simulations with detailed treatments of cloud microphysical processes are driven by temperatures and vertical winds extracted from meteorological analyses. Small-scale temperature and vertical wind perturbations associated with mesoscale waves are superimposed on the analysis fields. We find that in simulations with only homogeneous freezing nucleation, ice concentration statistics are very sensitive to the specified mesoscale wave vertical wind perturbations. With the frequency distribution of vertical winds adjusted to agree with aircraft observations, we obtain good agreement between the simulated and observed ice concentration frequency distributions. Both the observations and simulations indicate that relatively high ice concentrations ($\geq$1000\,L-1) occur rarely in these clouds (less than 1\% of the time). Simulations including both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation indicate that even with moderate concentrations of ice nuclei (20\,L-1), heterogeneous nucleation is an important ice production process, particularly for relatively low ice concentrations and warm temperatures. With enhanced ice nuclei concentrations (100\,L-1), heterogeneous nucleation dominates ice production in the model. We find that it is critically important to include the impact of sedimentation on the evolution of ice concentrations when comparing model results with observations. Ice crystal collection efficiencies are poorly constrained at low temperatures, and we find that aggregation can significantly reduce ice concentrations. Sensitivity tests indicate that neither the agreement between observed and simulated ice crystal statistics nor the sensitivities indicated by the simulations are significantly affected by model assumptions such as the time periods simulated, geographic domain covered, trajectory paths calculated, or ice crystal habit assumed.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-23T22:43:22Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2016-05-23}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Lawson, R. P. and Bergman, J. W. and Pfister, L. and Bui, T. P. and Schmitt, C. G.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,cirrus}, + pages = {5348--5360} +} + +@article{comstock2008, + title = {Understanding Ice Supersaturation, Particle Growth, and Number Concentration in Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010332}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D23211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Comstock, J. M. and Lin, R. F. and Starr, D. C. and Yang, P.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@techreport{kiehl1996a, + address = {Boulder, CO}, + title = {Description of the {{NCAR Community Climate Model}} ({{CCM3}})}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {420}, + institution = {National Center for Atmospheric Research}, + author = {Kiehl, J. T. and Hack, J. J. and Bonhan, G. B. and Boville, B. A. and Briegleb, B. P. and Williamson, D. L. and Rasch, P. J.}, + year = {1996} +} + +@article{mauritsen2012, + title = {Tuning the Climate of a Global Model: {{TUNING THE CLIMATE OF A GLOBAL MODEL}}}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {Tuning the Climate of a Global Model}, + doi = {10.1029/2012MS000154}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:48Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Mauritsen, Thorsten and Stevens, Bjorn and Roeckner, Erich and Crueger, Traute and Esch, Monika and Giorgetta, Marco and Haak, Helmuth and Jungclaus, Johann and Klocke, Daniel and Matei, Daniela and Mikolajewicz, Uwe and Notz, Dirk and Pincus, Robert and Schmidt, Hauke and Tomassini, Lorenzo}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{xu2001, + title = {Abrupt Change of the Mid-Summer Climate in Central East {{China}} by the Influence of Atmospheric Pollution}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:20Z}, + number = {30}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Xu, Qun}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {5029--5040} +} + +@article{hoffert1998, + title = {Energy Implications of Future Stabilization of Atmospheric {{CO}}2 Content}, + volume = {395}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Hoffert, M. I. and Calderia, K. and Jaim, A. K. and Haites, E. F. and Harvey, L. D. D. and Potter, S. D. and Schlesinger, M. E. and Schneider, S. H. and Watts, R. G. and Wigley, T. M. L. and Weubbles, D. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {881--884} +} + +@article{hicke1999, + title = {Tropospheric Clouds and Lower Stratospheric Heating Rates: {{Results}} from Late Winter in the {{Southern Hemisphere}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hicke, J. and Tuck, A. F.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {9309--9324} +} + +@article{scaife2003, + title = {Can Changes in {{ENSO}} Activity Help to Explain the Increaing Stratospheric Water Vapor?}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL017591}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Scaife, A. A. and Butchart, N. and Jackson, D. R. and Swinbank, R.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{lacis1990, + title = {Radiative {{Forcing}} of {{Climate}} by {{Changes}} in the {{Vertical Distribution}} of {{Ozone}}}, + volume = {95}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {Gournal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Lacis, A. A.}, + year = {1990}, + keywords = {radiative convective model}, + pages = {9971--9981} +} + +@article{massonnet1993, + title = {The Displacement Field of the {{Landers}} Earthquake Mapped by Radar Interferometry}, + volume = {364}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Massonnet, D. and Rossi, M. and Carmona, C. and Adrangna, F. and Peltzer, F. and Feigl, K. and Rabaute, T.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {138--142} +} + +@article{sassi2004, + title = {The {{Effect}} of {{ENSO}} on the {{Dynamical}}, {{Thermal}} and {{Chemical Structure}} of the {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004434}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D17108}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sassi, F. and Kinnison, D. and Boville, B. A. and Garcia, R. R. and Roble, R.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{gill1980, + title = {Some Simple Solutions for Heat\textendash{}induced Tropical Circulation}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Gill, A. E.}, + year = {1980}, + pages = {447--462} +} + +@article{roscoe2004, + title = {Possible Descent across the ``{{Tropopause}}'' in {{Antarctic Winter}}}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Adv. Space Res.}, + author = {Roscoe, H. K.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1048--1052} +} + +@article{quaas2008, + title = {Satellite-Based Estimate of the Direct and Indirect Aerosol Climate Forcing}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008962}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D05204}, + journal = {JGR}, + author = {Quaas, J. and Boucher, O. and Bellouin, N. and Kinne, S.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{heymsfield2003, + title = {Properties of {{Tropical}} and {{Midlatitude Ice Clouds Particle Ensembles}}. {{Part I}}: {{Median Mass Diameters}} and {{Terminal Velocities}}}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {2573--2591} +} + +@article{kubar2009, + title = {Understanding the {{Importantce}} of {{Microphysics}} and {{Macrophysics}} for {{Warm Rain}} in {{Marine Low Clouds}}. {{Part I}}: {{Satellite Observations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Kubar, T. L. and Hartmann, D. L. and Wood, R.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{spangenberg2013, + title = {Contrail Radiative Forcing over the {{Northern Hemisphere}} from 2006 {{Aqua MODIS}} Data}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50168}, + abstract = {Radiative forcing due to linear-shaped jet contrails is calculated over the Northern Hemisphere for four seasonal months using 2006 Aqua Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud and contrail property retrieval data in a radiative transfer model. The 4\,month mean shortwave, longwave, and net radiative forcings normalized to 100\% contrail cover are -5.7, 14.2, and 8.5\,Wm-2. Mean total net forcing over the northern half of the globe varies from 9.1\,mW\,m-2 during October to 12.1\,mW\,m-2 in January and is only representative at 01:30 and 13:30 LT in nonpolar regions. In some dense flight traffic corridors, the mean net forcing approaches 80\,mW\,m-2. Scaling the 4\,month average of 10.6\,mW\,m-2 to the Southern Hemisphere air traffic yields global mean net forcing of 5.7\,mW\,m-2, which is smaller than most model estimates. Nighttime net forcing is 3.6 times greater than during daytime, when net forcing is greatest over low clouds. Effects from contrail cirrus clouds that evolve from linear contrails are not considered in these results.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-22T16:54:29Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-12-22}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Spangenberg, Douglas A. and Minnis, Patrick and Bedka, Sarah T. and Palikonda, Rabindra and Duda, David P. and Rose, Fred G.}, + month = feb, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1616 Climate variability,1834 Human impacts,3305 Climate change and variability,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,climate,contrails,Radiation,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {595--600}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FRBJAHVH/Spangenberg et al. - 2013 - Contrail radiative forcing over the Northern Hemis.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/TZQ2HGVD/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{sanderson2015, + title = {A New Ensemble of {{GCM}} Simulations to Assess Avoided Impacts in a Climate Mitigation Scenario}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-015-1567-z}, + abstract = {There is growing evidence that the role internal variability plays in our confidence in future climate projections has been under-appreciated in past assessments of model projections for the coming decades. In light of this, a 15 member ensemble has been produced to complement the existing 30 member ``Large Ensemble'' conducted with the Community Earth System Model (CESM). In contrast to the Large Ensemble, which explored the variability in RCP8.5, our new ensemble uses the moderate mitigation scenario represented by RCP4.5. By comparing outputs from these two ensembles, we assess at what point in the future the climates conditioned on the two scenarios will begin to significantly diverge. We find in general that while internal variability is a significant component of uncertainty for periods before 2050, there is evidence of a significantly increased risk of extreme warm events in some regions as early as 2030 in RCP8.5 relative to RCP4.5. Furthermore, the period 2061-2080 sees largely separate joint distributions of annual mean temperature and precipitation in most regions for the two ensembles. Hence, in the CESM's representation of the Earth System for the latter portion of the 21st century, the range of climatic states which might be expected in the RCP8.5 scenario is significantly and detectably further removed from today's climate state than the RCP4.5 scenario even in the presence of internal variability.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:09:29Z}, + urldate = {2016-02-17}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Oleson, Keith W. and Strand, Warren G. and Lehner, Flavio and O'Neill, Brian C.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Sciences,Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts}, + pages = {1--16} +} + +@book{thompson1997, + title = {Detecting Volcanic Eurptions and Their Effect on Surface Temperature}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + author = {Thompson, D.}, + month = jun, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW-JISAO +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{held1980, + title = {Nonlinear Axially Symmetric Circulations in an Almost Inviscid Atmosphere}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Held, I. M. and Hou, A. Y.}, + year = {1980}, + pages = {515--533} +} + +@article{heymsfield1996, + title = {High Albedos of Cirrus in the Tropical {{Pacific}} Warm Pool: {{Microphysical Interpretations}} from {{CEPEX}} and from {{Kawajalein}}, {{Marshall Islands}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and McFarquhar, G. M.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2424--2451} +} + +@article{zarzycki2014, + title = {Aquaplanet {{Experiments Using CAM}}'s {{Variable}}-{{Resolution Dynamical Core}}}, + volume = {27}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00004.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:39:02Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Zarzycki, Colin M. and Levy, Michael N. and Jablonowski, Christiane and Overfelt, James R. and Taylor, Mark A. and Ullrich, Paul A.}, + month = jul, + year = {2014}, + pages = {5481--5503} +} + +@article{hall1993, + title = {Simulations of the {{Trend}} and {{Annual Cycle}} in {{Stratospheric CO}}2}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Hall, T. M. and Prather, M. J.}, + month = jun, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {GISS GCM}, + pages = {10,573--10,581} +} + +@article{hollandsworth1995, + title = {Observational Study of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Ozone}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hollandsworth, S. M.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {7347--7361} +} + +@article{irion2003, + title = {Atmospheric {{Trace Molecule Spectroscopy}} ({{ATMOS}}) {{Experiment}} Version 3 Retrievals}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {33}, + journal = {Applied Optics}, + author = {Irion, F. W. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {6968--6979} +} + +@article{watson1983, + title = {Biological Homeostasis of the Global Environment: The Parable of {{Daisyworld}}}, + volume = {35}, + shorttitle = {Biological Homeostasis of the Global Environment}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:56:18Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Tellus B}, + author = {Watson, Andrew J. and Lovelock, James E.}, + year = {1983}, + keywords = {daisyworld,gaia,homeostasis,model}, + pages = {284--289} +} + +@book{holton1995, + title = {Extratropical {{Pumping}}, {{Tropical Tape Recorder}}, {{Subtropical Barriers}}, {{Hyperventilation}} and the {{Vacuum Cleaner Effect}}}, + abstract = {Discussion of various theories and mechanisms of stratospheric circulation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + month = jan, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange} +} + +@article{read2004, + title = {A {{New}} 147\textendash{}68 {{hPa Water Vapor}} Product from the {{UARS}} Microwave Limb Sounder}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Submitted to J. Geophys Res.}, + author = {Read, W. G. and Wu, D. L. and Waters, J. W. and Pumphrey, H. C.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{grandpre1997, + title = {Canadian {{Middle Atmosphere Model}}: Preliminary Results from the Chemical Transport Module}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Atmos\textendash{}Ocean}, + author = {de Grandpr{\'e}, J. and Sandilands, J. W. and McConnell, J. C. and Beagley, S. R. and Croteau, P. C. and Danilin, M. Y.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {385--431} +} + +@article{zhang2016, + title = {On the Characteristics of Aerosol Indirect Effect Based on Dynamic Regimes in Global Climate Models}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-2765-2016}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-04T16:15:50Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-03-04}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Zhang, Shipeng and Wang, Minghuai and Ghan, Steven J. and Ding, Aijun and Wang, Hailong and Zhang, Kai and Neubauer, David and Lohmann, Ulrike and Ferrachat, Sylvaine and Takeamura, Toshihiko and Gettelman, Andrew and Morrison, Hugh and Lee, Yunha and Shindell, Drew T. and Partridge, Daniel G. and Stier, Philip and Kipling, Zak and Fu, Congbin}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + pages = {2765--2783} +} + +@article{gettelman2008, + title = {Observed and {{Simulated Upper}}-{{Tropospheric Water Vapor Feedbacks}}}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {3282--3289} +} + +@article{unterstrasser2010b, + title = {Numerical Simulations of Contrail-to-Cirrus Transition - {{Part}} 1: {{An}} Extensive Parametric Study}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Unterstrasser, S. and Gierens, K.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2017--2036} +} + +@article{liu2016, + title = {Global Distribution of Deep Convection Reaching Tropopause in 1\,Year {{GPM}} Observations}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024430}, + abstract = {To characterize and quantify tropopause-reaching deep convection, 1\,year of Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) Ku band radar echoes are surveyed in relation to several reference levels derived from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data set. Consistent with the observations of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission over the tropics, the GPM has detected tropopause-reaching deep convection dominantly over tropical land, especially over Panama and Central Africa. At middle and high latitudes, tropopause-reaching convective storms are mainly found over land in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer. Compared to those in the tropics, convective cores at middle and high latitudes have relatively larger sizes at the tropopause, especially those over central North America. The zonal distributions of the occurrences of 15\,dBZ and 20\,dBZ radar echoes at the tropopause show two comparable maxima, one in the tropics and the other in northern middle-high latitudes. This implies that the convection penetrating the tropopause at northern middle-high latitudes is as frequent as those over the tropics. It is important to understand their role in the vertical transport of trace gases between the troposphere and the stratosphere.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-25T17:30:46Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-25}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Liu, Nana and Liu, Chuntao}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3314 Convective processes,3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions,3371 Tropical convection,deep convection,GPM,overshooting,Tropopause}, + pages = {2015JD024430} +} + +@article{medeiros2008, + title = {Aquaplanets, {{Climate Sensitivty}} and {{Low Clouds}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI1995.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Medeiros, B. and Stevens, B. and Held, I. M. and Zhao, M. and Williamson, D. L. and Olson, J. G. and Bretherton, C. S.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {4974--4991} +} + +@article{fu1993, + title = {Parameterization of the Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {50}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Liou, K. N.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {2008--2025} +} + +@article{cheng2005, + title = {Contribution of Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Aerosol Loading to the Decreasing Precipitation Trend in Southern {{China}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:50:53Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Cheng, Yanjie and Lohmann, Ulrike and Zhang, Junhua and Luo, Yunfeng and Liu, Zuoting and Lesins, Glen}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1381--1390} +} + +@article{liu1996, + title = {Model Study of Tropospheric Trace Species Distributions during {{PEM}}-{{West A}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Liu, S. C. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {NOx,NOy SO2}, + pages = {2073--2085} +} + +@book{alexander, + title = {Extratropical {{Processes}} and {{Climate Variability}} in a Coupled Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Alexander, M.}, + year = {7 Dec 991999}, + note = {Published: NCAR CGD seminar +speaker from NOAA CDC} +} + +@article{reid1994, + title = {Seasonal and {{Interannual}} Temperature Variations in the Tropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Reid, G. C.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {18,923--18,932} +} + +@book{houghton2001, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + title = {Climate {{Change}} 2001: {{The Scientific Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Third Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + editor = {Houghton, J.T. and Ding, Y. and Griggs, D. J. and Noguer, M. and van der Linden, P. J. and Dai, X. and Maskell, K. and Johnson, C. A.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@book{su1998, + title = {Self {{Aggregation}} \& {{Large Scale Control}} of Tropical Deep Convection}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + author = {Su, H.}, + month = dec, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium (PhD defense)} +} + +@article{hsu2000, + title = {Nonaxisymmetric {{Thermally Driven Circulations}} and {{Upper Tropospheric Monsoon Dynamics}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Hsu, C. J. and Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1255--1276} +} + +@article{egorova2005, + title = {Chemistry-Climate Model {{SOCOL}}: A Validation of the Present-Day Climatology}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Egorova, T. and Rozanov, E. and Zubov, V. and Manzini, E. and Schmutz, W. and Peter, T.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1557--1576} +} + +@article{sena2016, + title = {A Long-Term Study of Aerosol\textendash{}cloud Interactions and Their Radiative Effect at the {{Southern Great Plains}} Using Ground-Based Measurements}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-11301-2016}, + abstract = {Empirical estimates of the microphysical response of cloud droplet size distribution to aerosol perturbations are commonly used to constrain aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions in climate models. Instead of empirical microphysical estimates, here macroscopic variables are analyzed to address the influence of aerosol particles and meteorological descriptors on instantaneous cloud albedo and the radiative effect of shallow liquid water clouds. Long-term ground-based measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program over the Southern Great Plains are used. A broad statistical analysis was performed on 14~years of coincident measurements of low clouds, aerosol, and meteorological properties. Two cases representing conflicting results regarding the relationship between the aerosol and the cloud radiative effect were selected and studied in greater detail. Microphysical estimates are shown to be very uncertain and to depend strongly on the methodology, retrieval technique and averaging scale. For this continental site, the results indicate that the influence of the aerosol on the shallow cloud radiative effect and albedo is weak and that macroscopic cloud properties and dynamics play a much larger role in determining the instantaneous cloud radiative effect compared to microphysical effects. On a daily basis, aerosol shows no correlation with cloud radiative properties (correlation\,=\,-0.01 $\pm$ 0.03), whereas the liquid water path shows a clear signal (correlation\,=\,0.56 $\pm$ 0.02).}, + timestamp = {2016-09-14T19:11:43Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2016-09-14}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Sena, E. T. and McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G.}, + month = sep, + year = {2016}, + pages = {11301--11318} +} + +@book{piani1999, + title = {Numerical Study of {{3D}} Gravity Waves Triggered by Convection \& Effect on {{QBO}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Piani, C.}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: uw dyno seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{ebert1992, + title = {Observations of {{Record Cold Cloud}}-{{Top Temperatures}} in {{Tropical Cyclone Hilda}} (1990)}, + volume = {120}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Ebert, E. E. and Holland, G. J.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {2240--2251} +} + +@article{suzuki2008, + title = {Global Cloud-System-Resolving Model Simulaion of Aersol Effect on Warm Clouds}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL035449}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {L19817}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Suzuki, K. and Nakajima, T. and Satoh, M. and Tomita, H. and Takemura, T. and Nakajima, T. Y. and Stephens, G. L.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{hill2015, + title = {How Sensitive Are Aerosol-Precipitation Interactions to the Warm Rain Representation?}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000422}, + abstract = {It is widely acknowledged that aerosol-cloud interactions are a major uncertainty in climate and numerical weather prediction. One of the sources of uncertainty is the sensitivity of the cloud microphysics parameterization to changes in aerosol, in particular the response of precipitation. In this work, we conduct an idealized, dynamically consistent, intercomparison of warm rain microphysics schemes to understand this source of uncertainty. The aims of this investigation are: (i) investigate how sensitive precipitation susceptibility (S0) is to cloud microphysics representation and (ii) use S0 to determine the minimum complexity of microphysics required to produce a consistent precipitation response to changes in cloud drop number concentration (Nd). The main results from this work are: (i) over a large range of liquid water path and Nd, all the bulk schemes, but particularly the single moment schemes, artificially produce rain too rapidly. Relative to a reference bin microphysics scheme, this leads to a low in-cloud S0 and impacts the evolution of S0 over time. (ii) Rain evaporation causes surface S0 from all schemes to be larger than the cloud base S0. The magnitude of the change in S0 with altitude is dependent on the scheme and the representation of the rain drop size distribution. Overall, we show that single-moment schemes produce the largest range in the sensitivity of precipitation to changes in Nd. Modifying rain production parameterization alone does not reduce this spread. Instead, increasing the complexity of the rain representation to double-moment significantly improves this behavior and the overall consistency between schemes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-14T17:52:04Z}, + urldate = {2015-10-14}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Hill, A. A. and Shipway, B. J. and Boutle, I. A.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3320 Idealized model,3354 Precipitation,Cloud microphysics,kinematic modeling,precipitation susceptibility}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{trenberth2001, + title = {The Evolution of {{ENSO}} and Global Atmospheric Temperatures}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Caron, J. M. and Stepaniak, D. P. and Worley, S.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{wang2012a, + title = {Analysis of Cirrus in the Tropical Tropopause Layer from {{CALIPSO}} and {{MLS}} Data: {{A}} Water Perspective}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-10-23T19:45:00Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Wang, T. and Dessler, A.E.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D04211} +} + +@article{sherwood1996, + title = {Maintenance of the {{Free}}-{{Tropospheric Tropical Water Vapor Distribution}}, {{Part II}}, {{Simulation}} by {{Large Scale Advection}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {J. Clim.}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2919--2934} +} + +@article{dessler1998a, + title = {A New View of the Interrelationship between the Abundances of Long-Lived Trace Species in the Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Considine, D. B. and Fleming, E. L. and Jackman, C. H. and Schoeberl, M. R.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{wang2011, + title = {Aerosol Indirect Effects in a Multi-Scale Aerosol-Climate Model {{PNNL}}-{{MMF}}}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:38:54Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Wang, M. and Ghan, S. and Ovchinnikov, M. and Liu, X. and Easter, R. and Kassianov, E. and Qian, Y. and Morrison, H.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011}, + pages = {5431--5455} +} + +@article{schiller1029, + title = {The Ice Water Content of {{Arctic}}, Mid-Latitude and Tropical Cirrus}, + volume = {113}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D24208}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schiller, C. and Kr{\"a}mer, M. and Afchine, A. and Spelten, N.}, + year = {10.1029/2008JD010342} +} + +@article{burkhardt2010, + title = {Global {{Modeling}} of {{Contrail}} and {{Contrail Cirrus Climate Impact}}}, + volume = {91}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Burkhardt, U. and K{\"a}rcher, B. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {479--483} +} + +@article{charlson2007, + title = {On the Climate Forcing Consequences of the Albedo Continuum between Cloudy and Clear Air}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Charlson, R. J. and Ackerman, A. S. and Bender, F. A. M. and Anderson, T. L. and Liu, Z.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {715--727} +} + +@article{jourdain2008, + title = {The Coupled Chemistry Model {{LMDz Reprobus}}: Description of a Transient Simulation of the Period 1980-1999}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {Jourdain, L. and Bekki, S. and Lott, F. and Lefevre, F.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1391--1413} +} + +@book{tung1998, + title = {Hadley, {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson}} and Other Circulations}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + author = {Tung, K. K.}, + month = feb, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium}, + keywords = {stratosphere} +} + +@article{gage1987, + title = {Longitudinal {{Variations}} in {{Tropical Tropopause Properties}} in {{Relation}} to {{Tropical Convection}} and {{El Ni{\~n}o}}-{{Southern Oscillation Events}}}, + volume = {92}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {C13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gage, K. S. and Reid, G. C.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {14,197--14,203} +} + +@article{wyant2006, + title = {A Comparison of Low Latitude Cloud Properties and Their Response to Climate Change in Three {{AGCMs}} Sorted into Regimes Using Mid-Tropospheric Vertical Velocity}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-006-0138-4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Wyant, M. C. and Bretherton, C. S. and Bacmeister, J. T. and Kiehl, J. T. and Held, I. M. and Zhao, M. and Klein, S. A. and Soden, B. J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {261--279} +} + +@article{randel1999, + title = {Global {{QBO Circulation Derived}} from {{UKMO Analyses}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Swinbank, R. and Nash, J. and {A. O'Neill}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {457--474} +} + +@article{twomey1984, + title = {An Assessment of the Impact of Pollution on Global Cloud Albedo}, + volume = {36}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:14Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Tellus B}, + author = {Twomey, Sean A. and Piepgrass, M. and Wolfe, T. L.}, + year = {1984}, + pages = {356--366} +} + +@phdthesis{meloen2002, + title = {Simulation and {{Diagnosis}} of {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + school = {Technische Universiteit Eindhoven}, + author = {Meloen, J.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{schwiertz2004, + title = {Forced Waves on a Zonally-Aligned Jet Stream}, + volume = {61}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Schwiertz, C. and Dirren, S. and Davies, H. C.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {73--87} +} + +@article{brohan2006, + title = {Uncertainty Estimates in Regional and Global Observed Temperature Changes: {{A}} New Data Set from 1850}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006548}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D12106}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Brohan, Phillip and Kennedy, John J and Harris, Ian and Tett, Simon FB and Jones, Phil D}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{miyazaki2010, + title = {Transport and {{Mixing}} in the {{Extratropical Tropopause Region}} in a {{High}}-{{Vertical}}-{{Resolution GCM}}. {{Part II}}: {{Relative Importance}} of {{Large}}-{{Scale}} and {{Small}}-{{Scale Dynamics}}}, + volume = {67}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Miyazaki, Kazuyuki and Sato, Kaoru and Watanabe, Shingo and Tomikawa, Yoshihiro and Kawatani, Yoshio and Takahashi, Masaaki}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1315--1336} +} + +@article{otto2013, + title = {Energy Budget Constraints on Climate Response}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {Nat. Geosci.}, + author = {Otto, A. and {others}}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{pincus2013, + title = {Paths to Accuracy for Radiation Parameterizations in Atmospheric Models}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {Paths to Accuracy for Radiation Parameterizations in Atmospheric Models}, + doi = {10.1002/jame.20027}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:42Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Pincus, Robert and Stevens, Bjorn}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {225--233} +} + +@article{grewe1996, + title = {Calculating the Global Mass Exhcange between the Stratosphere and Troposphere}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Grewe, V. and Dameris, M.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {Wei diagnostic ECMWF data STE}, + pages = {431--442} +} + +@article{defant1957, + title = {The {{Threefold Structure}} of the {{Atmosphere}} and {{Characteristics}} of the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Defant, F. R. and Taba, H.}, + year = {1957}, + pages = {259--274} +} + +@article{muller2009, + title = {A Brief History of Stratospheric Ozone Research}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, + author = {M{\"u}ller, R.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3--24} +} + +@book{larson1998, + title = {Aerosol and {{Human Health}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {{Larson}}, + month = jan, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Colloquium +speaker from UW Civil Eng} +} + +@article{gouget1996, + title = {Ozone Peaks Associated with a Subtropical Tropopause Fold and with Trade Wind Inversion: {{A}} Case Study from the Airborne Campaign {{TROPOZ II}} over the {{Caribbean}} in Winter}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D20}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gouget, H. and Cammas, J.-P. and Marenco, A. and Rosset, R. and Jonqui{\`e}res, I.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {25,979--25,993} +} + +@article{neelin2010, + title = {Considerations for Parameter Optimization and Sensitivity in Climate Models.}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015473107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {50}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {Neelin, J. D. and Bracco, A. and Luo, H. and McWilliams, J. C. and Meyerson, J. E.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {21349--21354} +} + +@article{miller1999, + title = {A {{Validation}} Survey of the {{ECMWF Prognostic Cloud Scheme}} Using {{LITE}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Miller, S. D. and Stephens, G. L. and Beljaars, A. C. M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1417--1420} +} + +@article{james2009, + title = {Mixing Processes and Exchanges in the Tropical and the Subtropical {{UT}}/{{LS}}}, + volume = {9}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-9-25-2009}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {James, R. and Legras, B.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {25--38} +} + +@article{mote1998, + title = {Sub-Seasonal Variations in Lower Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and Dunkerton, T. J. and Pumphrey, H. C.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2445--2448} +} + +@article{yi2012, + title = {Simulation of the Global Contrail Radiative Forcing: {{A}} Sensitivity Analysis}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {Simulation of the Global Contrail Radiative Forcing}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL054042}, + abstract = {The contrail radiative forcing induced by human aviation activity is one of the most uncertain contributions to climate forcing. An accurate estimation of global contrail radiative forcing is imperative, and the modeling approach is an effective and prominent method to investigate the sensitivity of contrail forcing to various potential factors. We use a simple offline model framework that is particularly useful for sensitivity studies. The most-up-to-date Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5) is employed to simulate the atmosphere and cloud conditions during the year 2006. With updated natural cirrus and additional contrail optical property parameterizations, the RRTMG Model (RRTM-GCM application) is used to simulate the global contrail radiative forcing. Global contrail coverage and optical depth derived from the literature for the year 2002 is used. The 2006 global annual averaged contrail net (shortwave + longwave) radiative forcing is estimated to be 11.3 mW m-2. Regional contrail radiative forcing over dense air traffic areas can be more than ten times stronger than the global average. A series of sensitivity tests are implemented and show that contrail particle effective size, contrail layer height, the model cloud overlap assumption, and contrail optical properties are among the most important factors. The difference between the contrail forcing under all and clear skies is also shown.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-22T16:58:25Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-12-22}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Yi, Bingqi and Yang, Ping and Liou, Kuo-Nan and Minnis, Patrick and Penner, Joyce E.}, + month = dec, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {0319 Cloud optics,contrail,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {L00F03}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/K27XZGXV/Yi et al. - 2012 - Simulation of the global contrail radiative forcin.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FVF4H7UC/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{zhong1999, + title = {The Sensitivity of Long-Wave Radiation Fields and the Repsonse of a {{GCM}} to Water-Vapour Continuum Absorption}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Zhong, W. and Haigh, J. D.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1383--1406} +} + +@unpublished{wessel, + title = {Lidar Observations of Mid-Latitude Water Vapor Layers near the Tropopause}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + author = {Wessel, J. and Farley, R.}, + note = {rejected from nature} +} + +@article{sandor2000, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Humidity and Thin Cirrus}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sandor, B. J. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2645--2648} +} + +@article{zhou2001, + title = {The Cooling Trend of the Tropical Cold Point Tropopause Temperatures and Its Implications}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zhou, X. and Geller, M. A. and Zhang, M.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1511--1522} +} + +@article{gunson2006, + title = {Climate Sensitivity to Ocean Dimethylsulphide Emissions}, + volume = {33}, + issn = {0094-8276}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL024982}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:17Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Gunson, J. R. and Spall, S. A. and Anderson, T. R. and Jones, A. and Totterdell, I. J. and Woodage, M. J.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{solomon1997, + title = {Heterogenous {{Chlorine Chemistry}} in the {{Tropopause Region}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Solomon, S. and {others}}, + month = sep, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {STE}, + pages = {21,411--21,429} +} + +@article{muraki2001, + title = {Balanced {{Asymmetries}} of {{Waves}} on the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Muraki, D. J. and Hakim, G. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {237--252} +} + +@article{haywood2009, + title = {A Case Study of the Radiative Forcing of Persistent Contrails Evolving into Contrail Induced Cirrus}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012650}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D24201}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Haywood, J. M. and {others}}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{barker1996, + title = {A Parameterization for Computing Grid-Averaged Solar Fluxes for Inhomogenous Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. {{Part II}}: {{Validation}} Using Satellite Data}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Barker, H. and Weilicki, B. A. and Parker, L.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2304--2316} +} + +@article{schumann2013, + title = {Aviation-Induced Cirrus and Radiation Changes at Diurnal Timescales}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50184}, + abstract = {The radiative forcing from aviation-induced cirrus is derived from observations and models. The annual mean diurnal cycle of airtraffic in the North Atlantic region exhibits two peaks in early morning and afternoon with different peak times in the western and eastern parts of the North Atlantic region. The same ``aviation fingerprint'' is found in 8\,years (2004\textendash{}2011) of Meteosat observations of cirrus cover and OLR. The observations are related to airtraffic data with linear response models assuming the background atmosphere without aviation to be similar to that observed in the South Atlantic. The change in OLR is interpreted as aviation-induced longwave radiative forcing (LW RF). The data analysis suggests an LW RF of about 600\textendash{}900\,mW\,m-2 regionally. A detailed contrail cirrus model for given global meteorology and airtraffic in 2006 gives similar results. The global RF is estimated from the ratio of global and regional RF as derived from three models. The extrapolation implies about 100\textendash{}160\,mW\,m-2 global LW RF. The models show large differences in the shortwave/longwave RF-magnitude ratio. One model computes a ratio of 0.6, implying an estimate of global net RF of about 50\,mW\,m-2 (40\textendash{}80\,mW\,m-2). Other models suggest smaller ratios, with less cooling during day, which would imply considerably larger net effects. The sensitivity of the results to the accuracy of the observations, traffic data, and models and the estimated background is discussed.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-25T23:23:10Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-11-25}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Schumann, Ulrich and Graf, Kaspar}, + month = mar, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3305 Climate change and variability,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3360 Remote sensing,aviation,cirrus,climate,contrail,Radiation}, + pages = {2404--2421} +} + +@article{egger1995, + title = {Tropopause {{Height}} in {{Baroclinic Channel Flow}}}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Egger, J.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {2232--2241} +} + +@incollection{mahlman1985, + address = {San Diego, CA}, + title = {Mechanistic Interpretation of Stratospheric Tracer Transport}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + booktitle = {Issues in {{Atmospheric}} and {{Oceanic Modeling}}}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Mahlman, J. D.}, + editor = {Manabe, S.}, + year = {1985} +} + +@article{mahlstein2012, + title = {September {{Arctic}} Sea Ice Predicted to Disappear near 2$^\circ${{C}} Global Warming above Present}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD016709}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:24Z}, + number = {D6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Mahlstein, Irina and Knutti, Reto}, + month = mar, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{pan1175, + title = {The {{Stratosphere}}\textendash{}{{Troposphere Analyses}} of {{Regional Transport}} 2008 {{Experiment}}}, + volume = {91}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and {others}}, + year = {10.1175/2009BAMS2865.1 2010}, + pages = {327--342} +} + +@book{choi, + title = {{{HALOE Data}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + author = {{Choi}}, + year = {12 feb 98}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from Seoul National Univ} +} + +@article{schmidt2012, + title = {Importance of Tropospheric Volcanic Aerosol for Indirect Radiative Forcing of Climate}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-7321-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Schmidt, A. and Carslaw, K. S. and Mann, G. W. and Rap, A. and Pringle, K. J. and Spracklen, D. V. and Wilson, M. and Forster, P. M.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {7321--7339} +} + +@article{fujiwara1999, + title = {Tropospheric Ozone Enhancements during the {{Indonesian}} Forest Fire Events in 1994 and 1997 as Revealed by Ground Based Observations}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Kita, K. and Kawakami, S. and Ogawa, T. and Komala, N. and Saraspriya, S. and Suripto, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2417--2420} +} + +@article{foot1984, + title = {Aircraft Measurements of the Humidity in the Lower Stratosphere from 1977 to 1980 between 45\$\^$\backslash$circ\${{N}} and 65\$\^$\backslash$circ\${{N}}}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Foot, J. S.}, + year = {1984}, + pages = {303--319} +} + +@article{tournadre2014, + title = {Anthropogenic Pressure on the Open Ocean: {{The}} Growth of Ship Traffic Revealed by Altimeter Data Analysis}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Anthropogenic Pressure on the Open Ocean}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL061786}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:08Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Tournadre, J.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7924--7932} +} + +@article{wong2003, + title = {Tropical\textendash{}extratropical Connection in Interannual Variation of the Tropoapuse: {{Comparison}} between {{NCEP}}/{{NCAR}} Reanalysis and an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Simulation}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001D002016}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wong, S. and Wang, W. C.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@incollection{kinne2009, + series = {Springer Praxis Books}, + title = {Remote Sensing Data Combinations: Superior Global Maps for Aerosol Optical Depth}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{}2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + isbn = {978-3-540-69396-3 978-3-540-69397-0}, + shorttitle = {Remote Sensing Data Combinations}, + abstract = {Aerosol remote sensing from space is predominantly based on sensor data of reflected sunlight in solar spectral regions, where the attenuation by trace-gases can be neglected or easily accounted for. But even at these spectral regions retrievals of aerosol properties are by no means a simple task, as explained in the previous chapters of this book. This is mostly due to the following major reasons: Cloud contamination. The solar light reflection attributed to aerosol is small compared to that of clouds and identifying cloud-free and cloud-influence-free regions is a challenge, especially with sensor limitations to spatial resolution. Also at low sun-elevations retrievals near clouds are complicated by cloud shadow scene darkening or side-scatter scene brightening. Surface contributions. The solar reflection attributed to aerosol can be smaller than surface signals. Thus, surface albedo (also as function of the sun-elevation) needs to be known to high accuracy. To minimize the surface albedo problem innovative methods are applied. They rely on spectral dependencies (Kaufman et al., 1997), multi-angular views (Martonchik et al., 1998), polarization (Deuz{\'e} et al., 1999) or retrievals in the UV (Torres et al., 2002). Higher and variable surface albedos still remain the major reason that most aerosol satellite products have no or only limited coverage over land. A-priori assumptions. The relationship that associates changes of solar reflection to aerosol amount in cloud-free conditions is modulated by aerosol composition and even atmospheric environment. Even when combining different sensor data sources, any potential solution is under-determined in the context of dependencies to aerosol amount, particle size, shape and composition. Thus, a-priori assumptions are required. Some of these assumptions, usually to absorption, size and shape, have been locally and/or seasonally validated, but their regional (or even global) and annual application in the context of aerosol temporal and spatial variability is rarely justifiable.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-24T17:46:13Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-24}, + booktitle = {Satellite {{Aerosol Remote Sensing}} over {{Land}}}, + publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}}, + author = {Kinne, Stefan}, + editor = {Kokhanovsky, Dr Alexander A. and de Leeuw, Professor Gerrit}, + year = {2009}, + keywords = {Climate Change,Environmental Physics,Meteorology/Climatology,Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry}, + pages = {361--381} +} + +@article{zhang2005, + title = {Comparing Clouds and Their Seasonal Variations in 10 Atmospheric General Circulation Models with Satellite Measurements}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res}, + author = {Zhang, MH and Lin, WY and Klein, SA and Bacmeister, JT and Bony, S. and Cederwall, RT and Del Genio, AD and Hack, JJ and Loeb, NG and Lohmann, U. and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {D15} +} + +@article{thompson2008, + title = {Explicit {{Forecasts}} of {{Winter Precipitation Using}} an {{Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme}}. {{Part II}}: {{Implementation}} of a {{New Snow Parameterization}}}, + volume = {136}, + doi = {10.1175/2008MWR2387.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Thompson, Gregory and Field, Paul R. and Rasmussen, Roy M. and Hall, William D.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5095--5115} +} + +@article{fueglistaler2009, + title = {The {{Tropical Tropopause Layer}}}, + volume = {47}, + doi = {10.1029/2008RG000267}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {1004}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Fueglistaler, S. and Dessler, A. E. and Dunkerton, T. J. and Folkins, I. and Fu, Q. and Mote, P. W.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{nam2012, + title = {The `too Few, Too Bright' Tropical Low-Cloud Problem in {{CMIP5}} Models: {{TOO FEW TOO BRIGHT LOW}}-{{CLOUDS}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The `too Few, Too Bright' Tropical Low-Cloud Problem in {{CMIP5}} Models}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053421}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:12Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Nam, C. and Bony, S. and Dufresne, J.-L. and Chepfer, H.}, + month = nov, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@book{baughcum1996a, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Scheduled {{Civil Aircraft Emission Inventories}} for 1992: {{Database Development}} and {{Analysis}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Contractor Report 4700}}, + author = {Baughcum, S. L. and Tritz, T. G. and Henderson, S. C. and Pickett, D. C.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {aircraft emissions nox h2o} +} + +@article{hollingshead2003, + title = {Dispersion {{Modelling}} of the {{Kilauea Plume}}}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0006-8314, 1573-1472}, + doi = {10.1023/A:1023086823088}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-09T17:52:15Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-09-09}, + journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology}, + author = {Hollingshead, Annette T. and Businger, Steven and Draxler, Roland and Porter, John and Stevens, Duane}, + month = jul, + year = {2003}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution,HY-SPLIT,Kilauea volcano,Meteorology/Climatology,Regional spectral model,Sulfate aerosol}, + pages = {121--144} +} + +@article{lait2004, + title = {An Alternative Form for Potential Vorticity}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Lait, L. R.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1754--1759} +} + +@article{grise2016, + title = {Is Climate Sensitivity Related to Dynamical Sensitivity?}, + volume = {121}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024687}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:28:05Z}, + number = {2015JD024687}, + urldate = {2016-05-23}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Grise, Kevin M. and Polvani, Lorenzo M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1620 Climate dynamics,1626 Global climate models,3319 General circulation,atmospheric circulation,Climate Change,climate sensitivity} +} + +@article{schoeberl2012, + title = {Simulation of Stratospheric Water Vapor and Trends Using Three Reanalyses}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Schoeberl, MR and Dessler, AE and Wang, T.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {6475--6487} +} + +@book{blackmon1996, + title = {{{NCAR Climate System Model}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + author = {Blackmon, M.}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from NCAR}, + keywords = {CCM3} +} + +@article{lorenz2007, + title = {Tropopause Hieght and Zonal Wind Response to Global Warming in the {{IPCC}} Scenario Integrations}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD008087}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D10119}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lorenz, D. J. and DeWeaver, E. T.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{gettelman2013a, + title = {Spatial {{Decomposition}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} in the {{Community Earth System Model}}}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00497.1}, + timestamp = {2016-05-14T04:16:31Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Fasullo, J. T. and Kay, J. E.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3544--2561} +} + +@article{dessler2016, + title = {Transport of Ice into the Stratosphere and the Humidification of the Stratosphere over the 21st Century}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL067991}, + abstract = {Climate models predict that tropical lower stratospheric humidity will increase as the climate warms. We examine this trend in two state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models. Under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, the stratospheric entry value of water vapor increases by \textasciitilde{}1\,ppmv over the 21st century in both models. We show with trajectory runs driven by model meteorological fields that the warming tropical tropopause layer (TTL) explains 50\textendash{}80\% of this increase. The remainder is a consequence of trends in evaporation of ice convectively lofted into the TTL and lower stratosphere. Our results further show that within the models we examined, ice lofting is primarily important on long time scales; on interannual time scales, TTL temperature variations explain most of the variations in lower stratospheric humidity. Assessing the ability of models to realistically represent ice lofting processes should be a high priority in the modeling community.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-14T15:10:56Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-14}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Dessler, A.e. and Ye, H. and Wang, T. and Schoeberl, M.r. and Oman, L.d. and Douglass, A.r. and Butler, A.h. and Rosenlof, K.h. and Davis, S.m. and Portmann, R.w.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0340 Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry,3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions,3371 Tropical convection,convective ice,stratospheric water vapor,TTL}, + pages = {2016GL067991} +} + +@article{graf1998, + title = {Changing Lower Stratospheric Circulation: {{The}} Role of Ozone and Greenhouse Gases}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Graf, H.-F. and Kirchner, I. and Perlwitz, J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {11,251--11,261} +} + +@misc{bresch2014, + title = {{{CLIMADA Model Code}} and {{Description}}}, + timestamp = {2016-02-22T18:03:27Z}, + author = {Bresch, D. N.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{slingo1987, + title = {The Development and Verification of a Cloud Prediction Scheme for the {{ECMWF}} Model}, + volume = {113}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Slingo, J. M.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {899--927} +} + +@article{medeiros2016, + title = {Reference Aquaplanet Climate in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}, {{Version}} 5}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000593}, + abstract = {Fundamental characteristics of the aquaplanet climate simulated by the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5.3 (CAM5.3) are presented. The assumptions and simplifications of the configuration are described. A 16 year long, perpetual equinox integration with prescribed SST using the model's standard 1$^\circ$ grid spacing is presented as a reference simulation. Statistical analysis is presented that shows similar aquaplanet configurations can be run for about 2 years to obtain robust climatological structures, including global and zonal means, eddy statistics, and precipitation distributions. Such a simulation can be compared to the reference simulation to discern differences in the climate, including an assessment of confidence in the differences. To aid such comparisons, the reference simulation has been made available via earthsystemgrid.org. Examples are shown comparing the reference simulation with simulations from the CAM5 series that make different microphysical assumptions and use a different dynamical core.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-13T22:57:27Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-05-13}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Medeiros, Brian and Williamson, David L. and Olson, Jerry G.}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3319 General circulation,3320 Idealized model,3337 Global climate models,3374 Tropical meteorology,Aquaplanet,climate modeling}, + pages = {406--424}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/D7UAG6QD/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{wylie1999, + title = {Comparison of {{SAGE}}-{{II}} and {{HIRS}} so-Clocated Cloud Height Measurements}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wylie, D. P. and Wang, P. H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {3373--3375} +} + +@article{beuermann2002, + title = {High-Resolution Measurements and Simulation of Stratospheric and Tropospheric Intrusions in the Vicinity of the Polar Jet Stream}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL014162}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Beuermann, J. and Knopka, P. and Brunner, D. and Bujok, O. and G{\"u}nther, G. and McKenna, D. S. and Lelieveld, J. and M{\"u}ller, R. and Schiller, C.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{follows1992, + title = {On the {{Cross}}-Tropopause Exchange of Air}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Follows, M. J.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{risbey1996, + title = {Assessing {{Integrated Assessments}}}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Risbey, J. and Kandlikar, M. and Patwardhan, A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {369--395} +} + +@article{stevenson2009, + title = {Putting the Wind up Ozone}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {677-679}, + journal = {Nature Geosci.}, + author = {Stevenson, D. S.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{ramanathan2001, + title = {Aerosols, Climate and the Hydrologic Cycle}, + volume = {294}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Ramanathan, V. and Crutzen, P. J. and Kiehl, J. T. and Rosenfeld, D.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2119--2124} +} + +@article{mauger2007, + title = {Meteorological Bias in Satellite Estimates of Aerosol-Cloud Relationships}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL029952}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {L16824}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Mauger, G. S. and Norris, J. R.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{seifert2010, + title = {Microphysical {{Scaling Relations}} in a {{Kinematic Model}} of {{Isolated Shallow Cumulus Clouds}}}, + volume = {67}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JAS3319.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:55Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Seifert, Axel and Stevens, Bjorn}, + month = may, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1575--1590} +} + +@article{webster2003, + title = {Water {{Isotope Ratios D}}/{{H}}, {\textsuperscript{18\$}}{{O}}/{\textsuperscript{16\$}}{{O}}, {\textsuperscript{17\$}}{{O}}/{\textsuperscript{16\$}}{{O}} in and out of {{Clouds Map Dehydration Pathways}}}, + volume = {302}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Webster, C. R. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1742--1745} +} + +@book{meyer1999, + title = {Planetary Waves in the {{Mesospehere}} and {{Lower}} Thermosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + author = {Meyer, C.}, + month = dec, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP reserch report +Speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{fleming1999, + title = {Simulation of Stratospheric Tracers Using an Imporives Empirically Based Two-Dimensional Model Transport Formulation}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fleming, E. L. and Jackman, C. H. and Stolarski, R. S. and Considine, D. B.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {23,911--23,934} +} + +@article{geller1993, + title = {Satellite Observation and Mapping of Wintertime Ozone Variability in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {55}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics}, + author = {Geller, M. A. and Chi, Y. and Rood, R. B. and Douglass, A. R and Kaye, J. A. and Allen, D. J.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {STRATAN model}, + pages = {1081--1088} +} + +@article{lu2007, + title = {Expansion of the {{Hadley Cell}} under {{Global Warming}}}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL028443}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {L06805}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lu, J. and Vecchi, G. A. and Reichler, T.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{abdul-razzak2000, + title = {A Parameterization of Aerosol Activation 2. {{Multiple}} Aerosol Types}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:07:45Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res}, + author = {Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {6837--6844} +} + +@techreport{reichler1996, + address = {DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, We$\backslash$s sling, Germany}, + title = {Global Climatology of the Tropopause Height Based on {{ECMWF}}-Analyses}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + institution = {Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft-und Raumfahrt}, + author = {Reichler, T. and Dameris, M. and Sausen, R. and Nodorp, D.}, + month = may, + year = {1996} +} + +@article{buhler1999, + title = {Constraints on the {{Mean Mass}} Transport across {{Potential Vorticity Contours}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {B{\"u}hler, O. and Haynes, P. H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {942--947} +} + +@article{kheshgi1999, + title = {Future Atmospheric Methane Concentrations in the Context of the Stabilization of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kheshgi, H. S. and Jain, A. K. and Kotamarthi, V. R. and Wuebbles, D. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {19,183--19,190} +} + +@article{marquardt2005, + title = {Measurement {{Noise}} and {{Stratospheric Gravity Wave Characteristics}} Obtained from {{GPS Occultation Data}}}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {jmsj}, + author = {Marquardt, C. and Healy, S. B.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {417--428} +} + +@book{pawson1995, + title = {Analysis of the {{FU}}-{{Berlin Stratosphere GCM}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Pawson, Steven}, + month = nov, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from FU-Berlin +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {GCM Upper Atmosphere Model} +} + +@article{veliconga2005, + title = {Greenland Mass Balance from {{GRACE}}}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL023955}, + timestamp = {2015-04-29T03:50:26Z}, + number = {L18505}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Veliconga, I. and Wahr, J.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{lamquin2012, + title = {A Global Climatology of Upper-Tropospheric Ice Supersaturation Occurrence Inferred from the {{Atmospheric Infrared Sounder}} Calibrated by {{MOZAIC}}}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-381-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:30Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Lamquin, N. and Stubenrauch, C. J. and Gierens, K. and Burkhardt, U. and Smit, H.}, + month = jan, + year = {2012}, + pages = {381--405} +} + +@book{marshall2011, + title = {The {{Cryosphere}}}, + isbn = {1-4008-4061-9}, + abstract = {The cryosphere encompasses the Earth's snow and ice masses. It is a critical part of our planet's climate system, one that is especially at risk from climate change and global warming. The Cryosphere provides an essential introduction to the subject, written by one of the world's leading experts in Earth-system science. In this primer, glaciologist Shawn Marshall introduces readers to the cryosphere and the broader role it plays in our global climate system. After giving a concise overview, he fully explains each component of the cryosphere and how it works--seasonal snow, permafrost, river and lake ice, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves. Marshall describes how snow and ice interact with our atmosphere and oceans and how they influence climate, sea level, and ocean circulation. He looks at the cryosphere's role in past ice ages and considers the changing cryosphere's future impact on our landscape, oceans, and climate. Accessible and authoritative, this primer also features a glossary of key terms, suggestions for further reading, explanations of equations, and a discussion of open research questions in the field.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-23T16:55:08Z}, + publisher = {{Princeton University Press}}, + author = {Marshall, Shawn J.}, + month = oct, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {Science / Earth Sciences / General,Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology \& Climatology,Science / Environmental Science} +} + +@article{weinheimer1994, + title = {Meridional Distributions of {{NO}}\$\_x\$, {{NO}}\$\_y\$ and Other Species in the Lower Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere during {{AASE II}}}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Weinheimer, A. J. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {reactive nitrogen NOx}, + pages = {2583--2586} +} + +@book{tan1999, + title = {Tropospheric Odd {{Hydrogen}}: {{Recent}} Observations and {{Implications}} for {{Ozone}} Production}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + author = {Tan, D.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: Atms Sci Seminar +speaker from Penn State} +} + +@article{sprenger2003, + title = {A Northern Hemispheric Climatology of Cross-Tropopause Exchange for the {{ERA15}} Time Period (1979-1993)}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002636}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{butchart2006, + title = {Simulations of Anthropogenic Change in the Strength of the {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson}} Circulation}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-006-0162-4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dynamics}, + author = {Butchart, N. and Scaife, A. A. and Bourqui, M. and de Grandpre$\dottedsquare$N4, J. and Hare, S. H. E. and Kettleborough, J. and Langematz, U. and Manzini, E. and Sassi, F. and Shibata, K. and Shindell, D. and Sigmond, M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {727--741} +} + +@article{durry2006, + title = {Isentropic {{Advection}} and Convective Lifting of Water Vapor in the {{UT}}-{{LS}} as Observed over {{Brazil}} ({{22S}}) in {{February}} 2004 by in Situ High-Resolution Measurements of {{H2O}}, {{CH4}}, {{O3}} and Temperature}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Durry, G. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {12469--12501} +} + +@article{velders1994, + title = {The Simulation of the Transport of Aircraft Emissions by a Three-Dimensional Global Model}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Velders, G. J. M.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {NOx}, + pages = {385--393} +} + +@article{vomel2002, + title = {Balloon-Borne Observations of Water Vapor and Ozone in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J. and Johnson, B. J. and Hasebe, F. and Shiotani, M. and Fujiwara, M. and Nishi, N. and Agama, M. and Cornejo, J. and Paredes, F. and Enriquez, H.}, + year = {2002}, + note = {10.1029/2001JD000707}, + pages = {8} +} + +@article{barahona2011, + title = {Dynamical States of Low Temperature Cirrus}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-3757-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:31:48Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Barahona, D. and Nenes, A.}, + month = apr, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3757--3771} +} + +@incollection{rodhe1992, + title = {Modeling {{Biogeochemical Cycles}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + booktitle = {Global {{Biogeochemical Cycles}}}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Rodhe, H.}, + editor = {Butcher, S. S. and Charlson, R. J. and Orians, G. H. and Wolfe, G. V.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {55--72} +} + +@article{worden2004, + title = {Predicted Errors of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer Nadir Retrievals from Spectral Window Selection}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004522}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Worden, J. and Kulawik, S. S. and Shephard, M. W. and Clough, S. A. and Worden, H. and Bowman, K. and Goldman, A.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@techreport{schubert1995, + type = {NASA Tech. Memo.}, + title = {A {{Multi}}-{{Year Assimilation}} with the {{GEOS}}-1 {{System}}: {{Overview}} and {{Results}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {104606}, + author = {Schubert, S. D. and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {183} +} + +@article{graf2012, + title = {Aviation Induced Diurnal {{North Atlantic}} Cirrus Cover Cycle: {{DIURNAL CYCLE OF AVIATION}}-{{CIRRUS COVER}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Aviation Induced Diurnal {{North Atlantic}} Cirrus Cover Cycle}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL052590}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:45Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Graf, Kaspar and Schumann, Ulrich and Mannstein, Hermann and Mayer, Bernhard}, + month = aug, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{stone1978, + title = {Baroclinic {{Adjustment}}}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Stone, P. H.}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {561--571} +} + +@article{vomel2007, + title = {Accuracy of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Water Vapor Measurements by the Cryogenic Frost Point Hygrometer: {{Instrumental}} Details and Observations}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007224}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D08305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and David, D. E. and Smith, K.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{shuckburgh2009, + title = {Local Mixing Events in the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}. {{Part II}}: {{Seasonal}} and {{Interannual Variability}}}, + volume = {66}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Shuckburgh, E. and {d'Ovidio}, F. and Legras, B.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3695--3706} +} + +@article{andrews2001, + title = {Empirical Age Spectra for the Midlatitude Lower Stratosphere from in-Situ Observations of {{CO}}2: {{Quantitative}} Evidence for a Subtropical "barrier" to Horizontal Transport}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Andrews, A. E. and Boering, K. A. and Wofsy, S. C. and Daube, B. C. and Jones, D. B and Alex, S. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R. and Strahan, S. E.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {10257--10274} +} + +@article{austin2009, + title = {Sensitivity of Polar Ozone to Sea Surface Temperatures and Chemistry}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {subitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Austin, J. and Wilson, R. J.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{gettelman2007, + title = {Insights on {{Tropical Tropopause Layer Processes}} Using {{Global Models}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008945}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D23104}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Birner, T.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{palmer2014, + title = {Climate Forecasting: {{Build}} High-Resolution Global Climate Models}, + volume = {515}, + issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687}, + shorttitle = {Climate Forecasting}, + doi = {10.1038/515338a}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:37:31Z}, + number = {7527}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Palmer, Tim}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {338--339} +} + +@article{comstock2002, + title = {Ground-Based Lidar and Radar Remote Sensing of Tropical Cirrus Clouds at {{Nauru Island}}: {{Cloud}} Statistics and Radiative Impacts}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Comstock, J. M. and Ackerman, T. P. and Mace, G. G.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{zwally2005, + title = {Mass Changes of the {{Greenland}} and {{Antarctic}} Ice Sheets and Shelves and Contributions to Sea-Level Rise: 1992-2002}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {175}, + journal = {J. Glaciology}, + author = {Zwally, H. J. and Giovinetto, M. B. and Li, J. and Cornejo, H. G. and Beckley, M. A. and Brenner, A. C. and Saba, J. L. and Yi, D.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {509--527} +} + +@article{lean2009, + title = {How Will {{Earth}}'s Surface Temperature Change in Future Decades?}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL038932}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {L15708}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lean, J. L. and Rind, D. H.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{coleman1996, + title = {A {{New Formulation}} for the {{Critical Temperature}} for {{Contrail Formation}}}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology}, + author = {Coleman, R. F.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2270--2282} +} + +@inproceedings{steinbrecht1997, + title = {{{DECLINE OF MIDLATITUDE TOTAL OZONE}}: {{LARGELY CAUSED BY INCREASE IN TROPOPAUSE HEIGHT}}?}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + booktitle = {{{XVIII Ozone Symposium}} 1996}, + author = {Steinbrecht, W. and Claude, H. and Kohler, U. and Hoinka, K. P.}, + year = {1997}, + note = {http://www.aquila.infn.it/o3symp/abstracts/abstracts.s-t.html\#44} +} + +@article{weaver1995, + title = {Tracer {{Transport}} for Realistic Aircraft Emission Scenarios Calculated Using a Three Dimensional Model}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Weaver, C. J. and Douglass, A. R. and Rood, R. B.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {5203--5214} +} + +@article{wilson1998, + title = {Evidence for Solar-Cycle Forcing and Secular Variation in the {{Armagh Observatory}} Temperature Record (1844-1992)}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wilson, R. M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {11,159--11,171} +} + +@article{eyring2010, + title = {Sensitivity of 21st Century Stratospheric Ozone to Greenhouse Gas Scenarios}, + volume = {37}, + doi = {10.1029/2010GL044443}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {L16807}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Eyring, V. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{marshall1992, + title = {Fluid {{Dynamics}} of {{Oceanic Thermohaline Ventilation}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography}, + author = {Marshall, J. C. and Nurser, J. G.}, + year = {1992}, + keywords = {STE}, + pages = {583--595} +} + +@article{hansen2005, + title = {Efficacy of Climate Forcings}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2016-02-03T04:23:37Z}, + number = {D18}, + urldate = {2016-02-03}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Hansen, J. and Sato, M. K. I. and Ruedy, R. and Nazarenko, L. and Lacis, A. and Schmidt, G. A. and Russell, G. and Aleinov, I. and Bauer, M. and Bauer, S. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{kramer2016, + title = {A Microphysics Guide to Cirrus Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}}~1: {{Cirrus}} Types}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {A Microphysics Guide to Cirrus Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}}~1}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-3463-2016}, + abstract = {The microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds continue to be beyond understanding and thus still represent one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of the Earth's climate (IPCC, 2013). Our study aims to provide a guide to cirrus microphysics, which is compiled from an extensive set of model simulations, covering the broad range of atmospheric conditions for cirrus formation and evolution. The model results are portrayed in the same parameter space as field measurements, i.e., in the Ice Water Content-Temperature (IWC-T) parameter space. We validate this cirrus analysis approach by evaluating cirrus data sets from 17 aircraft campaigns, conducted in the last 15 years, spending about 94 h in cirrus over Europe, Australia, Brazil as well as South and North America. Altogether, the approach of this study is to track cirrus IWC development with temperature by means of model simulations, compare with observations and then assign, to a certain degree, cirrus microphysics to the observations. Indeed, the field observations show characteristics expected from the simulated Cirrus Guide. For example, high (low) IWCs are found together with high (low) ice crystal concentrations Nice. An important finding from our study is the classification of two types of cirrus with differing formation mechanisms and microphysical properties: the first cirrus type forms directly as ice (in situ origin cirrus) and splits in two subclasses, depending on the prevailing strength of the updraft: in slow updrafts these cirrus are rather thin with lower IWCs, while in fast updrafts thicker cirrus with higher IWCs can form. The second type consists predominantly of thick cirrus originating from mixed phase clouds (i.e., via freezing of liquid droplets \textendash{} liquid origin cirrus), which are completely glaciated while lifting to the cirrus formation temperature region ($<$ 235 K). In the European field campaigns, slow updraft in situ origin cirrus occur frequently in low- and high-pressure systems, while fast updraft in situ cirrus appear in conjunction with jet streams or gravity waves. Also, liquid origin cirrus mostly related to warm conveyor belts are found. In the US and tropical campaigns, thick liquid origin cirrus which are formed in large convective systems are detected more frequently.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-18T21:42:45Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-06-18}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Kr{\"a}mer, M. and Rolf, C. and Luebke, A. and Afchine, A. and Spelten, N. and Costa, A. and Meyer, J. and Z{\"o}ger, M. and Smith, J. and Herman, R. L. and Buchholz, B. and Ebert, V. and Baumgardner, D. and Borrmann, S. and Klingebiel, M. and Avallone, L.}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + pages = {3463--3483} +} + +@article{bretherton2009, + title = {A New Moist Turbulence Parameterization in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Bretherton, C. S. and Park, S.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3422--3448} +} + +@article{kay2016a, + title = {Global {{Climate Impacts}} of {{Fixing}} the {{Southern Ocean Shortwave Radiation Bias}} in the {{Community Earth System Model}} ({{CESM}})}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0358.1}, + abstract = {A large, long-standing, and pervasive climate model bias is excessive absorbed shortwave radiation (ASR) over the midlatitude oceans, especially the Southern Ocean. This study investigates both the underlying mechanisms for and climate impacts of this bias within the Community Earth System Model, version 1, with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 [CESM1(CAM5)]. Excessive Southern Ocean ASR in CESM1(CAM5) results in part because low-level clouds contain insufficient amounts of supercooled liquid. In a present-day atmosphere-only run, an observationally motivated modification to the shallow convection detrainment increases supercooled cloud liquid, brightens low-level clouds, and substantially reduces the Southern Ocean ASR bias. Tuning to maintain global energy balance enables reduction of a compensating tropical ASR bias. In the resulting preindustrial fully coupled run with a brighter Southern Ocean and dimmer tropics, the Southern Ocean cools and the tropics warm. As a result of the enhanced meridional temperature gradient, poleward heat transport increases in both hemispheres (especially the Southern Hemisphere), and the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric jet strengthens. Because northward cross-equatorial heat transport reductions occur primarily in the ocean (80\%), not the atmosphere (20\%), a proposed atmospheric teleconnection linking Southern Ocean ASR bias reduction and cooling with northward shifts in tropical precipitation has little impact. In summary, observationally motivated supercooled liquid water increases in shallow convective clouds enable large reductions in long-standing climate model shortwave radiation biases. Of relevance to both model bias reduction and climate dynamics, quantifying the influence of Southern Ocean cooling on tropical precipitation requires a model with dynamic ocean heat transport.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-18T21:07:25Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2016-07-18}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Kay, Jennifer E. and Wall, Casey and Yettella, Vineel and Medeiros, Brian and Hannay, Cecile and Caldwell, Peter and Bitz, Cecilia}, + month = apr, + year = {2016}, + pages = {4617--4636} +} + +@article{madden1994, + title = {Observations of the 40\textendash{}50-{{Day Tropical Oscillation}}\textemdash{}{{A Review}}}, + volume = {122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Madden, R. A. and Julian, P. R.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {814--837} +} + +@article{ulbrich2009, + title = {Extra-Tropical Cyclones in the Present and Future Climate: A Review}, + volume = {96}, + issn = {0177-798X, 1434-4483}, + shorttitle = {Extra-Tropical Cyclones in the Present and Future Climate}, + doi = {10.1007/s00704-008-0083-8}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:38:50Z}, + number = {1-2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology}, + author = {Ulbrich, U. and Leckebusch, G. C. and Pinto, J. G.}, + month = apr, + year = {2009}, + pages = {117--131} +} + +@book{sparc-ccmval2010, + series = {SPARC Report 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-1526}, + title = {{{SPARC Report}} on the {{Evaluation}} of {{Chemistry}}-{{Climate Models}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + publisher = {{Stratospheric Processes and Their Role In Climate, World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{SPARC-CCMVal}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@unpublished{wang1999a, + title = {Retrieval of {{Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Profiles}} from {{MOPITT}}: {{Algorithm Description}} and {{Retrieval Simulation}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {Wang, J. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + note = {conference paper} +} + +@article{thiemens1999, + title = {Mass-{{Independent}} Isotope Effects in Planetary Atmospheres and the Early Solar System}, + volume = {283}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Thiemens, M. H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {341--345} +} + +@article{pan1998a, + title = {Uncertainty Analysis of Indirect Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, W. and Tatang, M. A. and McRae, G. J. and Prinn, R. G.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3815--3823} +} + +@article{naud2002, + title = {Compairson of Cloud Top Heights Derived from {{MISR}} Stereo and {{MODIS CO2}}-Slicing}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL015460}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Naud, C. and Muller, J. P. and Clothiaux, E. E.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{elliot2002, + title = {Recent {{Changes}} in {{NWS}} Upper-Air Observations with Emphasis on Changes from {{VIS}} to {{Vaisala Radiosondes}}}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Elliot, W. P. and Ross, R. J. and Blackmore, W. H.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1003--1017} +} + +@techreport{ridal2001, + title = {Water {{Vapor Isotopes}} in the {{Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {AP-38}, + institution = {Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of Stockholm}, + author = {Ridal, M.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{berthet2007, + title = {A {{Lagrangian}} Perspective of the Tropopause and the Ventilation of the Lowermost Stratosphere}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD008295}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D18102}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Berthet, G. and Esler, J. G. and Haynes, P. H.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{cowtan2014, + title = {Coverage Bias in the {{HadCRUT4}} Temperature Series and Its Impact on Recent Temperature Trends}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.2297}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Cowtan, Kevin and Way, Robert G}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{thuburn1997, + title = {{{GCM Tests}} of {{Theories}} for the {{Height}} of the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Thuburn, J. and Craig, G. C.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {tropopause height}, + pages = {869--882} +} + +@article{brasseur1998, + title = {{{MOZART}}, a Global Chemical Transport Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers 1. {{Model}} Description}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Brasseur, G. P. and Hauglustaine, D. A. and Walters, S. and Rasch, P. J. and Muller, J.-F. and Granier, C. and Tie, X. X.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {28,265--28,289} +} + +@book{cristan1996, + title = {Lightning {{Observations}} from {{Space}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + author = {Cristan, Hugh}, + month = nov, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from NASA +Published: Seminar- UW Atms Sci} +} + +@article{block2013, + title = {Forcing and Feedback in the {{MPI}}-{{ESM}}-{{LR}} Coupled Model under Abruptly Quadrupled {{CO}}2}, + volume = {5}, + doi = {10.1002/jame.20041}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {james}, + author = {Block, K. and Mauritsen, T.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1--16} +} + +@article{liu2005, + title = {Ice {{Nucleation Parameterization}} for {{Global Models}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {499-514}, + journal = {Meteor. Z.}, + author = {Liu, X. and Penner, J. E.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{liu2009, + title = {Influence of Anthropogenic Sulfate and Black Carbon on Upper Tropospheric Clouds in the {{NCAR CAM3}} Model Coupled to the {{IMPACT}} Global Aerosol Model}, + volume = {114}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D03204}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Liu, X. and Penner, J. E. and Wang, M.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {10.1029/2008JD010492} +} + +@article{demott2007, + title = {Convective {{Precipitation Variability}} as a {{Tool}} for {{General Circulation Model Analysis}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:01:51Z}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Demott, C. A. and Randall, D. A. and Khairoutdinov, M.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {91--112} +} + +@article{bortz2006, + title = {Ozone, Water Vapor and Temperature in the Upper Tropical Troposphere: {{Variations}} over a Decade of {{MOZAIC}} Measurements}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D05305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bortz, S. E. and Prather, M. J. and Cammas, J.-P. and Thouret, V. and Smit, H.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{jiang2012, + title = {Evaluation of Cloud and Water Vapor Simulations in {{CMIP5}} Climate Models Using {{NASA {\`O}A}}-{{Train{\'O}}} Satellite Observations}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Jiang, J.H. and Su, H. and Zhai, C. and Perun, V.S. and Del Genio, A. and Nazarenko, L.S. and Donner, L.J. and Horowitz, L. and Seman, C. and Cole, J. and {others}}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D14105} +} + +@book{zhang1996, + title = {Coherence between {{SST}} and Surface Forcing in the Warm Pool}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + author = {Zhang, Chidong}, + month = jan, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW- JISAO +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{marsh2007, + title = {Atribution of Decadal Variability in Lower Level Stratospheric Tropical Ozone}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {L21807}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Marsh, D. R. and Garcia, R. R.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {10.1029/2007GL030935} +} + +@book{sparc2000, + address = {Paris}, + series = {WMO/TD-1043}, + title = {Assessment of {{Water Vapor}} in the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + publisher = {{Stratospheric Processes and Their Role In Climate, World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{SPARC}}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{allen1996, + title = {Three-Dimensional {{Radon}} 222 Calculations Using Assimilated Meteorological Data and a Convective Mixing Algorithm}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Allen, D. J. and Rood, R. B. and Thompson, A. M. and Hudson, R. D.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {GCTM 222Rn Aircraft tracer}, + pages = {6871--6881} +} + +@article{annan2006, + title = {Using Multiple Observationally-Based Constraints to Estimate Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/GL025259}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {L060704}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Annan, J. D. and Hargreaves, J. C.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{wennberg1998, + title = {Hydrogen Radicals, {{Nitrogen Radicals}} and the {{Production}} of {{O}}3 in the {{Upper Troposphere}}}, + volume = {279}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Wennberg, P. O. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {hox,NOx}, + pages = {49--53} +} + +@article{evans1998, + title = {Trends in Stratospheric Humidity and the Sensitvity of Ozone to These Trends}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Evans, S. J. and Toumi, R. and Harries, J. E. and Chipperfield, M. P. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {8715--8725} +} + +@article{hoskins1985, + title = {On the Use and Significance of Isentropic Potential Vorticity Maps}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {470}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Hoskins, B. J. and McIntyre, M. E. and Robertson, A. W.}, + year = {1985}, + keywords = {PV,theta}, + pages = {877--946} +} + +@article{posselt2008, + title = {Introduction of Prognostic Rain in {{ECHAM5}}: Design and Single Column Model Simulations}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Introduction of Prognostic Rain in {{ECHAM5}}}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-8-2949-2008}, + abstract = {Prognostic equations for the rain mass mixing ratio and the rain drop number concentration are introduced into the large-scale cloud microphysics parameterization of the ECHAM5 general circulation model (ECHAM5-PROG). To this end, a rain flux from one level to the next with the appropriate fall speed is introduced. This maintains rain water in the atmosphere to be available for the next time step. Rain formation in ECHAM5-PROG is, therefore, less dependent on the autoconversion rate than the standard ECHAM5 but shifts the emphasis towards the accretion rates in accordance with observations. ECHAM5-PROG is tested and evaluated with Single Column Model (SCM) simulations for two cases: the marine stratocumulus study EPIC (October 2001) and the continental mid-latitude ARM Cloud IOP (shallow frontal cloud case \textendash{} March 2000). In case of heavy precipitation events, the prognostic equations for rain hardly affect the amount and timing of precipitation at the surface in different SCM simulations because heavy rain depends mainly on the large-scale forcing. In case of thin, drizzling clouds (i.e., stratocumulus), surface precipitation is sensitive to the number of sub-time steps used in the prognostic rain scheme. Cloud microphysical quantities, such as cloud liquid and rain water within the atmosphere, are sensitive to the number of sub-time steps in both considered cases. This results from the decreasing autoconversion rate and increasing accretion rate.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:52:28Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Posselt, R. and Lohmann, U.}, + month = jun, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2949--2963}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/76E4WWGW/Posselt and Lohmann - 2008 - Introduction of prognostic rain in ECHAM5 design .pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/3FE3XC24/2008.html:text/html} +} + +@article{schmetz1997, + title = {Monitoring Deep Convection and Convective Overshooting with {{METEOSAT}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Adv. Space Res.}, + author = {Schmetz, J. and Tjemkes, S. A. and Gube, M. and van de Berg, L.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {433--441} +} + +@book{broecker1998, + title = {Glacial {{CO2}} the {{Nth Hypothesis}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Broecker, W.}, + month = mar, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Oceanography}, + keywords = {paleoclimate} +} + +@article{ming2012, + title = {Nonlocal Component of Radiative Flux Perturbation: {{RADIATIVE FLUX PERTURBATION}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Nonlocal Component of Radiative Flux Perturbation}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL054050}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:57Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Ming, Yi and Ramaswamy, V.}, + month = nov, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{zarzycki2014a, + title = {Using {{Variable}}-{{Resolution Meshes}} to {{Model Tropical Cyclones}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {142}, + issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493}, + doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-13-00179.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:26Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Zarzycki, Colin M. and Jablonowski, Christiane and Taylor, Mark A.}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1221--1239} +} + +@book{mote1996, + title = {Atmospheric {{Tape Recorder}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Mote, Phil W.}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from NW Research Associates +Published: Seminar- UW-Dyno Seminar}, + keywords = {stratosphere,water vapor} +} + +@article{spaete1994, + title = {Stratospheric-{{Tropospheric Mass Exchange}} during the {{Presidents}}' {{Day Storm}}}, + volume = {122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Spaete, P. and Johnson, D. R. and Schaack, T. K.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {STE}, + pages = {424--439} +} + +@article{kuhlbrodt2007, + title = {On the Driving Processes of the {{Atlantic}} Meridional Overturning Circulation}, + volume = {45}, + issn = {1944-9208}, + doi = {10.1029/2004RG000166}, + abstract = {Because of its relevance for the global climate the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been a major research focus for many years. Yet the question of which physical mechanisms ultimately drive the AMOC, in the sense of providing its energy supply, remains a matter of controversy. Here we review both observational data and model results concerning the two main candidates: vertical mixing processes in the ocean's interior and wind-induced Ekman upwelling in the Southern Ocean. In distinction to the energy source we also discuss the role of surface heat and freshwater fluxes, which influence the volume transport of the meridional overturning circulation and shape its spatial circulation pattern without actually supplying energy to the overturning itself in steady state. We conclude that both wind-driven upwelling and vertical mixing are likely contributing to driving the observed circulation. To quantify their respective contributions, future research needs to address some open questions, which we outline.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-24T20:40:10Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-24}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Kuhlbrodt, T. and Griesel, A. and Montoya, M. and Levermann, A. and Hofmann, M. and Rahmstorf, S.}, + month = jun, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {1635 Global Change: Oceans,4279 Oceanography: General: Upwelling and convergences,4532 Oceanography: Physical: General circulation,4568 Oceanography: Physical: Turbulence; diffusion; and mixing processes,diapycnal mixing,meridional overturning circulation,thermohaline circulation,wind-driven upwelling}, + pages = {RG2001}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/SAPCX4QD/Kuhlbrodt et al. - 2007 - On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridiona.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/W2W5MGKS/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gettelman2009, + title = {The Tropical Tropopause 1960\textendash{}2100}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and {others}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1621--1637} +} + +@article{song2012, + title = {Evaluation of {{Microphysics Parameterization}} for {{Convective Clouds}} in the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Mode CAM5}}}, + volume = {25}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00563.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Song, X. and Zhang, G. J. and Li, J. L. F.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {8568--8590} +} + +@article{morrison2008, + title = {A {{Novel Approach}} for {{Representing Ice Microphysics}} in {{Models}}: {{Description}} and {{Tests Using}} a {{Kinematic Framework}}}, + volume = {65}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {A {{Novel Approach}} for {{Representing Ice Microphysics}} in {{Models}}}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JAS2491.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:36:46Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Morrison, Hugh and Grabowski, Wojciech W.}, + month = may, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1528--1548} +} + +@article{houze1979, + title = {Size Distributions of Precipitation Particles in Frontal Clouds}, + volume = {36}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Houze, R. A. and Hobbs, P. V. and Herzegh, P. H. and Parsons, D. B.}, + year = {1979}, + pages = {156--162} +} + +@article{shepherd2002, + title = {Issues in Stratosphere-Toposphere Coupling}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {769--792} +} + +@article{williamson2007, + title = {The Evolution of Dynamical Cores for Global Atmospheric Models}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Williamson, D. L.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@incollection{nakajima2009, + title = {What {{Do We Know}} about {{Large}}-Scale {{Changes}} of {{Aerosols}}, {{Clouds}}, and the {{Radiation Budget}}?}, + isbn = {978-0-262-01287-4}, + abstract = {In this chapter we examine how aerosol and cloud fields undergo perturbations by anthropogenic activities. Recent surface observations and satellite remote sensing have detected signatures of large-scale changes in the atmospheric aerosol amounts, associated changes in the cloud fraction, and microphysical structures on a global scale. Models can simulate these signatures fairly well, but problems still remain. Fields of anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AOD) from several atmospheric models have been found to be consistent with the spatial pattern obtained from satellite data. Further studies are needed to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic aerosols and to interpret observed temporal and regional trends in aerosol parameters. The strength of the cloud-aerosol interaction can be characterized by the regression of AOD or aerosol indes (AI) on cloud droplet number (Nc). From recent studies, the corresponding slops dlog(Nc)/dlog(A) vary between 0.19 and 0.7. Further work is needed to see whether such variability is the result of methodological problems or differences in cloud environments for which the studies have established the cloud-aerosol relation.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-12T15:57:43Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-12}, + publisher = {{MIT Press}}, + author = {Nakajima, Teruyuki and Schulz, Michael}, + year = {2009}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/XQS97H3A/Nakajima and Schulz - 2009 - What Do We Know about Large-scale Changes of Aeros.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/Z2BMFMEJ/51919.html:text/html} +} + +@book{mourand1995, + title = {Slantwise {{Convection}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Mourand, P.}, + month = apr, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW, Applied Physics +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Arctic Boundary Layer,Slantwise Convection} +} + +@article{charlson1987, + title = {Oceanic Phytoplankton, Atmospheric Sulphur, Cloud Albedo and Climate}, + volume = {326}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:54:41Z}, + number = {6114}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Charlson, Robert J. and Lovelock, James E. and Andreae, Meinrat O. and Warren, Stephen G. and {others}}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {655--661} +} + +@article{alley2000, + title = {Ice-Core Evidence of Abrupt Climate Changes}, + volume = {97}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.97.4.1331}, + abstract = {Ice-core records show that climate changes in the past have been large, rapid, and synchronous over broad areas extending into low latitudes, with less variability over historical times. These ice-core records come from high mountain glaciers and the polar regions, including small ice caps and the large ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-23T18:19:10Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-05-23}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Alley, Richard B.}, + month = feb, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1331--1334}, + pmid = {10677460} +} + +@article{santer2003, + title = {Contributions of {{Anthropogenic}} and {{Natural Forcing}} to {{Recent Tropopause Height Changes}}}, + volume = {301}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1084123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Santer, B. D. and Wehner, M. F. and Wigley, T. M. L. and Sausen, R. and Meehl, G. A. and Taylor, K. E. and Ammann, C. and Arblaster, J. and Washington, W. M. and Boyle, J. S. and Br{\"u}ggemann, W.}, + month = jul, + year = {2003}, + pages = {479--483} +} + +@article{folkins1999, + title = {A Barrier to Vertical Mixing at 14 Km in the Tropics: {{Evidence}} from Ozonesondes and Aircraft Measurements}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. and Oltmans, S. J. and Proffitt, M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {22,095--22,102} +} + +@article{hohenegger2009, + title = {The {{Soil Moisture}}\textendash{}{{Precipitation Feedback}} in {{Simulations}} with {{Explicit}} and {{Parameterized Convection}}}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI2604.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:32Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Hohenegger, Cathy and Brockhaus, Peter and Bretherton, Christopher S. and Sch{\"a}r, Christoph}, + month = oct, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5003--5020} +} + +@article{robinson1987, + title = {The Formation and Movement in the Stratosphere of Very Dry Air}, + volume = {113}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Robinson, G. D. and Atticks-Schoen, M. G.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {653--679} +} + +@article{minnis1990, + title = {The 27\textendash{}28 {{October}} 1986 {{FIRE IFO Cirrus Case Study}}: {{Cirrus Parameter Relationships Derived}} from {{Satellite}} and {{Lidar Data}}}, + volume = {118}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Minnis, P. and Young, D. F. and Sassen, K. and Alvarez, J. M. and Grund, C. J.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {2402--2425} +} + +@article{gordley1996, + title = {Validation of {{Nitric Oxide}} and {{Nitrogen Dioxide Measurements Made}} by {{HALOE}} for the {{UARS Platform}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {JGR (submitted)}, + author = {amd others Gordley, L. L.}, + year = {1996} +} + +@article{schmidt2010a, + title = {The Impact of Socio-Economics and Climate Change on Tropical Cyclone Losses in the {{USA}}}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1436-3798, 1436-378X}, + doi = {10.1007/s10113-008-0082-4}, + abstract = {Tropical cyclones that make landfall on the coast of the USA are causing increasing economic losses. It is assumed that the increase in losses is largely due to socio-economic developments, i.e. growing wealth and greater settlement of exposed areas. However, it is also thought that the rise in losses is caused by increasing frequency of severe cyclones resulting from climate change, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The object of this paper is to investigate how sensitive the losses are to socio-economic changes and climate changes and how these factors have evolved over the last 50 years. We will then draw conclusions about the part the factors concerned play in the observed increase in losses. For analysis purposes, storm loss is depicted as a function of the value of material assets affected by the storm (the capital stock) and storm intensity. The findings show the increase in losses due to socio-economic changes to have been approximately three times greater than that due to climate-induced changes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-16T17:51:21Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-05-16}, + journal = {Reg Environ Change}, + author = {Schmidt, Silvio and Kemfert, Claudia and H{\"o}ppe, Peter}, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Climate Change,Geography (general),Geology,Nature Conservation,Oceanography,Regional/Spatial Science,Socio-economic impact,Storm damage function,tropical cyclones}, + pages = {13--26} +} + +@article{garrett2004, + title = {Convective Generation of Cirrus near the Tropopause}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004952}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Garrett, T. J. and Heymsfield, A. J. and McGill, M. J. and Ridley, B. A. and Baumgardner, D. G. and Bui, T. P. and Webster, C. R.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{kohler1997, + title = {Contributions of {{Aircraft Emissions}} to the {{Atmospheric NO}}\$\_x\$ {{Content}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {K{\"o}hler, I. and Sausen, R. and Reinberger, R.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1801--1818} +} + +@article{brunner1998, + title = {Large-{{Scale Nitrogen Oxide Plumes}} in the {{Tropopause Region}} and {{Implications}} for {{Ozone}}}, + volume = {282}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Brunner, D. and Staehelin, J. and Jeker, D.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1305--1309} +} + +@article{leroy1997, + title = {Measurement of Geopotential Heights by {{GPS}} Radio Occultation}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Leroy, S.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {6971--6986} +} + +@article{stevens2013, + title = {A Parameterization of Sub-Grid Particle Formation in Sulfur-Rich Plumes for Global- and Regional-Scale Models}, + volume = {13}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-12117-2013}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Stevens, R. G. and Pierce, J. R.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {12117--12133} +} + +@article{dessler1995, + title = {Mechanisms Controling Water Vapor in the Lower stratosphere: "{{A}} Tale of Two Stratospheres"}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Hintsa, E. J. and Weinstock, E. M. and Anderson, J. G. and Chan, K. R.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {23,167--23,172} +} + +@article{steinwagner2007, + title = {{{HDO Measurements}} with {{MIPAS}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Steinwagner, J. and Milz, M. and {vonClarmann}, T. and Glatthor, N. and Grabowski, U. and Hopfner, M. and Stiller, G. P. and Rockmann, T.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {2601--2615} +} + +@article{webster1998, + title = {Monsoons: {{Processes}}, Predictability and the Prospects for Prediction}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {C7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Webster, P. J. and Magana, V. O. and Palmer, T. N. and Shukla, J. and Thomas, R. A. and Yanai, M. and Yasunari, T.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {14,451--14,510} +} + +@book{warren1999, + title = {Noctilucent {{Clouds}} in the Wrong Season}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {Warren, S}, + month = jan, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Dyno Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{stephens2010a, + title = {Are Climate-Related Changes to the Character of Global-Mean Precipitation Predictable?}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1748-9326}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025209}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:48Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, + author = {Stephens, Graeme L and Hu, Yongxiang}, + month = apr, + year = {2010}, + pages = {025209} +} + +@article{jensen2015, + title = {The {{NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment}} ({{ATTREX}}): {{High}}-{{Altitude Aircraft Measurements}} in the {{Tropical Western Pacific}}}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {The {{NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment}} ({{ATTREX}})}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00263.1}, + abstract = {The February through March 2014 deployment of the NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX) provided unique in situ measurements in the western Pacific Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). Six flights were conducted from Guam with the long-range, high-altitude, unmanned Global Hawk aircraft. The ATTREX Global Hawk payload provided measurements of water vapor, meteorological conditions, cloud properties, tracer and chemical radical concentrations, and radiative fluxes. The campaign was partially coincident with the CONTRAST and CAST airborne campaigns based in Guam using lower-altitude aircraft (see companion articles in this issue). The ATTREX dataset is being used for investigations of TTL cloud, transport, dynamical, and chemical processes as well as for evaluation and improvement of global-model representations of TTL processes. The ATTREX data is openly available at https://espoarchive.nasa.gov/.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-23T22:36:47Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-23}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Jensen, Eric J. and Pfister, Leonhard and Jordan, David E. and Bui, Thaopaul V. and Ueyama, Rei and Singh, Hanwant B. and Thornberry, Troy and Rollins, Andrew W. and Gao, Ru-Shan and Fahey, David W. and Rosenlof, Karen H. and Elkins, James W. and Diskin, Glenn S. and DiGangi, Joshua P. and Lawson, R. Paul and Woods, Sarah and Atlas, Elliot L. and Navarro Rodriguez, Maria A. and Wofsy, Steven C. and Pittman, Jasna and Bardeen, Charles G. and Toon, Owen B. and Kindel, Bruce C. and Newman, Paul A. and McGill, Matthew J. and Hlavka, Dennis L. and Lait, Leslie R. and Schoeberl, Mark R. and Bergman, John W. and Selkirk, Henry B. and Alexander, M. Joan and Kim, Ji-Eun and Lim, Boon H. and Stutz, Jochen and Pfeilsticker, Klaus}, + month = dec, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{chang1996, + title = {Interannual to {{Decadal Variability}} in the Tropical {{Atlantic}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + author = {Chang, P.}, + month = may, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from Texas A\&M +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{levyii1985, + title = {Tropospheric {{Ozone}}: {{The Role}} of {{Transport}}}, + volume = {90}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Levy II, H. and Mahlman, J. D. and Moxim, W. J.}, + year = {1985}, + pages = {3753--3772} +} + +@book{dorman, + title = {Supercritical {{Boundary Layer}} Flow, {{Monterry}}/{{Pt Sur}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Dorman, C.}, + year = {7 Nov 97}, + note = {Published: UW atms sci colloquium +speaker from SDSU/scripps} +} + +@article{miake-lye1993, + title = {Plume and {{Wake Dynamics}}, {{Mixing}}, and {{Chemistry Behind}} a {{High Speed Civil Transport}}}, + volume = {30}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Journal of Aircraft}, + author = {Miake-Lye, R. C. and Martinez-Sanchez, M. and Brown, R. C. and Kolb, C. E.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {467--479} +} + +@article{dai2011, + title = {Characteristics and Trends in Various Forms of the {{Palmer Drought Severity Index}} during 1900\textendash{}2008}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015541}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:45Z}, + number = {D12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Dai, Aiguo}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{ross2001, + title = {Radiosonde-Based Northern Hemisphere Tropospheric Water Vapor Trends}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Ross, R. J. and Elliott, W. P.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1602--1612} +} + +@article{rotstayn1997, + title = {A Physically Based Scheme for the Treatment of Stratiform Clouds and Precipitation in Large-Scale Models. {{I}}: {{Description}} and Evaluation of the Microphysical Processes}, + volume = {123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {541}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Rotstayn, L. D.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1227--1282} +} + +@article{voigt2011, + title = {Extinction and Optical Depth of Contrails: {{CONTRAIL EXTINCTION AND OPTICAL DEPTH}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Extinction and Optical Depth of Contrails}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL047189}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:15Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Voigt, C. and Schumann, U. and Jessberger, P. and Jurkat, T. and Petzold, A. and Gayet, J.-F. and Kr{\"a}mer, M. and Thornberry, T. and Fahey, D. W.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{khairoutdinov2001, + title = {A Cloud Resolving Model as a Cloud Parameterization in the {{NCAR Community Climate System Model}}: {{Preliminary}} Results}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {A Cloud Resolving Model as a Cloud Parameterization in the {{NCAR Community Climate System Model}}}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL013552}, + abstract = {Preliminary results of a short climate simulation with a 2-D cloud resolving model (CRM) installed into each grid column of an NCAR Community Climate System Model (CCSM) are presented. The CRM replaces the conventional convective and stratiform cloud parameterizations, and allows for explicit computation of the global cloud fraction distribution for radiation computations. The extreme computational cost of the combined CCSM/CRM model has thus far limited us to a two-month long climate simulation (December-January) using 2.8$^\circ$ \texttimes{} 2.8$^\circ$ resolution. The simulated geographical distributions of the total rainfall, precipitable water, cloud cover, and Earth radiation budget, for the month of January, look very reasonable.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-13T23:30:22Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2016-09-13}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Khairoutdinov, Marat F. and Randall, David A.}, + month = sep, + year = {2001}, + keywords = {3314 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Convective processes,3319 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation,3337 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation}, + pages = {3617--3620} +} + +@article{raible2012, + title = {Atlantic Hurricanes and Associate Insurance Loss Potentials in Future Climate Scenarios: Limitations of High-Resolution {{AGCM}} Simulations}, + volume = {64}, + doi = {10.3402/tellusa.64i0.15672}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {15672}, + journal = {Tellus A}, + author = {Raible, C. C. and Kleppek, S. and W{\"u}est, M. and Bresch, D. N. and Kitoh, A. and Murakami, H. and Stocker, T. F.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@book{tanimoto1995, + title = {Relationship between {{SST}} and Air-Sea Interaction on {{Interannual}} / {{Interdecadal}} Timescales}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + author = {Tanimoto, Y.}, + month = oct, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from JISAO postdoc +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{weaver1996, + title = {A 5-Year Simulation of Supersonic Aircraft Emission Transport Using a Three-Dimensional Model}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Weaver, C. J. and Douglass, A. R. and Considine, D. B.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {ctm,GEOS-1,transport}, + pages = {20,975--20,984} +} + +@article{guo2015a, + title = {{{CLUBB}} as a Unified Cloud Parameterization: {{Opportunities}} and Challenges}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {{{CLUBB}} as a Unified Cloud Parameterization}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL063672}, + abstract = {CLUBB (Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals) is a higher-order closure (HOC) method with an assumed joint probability density function (PDF) for the subgrid variations in vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture. CLUBB has been implemented in the atmospheric component (AM3) of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model AM3-CLUBB and successfully unifies the treatment of shallow convection, resolved clouds, and planetary boundary layer (PBL). In this study, we further explore the possibility for CLUBB to unify the deep convection in a new configuration referred as AM3-CLUBB+. AM3-CLUBB+ simulations with prescribed sea surface temperature are discussed. Cloud, radiation, and precipitation fields compare favorably with observations and reanalyses. AM3-CLUBB+ successfully captures the transition from stratocumulus to deep convection and the modulated response of liquid water path to aerosols. Simulations of tropical variability and the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) are also improved. Deficiencies include excessive tropical water vapor and insufficient ice clouds in the midlatitudes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-29T19:49:21Z}, + urldate = {2015-06-29}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Guo, H. and Golaz, J.-C. and Donner, L. J. and Wyman, B. and Zhao, M. and Ginoux, P.}, + month = may, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3337 Global climate models,3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization,CLUBB,unified parameterization}, + pages = {2015GL063672} +} + +@book{schneider1998, + title = {Integrated {{Assessment}} of {{Climate Impacts}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Schneider, S.}, + month = may, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW seminar} +} + +@book{hartmannc, + title = {Description of the {{EOS}} Project {{NASA Mission}} to {{Planet Earth}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis}, + year = {19 October}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {EOS Funding Politics} +} + +@article{pinsky2016, + title = {Theoretical Investigation of Mixing in Warm Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}} 2: {{Homogeneous}} Mixing}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Theoretical Investigation of Mixing in Warm Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}} 2}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016}, + abstract = {Evolution of monodisperse and polydisperse droplet size distributions (DSD) during homogeneous mixing is analyzed. Time-dependent universal analytical expressions for supersaturation and liquid water content are derived. For an initial monodisperse DSD, these quantities are shown to depend on a sole non-dimensional parameter. The evolution of moments and moment-related functions in the course of homogeneous evaporation of polydisperse DSD is analyzed using a parcel model.It is shown that the classic conceptual scheme, according to which homogeneous mixing leads to a decrease in droplet mass at constant droplet concentration, is valid only in cases of monodisperse or initially very narrow polydisperse DSD. In cases of wide polydisperse DSD, mixing and successive evaporation lead to a decrease of both mass and concentration, so the characteristic droplet sizes remain nearly constant. As this feature is typically associated with inhomogeneous mixing, we conclude that in cases of an initially wide DSD at cloud top, homogeneous mixing is nearly indistinguishable from inhomogeneous mixing.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-31T20:57:58Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2016-07-31}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Pinsky, M. and Khain, A. and Korolev, A. and Magaritz-Ronen, L.}, + month = jul, + year = {2016}, + pages = {9255--9272} +} + +@article{deboer2014, + title = {Near-Surface Meteorology during the {{Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study}} ({{ASCOS}}): Evaluation of Reanalyses and Global Climate Models}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Near-Surface Meteorology during the {{Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study}} ({{ASCOS}})}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-427-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:54Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {{de Boer}, G. and Shupe, M. D. and Caldwell, P. M. and Bauer, S. E. and Persson, O. and Boyle, J. S. and Kelley, M. and Klein, S. A. and Tjernstr{\"o}m, M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {427--445} +} + +@article{peters1996, + title = {Influence of {{Barotropic Shear}} on the {{Poleward Advection}} of {{Upper}}-{{Tropospheric Air}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Peters, D. and Waugh, D. W.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {contour advection}, + pages = {3013--3031} +} + +@article{beekmann1997, + title = {Regional and {{Global Tropopause Fold Occurance}} and {{Related Ozone Flux Across}} the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry}, + author = {Beekmann, M. and Ancellet, G. and Blonsky, S. and DeMuer, D. and Ebel, A. and Elbern, H. and Hendricks, J. and Kowol, J. and Mancier, C. and Sladkovic, R. and Smit, H. G. J. and Speth, P. and Trickl, T. and Haver, P. Van}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {29--44} +} + +@article{hayes2011, + title = {Is the Northern High-Latitude Land-Based {{CO}} {\textsubscript{2}} Sink Weakening?: {{THE HIGH}}-{{LATITUDE CO}} {\textsubscript{2}} {{SINK}}}, + volume = {25}, + issn = {08866236}, + shorttitle = {Is the Northern High-Latitude Land-Based {{CO}} {\textsubscript{2}} Sink Weakening?}, + doi = {10.1029/2010GB003813}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:26Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles}, + author = {Hayes, D. J. and McGuire, A. D. and Kicklighter, D. W. and Gurney, K. R. and Burnside, T. J. and Melillo, J. M.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{murray2010, + title = {Heterogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles on Glassy Aerosols under Cirrus Conditions}, + volume = {3}, + doi = {10.1038/NGEO817}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {Nature Geosci.}, + author = {Murray, B. J. and Wilson, T. W. and Dobbie, S. and Cui, Z. and Al-Jumur, S. M. R. K. and M{\"o}hler, O. and Schnaiter, M. and Wagner, R. and Benz, S. and Niemand, M. and Saathoff, H. and Ebert, V. and Wagner, S. and K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {233--237} +} + +@article{birner2002, + title = {How Sharp Is the Tropopause at Midlatitudes?}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {1029/2002GL015142}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Birner, T. and Dornbrack, A. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{weatherhead1998, + title = {Factors Affecting the Detection of Trends: {{Statistical}} Considerations and Applications to Environmental Data}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Weatherhead, E. C. and Reinsel, G. C. and Tiao, G. C. and Meng, X.-L. and Choi, D. and Cheang, W.-K. and Keller, T. and DeLuisi, J. and Weubbles, D. J. and Kerr, J. B. and Miller, A. J. and Oltmans, S. J. and Frederick, J. E.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {17,149--17,161} +} + +@article{gillett2002, + title = {The Role of Stratospheric Resolution in Simulation the {{Arctic Oscillation}} Response to Greenhouse Gases}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL014444}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gillett, N. P. and Allen, M. R. and Williams, K. D.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{pielkejr1999, + title = {La Nina, El Nino and Atlantic Hurricane Damages in the United States}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-11-23T23:09:51Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-11-23}, + journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, + author = {Pielke Jr, Roger A. and Landsea, Christopher N.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2027--2033}, + file = {[PDF] from colorado.edu:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/CBJIE6PF/Pielke Jr and Landsea - 1999 - La nina, el nino and atlantic hurricane damages in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/38S7FH3P/1520-0477(1999)0802027LNAENO2.0.html:text/html} +} + +@article{korolev2007, + title = {Limitations of the {{Wegener}}\textendash{}{{Bergeron}}\textendash{}{{Findeisen Mechanism}} in the {{Evolution}} of {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Clouds}}}, + volume = {64}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS4035.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:00:05Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Korolev, Alexei}, + month = sep, + year = {2007}, + pages = {3372--3375} +} + +@article{bretherton2010, + title = {Southeast {{Pacific}} Stratocumulus Clouds, Precipitation and Boundary Layer Structure Sampled along {{20S}} during {{VOCALS}}-{{REx}}}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-10639-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Bretherton, C. S. and Wood, R. and George, R. C. and Leon, D. and Allen, G. and Zheng, X.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {10639--10654} +} + +@article{lamarque2008, + title = {Simulated Lower Stratospheric Trends between 1970 and 2005: {{Identifying}} the Role of Climate and Composition Changes}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009277}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D12301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lamarque, J. F. and Kinnison, D. E. and Hess, P. G. and Vitt, F. M.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{lamarque2011, + title = {Global and Regional Evolution of Short-Lived Radiatively-Active Gases and Aerosols in the {{Representative Concentration Pathways}}}, + volume = {109}, + timestamp = {2016-05-14T04:17:22Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Lamarque, J.F. and Kyle, G.P. and Meinshausen, M. and Riahi, K. and Smith, S.J. and {van Vuuren}, D.P. and Conley, A.J. and Vitt, F.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {191--212} +} + +@article{hallengatte2012, + title = {The Rising Costs of Hurricanes}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {Nature Climate Change}, + author = {Hallengatte, S.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {148--149} +} + +@article{cornford1973, + title = {Some Measurements of Cumulonimbus Tops in the Pre-Monsoon Season in North-East {{India}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Met. Mag.}, + author = {Cornford, S. G. and Spavins, S.}, + year = {1973}, + pages = {314--332} +} + +@article{folkins2001, + title = {Regulation of {{Tropical Deep Convection}} by {{SST}} and {{Wind Speed}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Folkins, I.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@book{chen, + title = {Predictability of {{ENSO}}: {{Optimal Error Growth}} and {{Forecast Skill}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + author = {Chen, Y. Q.}, + year = {25 Nov 96}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW- PhD defense} +} + +@article{liou1988, + title = {A Simple Formulation of the Delta-Four-Stream Approximation for Radiative Transfer Parameterizations}, + volume = {45}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Liou, K.N. and Fu, Q. and Ackerman, T. P.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {1940--1947} +} + +@article{bodas-salcedo2011, + title = {{{COSP}}: Satellite Simulation Software for Model Assessment}, + volume = {92}, + doi = {10.1175/2011BAMS2856.1}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:17:20Z}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Bodas-Salcedo, A. and Webb, M. J. and Bony, S. and Chepfer, H. and Dufresne, J.-L. and Klein, S. A. and Zhang, Y. and Marchand, R. and Haynes, J. M. and Pincus, R. and John, V. O.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1023--1043} +} + +@article{mcfarlane1999, + title = {Albedo Bias and the Horizontal Variability of Clouds in Subtropical Marine Boundary Layers: {{Observations}} from Ships and Satellite}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {McFarlane, R. Pincus S. A. and Klein, S. A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {6138--6191} +} + +@article{spichtinger2003, + title = {The Global Distribution of Ice-Supersaturated Regions as Seen by the {{Microwave Limb Sounder}}}, + volume = {129}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. and Read, W.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {3391--3410} +} + +@article{gabriel1999, + title = {The {{Tropopause}} in a {{2D Circulation Model}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Gabriel, A. and Schmitz, G. and Gepr{\"a}gs, R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {4059--4068} +} + +@article{son2009, + title = {The Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Recovery on Tropopause Height Trends}, + volume = {22}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI12215.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Son, S. W. and Polvani, L. M. and Waugh, D. W. and Birner, T. and Akiyoshi, and H. and Garcia, R. R. and Gettelman, A. and Plummer, D. A. and Rozanov, E.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {429--445} +} + +@article{randel2003, + title = {Thermal Variability of the Tropical Tropopause Region Derived from {{GPS}}/{{MET}} Observations}, + volume = {108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Rios, W. R.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {ACL 7}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002595} +} + +@article{brewer1946, + title = {Condensation {{Trails}}}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {Weather}, + author = {Brewer, A. W.}, + year = {1946}, + pages = {34--40} +} + +@article{williams2009, + title = {A Quantitative Performance Assessment of Cloud Regimes in Climate Models}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-008-0443-1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Williams, K. D. and Webb, M. J.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {141--157} +} + +@article{dessler2006, + title = {Tropopause-Level Thin Cirrus Coverage Revealed by {{ICESat}}/{{Geoscience Laser Altimeter System}}}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006586}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Palm, S. P. and Hart, W. D. and Spinhirne, J. D.}, + month = apr, + year = {2006}, + pages = {D08203} +} + +@article{krinner1998, + title = {{{GCM}} Simulations of the {{Last Glacial Maximum}} Surface Climate of {{Greenland}} and {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Krinner, G. and Genthon, C.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {741--758} +} + +@article{fujiwara2003a, + title = {Performance of the {{Meteolabor}} ``{{Snow White}}'' Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer in the Tropical Troposphere: {{Comparisons}} with the {{Vaisala RS80 A}}/{{H}}-{{Humidicap}} Sensors}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Shiotani, M. and Hasebe, F. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J. and Ruppert, P. W. and Horinouchi, T. and Tsuda, T.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1534--1542} +} + +@article{wang2000a, + title = {Influences of {{ENSO SST}} Anomalies and Winter Storm Tracs on the Interannual Variability of Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor over the Northern Hemisphere Extratropics}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Wang, H. and Fu, R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {59--73} +} + +@article{wang2013, + title = {Sensitivity of Remote Aerosol Distributions to Representation of Cloud\textendash{}aerosol Interactions in a Global Climate Model}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-6-765-2013}, + abstract = {Many global aerosol and climate models, including the widely used Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), have large biases in predicting aerosols in remote regions such as the upper troposphere and high latitudes. In this study, we conduct CAM5 sensitivity simulations to understand the role of key processes associated with aerosol transformation and wet removal affecting the vertical and horizontal long-range transport of aerosols to the remote regions. Improvements are made to processes that are currently not well represented in CAM5, which are guided by surface and aircraft measurements together with results from a multi-scale aerosol\textendash{}climate model that explicitly represents convection and aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions at cloud-resolving scales. We pay particular attention to black carbon (BC) due to its importance in the Earth system and the availability of measurements. + We introduce into CAM5 a new unified scheme for convective transport and aerosol wet removal with explicit aerosol activation above convective cloud base. This new implementation reduces the excessive BC aloft to better simulate observed BC profiles that show decreasing mixing ratios in the mid- to upper-troposphere. After implementing this new unified convective scheme, we examine wet removal of submicron aerosols that occurs primarily through cloud processes. The wet removal depends strongly on the subgrid-scale liquid cloud fraction and the rate of conversion of liquid water to precipitation. These processes lead to very strong wet removal of BC and other aerosols over mid- to high latitudes during winter months. With our improvements, the Arctic BC burden has a 10-fold (5-fold) increase in the winter (summer) months, resulting in a much-better simulation of the BC seasonal cycle as well. Arctic sulphate and other aerosol species also increase but to a lesser extent. An explicit treatment of BC aging with slower aging assumptions produces an additional 30-fold (5-fold) increase in the Arctic winter (summer) BC burden. This BC aging treatment, however, has minimal effect on other underpredicted species. Interestingly, our modifications to CAM5 that aim at improving prediction of high-latitude and upper-tropospheric aerosols also produce much-better aerosol optical depth (AOD) over various other regions globally when compared to multi-year AERONET retrievals. The improved aerosol distributions have impacts on other aspects of CAM5, improving the simulation of global mean liquid water path and cloud forcing.}, + timestamp = {2015-09-22T15:30:51Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-09-22}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Wang, H. and Easter, R. C. and Rasch, P. J. and Wang, M. and Liu, X. and Ghan, S. J. and Qian, Y. and Yoon, J.-H. and Ma, P.-L. and Vinoj, V.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {765--782}, + file = {Geosci. Model Dev. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/85DNNM2Z/Wang et al. - 2013 - Sensitivity of remote aerosol distributions to rep.pdf:application/pdf;Geosci. Model Dev. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/7EXGVQK9/2013.html:text/html} +} + +@article{lohmann1997, + title = {Impact of Sulfate Asrosols on Albedo and Lifetime of Clouds: {{A}} Sensitivity Study with the {{ECHAM4 GCM}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {13,685--13,700} +} + +@article{martin2006, + title = {The Physical Properties of the Atmosphere in the New {{Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model}} ({{HadGEM1}}). {{Part I}}: {{Model Description}} and {{Global Climatology}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Martin, G. M. and Ringer, M. A. and Pope, V. D. and Jones, A. and Dearden, C. and Hinton, T. J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1274--1301} +} + +@article{dellink2015, + title = {Long-Term Economic Growth Projections in the {{Shared Socioeconomic Pathways}}}, + issn = {0959-3780}, + doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004}, + abstract = {Long-term economic scenarios (up to 2100) are needed as a basis to explore possible different futures for major environmental challenges, including climate change. Given the high level of uncertainty involved, such scenarios would need to span a wide range of possible growth trajectories. The recently developed storylines of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) provide a basis for making such projections. This paper describes a consistent methodology to derive (per capita) GDP trend pathways on a country basis. The methodology is based on a convergence process and places emphasis on the key drivers of economic growth in the long run: population, total factor productivity, physical capital, employment and human capital, and energy and fossil fuel resources (specifically oil and gas). The paper uses this methodology to derive country-level economic growth projections for 184 countries. The paper also investigates the influence of short-term growth rate estimates on the long-term income levels in various countries. It does so by comparing long-term projections based on short-term forecasts from 2011 with the projections based on forecasts from 2013. This highlights the effects of the recent economic crisis and uncertainty in short term developments on longer term growth trends. The projections are subject to large uncertainties, particularly for the later decades, and disregard a wide range of country-specific drivers of economic growth that are outside the narrow economic framework, such as external shocks, governance barriers and feedbacks from environmental damage. Hence, they should be interpreted with sufficient care and not be treated as predictions.}, + timestamp = {2016-12-01T23:36:17Z}, + urldate = {2016-12-01}, + journal = {Global Environmental Change}, + author = {Dellink, Rob and Chateau, Jean and Lanzi, Elisa and Magn{\'e}, Bertrand}, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Baselines,Climate Change,Convergence,Economic growth}, + file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4S82FUQ6/Dellink et al. - Long-term economic growth projections in the Share.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/TTGERVH8/S0959378015000837.html:text/html} +} + +@article{minschwaner1993, + title = {Absorption of {{Solar Radiation}} by {{O2}}: {{Implications}} for {{O3}} and {{Lifetimes}} of {{N2O}}, {{CFCl3}} and {{CF2Cl2}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Minschwaner, K.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {CFC11,CFC-12,nitrous oxide,ozone}, + pages = {10,543--10,561} +} + +@article{sheffield2012, + title = {Little Change in Global Drought over the Past 60 Years}, + volume = {491}, + issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687}, + doi = {10.1038/nature11575}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:09Z}, + number = {7424}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Sheffield, Justin and Wood, Eric F. and Roderick, Michael L.}, + month = nov, + year = {2012}, + pages = {435--438} +} + +@article{knutti2013, + title = {Climate Model Genealogy: {{Generation CMIP5}} and How We Got There}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50256,\%00202013}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Knutti, R. and Masson, D. and Gettelman, A.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1194--1199} +} + +@article{staley1962, + title = {On the {{Mechanism}} of {{Mass}} and {{Radioactivity Transport}} from {{Stratosphere}} to {{Troposphere}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Staley, D. O.}, + year = {1962}, + pages = {450--467} +} + +@article{iwasaki2012, + title = {Mixtures of Stratospheric and Overshooting Air Measured Using {{A}}-{{Train}} Sensors}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Iwasaki, S. and Shibata, T. and Okamoto, H. and Ishimoto, H. and Kubota, H.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D12207} +} + +@article{vonstorch1997, + title = {Climate {{Research}}: {{The Case}} for the {{Social Sciences}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Ambio}, + author = {{von Storch}, H. and Stehr, N.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {66--71} +} + +@article{salby1987, + title = {Transient {{Response}} to {{Localized Episodic Heating}} in the {{Tropics}}. {{Part I}}: {{Excitation}} and {{Short}}\textendash{}{{Time Near}}\textendash{}{{Field Behavior}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Salby, M. L. and Garcia, R. R.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {458--498} +} + +@article{aumann2003, + title = {{{AIRS}}/{{AMSU}}/{{HSB}} on the {{Aqua Mission}}: {{Design}}, {{Science Objectives}}, {{Data Products}}, and {{Processing Systems}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Aumann, H. H. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {253--264} +} + +@article{schoeberl2003, + title = {A Comparison of the Lower Stratospheric Age Spectra Derived from a General Circulation Model and Two Data Assimilation Systems}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002652}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R. and Douglass, A. R. and Zhu, Z. and Pawson, S.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{garrett2003, + title = {Small, Highly Reflective Ice Crystals in Low-Latitude Cirrus}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL018153}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Garrett, T. J. and Gerber, H. and Baumgardner, D. G. and Twohy, C. H. and Weinstock, E. M.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{seidel2007, + title = {Recent {{Widening}} of the {{Tropical Belt}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Tropopause Observations}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008861}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D20113}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Seidel, D. J. and Randel, W. J.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{collins2006, + title = {The {{Formulation}} and {{Atmospheric Simulation}} of the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}: {{CAM3}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Collins, W. D. and Rasch, P. J. and Boville, B. A. and Hack, J. J. and McCaa, J. R. and Williamson, D. L. and Briegleb, B. P. and Bitz, C. M. and Lin, S.-J. and Zhang, and M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2122--2161} +} + +@article{tsuda1994, + title = {Radiosonde Observations of Equatorial Atmosphere Dynamics over {{Indonesia}}: 1. {{Equatorial}} Waves and Diurnal Tides}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tsuda, T. and Murayama, Y. and Wiryosumarto, H. and Harijono, S. W. B. and Kato, S.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {10,491--10,505} +} + +@article{rahmstorf2002, + title = {Ocean Circulation and Climate during the Past 120,000 Years}, + volume = {419}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2002 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + doi = {10.1038/nature01090}, + abstract = {Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our blue planet. The waters move in a global circulation system, driven by subtle density differences and transporting huge amounts of heat. Ocean circulation is thus an active and highly nonlinear player in the global climate game. Increasingly clear evidence implicates ocean circulation in abrupt and dramatic climate shifts, such as sudden temperature changes in Greenland on the order of 5\textendash{}10 $^\circ$C and massive surges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean \textemdash{} events that have occurred repeatedly during the last glacial cycle.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-24T20:39:51Z}, + number = {6903}, + urldate = {2015-04-24}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Rahmstorf, Stefan}, + month = sep, + year = {2002}, + pages = {207--214}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/E6J32G3R/Rahmstorf - 2002 - Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/JIKK63SE/nature01090.html:text/html} +} + +@article{deboer2013, + title = {Evaluation of Aerosol-Cloud Interaction in the {{GISS ModelE}} Using {{ARM}} Observations: {{MODELE AEROSOL}}-{{CLOUD INTERACTIONS}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Evaluation of Aerosol-Cloud Interaction in the {{GISS ModelE}} Using {{ARM}} Observations}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50460}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:51Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {{de Boer}, G. and Bauer, S. E. and Toto, T. and Menon, Surabi and Vogelmann, A. M.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {6383--6395} +} + +@article{menon2010, + title = {Black Carbon Aerosols and the Third Polar Ice Cap}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-4559-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Menon, S. and Koch, D. and Beig, G. and Sahu, S. and Fasullo, J. and Orlikowski, D.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {4559--4571} +} + +@article{mann1998, + title = {Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the Past Six Centuries}, + volume = {392}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Mann, M. E. and Bradley, R. S. and Hughes, M. K.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {779--787} +} + +@book{hartmann1994, + address = {San Diego, Calif.}, + series = {Int. Geophysics Ser., vol 56}, + title = {Global {{Physical Climatology}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + publisher = {{Academic}}, + author = {Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {1994} +} + +@article{lim2016, + title = {Evaluation of Long-Term Surface-Retrieved Cloud Droplet Number Concentration with in Situ Aircraft Observations}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024082}, + abstract = {A new operational retrieval of cloud droplet number concentration (ND) at cloud base has been produced from surface remote sensors at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site for 13\,years from January 1998 to January 2011. The retrieval is based on surface radiometer measurements of cloud optical depth from the multifilter rotating shadow band radiometer and liquid water path from the microwave radiometer (MWR). It is only applicable for single-layered overcast warm (stratus or stratocumulus) clouds. Evaluation with in situ aircraft measurements during the extended-term aircraft field campaign, Routine ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO), shows that the retrieved ND robustly reproduces the primary mode of the in situ measured probability density function (PDF) but produces too wide a distribution, primarily caused by frequent high cloud droplet number concentration. Our analysis shows that the error in the MWR retrievals at low liquid water paths is one possible reason for this deficiency. Modification through the diagnosed liquid water path from the coordinate solution improves not only the PDF of the retrieved ND but also the relationship between the cloud droplet number concentration and cloud droplet effective radius. Consideration of entrainment effects rather than assuming an adiabatic cloud improves the values of the ND retrieval by reducing the magnitude of cloud droplet number concentration. Aircraft measurements and retrieval comparisons suggest that retrieving the vertical distribution of cloud droplet number concentration and effective radius is feasible with an improvement of the parameter representing the mixing effects between environment and clouds and with a better understanding of the effect of mixing degree on cloud properties.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T15:19:41Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Lim, Kyo-Sun Sunny and Riihimaki, Laura and Comstock, Jennifer M. and Schmid, Beat and Sivaraman, Chitra and Shi, Yan and McFarquhar, Greg M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3359 Radiative processes,3360 Remote sensing,3394 Instruments and techniques,ARM SGP,cloud droplet effective radius,cloud droplet number concentration,microwave radiometer,multifilter rotating shadow band radiometer,RACORO field campaign}, + pages = {2015JD024082} +} + +@article{gettelman2002a, + title = {Transport of Water Vapor in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL013818}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Massie, S. T.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{platnick1994, + title = {Determining the Susceptibility of Cloud Albedo to Changes in Droplet Concentration with the {{Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer}}}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {J. Applied Met.}, + author = {Platnick, S and Twomey, S}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {334--347} +} + +@article{omar2001, + title = {Observations by the {{Lidar In}}-{{Space Technology Experiment}} ({{LITE}}) of High-Altitude Cirrus Clouds over the Equator in Regions Exhibiting Extremely Cold Temperatures}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Omar, A. H. and Gardner, C. S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1227--1236} +} + +@article{kiehl2004, + title = {On Using Global Climate Model Simulations to Assess the Accuracy of {{MSU}} Retrieval Methods for Tropospheric Warming Trends}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {submitted to GRL}, + author = {Kiehl, J. T. and Caron, J. M. and Hack, J. J.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{winker1998, + title = {Laminar Cirrus Observed near the Tropical Tropopause by {{LITE}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Winker, D. M. and Trepte, C. R.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3351--3354} +} + +@article{painemal2012, + title = {On the Dependence of Albedo on Cloud Microphysics over Marine Stratocumulus Clouds Regimes Determined from {{Clouds}} and the {{Earth}}'s {{Radiant Energy System}} ({{CERES}}) Data}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD017120}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:30Z}, + number = {D6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Painemal, David and Minnis, Patrick}, + month = mar, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{lammerzahl2002, + title = {Oxygen Isotope Composition of Stratospheric Carbon Dioxide}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL014343}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lammerzahl, P. and Rockmann, T. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and Krankowsky, D. and Mauersberger, K.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{dessler1999b, + title = {Determination of the Amount of Water Vapor Entering the Stratosphere Based on {{Halogen Occultation Experiment}} ({{HALOE}}) Data}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Kim, H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {30,605--30,607} +} + +@article{ridgway1991, + title = {Computation of {{Atmospheric Cooling Rates}} by {{Exact}} and {{Approximate Methods}}}, + volume = {96}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ridgway, W. L. and {Harshvardhan} and Arking, A.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {8969--8984} +} + +@article{hipskind1987, + title = {Correlations between Ozone and Carbon Monoxide in the Lower Stratosphere, Folded Tropopause, and Maritime Troposphere}, + volume = {92}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hipskind, R. S. and Gregory, G. L. and Sachse, G. W. and Hill, G. F. and Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {2121--2130} +} + +@book{tung1994, + title = {Obervational {{Analyses}} of the {{QBO Phenomenon}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + author = {Tung, K. K.}, + month = nov, + year = {1994}, + note = {Speaker from UW- Applied Math +Published: Seminar- UW- Atmospheric Sciences}, + keywords = {Data Analysis,Dynamics,QBO} +} + +@article{waliser1997, + title = {Removing Satellite Equatorial Crossing Time Biases from the {{OLR}} and {{HRC}} Data Sets}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Waliser, D. E. and Zhou, W.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2125--2146} +} + +@article{tuck1997, + title = {The {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson}} Circulation in Light of High Altitude in Situ Aircraft Measurements}, + volume = {123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Tuck, A. and Baumgardner, D. and Chan, K. R. and Dye, J. E. and Elkins, J. W. and Hovde, S. J. and Kelly, K. K. and Loewenstein, M. and Margitan, J. J. and May, R. D. and Podolske, J. R. and Proffitt, M. H. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Smith, W. L. and Webster, C. R. and Wilson, J. C.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1--69} +} + +@book{harrisona, + title = {Atmmospheric Modelling of a {{Superfund Site Incinerator}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Harrison, H.}, + year = {23 Jan 98}, + note = {Published: UW coplloquium +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{laforte1989, + title = {A Numerical Investigation of the Organization and Interaction of the Convective and Stratiform Regions of Tropical Squall Lines}, + volume = {46}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Laforte, J.-F. and Moncrieff, M. W.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {521--544} +} + +@article{kummerow1998, + title = {The {{Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission}} ({{TRMM}}) {{Sensor Package}}}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {0739-0572}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0809:TTRMMT>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {This note is intended to serve primarily as a reference guide to users wishing to make use of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data. It covers each of the three primary rainfall instruments: the passive microwave radiometer, the precipitation radar, and the Visible and Infrared Radiometer System on board the spacecraft. Radiometric characteristics, scanning geometry, calibration procedures, and data products are described for each of these three sensors.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-27T03:09:50Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-05-27}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.}, + author = {Kummerow, Christian and Barnes, William and Kozu, Toshiaki and Shiue, James and Simpson, Joanne}, + month = jun, + year = {1998}, + pages = {809--817} +} + +@article{vuuren2011, + title = {The Representative Concentration Pathways: An Overview}, + volume = {109}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + shorttitle = {The Representative Concentration Pathways}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z}, + abstract = {This paper summarizes the development process and main characteristics of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), a set of four new pathways developed for the climate modeling community as a basis for long-term and near-term modeling experiments. The four RCPs together span the range of year 2100 radiative forcing values found in the open literature, i.e. from 2.6 to 8.5 W/m2. The RCPs are the product of an innovative collaboration between integrated assessment modelers, climate modelers, terrestrial ecosystem modelers and emission inventory experts. The resulting product forms a comprehensive data set with high spatial and sectoral resolutions for the period extending to 2100. Land use and emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases are reported mostly at a 0.5 \texttimes{} 0.5 degree spatial resolution, with air pollutants also provided per sector (for well-mixed gases, a coarser resolution is used). The underlying integrated assessment model outputs for land use, atmospheric emissions and concentration data were harmonized across models and scenarios to ensure consistency with historical observations while preserving individual scenario trends. For most variables, the RCPs cover a wide range of the existing literature. The RCPs are supplemented with extensions (Extended Concentration Pathways, ECPs), which allow climate modeling experiments through the year 2300. The RCPs are an important development in climate research and provide a potential foundation for further research and assessment, including emissions mitigation and impact analysis.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-24T18:04:55Z}, + number = {1-2}, + urldate = {2015-08-24}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {van Vuuren, Detlef P. and Edmonds, Jae and Kainuma, Mikiko and Riahi, Keywan and Thomson, Allison and Hibbard, Kathy and Hurtt, George C. and Kram, Tom and Krey, Volker and Lamarque, Jean-Francois and Masui, Toshihiko and Meinshausen, Malte and Nakicenovic, Nebojsa and Smith, Steven J. and Rose, Steven K.}, + month = aug, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {Meteorology/Climatology}, + pages = {5--31} +} + +@article{li2012, + title = {An Observationally Based Evaluation of Cloud Ice Water in {{CMIP3}} and {{CMIP5 GCMs}} and Contemporary Reanalyses Using Contemporary Satellite Data}, + volume = {117}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD017640}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D16105}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984\textendash{}2012)}, + author = {Li, J-LF and Waliser, DE and Chen, W-T and Guan, B and Kubar, T and Stephens, G and Ma, H-Y and Deng, M and Donner, L and Seman, C and Horowitz, L.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{sun1993, + title = {Distribution of {{Tropical Tropospheric Water Vapor}}}, + volume = {50}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Sun, D. Z.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {water vapor feedback}, + pages = {1645--1660} +} + +@incollection{shepherd1997, + title = {Transport and {{Mixing}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}: A {{Review}} of {{Recent Developments}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {9}, + booktitle = {{{SPARC Newsletter}}}, + author = {Shepherd, T. G.}, + month = jul, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {STE}, + pages = {15--19} +} + +@article{williamson2007a, + title = {A Comparison of Forecast Errors in {{CAM2}} and {{CAM3}} at the {{ARM Southern Great Plains Site}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Williamson, D. L. and Olson, J. G.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4572--4585} +} + +@article{zarzycki2014b, + title = {A Multidecadal Simulation of {{Atlantic}} Tropical Cyclones Using a Variable-Resolution Global Atmospheric General Circulation Model}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {19422466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000352}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:29Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Zarzycki, Colin M. and Jablonowski, Christiane}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {805--828} +} + +@article{masson2011a, + title = {Climate Model Genealogy: {{CLIMATE MODEL GENEALOGY}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Climate Model Genealogy}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL046864}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:39Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Masson, D. and Knutti, R.}, + month = apr, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{zobrist2008, + title = {Do Atmospheric Aerosols Form Glasses?}, + volume = {8}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-8-5221-2008}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Zobrist, B. and Marcolli, C. and Pedernera, D. A. and Koop, T.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5221--5244} +} + +@book{gopalan1999, + title = {{{CLAES Retrieval Algorithm}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + author = {Gopalan, A.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP Research Report +speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{newell1996, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor and Cirrus: {{Comparison}} of {{DC}}-8 Observations, Preliminary {{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}} Measurements and Meteorological Analyses}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Newell, R. E. and Zhu, Y. and Browell, E. V. and Ismail, S. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W. and Kelly, K. K. and Liu, S. C.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1931--1941} +} + +@article{edwards2011, + title = {History of Climate Modeling}, + volume = {2}, + issn = {17577780}, + doi = {10.1002/wcc.95}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:06Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change}, + author = {Edwards, Paul N.}, + month = jan, + year = {2011}, + pages = {128--139} +} + +@article{michelsen1996, + title = {Stratospheric Ozone Loss Enhanced by Aerosol Reaction at Temperatures above {{200K}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Science (Submitted)}, + author = {Michelsen, H. A. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {NOx ClOx BrOx Vortex Chemical models} +} + +@article{mullendore2005, + title = {Cross-Tropopause Tracer Transport in Midlatitude Convection}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005059}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D06113}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mullendore, G. L. and Durran, D. R. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{brient2013, + title = {Interpretation of the Positive Low-Cloud Feedback Predicted by a Climate Model under Global Warming}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-011-1279-7}, + abstract = {The response of low-level clouds to climate change has been identified as a major contributor to the uncertainty in climate sensitivity estimates among climate models. By analyzing the behaviour of low-level clouds in a hierarchy of models (coupled ocean-atmosphere model, atmospheric general circulation model, aqua-planet model, single-column model) using the same physical parameterizations, this study proposes an interpretation of the strong positive low-cloud feedback predicted by the IPSL-CM5A climate model under climate change. In a warmer climate, the model predicts an enhanced clear-sky radiative cooling, stronger surface turbulent fluxes, a deepening and a drying of the planetary boundary layer, and a decrease of tropical low-clouds in regimes of weak subsidence. We show that the decrease of low-level clouds critically depends on the change in the vertical advection of moist static energy from the free troposphere to the boundary-layer. This change is dominated by variations in the vertical gradient of moist static energy between the surface and the free troposphere just above the boundary-layer. In a warmer climate, the thermodynamical relationship of Clausius-Clapeyron increases this vertical gradient, and then the import by large-scale subsidence of low moist static energy and dry air into the boundary layer. This results in a decrease of the low-level cloudiness and in a weakening of the radiative cooling of the boundary layer by low-level clouds. The energetic framework proposed in this study might help to interpret inter-model differences in low-cloud feedbacks under climate change.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T02:11:35Z}, + number = {9-10}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Brient, Florent and Bony, Sandrine}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {2415--2431} +} + +@article{barahona2009, + title = {Parameterizing the Competition between Homogeneous and Heterogenous Freezing in Ice Cloud Formation \textendash{} Polydisperse Ice Nuclei}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Barahona, D. and Nenes, A.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5933--5948} +} + +@article{scinocca2008, + title = {Technical {{Note}}: {{The CCCma}} Third Generation {{AGCM}} and Its Extension into the Middle Atmosphere}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Scinocca, J. F. and McFarlane, N. A. and Lazare, M. and Li, J. and Plummer, D.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {7055--7074} +} + +@article{eliasson2011, + title = {Assessing Observed and Modelled Spatial Distributions of Ice Water Path Using Satellite Data}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-375-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:09Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Eliasson, S. and Buehler, S. A. and Milz, M. and Eriksson, P. and John, V. O.}, + month = jan, + year = {2011}, + pages = {375--391} +} + +@article{witze2008, + title = {Losing {{Greenland}}}, + volume = {452}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Witze, A.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {798--802} +} + +@article{knapp2010, + title = {The {{International Best Track Archive}} for {{Climate Stewardship}} ({{IBTrACS}})}, + volume = {91}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + doi = {10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1}, + abstract = {The goal of the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) project is to collect the historical tropical cyclone best-track data from all available Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) and other agencies, combine the disparate datasets into one product, and disseminate in formats used by the tropical cyclone community. Each RSMC forecasts and monitors storms for a specific region and annually archives best-track data, which consist of information on a storm's position, intensity, and other related parameters. IBTrACS is a new dataset based on the best-track data from numerous sources. Moreover, rather than preferentially selecting one track and intensity for each storm, the mean position, the original intensities from the agencies, and summary statistics are provided. This article discusses the dataset construction, explores the tropical cyclone climatology from IBTrACS, and concludes with an analysis of uncertainty in the tropical cyclone intensity record.}, + timestamp = {2016-02-21T17:15:22Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-02-21}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Knapp, Kenneth R. and Kruk, Michael C. and Levinson, David H. and Diamond, Howard J. and Neumann, Charles J.}, + month = mar, + year = {2010}, + pages = {363--376} +} + +@article{kelly1991, + title = {Wintertime Asymmetry of Upper Tropospheric Water between the {{Northern}} and {{Southern Hemispheres}}}, + volume = {353}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Kelly, K. K. and Tuck, A. F. and Davies, T.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {244--247} +} + +@article{ge2016, + title = {Satellite-Based Global Volcanic {{SO2}} Emissions and Sulfate Direct Radiative Forcing during 2005\textendash{}2012}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023134}, + abstract = {An 8\,year volcanic SO2 emission inventory for 2005\textendash{}2012 is obtained based on satellite measurements of SO2 from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and ancillary information from the Global Volcanism Program. It includes contributions from global volcanic eruptions and from eight persistently degassing volcanoes in the tropics. It shows significant differences in the estimate of SO2 amount and injection height for medium to large volcanic eruptions as compared to the counterparts in the existing volcanic SO2 database. Emissions from Nyamuragira (DR Congo) in November 2006 and Gr{\'\i}msv{\"o}tn (Iceland) in May 2011 that were not included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5 (IPCC) inventory are included here. Using the updated emissions, the volcanic sulfate (SO42-) distribution is simulated with the global transport model Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem. The simulated time series of sulfate aerosol optical depth (AOD) above 10\,km captures every eruptive volcanic sulfate perturbation with a similar magnitude to that measured by Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). The 8\,year average contribution of eruptive SO42- to total SO42- loading above 10\,km is \textasciitilde{}10\% over most areas of the Northern Hemisphere, with a maxima of 30\% in the tropics where the anthropogenic emissions are relatively smaller. The persistently degassing volcanic SO42- in the tropics barely reaches above 10\,km, but in the lower atmosphere it is regionally dominant (60\%+ in terms of mass) over Hawaii and other oceanic areas northeast of Australia. Although the 7\,year average (2005\textendash{}2011) of eruptive volcanic sulfate forcing of -0.10\,W\,m-2 in this study is comparable to that in the 2013 IPCC report (-0.09\,W\,m-2), significant discrepancies exist for each year. Our simulations also imply that the radiative forcing per unit AOD for volcanic eruptions can vary from -40 to -80\,W\,m-2, much higher than the -25\,W\,m-2 implied in the IPCC calculations. In terms of sulfate forcing efficiency with respect to SO2 emission, eruptive volcanic sulfate is 5 times larger than anthropogenic sulfate. The sulfate forcing efficiency from degassing volcanic sources is close to that of anthropogenic sources. This study highlights the importance of characterizing both volcanic emission amount and injection altitude as well as the key role of satellite observations in maintaining accurate volcanic emissions inventories.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-11T14:58:22Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-11}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Ge, Cui and Wang, Jun and Carn, Simon and Yang, Kai and Ginoux, Paul and Krotkov, Nickolay}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0322 Constituent sources and sinks,0360 Radiation: transmission and scattering,0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry,0370 Volcanic effects,direct radiative forcing,injection height,OMI SO2,volcanic degassing,volcanic emission inventory,volcanic sulfate aerosols}, + pages = {2015JD023134} +} + +@article{hogan2000, + title = {Deriving Cloud Overlap Statistics from Radar}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Hogan, R. J. and Illingworth, A. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2903--2909} +} + +@article{loeb2001, + title = {Determination of Unflitered Radiances from the {{Clouds}} and the {{Earth}}'s {{Radiant Energy System}} ({{CERES}}) Instrument}, + volume = {40}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {J. Appl. Meteor.}, + author = {Loeb, N. G. and Priestley, K. J. and Kratz, D. P. and Green, E. B. Geier adn R. N. and Wielicki, B. A. and Hinton, P. R. and Nolan, S. K.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {822--835} +} + +@article{xie2005, + title = {Simulations of Midlatitude Frontal Clouds by Single-Column and Cloud-Resolving Models during the {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement March}} 2000 Cloud Intensive Operation Period}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {doi:10.1029/2004JD005119}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Xie, S. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{mcfarquhar2007a, + title = {Importance of Small Ice Crystals to Cirrus Properties: {{Observations}} from the {{Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment}} ({{TWP}}-{{ICE}})}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL029865}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {L13803}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {McFarquhar, G. M. and Um, J. and Freer, M. and Baumgardner, D. and Kok, G. L. and Mace, G.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{rollins2016a, + title = {Observational Constraints on the Efficiency of Dehydration Mechanisms in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL067972}, + abstract = {The efficiency of dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) determines how closely water vapor will be reduced to the lowest saturation mixing ratio encountered along a trajectory to the stratosphere, thereby strongly influencing stratospheric humidity. The NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) provided an unprecedented number and quality of in situ observations to constrain the key mechanisms controlling this dehydration. Statistical analyses of the ATTREX data show that nucleation, growth, and sedimentation each result in TTL dehydration becoming increasingly inefficient at temperatures below 200\,K. Because of these inefficiencies, models that ignore these mechanisms likely underestimate water vapor at the stratospheric entry point by \textasciitilde{}10\textendash{}20\% at the lowest temperatures.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-28T15:11:15Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-28}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Rollins, A. W. and Thornberry, T. D. and Gao, R. S. and Woods, S. and Lawson, R. P. and Bui, T. P. and Jensen, E. J. and Fahey, D. W.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,cirrus,dehydration,stratospheric water vapor,TTL}, + pages = {2016GL067972} +} + +@article{rossby1940, + title = {Planetary Flow Patterns in the Atmosphere}, + volume = {66}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {Suppl.}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Rossby, C. G.}, + year = {1940}, + pages = {68--87} +} + +@article{schoeberl2008, + title = {{{QBO}} and Annual Cycle Variations in Tropical Lower Stratosphere Trace Gases from {{HALOE}} and {{Aura MLS}} Observations}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008678}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D05301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R. and {others}}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{mcfarquhar1996, + title = {Microphysical Characteristics of Three Anvils Sampled during the {{Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {McFarquhar, G. M. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2401--2423} +} + +@article{shapiro1980, + title = {Turbulent {{Mixing}} within {{Tropopause Folds}} as a {{Mechanism}} for the {{Exchange}} of {{Chemical Constituents}} between the {{Stratosphere}} and the {{Troposphere}}.}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Shapiro, M. A.}, + year = {1980}, + keywords = {tropopause folds}, + pages = {994--1004} +} + +@article{gierens2000a, + title = {Ice-Supersaturated Regions and Subvisible Cirrus in the Northern Midlatitude Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gierens, K. and Schumann, U. and Helten, M. and Smit, H. and Wang, P.- H.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {22,743--22,754} +} + +@article{small2011, + title = {Relationship between Aerosol and Cloud Fraction over {{Australia}}: {{AEROSOL EFFECTS ON CLOUD FRACTION}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Relationship between Aerosol and Cloud Fraction over {{Australia}}}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL049404}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:30Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Small, Jennifer D. and Jiang, Jonathan H. and Su, Hui and Zhai, Chengxing}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{nakajima2001, + title = {A Possible Correlation between Satellite-Derived Cloud and Aerosol Microphysical Parameters}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Nakajima, T. and Higurashi, A. and Kawamoto, K. and Penner, J. E.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1171--1174} +} + +@article{molod2015, + title = {Development of the {{GEOS}}-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model: Evolution from {{MERRA}} to {{MERRA2}}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + shorttitle = {Development of the {{GEOS}}-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-8-1339-2015}, + abstract = {The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications-2 (MERRA2) version of the Goddard Earth Observing System-5 (GEOS-5) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is currently in use in the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at a wide range of resolutions for a variety of applications. Details of the changes in parameterizations subsequent to the version in the original MERRA reanalysis are presented here. Results of a series of atmosphere-only sensitivity studies are shown to demonstrate changes in simulated climate associated with specific changes in physical parameterizations, and the impact of the newly implemented resolution-aware behavior on simulations at different resolutions is demonstrated. The GEOS-5 AGCM presented here is the model used as part of the GMAO MERRA2 reanalysis, global mesoscale simulations at 10 km resolution through 1.5 km resolution, the real-time numerical weather prediction system, and for atmosphere-only, coupled ocean-atmosphere and coupled atmosphere-chemistry simulations. The seasonal mean climate of the MERRA2 version of the GEOS-5 AGCM represents a substantial improvement over the simulated climate of the MERRA version at all resolutions and for all applications. Fundamental improvements in simulated climate are associated with the increased re-evaporation of frozen precipitation and cloud condensate, resulting in a wetter atmosphere. Improvements in simulated climate are also shown to be attributable to changes in the background gravity wave drag, and to upgrades in the relationship between the ocean surface stress and the ocean roughness. The series of resolution-aware parameters related to the moist physics was shown to result in improvements at higher resolutions and result in AGCM simulations that exhibit seamless behavior across different resolutions and applications.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:50:52Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Molod, A. and Takacs, L. and Suarez, M. and Bacmeister, J.}, + month = may, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1339--1356} +} + +@article{broeke1997, + title = {Spatial and Temporal Variation of Sublimation on {{Antarctica}}: {{Results}} of a High-Resolution General Circulation Model}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {D25}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {van den Broeke, M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {29,765--29,777} +} + +@article{webb2001, + title = {Combining {{ERBE}} and {{ISCCP}} Data to Assess Clouds in the {{Hadley Centre}}, {{ECMWF}} and {{LMD}} Atmospheric Climate Models}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Webb, M. and Senior, C. and Bony, S. and Morcrette, J.-J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {905--922} +} + +@book{jensen1995, + title = {Sub-Visible {{Cirrus Clouds}} near the Tropical Tropopause}, + abstract = {Discussion of formation mechanism and properties of cirrus clouds above the tropical tropause\textendash{} theory, simple model and data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + author = {Jensen, E. J.}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from NASA Ames +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {stratospheric clouds,subvisible clouds,tropics,water vapor} +} + +@article{wilcox2015, + title = {Quantifying Sources of Inter-Model Diversity in the Cloud Albedo Effect}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL063301}, + abstract = {There is a large diversity in simulated aerosol forcing among models that participated in the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, particularly related to aerosol interactions with clouds. Here we use the reported model data and fitted aerosol-cloud relations to separate the main sources of inter-model diversity in the magnitude of the cloud albedo effect. There is a large diversity in the global load and spatial distribution of sulfate aerosol, as well as in global mean cloud top effective radius. The use of different parameterizations of aerosol-cloud interactions makes the largest contribution to diversity in modeled radiative forcing (-39\%, +48\% about the mean estimate). Uncertainty in preindustrial sulfate load also makes a substantial contribution (-15\%, +61\% about the mean estimate), with smaller contributions from inter-model differences in the historical change in sulfate load and in mean cloud fraction.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T15:32:01Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Wilcox, L. J. and Highwood, E. J. and Booth, B. B. B. and Carslaw, K. S.}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0319 Cloud optics,1626 Global climate models,3305 Climate change and variability,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3320 Idealized model,aerosol,Cloud albedo,Indirect effect,uncertainty}, + pages = {2015GL063301} +} + +@article{chiou1996, + title = {Proposed Reference Model for Middle Atmosphere Water Vapor}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {9/10}, + journal = {Advances in Space Research}, + author = {Chiou, E. W. and Remsberg, E. E. and Rodgers, C. D. and Munro, R. and Bevilacqua, R. M. and McCormick, M. P. and Russell, J. M., III}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {59--89} +} + +@book{larson, + title = {Radiator {{Fins}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {Larson, K}, + year = {1 december}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{liou1986, + title = {Influence of {{Cirrus Clouds}} on {{Weather}} and {{Climate Processes}}: {{A Global Perspective}}}, + volume = {114}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Liou, K. N.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {1167--1199} +} + +@article{miloshevich2001, + title = {Characterization and {{Correction}} of {{Relative Humidity Measurements}} from {{Vaisala RS80}}-{{A Radiosondes}} at {{Cold Temperatures}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {J. Atms. and Ocean Tech.}, + author = {Miloshevich, L. M. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Paukkunen, A. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Oltmans, S. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {135--156} +} + +@article{hyland1983, + title = {Formuations for the Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Phases}, + volume = {89}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, + author = {Hyland, R. W. and Wexler, A.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {500--519} +} + +@article{bell2007, + title = {Latitudinal Variations in {{Birner}}'s Extratropical Transition Layer}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Bell, S. W. and Geller, M. A.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{liu2011a, + title = {Testing Cloud Microphysics Parameterizations in {{NCAR CAM5}} with {{ISDAC}} and {{M}}-{{PACE}} Observations}, + volume = {116}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {null}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Liu, X. and Xie, S. and Boyle, J. and Klein, S.A. and Shi, X. and Wang, Z. and Lin, W. and Ghan, S.J. and Earle, M. and Liu, P.S.K. and {others}}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {D00T11} +} + +@article{gregory2007, + title = {Variability in the Teleconnection between the {{El Nino}}-{{Southern Oscillation}} and {{West Antarctic}} Climate}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Climate}, + author = {Gregory, S. and Noone, D.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{kalnay1996, + title = {The {{NCEP}}/{{NCAR}} 40-Year Reanalysis Project}, + volume = {77}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Kalnay, E. and Kanamitsu, M. and Kistler, R. and Collins, W. and Deaven, D. and Gandin, L. and Iredell, M. and Saha, S. and White, C. and Woollen, J. and Zhu, Y. and Chelliah, M. and Ebisuzaki, W. and Higgins, W. and Janowiak, J. and Mo, K. C. and Ropelewski, C. and Wang, J. and Leetmaa, A. and Reynolds, R. and Jenne, P. and Joseph, D.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {437--471} +} + +@book{yulaeva1997, + title = {Upwelling in Region of {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yulaeva, E.}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{torrance1998, + title = {A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis}, + volume = {79}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Torrance, C. and Compo, G. P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {61--78} +} + +@article{lebo2014, + title = {On the Relationship between Responses in Cloud Water and Precipitation to Changes in Aerosol}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-11817-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:36Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Lebo, Z. J. and Feingold, G.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {11817--11831} +} + +@article{hyson1983, + title = {Stratospheric Water Vapour over {{Australia}}}, + volume = {109}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Hyson, P.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {285--294} +} + +@article{kulmala1997, + title = {Clouds without Supersaturation}, + volume = {388}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Kulmala, M. and Laaksonen, A. and Charlson, R. J. and Korhonen, P.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {kohler theory}, + pages = {336--337} +} + +@article{hsu2005, + title = {Diagnosing the Stratosphere-to-Troposphere Flux of Ozone in a Chemistry Transport Model}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006045}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D19305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hsu, J. and Prather, M. J. and Wild, O.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{heymsfield1998, + title = {Cloud Properties Leading to Highly Reflective Tropical Cirrus: {{Interpretations}} from {{CEPEX}}, {{TOGA COARE}}, and {{Kwajalein}}, {{Marshall Islands}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and McFarquhar, G. M. and Collins, W. D. and Goldstein, J. A. and Valero, F. P. J. and Spinhirne, J. and Hart, W. and Pilewskie, P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {8805--8812} +} + +@article{fueglistaler2004, + title = {Tropical {{Troposphere}}-to-{{Stratosphere Transport Inferred}} from {{Trajectory Calculations}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004069}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D03108}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fueglistaler, S. and Wernli, H. and Peter, T.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{fung1994, + title = {Atmospheric {{Dust}} and {{Climate}}}, + abstract = {Model results of atmospheric dust presented and radiative effects estimated}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Fung, Inez}, + month = nov, + year = {1994}, + note = {Speaker from Univ Victoria / Lamont Doherty +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{tenhoeve2015, + title = {Aerosol Effects on Cloud Cover as Evidenced by Ground-Based and Space-Based Observations at Five Rural Sites in the {{United States}}}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL066873}, + abstract = {Previous studies of the second aerosol indirect (lifetime) effect on cloud cover have estimated the strength of the effect without correcting for near-cloud contamination and other confounding factors. Here we combine satellite-based observations with a multiyear ground-based data set across five rural locations in the United States to more accurately constrain the second indirect aerosol effect and quantify aerosol effects on radiative forcing. Results show that near-cloud contamination accounts for approximately 40\% of the satellite-derived aerosol-cloud relationship. When contamination is removed and the effect of meteorological covariation is minimized, a strong physical aerosol effect on cloud cover remains. Averaged over all stations and after correcting for contamination, the daytime solar and total (solar\,+\,IR) radiative forcing is -52\,W/m2 and -19\,W/m2, respectively, due to both direct and indirect aerosol effects for aerosol optical depths ($\tau$) between 0 and 0.3. Averaged diurnally, the average total radiative forcing is +16\,W/m2.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-01-25T15:25:11Z}, + urldate = {2016-01-25}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Ten Hoeve, John E. and Augustine, John A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3311 Clouds and aerosols,3360 Remote sensing,Aerosols,Clouds,indirect effects,MODIS,Radiative forcing,SURFRAD}, + pages = {2015GL066873} +} + +@article{coppin2015, + title = {Physical Mechanisms Controlling the Initiation of Convective Self-Aggregation in a {{General Circulation Model}}}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000571}, + abstract = {Cloud-resolving models have shown that under certain conditions, the Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE) could become unstable and lead to the spontaneous organization of the atmosphere into dry and wet areas, and the aggregation of convection. In this study, we show that this ``self-aggregation'' behavior also occurs in nonrotating RCE simulations performed with the IPSL-CM5A-LR General Circulation Model (GCM), and that it exhibits a strong dependence on sea surface temperature (SST). We investigate the physical mechanisms that control the initiation of self-aggregation in this model, and their dependence on temperature. At low SSTs, the onset of self-aggregation is primarily controlled by the coupling between low-cloud radiative effects and shallow circulations and the formation of ``radiatively driven cold pools'' in areas devoid of deep convection, while at high SSTs it is primarily controlled by the coupling between surface fluxes and circulation within convective areas. At intermediate temperatures, the occurrence of self-aggregation is less spontaneous and depends on initial conditions, but it can arise through a combination of both mechanisms. Through their coupling to circulation and surface fluxes, the radiative effects of low-level clouds play a critical role in both initiation mechanisms, and the sensitivity of boundary layer clouds to surface temperature explains to a large extent the temperature dependence of convective self-aggregation. At any SST, the presence of cloud-radiative effects in the free troposphere is necessary to the initiation, growth, and maintenance of convective aggregation.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-01-04T16:30:32Z}, + urldate = {2016-01-04}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Coppin, David and Bony, Sandrine}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3314 Convective processes,3320 Idealized model,3337 Global climate models,cloud-circulation coupling,convection,low-cloud feedback,Radiative-Convective Equilibrium,self-aggregation,WISHE feedback}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{kamae2016, + title = {Lower Tropospheric Mixing as a Constraint on Cloud Feedback in a {{Multi}}-{{Parameter Multi}}-{{Physics Ensemble}}}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0042.1}, + abstract = {Factors and possible constraints to extremely large spread of effective climate sensitivity (ECS) ranging about 2.1\textendash{}10.4 K are examined by using a large-member ensemble of quadrupling CO2 experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The ensemble, called Multi-Parameter Multi-Physics Ensemble (MPMPE), consists of both parametric and structural uncertainties in parameterizations of cloud, cumulus convection and turbulence based on two different versions of AGCM. Sum of low- and middle-cloud shortwave feedback explains most part of the ECS spread among the MPMPE members. Among half of perturbed physics ensembles (PPEs) in the MPMPE, variation in lower-tropospheric mixing intensity (LTMI) corresponds well with the ECS variation, while does not apply to the remainders. In the latter PPEs, large spread in optically-thick middle-cloud feedback over the equatorial ocean substantially affects the ECS, disrupts the LTMI\textendash{}ECS relationship. Although observed LTMI can constrain uncertainty in the low-cloud feedback, total uncertainty of the ECS among the MPMPE cannot solely be explained by the LTMI, suggesting a limitation of single emergent constraint for the ECS.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-27T03:15:37Z}, + urldate = {2016-07-27}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Kamae, Youichi and Shiogama, Hideo and Watanabe, Masahiro and Ogura, Tomoo and Yokohata, Tokuta and Kimoto, Masahide}, + month = jun, + year = {2016} +} + +@article{folkins2008, + title = {A {{Low}}-{{Level Circulation}} in the {{Tropics}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Fueglistaler, S. and Lesins, G. and Mitovski, T.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{bender2012, + title = {Changes in Extratropical Storm Track Cloudiness 1983\textendash{}2008: Observational Support for a Poleward Shift}, + volume = {38}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-011-1065-6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Bender, F. A.-M. and Ramanathan, V. and Tselioudis, G.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2037--2053} +} + +@article{ceppi2016, + title = {Observational Evidence for a Negative Shortwave Cloud Feedback in Middle to High Latitudes}, + volume = {43}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL067499}, + abstract = {Exploiting the observed robust relationships between temperature and optical depth in extratropical clouds, we calculate the shortwave cloud feedback from historical data, by regressing observed and modeled cloud property histograms onto local temperature in middle to high southern latitudes. In this region, all CMIP5 models and observational data sets predict a negative cloud feedback, mainly driven by optical thickening. Between 45$^\circ$ and 60$^\circ$S, the mean observed shortwave feedback (-0.91 $\pm$ 0.82~W~m-2~K-1, relative to local rather than global mean warming) is very close to the multimodel mean feedback in RCP8.5 (-0.98~W~m-2~K-1), despite differences in the meridional structure. In models, historical temperature-cloud property relationships reliably predict the forced RCP8.5 response. Because simple theory predicts this optical thickening with warming, and cloud amount changes are relatively small, we conclude that the shortwave cloud feedback is very likely negative in the real world at middle to high latitudes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:20:04Z}, + number = {2015GL067499}, + urldate = {2016-02-21}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Ceppi, Paulo and McCoy, Daniel T. and Hartmann, Dennis L.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3337 Global climate models,3360 Remote sensing,climate,Climate Change,Climate feedbacks,Clouds} +} + +@article{fueglistaler2005, + title = {Control of Interannual and Longer-Term Variability of Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006019}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D08107}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fueglistaler, S. and Haynes, P. H.}, + month = dec, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{lohmann2007, + title = {Cloud Microphysics and Aerosol Indirect Effects in the Global Climate Model {{ECHAM5}}-{{HAM}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Stier, P. and Hoose, C. and Ferrachat, S. and Roeckner, E. and Zhang, J.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {3245--3446} +} + +@article{walden2006, + title = {Radiometric Validation of the {{Atmospheric Infrared Sounder}} ({{AIRS}}) over the {{Antarctic Plateau}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Walden, V. P. and Roth, W. L. and Stone, R. S. and Halter, B.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{trenberth1994, + title = {Decadal Ocean-Atmospheric Variations in the {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Trenberth, K. and Hurrell, J. W.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {303--319} +} + +@article{satoh1994, + title = {Hadley {{Circulations}} in {{Radiative}}-{{Convective Equilibrium}} in an {{Axially Symmetric Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Satoh, M.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {1947--1968} +} + +@article{helton1999, + title = {In-Flight Comparison of {{MOZAIC}} and {{POLINAT}} Water Vapor Measurements}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Helton, M. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {20,087--20,096} +} + +@article{rauscher2012, + title = {Exploring a {{Global Multiresolution Modeling Approach Using Aquaplanet Simulations}}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00154.1}, + abstract = {Results from aquaplanet experiments performed using the Model for Prediction across Scales (MPAS) hydrostatic dynamical core implemented within the Department of Energy (DOE)\textendash{}NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) are presented. MPAS is an unstructured-grid approach to climate system modeling that supports both quasi-uniform and variable-resolution meshing of the sphere based on conforming grids. Using quasi-uniform simulations at resolutions of 30, 60, 120, and 240 km, the authors evaluate the performance of CAM-MPAS via its kinetic energy spectra, general circulation, and precipitation characteristics. By analyzing an additional variable-resolution simulation with grid spacing that varies from 30 km in a spherical, continental-sized equatorial region to 240 km elsewhere, the CAM-MPAS's potential for use as a regional climate simulation tool is explored.Similar to other quasi-uniform aquaplanet simulations, tropical precipitation increases with resolution, indicating the resolution sensitivity of the physical parameterizations. Comparison with the finite volume (FV) dynamical core suggests a weaker tropical circulation in the CAM-MPAS simulations, which is evident in reduced tropical precipitation and a weaker Hadley circulation. In the variable-resolution simulation, the kinetic energy spectrum within the high-resolution region closely resembles the quasi-uniform 30-km simulation, indicating a robust simulation of the fluid dynamics. As suggested by the quasi-uniform simulations, the CAM4 physics behave differently in the high and low resolution regions. A positive precipitation anomaly occurs on the western edge of the high-resolution region, exciting a Gill-type response; this zonal asymmetry represents the errors incurred in a variable resolution setting. When paired with a multiresolution mesh, the aquaplanet test case offers an exceptional opportunity to examine the response of physical parameterizations to grid resolution.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-18T05:10:40Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2016-11-18}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Rauscher, Sara A. and Ringler, Todd D. and Skamarock, William C. and Mirin, Arthur A.}, + month = sep, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2432--2452} +} + +@techreport{leonard1992, + type = {COMP-93905}, + title = {Positivity-Preserving Numerical Schemes for Multidimensional Advection}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {106055}, + institution = {NASA Technical Memorandum}, + author = {Leonard, B. P. and MacVean, M. K. and Lock, A. P.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{delanoe2010, + title = {Combined {{CloudSat}}-{{CALIPSO}}-{{MODIS}} Retrievals of the Properties of Ice Clouds}, + volume = {115}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012346}, + abstract = {In this paper, data from spaceborne radar, lidar and infrared radiometers on the ``A-Train'' of satellites are combined in a variational algorithm to retrieve ice cloud properties. The method allows a seamless retrieval between regions where both radar and lidar are sensitive to the regions where one detects the cloud. We first implement a cloud phase identification method, including identification of supercooled water layers using the lidar signal and temperature to discriminate ice from liquid. We also include rigorous calculation of errors assigned in the variational scheme. We estimate the impact of the microphysical assumptions on the algorithm when radiances are not assimilated by evaluating the impact of the change in the area-diameter and the density-diameter relationships in the retrieval of cloud properties. We show that changes to these assumptions affect the radar-only and lidar-only retrieval more than the radar-lidar retrieval, although the lidar-only extinction retrieval is only weakly affected. We also show that making use of the molecular lidar signal beyond the cloud as a constraint on optical depth, when ice clouds are sufficiently thin to allow the lidar signal to penetrate them entirely, improves the retrieved extinction. When infrared radiances are available, they provide an extra constraint and allow the extinction-to-backscatter ratio to vary linearly with height instead of being constant, which improves the vertical distribution of retrieved cloud properties.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-01T13:47:38Z}, + number = {D4}, + urldate = {2016-03-01}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Delano{\"e}, Julien and Hogan, Robin J.}, + month = feb, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {0319 Cloud optics,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,0394 Instruments and techniques,ice clouds,radar-lidar radiometers,synergy}, + pages = {D00H29} +} + +@article{hoell1999, + title = {Pacific {{Exploratory Mission}} in the {{Pacific}}: {{PEM}}-{{Tropics A}}, {{August}}-{{September}} 1996}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hoell, J. M. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {5567--5583} +} + +@article{sun2001, + title = {Vertical Correlations of Water Vapor in {{GCMs}}}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sun, D. Z. and Covey, C. and Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {259--262} +} + +@article{pincus2005, + title = {The Accuracy of Determining Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Effects in Cumulus Clouds Using Ground-Based Profiling Instruments}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Pincus, R. and Hannay, C. and Evans, K. F.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2284--2293} +} + +@article{karcher1997, + title = {Heterogenous Chemistry in Aircraft Wakes: {{Constraints}} for Uptake Coefficients}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {contrails}, + pages = {19,119--19,135} +} + +@article{lahoz2007, + title = {The {{COST}} 723 {{Action}}}, + volume = {133}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Lahoz, W. A. and Buehler, S. A. and Legras, B.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {99--108} +} + +@article{shepherd2007, + title = {Transport in the {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {85B}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {165--191} +} + +@article{emanuel1994, + title = {On Large-Scale Circulations in Convecting Atmospheres}, + volume = {120}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Emanuel, K. A. and Neelin, J. D. and Bertherton, C. S.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {1111--1143} +} + +@article{hitchman2004, + title = {A Modeling Study of an {{East Asian}} Convective Complex during {{March}} 2001}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004312}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D15S14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hitchman, M. H. and Buker, M. L. and Tripoli, G. J. and Pierce, R. B. and Al-Saadi, J. A. and Browell, E. V. and Avery, M. A.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{jones1998, + title = {Effects of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Zonally Averaged Transport of Tracers}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jones, D. B. A. and Schneider, H. R. and McElroy, M. B.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {11,235--11,249} +} + +@phdthesis{allen1996a, + title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Transport}} and {{Convection}} on the {{Global Atmospheric Distribution}} of {{Trace Species}} as {{Determined}} by a {{Chemistry}} and {{Transport Model}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + school = {University of Maryland}, + author = {Allen, D. J.}, + year = {1996} +} + +@article{hong2008, + title = {Parameterization of {{Shortwave}} and {{Longwave Radiative Properties}} of {{Ice}} Clouds for {{Use}} in {{Climate Models}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {submitted to ACP?}, + author = {Hong, G. and Yang, P. and Baum, B. A. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Xu, K.-M.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{gauss2003, + title = {Radiative Forcing in the 21st Century due to Ozone Changes in the Tropopshere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002624}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gauss, M. and {others}}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{ganguly2012, + title = {Climate Response of the {{South Asian}} Monsoon System to Anthropogenic Aerosols}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ganguly, D. and Rasch, P.J. and Wang, H. and Yoon, J.H.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D13209} +} + +@article{thompson1999, + title = {{{SHADOZ}} ({{Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes}}): {{A}} New Data Set for the {{Earth Science Community}},}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Earth Observer}, + author = {Thompson, A. M. and Witte, J. C.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {27--30} +} + +@article{dessler2008a, + title = {Water-Vapor Climate Feedback Inferred from Climate Fluctuations 2003\textendash{}2008}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL035333}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {L20704}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Zhang, Z. and Yang, P.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{taylor2001, + title = {Summarizing Multiple Aspects of Model Performance in a Single Diagram}, + volume = {106}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + doi = {10.1029/2000JD900719}, + abstract = {A diagram has been devised that can provide a concise statistical summary of how well patterns match each other in terms of their correlation, their root-mean-square difference, and the ratio of their variances. Although the form of this diagram is general, it is especially useful in evaluating complex models, such as those used to study geophysical phenomena. Examples are given showing that the diagram can be used to summarize the relative merits of a collection of different models or to track changes in performance of a model as it is modified. Methods are suggested for indicating on these diagrams the statistical significance of apparent differences and the degree to which observational uncertainty and unforced internal variability limit the expected agreement between model-simulated and observed behaviors. The geometric relationship between the statistics plotted on the diagram also provides some guidance for devising skill scores that appropriately weight among the various measures of pattern correspondence.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-07T09:59:38Z}, + number = {D7}, + urldate = {2016-07-07}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Taylor, Karl E.}, + month = apr, + year = {2001}, + keywords = {3367 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Theoretical modeling,3394 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Instruments and techniques,9820 Techniques applicable in three or more fields}, + pages = {7183--7192} +} + +@article{dai1999, + title = {Observed and Model-Simulated Diurnal Cycles of Precipitation over the Contiguous {{United States}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dai, A. and Giorgi, F. and Trenberth, K. E.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {6377--6402} +} + +@article{pawson1999a, + title = {A Comparison of Reanalyses in the Tropical Stratosphere, {{Part}} 3, {{Inclusion}} of the Pre-Satellite Data Era}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Pawson, S. and Fiorino, M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {241--250} +} + +@article{kuhn2014, + title = {Climate Impacts of Changing Aerosol Emissions since 1996}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL060349}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:18Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {K{\"u}hn, T. and Partanen, A.-I. and Laakso, A. and Lu, Z. and Bergman, T. and Mikkonen, S. and Kokkola, H. and Korhonen, H. and R{\"a}is{\"a}nen, P. and Streets, D. G. and Romakkaniemi, S. and Laaksonen, A.}, + month = jul, + year = {2014}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{scinocca2004, + title = {The {{Variability}} of {{Modeled Tropical Precipitation}}}, + volume = {61}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Scinocca, J. F. and McFarlane, N. A.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1993--2015} +} + +@article{salawitch2005, + title = {Sensitivity of Ozone to Bromine in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL021504}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Salawitch, R. J. and Weisenstein, D. K. and Kovalenko, L. J. and Sioris, C. E. and Wennberg, P. O. and Chance, K. and Ko, M. K. W. and McLinden, C. A.}, + month = mar, + year = {2005}, + pages = {5811--+} +} + +@article{carn2015, + title = {Extending the Long-Term Record of Volcanic {{SO2}} Emissions with the {{Ozone Mapping}} and {{Profiler Suite}} Nadir Mapper}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL062437}, + abstract = {Uninterrupted, global space-based monitoring of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions is critical for climate modeling and aviation hazard mitigation. We report the first volcanic SO2 measurements using ultraviolet (UV) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) nadir mapper data. OMPS was launched on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite in October 2011. We demonstrate the sensitivity of OMPS SO2 measurements by quantifying SO2 emissions from the modest eruption of Paluweh volcano (Indonesia) in February 2013 and tracking the dispersion of the volcanic SO2 cloud. The OMPS SO2 retrievals are validated using Ozone Monitoring Instrument and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder measurements. The results confirm the ability of OMPS to extend the long-term record of volcanic SO2 emissions based on UV satellite observations. We also show that the Paluweh volcanic SO2 reached the lower stratosphere, further demonstrating the impact of small tropical volcanic eruptions on stratospheric aerosol optical depth and climate.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-29T00:06:02Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-11-29}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Carn, S. A. and Yang, K. and Prata, A. J. and Krotkov, N. A.}, + month = feb, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0370 Volcanic effects,8409 Atmospheric effects,8419 Volcano monitoring,8430 Volcanic gases,8485 Remote sensing of volcanoes,Paluweh volcano,remote sensing,Sulfur dioxide,volcanology}, + pages = {2014GL062437}, + file = {carn2015.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/carn2015.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{cess1987, + title = {Exploratory Studies of Cloud Radiative Forcing with a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {39A}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Cess, R. D.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {460--473} +} + +@article{liebmann1994, + title = {The Relationship between Tropical Cyclones of the Western {{Pacific}} and {{Indian}} Oceans and the {{Madden}}-{{Julian}} Oscillation}, + volume = {72}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. of Japan}, + author = {Liebmann, B. and Hendon, H. H. and Glick, G. D.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {401--412} +} + +@article{bernath2005, + title = {Atmospheric {{Chemistry Experiment}} ({{ACE}}): {{Mission Overview}}}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL022386}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {L15S01}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Bernath, P. F. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{done2014, + title = {Internal Variability of {{North Atlantic}} Tropical Cyclones}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD021542}, + abstract = {Using a regional model initial condition ensemble, this study quantifies the magnitude of internal variability of North Atlantic tropical cyclone frequency for a case study year and identifies potential physical sources. For tropical cyclone formations from easterly waves, the simulated internal variability of tropical cyclone frequency for 1998 is approximately two fifths of the total (externally forced and internal) variability of observed tropical cyclone frequency. The simulated internal variability of tropical cyclone frequency is found to arise in approximately equal measure from variability of easterly wave occurrence and development and variability of the transition from incipient warm cores to tropical cyclones. Variable interaction between developing tropical cyclones and vertical wind shear associated with upper level cyclones is identified as a potentially important contributing factor to tropical cyclone internal variability.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-10T05:29:07Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2016-03-10}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Done, James M. and Bruy{\`e}re, Cindy L. and Ge, Ming and Jaye, Abigail}, + month = jun, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {1616 Climate variability,3314 Convective processes,3355 Regional modeling,3372 Tropical cyclones,internal variability,North Atlantic,tropical cyclones}, + pages = {2014JD021542} +} + +@article{held2000, + title = {Water {{Vapor Feedback}} and {{Global Warming}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Annu. Rev. Energy Environ.}, + author = {Held, I. M. and Soden, B. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {441--75} +} + +@article{pan1997, + title = {Hemispheric Asymmetries and Seasonal Variations of the Lowermost Stratospheric Water Vapor and Ozone Derived from {{SAGE II}} Data}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Pan, L. and Solomon, S. and Randel, W. and Lamarque, J. F. and Hess, P. and Gille, J. and Chiou, E. W. and McCormick, M. P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {28,177--28,184} +} + +@article{clark, + title = {Tracer-{{Tracer}} Relationships in the Upper Troposphere and Lowerstratosphere Measured by Satellites and Aircraft}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {to be submitted}, + author = {Clark, H.} +} + +@article{charlson1994, + title = {Sulfate {{Aerosol}} and {{Climatic Change}}}, + volume = {270}, + abstract = {Review paper for general audience on sulfate aerosols}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Scientific American}, + author = {Charlson, R. J. and Wigley, T. M. L.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {Aerosol,Radiative Forcing,Sulfate}, + pages = {48--57} +} + +@article{seidel2009, + title = {Reference {{Upper}}-{{Air Observations}} for {{Climate}}: {{Rationale}}, {{Progress}}, and {{Plans}}}, + volume = {90}, + doi = {10.1175/2008BAMS2540.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Seidel, D. J. and {others}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {361--369} +} + +@article{glecker2008, + title = {Performance {{Metrics}} for {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008972}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D06104}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Glecker, P. J. and Taylor, K. E. and Doutriaux, C.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{salby2003, + title = {Fluctuations of {{Cloud}}, {{Humidity}}, and {{Therman Structure}} near the {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Salby, M. and Sassi, F. and Callaghan, P. and Read, W. and Pumphrey, H.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {3428--3446} +} + +@article{danilin1997, + title = {Aerosol {{Particle Evolution}} in an {{Aircraft Wake}}: {{Implications}} for the {{High}}-{{Speed Civil Transport Fleet Impact}} on {{Ozone}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Danilin, M. Y. and {others}}, + month = sep, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {heterogenous chemistry sulfur}, + pages = {21,453--21,463} +} + +@techreport{minnis1997, + type = {NASA Reference Publication}, + title = {Surface-{{Based Observations}} of {{Contrail Occurance Over}} the {{U}}.{{S}}., {{April}} 1993\textendash{}{{April}} 1994}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {1404}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Minnis, P. and Ayers, J. K. and Weaver, S. P.}, + month = dec, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{sihra2001, + title = {Updated Radiative Forcing Estimates of 65 Halocarbons and Nonmethane Hydrocarbons}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sihra, K. and Hurley, M. D. and Shine, K. P. and Wallington, T. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {20,493--20,505} +} + +@article{miloshevich2006, + title = {Absolute Accuracy of Water Vapor Measurements from Six Operational Radiosonde Types Launched during {{AWEX}}-{{G}}, and Implications for {{AIRS}} Validation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Miloshevich, L. M. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Whiteman, D. N. and Lesht, B. M. and Schmidlin, F. J. and Russo, F.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{kindem2001, + title = {Tropospheric Response to Stratospheric Ozone Loss}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kindem, I. T. and Christiansen, B.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1547--1550} +} + +@article{hamilton1999, + title = {Middle Atmosphere Simulated with High Vertical and Horizontal Resolution Versions of a {{GCM}}: {{Improvements}} in the Cold Pole Bias and Generation of a {{QBO}}-like Oscillation in the Tropics}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Hamilton, K. and Wilson, R. J. and Hemler, R. S.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {3829--3846} +} + +@article{lecuyer2009, + title = {Global Observations of Aerosol Impacts on Precipitation Occurence in Warm Maritime Clouds}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD011273}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D09211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {L'Ecuyer, T. S. and Berg, W. and Haynes, J. and Lebsock, M. and Takemura, T.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{fahey1996, + title = {In Situ Observations of {{NOy}}, {{O3}}, and the {{NOy}}/{{O3}} Ratio in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fahey, D. W. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {models}, + pages = {1653--1656} +} + +@book{schimel2013, + title = {Climate and {{Ecosystems}}}, + abstract = {How does life on our planet respond to--and shape--climate? This question has never been more urgent than it is today, when humans are faced with the daunting task of guiding adaptation to an inexorably changing climate. This concise, accessible, and authoritative book provides an unmatched introduction to the most reliable current knowledge about the complex relationship between living things and climate. Using an Earth System framework, David Schimel describes how organisms, communities of organisms, and the planetary biosphere itself react to and influence environmental change. While much about the biosphere and its interactions with the rest of the Earth System remains a mystery, this book explains what is known about how physical and chemical climate affect organisms, how those physical changes influence how organisms function as individuals and in communities of organisms, and ultimately how climate-triggered ecosystem changes feed back to the physical and chemical parts of the Earth System. An essential introduction, Climate and Ecosystems shows how Earth's living systems profoundly shape the physical world.}, + language = {English}, + timestamp = {2015-05-24T03:56:52Z}, + publisher = {{Princeton University Press}}, + author = {Schimel, David}, + month = jul, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{caldwell2015, + title = {Quantifying the {{Sources}} of {{Intermodel Spread}} in {{Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0352.1}, + abstract = {This study clarifies the causes of intermodel differences in the global-average temperature response to doubled CO2, commonly known as equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). The authors begin by noting several issues with the standard approach for decomposing ECS into a sum of forcing and feedback terms. This leads to a derivation of an alternative method based on linearizing the effect of the net feedback. Consistent with previous studies, the new method identifies shortwave cloud feedback as the dominant source of intermodel spread in ECS. This new approach also reveals that covariances between cloud feedback and forcing, between lapse rate and longwave cloud feedbacks, and between albedo and shortwave cloud feedbacks play an important and previously underappreciated role in determining model differences in ECS. Defining feedbacks based on fixed relative rather than specific humidity (as suggested by Held and Shell) reduces the covariances between processes and leads to more straightforward interpretations of results.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-16T17:57:31Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-11-16}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Caldwell, Peter M. and Zelinka, Mark D. and Taylor, Karl E. and Marvel, Kate}, + month = oct, + year = {2015}, + pages = {513--524}, + file = {caldwell2015.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/caldwell2015.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{thompson2003a, + title = {The 1998-2000 {{SHADOZ Tropical Ozone Climatology}}: 2. {{Tropospheric}} Variability and the Zonal Wave-One}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD2241}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thompson, A. M. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {8241} +} + +@article{lauritzen2015, + title = {{{NCAR}}\_{{Topo}} (v1.0): {{NCAR}} Global Model Topography Generation Software for Unstructured Grids}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + shorttitle = {{{NCAR}}\_{{Topo}} (v1.0)}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-8-3975-2015}, + abstract = {It is the purpose of this paper to document the NCAR global model topography generation software for unstructured grids (NCAR\_Topo (v1.0)). Given a model grid, the software computes the fraction of the grid box covered by land, the grid-box mean elevation (deviation from a geoid that defines nominal sea level surface), and associated sub-grid-scale variances commonly used for gravity wave and turbulent mountain stress parameterizations. The software supports regular latitude\textendash{}longitude grids as well as unstructured grids, e.g., icosahedral, Voronoi, cubed-sphere and variable-resolution grids.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-28T18:12:50Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2016-11-28}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Lauritzen, P. H. and Bacmeister, J. T. and Callaghan, P. F. and Taylor, M. A.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + pages = {3975--3986}, + file = {lauritzen2015.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/lauritzen2015.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{mccomiskey2012, + title = {The Scale Problem in Quantifying Aerosol Indirect Effects}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-1031-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:51Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G.}, + month = jan, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1031--1049} +} + +@article{phillips2008, + title = {An Empirical Parameterization of Heterogenous Ice Nucleation for Multiple Chemical Species of Aerosol}, + volume = {65}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JAS2546.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Phillips, V. T. J. and DeMott, P. J. and Andronache, C.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2757--2783} +} + +@article{koch2007, + title = {Global Impacts of Aerosols from Particular Source Regions and Sectors}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD007024}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D02205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Koch, D. and Bond, T. and Streets, D. and Bell, N. and van der Werf, G. R.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{austin2002, + title = {A Three-Dimensional Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model Simulation of Past Stratospheric Trends}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Austin, J.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {218--232} +} + +@article{mote1995, + title = {The Annual Cycle of Stratospheric Water Vapor in a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mote, Phil W.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {GCM,H2O,stratosphere,water vapor}, + pages = {7363--7379} +} + +@article{lamarque2010, + title = {Impact of {{Changes}} in {{Climate}} and {{Halocarbons}} on {{Recent Lower Stratosphere Ozone}} and {{Temperature Trends}}}, + volume = {23}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3179.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Lamarque, J. F. and Solomon, S.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2599--2611} +} + +@article{appenzeller1996, + title = {Seasonal Variation of Mass Transport across the Tropopause}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Appenzeller, C. and Holton, J. R. and Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange}, + pages = {15,071--15,078} +} + +@article{holton1986, + title = {Meridional {{Distribution}} of {{Stratospheric Trace Constituients}}}, + volume = {43}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {1238--1242} +} + +@article{trenberth2007a, + title = {Estimates of the {{Global Water Budget}} and {{Its Annual Cycle Using Observational}} and {{Model Data}}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1525-755X, 1525-7541}, + doi = {10.1175/JHM600.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:11Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology}, + author = {Trenberth, Kevin E. and Smith, Lesley and Qian, Taotao and Dai, Aiguo and Fasullo, John}, + month = aug, + year = {2007}, + pages = {758--769} +} + +@article{plumb1999a, + title = {The {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson Circulation}}: {{Dynamics}} of the {{Tropical Upwelling}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Plumb, R. A. and Eluszkiewicz, J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {868--890} +} + +@article{perkins2013, + title = {Systematic Differences in Future 20 Year Temperature Extremes in {{AR4}} Model Projections over {{Australia}} as a Function of Model Skill}, + volume = {33}, + issn = {08998418}, + doi = {10.1002/joc.3500}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:54Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {International Journal of Climatology}, + author = {Perkins, S. E. and Pitman, A. J. and Sisson, S. A.}, + month = apr, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1153--1167} +} + +@article{garnier2013, + title = {Retrieval of {{Cloud Properties Using}} {{{\emph{CALIPSO}}}} {{Imaging Infrared Radiometer}}. {{Part II}}: {{Effective Diameter}} and {{Ice Water Path}}}, + volume = {52}, + issn = {1558-8424, 1558-8432}, + shorttitle = {Retrieval of {{Cloud Properties Using}} {{{\emph{CALIPSO}}}} {{Imaging Infrared Radiometer}}. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0328.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:36Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, + author = {Garnier, Anne and Pelon, Jacques and Dubuisson, Philippe and Yang, Ping and Faivre, Micha{\"e}l and Chomette, Olivier and Pascal, Nicolas and Lucker, Pat and Murray, Tim}, + month = nov, + year = {2013}, + pages = {2582--2599} +} + +@article{wong2007, + title = {Regulation of {{H2O}} and {{CO}} in the Tropical Tropopause Layer by the {{Madden}}-{{Julian Oscillation}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007940}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D14305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wong, S. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{hartmann2001a, + title = {Tropical {{Convection}} and the {{Energy Balance}} at the {{Top}} of the {{Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Hartmann, D. L. and Moy, L. A. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {4495--4511} +} + +@book{efron1993, + series = {Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability}, + title = {An Introduction to the {{Bootstrap}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + publisher = {{Chapman and Hall, New York}}, + author = {Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R. J.}, + year = {1993}, + note = {436 pp.} +} + +@article{lamarque1994, + title = {Cross-{{Tropopause Mass Exchange}} and {{Potential Vorticity Budget}} in a {{Simulated Tropopause Folding}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Lamarque, Jean-Francois and Hess, P. G.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {wei diagnostic CTF STE}, + pages = {2246--2269} +} + +@article{danilin1998, + title = {Aviation Fuel Tracer Simulation: {{Model}} Intercomparison and Implications}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Danilin, M. Y. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3947--3950} +} + +@article{folkins2002, + title = {Origin of Lapse Rate Changes in the Upper Tropical Troposphere}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Folkins, I.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {992--1005} +} + +@article{kawa1993, + title = {Interpretation of {{NOx}}/{{NOy Observations}} from {{AASE}}-{{II Using}} a {{Model}} of {{Chemistry Along Trajectories}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kawa, S. R. and {others}}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {reactive nitrogen NOx}, + pages = {2507--2510} +} + +@book{ferrel, + title = {Stochastic {{Analysis}} of {{Atmospheric Jets}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {Ferrel, B.}, + year = {11 November 19994}, + note = {Speaker from Harvard +Published: Seminar- UW- Atmos Sciences}, + keywords = {Dynamics,Instability,Jets} +} + +@article{ciais1995, + title = {The Origin of Present-Day {{Antarctic}} Precipitation from Surfac Snow Deuterium Excess Data}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ciais, P. and White, J. W. C. and Jouzel, J. and Petit, J. R.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {18,917--18,927} +} + +@article{demott2003, + title = {Measurements of the Concentration and Composition of Nuclei for Cirrus Formation}, + volume = {100}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.2532677100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {25}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {DeMott, P. J. and Cziczo, D. J. and Prenni, A. J. and Murphy, D. M. and Kreidenweis, S. M. and Thompson, D. S. and Porys, R. and Rogers, D. C.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {14655--14660} +} + +@article{stone1999, + title = {Transport of {{Passive Tracers}} in {{Baroclinic Wave Life Cycles}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Stone, E. M. and Randel, W. J. and Stanford, J. L.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1364--1381} +} + +@article{perliski1989a, + title = {Satellite {{Observed Long}}-{{Term Averaged Seasonal}} and {{Spatial Ozone Variations}} in the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Planetary and Space Science}, + author = {Perliski, LM}, + year = {1989}, + keywords = {mass flux}, + pages = {1509--1525} +} + +@article{rasch1998, + title = {A {{Comparison}} of {{CCM3 Model}} Climate Using Diagnosed and Predicted Condensate Parameterizations}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Rasch, P. J. and Kristjansson, J. E.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1587--1614} +} + +@article{hintsa1998, + title = {Dehydration and Denitrification in the {{Arctic}} Polar Vortex during the 1995-1996 Winter}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hintsa, E. J. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {501--504} +} + +@article{fahey1995, + title = {In Situ Observations in Aircraft Exhaust Plumes in the Lower Stratosphere at Midlatitudes}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fahey, D. W. and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {cn,ER2 nox,hox}, + pages = {3065--3074} +} + +@article{gage1991, + title = {Long-{{Term Mean Vertical Motion}} over the {{Tropical Pacific}}: {{Wind}}-{{Profiling Doppler Radar Measurements}}}, + volume = {254}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Gage, K. S. and McAfee, J. R. and Carter, D. A. and Exklund, W. L. and Riddle, A. C. and Reid, G. C. and Balsley, B. B.}, + year = {1991}, + note = {Reverse walker circulation}, + pages = {1771--1773} +} + +@article{twomey1991, + title = {Aerosols, Clouds and Radiation}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:42:34Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics}, + author = {Twomey, S.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {2435--2442} +} + +@article{vonderheydt2014, + title = {On the State Dependency of Fast Feedback Processes in (Paleo) Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL061121}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:18Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {{von der Heydt}, A. S. and K{\"o}hler, P. and {van de Wal}, R. S. W. and Dijkstra, H. A.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {6484--6492} +} + +@article{schmitt2016, + title = {A Global View of Atmospheric Ice Particle Complexity}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL071267}, + abstract = {Atmospheric ice particles exist in a variety of shapes and sizes. Single hexagonal crystals like common hexagonal plates and columns are possible, but more frequently, atmospheric ice particles are much more complex. Ice particle shapes have a substantial impact on many atmospheric processes through fall speed, affecting cloud lifetime, to radiative properties, affecting energy balance to name a few. This publication builds on earlier work where a technique was demonstrated to separate single crystals and aggregates of crystals using particle imagery data from aircraft field campaigns. Here data from 10 field programs have been analyzed and ice particle complexity parameterized by cloud temperature for arctic, midlatitude (summer and frontal), and tropical cloud systems. Results show that the transition from simple to complex particles can be as small as 80\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m or as large as 400\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m depending on conditions. All regimes show trends of decreasing transition size with decreasing temperature.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-28T18:23:14Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-28}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Schmitt, Carl G. and Heymsfield, Andrew J. and Connolly, Paul and J{\"a}rvinen, Emma and Schnaiter, Martin}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,0394 Instruments and techniques,cloud ice snow,ice particle complexity,ice particle habits}, + pages = {2016GL071267}, + file = {schmitt2016.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/schmitt2016.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{marquart2003, + title = {Future {{Development}} of {{Contrail Cover}}, {{Optical Depth}}, and {{Radiative Forcing}}: {{Impacts}} of {{Increasing Air Traffic}} and {{Climate Change}}}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Marquart, S. and Monater, M. and Mager, F. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {2890--2904} +} + +@article{schauffler1994, + title = {On the Effects of Stratospheric Circulation Changes on Trace Gas Trends}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schauffler, S. M.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {carbon dioxide,mass flux,methane,nitrous oxide}, + pages = {25,747--25,754} +} + +@article{lin2015, + title = {Simulated Climatology and Evolution of Aridity in the 21st Century}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022912}, + abstract = {Future changes in aridity, defined as the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET), are analyzed using simulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble (LE) and the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) during the period 1980\textendash{}2080. Both CESM and CMIP5 ensembles can reproduce the observed temporal and spatial variability of aridity. On the interannual time scale, annual average PET is sensitive to the variability of relative humidity, net surface energy flux, and surface air temperature, while the precipitation variability is the dominant component of annual average aridity sensitivity. For the long-term trends, differences between the two ensembles illustrate that the impact of the internal variability is smaller than that of the model structural uncertainty with the trends from the CMIP5 ensemble of models having a much larger spread than those from the single-model CESM-LE. The annual mean aridity averaged over global land increases (becomes drier) by 6.4\% in 2055\textendash{}2080 relative to 1980\textendash{}2005. Aridity trends differ by region in the ensemble mean. In the future, increasing precipitation leads to decreasing aridity over northwest China and central (or tropical) Africa, while decreasing precipitation leads to drying (increasing aridity) in the subtropics, northern and southern Africa, and the Amazon. Increases in PET can lead to increasing aridity even in regions with increasing precipitation.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-29T15:05:13Z}, + urldate = {2015-06-29}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Lin, Lei and Gettelman, Andrew and Feng, Song and Fu, Qiang}, + month = jun, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1622 Earth system modeling,1637 Regional climate change,1854 Precipitation,3305 Climate change and variability,3309 Climatology,aridity,aridity index,CESM-LE,CMIP5,potential evapotranspiration,precipitation}, + pages = {2014JD022912} +} + +@article{imhoff1997, + title = {Using Nighttime {{DMSP}}/{{OLS}} Images of City Lights to Estimate the Impact of Urban Land Use on Soil Resources in the {{United States}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, + author = {Imhoff, M.L. and Lawrence, W.T. and Elvidge, C.D. and Paul, T. and Levine, E. and Privalsky, M.V. and Brown, V.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {105--117} +} + +@article{jonko2012, + title = {Climate {{Feedbacks}} in {{CCSM3}} under {{Changing CO2 Forcing}}. {{Part II}}: {{Variation}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} and {{Sensitivity}} with {{Forcing}}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Climate {{Feedbacks}} in {{CCSM3}} under {{Changing CO2 Forcing}}. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00479.1}, + abstract = {AbstractAre equilibrium climate sensitivity and the associated radiative feedbacks a constant property of the climate system, or do they change with forcing magnitude and base climate? Using the radiative kernel technique, feedbacks and climate sensitivity are evaluated in a fully coupled general circulation model (GCM) for three successive doublings of carbon dioxide starting from present-day concentrations. Climate sensitivity increases by 23\% between the first and third CO2 doublings. Increases in the positive water vapor and cloud feedbacks are partially balanced by a decrease in the positive surface albedo feedback and an increase in the negative lapse rate feedback. Feedbacks can be decomposed into a radiative flux change and a climate variable response to temperature change. The changes in water vapor and Planck feedbacks are due largely to changes in the radiative response with climate state. Higher concentrations of greenhouse gases and higher temperatures lead to more absorption and emission of longwave radiation. Changes in cloud feedbacks are dominated by the climate response to temperature change, while the lapse rate and albedo feedbacks combine elements of both. Simulations with a slab ocean model (SOM) version of the GCM are used to verify whether an SOM-GCM accurately reproduces the behavior of the fully coupled model. Although feedbacks differ in magnitude between model configurations (with differences as large as those between CO2 doublings for some feedbacks), changes in feedbacks between CO2 doublings are consistent in sign and magnitude in the SOM-GCM and the fully coupled model.}, + timestamp = {2015-08-21T20:42:17Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-08-21}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Jonko, Alexandra K. and Shell, Karen M. and Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Climate Change,Climate models,climate sensitivity,Feedback,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {2784--2795} +} + +@book{wallace1995, + title = {Is Climate Change Here?}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {Wallace, Mike}, + month = sep, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW-JISAO +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {IPCC ENSO} +} + +@incollection{tillman1991, + address = {New York}, + title = {In {{Situ Water Vapor Measurements}} in the {{Lyman}}-Alpha and {{Infrared Spectrum}}: {{Theory}} and {{Observations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + booktitle = {Land {{Surface Evaporation}}: {{Measurement}} and {{Parameterization}}}, + publisher = {{Springer-Verlag}}, + author = {Tillman, J. E.}, + editor = {Schmugge, T. J. and Andr{\'e}, J.-C.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {313--335} +} + +@article{webster1988, + title = {Equatorial {{Energy Accumulation}} and {{Emanation Regions}}: {{Impacts}} of a {{Zonally Varying Basic State}}}, + volume = {45}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Webster, P. J. and Chang, H. R.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {803--829} +} + +@unpublished{rood1998, + title = {Elements of a {{Supercomputing Strategy}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + author = {Rood, R. B.}, + month = apr, + year = {1998}, + note = {white paper} +} + +@article{kritz1993, + title = {Radon {{Measurements}} in the {{Lower Tropical Stratosphere}}: {{Evidence}} for {{Rapid Vertical Transport}} and {{Dehydration}} of {{Tropospheric Air}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kritz, M. A. and Rosner, S. W. and Kelly, K. K. and Lowenstein, M. and Chan, K. R.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {ER2 data,RN,STEP}, + pages = {8725--8736} +} + +@article{brown1997a, + title = {Aircraft Sulfur Emissions and the Formation of Visible Contrails}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Brown, R. C. and Miake-Lye, R. C. and Anderson, M. R. and Kolb, C. E.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {ATTAS,SOx}, + pages = {385--388} +} + +@article{cadeddu2013, + title = {The {{Atmospheric}} Radiation Measurement ({{ARM}}) Program Network of Microwave Radiometers: Instrumentation, Data, and Retrievals}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1867-8548}, + shorttitle = {The {{Atmospheric}} Radiation Measurement ({{ARM}}) Program Network of Microwave Radiometers}, + doi = {10.5194/amt-6-2359-2013}, + abstract = {The Climate Research Facility of the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates a network of ground-based microwave radiometers. Data and retrievals from these instruments have been available to the scientific community for almost 20 yr. In the past five years the network has expanded to include a total of 22 microwave radiometers deployed in various locations around the world. The new instruments cover a frequency range between 22 and 197 GHz and are consistently and automatically calibrated. The latest addition to the network is a new generation of three-channel radiometers, currently in the early stage of deployment at all ARM sites. The network has been specifically designed to achieve increased accuracy in the retrieval of precipitable water vapor (PWV) and cloud liquid water path (LWP) with the long-term goal of providing the scientific community with reliable, calibrated radiometric data and retrievals of important geophysical quantities with well-characterized uncertainties. The radiometers provide high-quality, continuous datasets that can be utilized in a wealth of applications and scientific studies. This paper presents an overview of the microwave instrumentation, calibration procedures, data, and retrievals that are available for download from the ARM data archive.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-07T23:35:36Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-01-07}, + journal = {Atmos. Meas. Tech.}, + author = {Cadeddu, M. P. and Liljegren, J. C. and Turner, D. D.}, + month = sep, + year = {2013}, + pages = {2359--2372}, + file = {Atmos. Meas. Tech. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/RH6537H7/Cadeddu et al. - 2013 - The Atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) progra.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Meas. Tech. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/3RBJHIS8/2013.html:text/html} +} + +@techreport{tompkins2005, + address = {Reading, UK}, + title = {Ice Supersaturation in the {{ECMWF Integrated Forecast System}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {481}, + institution = {ECMWF}, + author = {Tompkins, A. M. and Gierens, K. and R{\"a}del, G.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{fujiwara2001a, + title = {Water Vapor Control at the Tropopause by Equatorial {{Kelvin}} Waves Observed over the {{Galapagos}}}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Hasebe, F. and Shiotani, M. and Nishi, N. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3143--3146} +} + +@article{victor1998, + title = {Strategies for Cutting Carbon}, + volume = {395}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Victor, D. G.}, + year = {1998}, + note = {news and views piece on hoffert98 article}, + pages = {837--838} +} + +@article{smith2007, + title = {Improved {{Surface Temperature Prediction}} for the {{Coming Decade}} from a {{Global Climate Model}}}, + volume = {317}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Smith, D. M. and Cusack, S. and Colman, A. W. and Folland, C. K. and Harris, G. R. and Murphy, J. M.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {796--799} +} + +@article{read2007, + title = {Aura {{Microwave Limb Sounder}} Upper Tropospheric and Lower Stratospheric {{H}} 2 {{O}} and Relative Humidity with Respect to Ice Validation}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008752}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D24S35}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Read, W. G. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@book{yoden1994, + title = {Analysis of {{Internal Variability}} in a {{Perpetual January Integration}} of a {{Troposphere}}-{{Stratosphere}}-{{Mesosphere GCM}}}, + abstract = {Concludes that different regimes are possible}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yoden, Shiego}, + month = nov, + year = {1994}, + note = {Speaker from Japan (visiting fellow) +Published: Seminar- UW- Atmos Sciences}, + keywords = {GCM,stratosphere} +} + +@article{cappa2003, + title = {Isotopic {{Fractionation}} of Water during Evaporation}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003597}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Cappa, C. D. and Hendricks, M. B. and DePaolo, D. J. and Cohen, R. C.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {4525} +} + +@article{folkins1996, + title = {Comparison of {{Models}} of {{Middle Atmosphere Composition}} with {{Observations}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {9/10}, + journal = {Advances in Space Research}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Brasseur, G. and Granier, C.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {COSPAR Reference Atmosphere}, + pages = {241--254} +} + +@article{danielsen1982, + title = {A Dehydration Mechanism for the Stratosphere}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {605--608} +} + +@book{mapes1998, + title = {Tropical {{Precipitation}} and {{Convection}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {Mapes, B.}, + month = oct, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from NOAA CDC} +} + +@article{morgenstern2008, + title = {The World Avoided by the {{Montreal Protoccol}}}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL034590}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {L16811}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Morgenstern, O. and {others}}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{sun1996, + title = {A {{Comparison}} of {{Modeled}} and {{Observed Relationships}} between {{Interannual Variations}} of {{Water Vapor}} and {{Temperature}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Sun, D. Z. and Held, I. M.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {665--675} +} + +@article{mote2004, + title = {Kelvin Wave Signatures in Stratospheric Trace Constituients}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD003370}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D03101}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and Dunkerton, T. J.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{weisenstein1997, + title = {A Two-Dimensional Model of Sulfur Species and Aerosols}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Weisenstein, D. K. and Yue, G. K. and Ko, M. K. W. and Sze, N. D. and Rodriguez, J. M. and Scott, C. J.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {SOx}, + pages = {13,019--13,055} +} + +@article{terai2016, + title = {Constraining the Low-Cloud Optical Depth Feedback at Middle and High Latitudes Using Satellite Observations}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2016JD025233}, + abstract = {The increase in cloud optical depth with warming at middle and high latitudes is a robust cloud feedback response found across all climate models. This study builds on results that suggest the optical depth response to temperature is timescale invariant for low-level clouds. The timescale invariance allows one to use satellite observations to constrain the models' optical depth feedbacks. Three passive-sensor satellite retrievals are compared against simulations from eight models from the Atmosphere Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) of the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This study confirms that the low-cloud optical depth response is timescale invariant in the AMIP simulations, generally at latitudes higher than 40$^\circ$. Compared to satellite estimates, most models overestimate the increase in optical depth with warming at the monthly and interannual timescales. Many models also do not capture the increase in optical depth with estimated inversion strength that is found in all three satellite observations and in previous studies. The discrepancy between models and satellites exists in both hemispheres and in most months of the year. A simple replacement of the models' optical depth sensitivities with the satellites' sensitivities reduces the negative shortwave cloud feedback by at least 50\% in the 40$^\circ$\textendash{}70$^\circ$S latitude band and by at least 65\% in the 40$^\circ$\textendash{}70$^\circ$N latitude band. Based on this analysis of satellite observations, we conclude that the low-cloud optical depth feedback at middle and high latitudes is likely too negative in climate models.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-15T16:09:13Z}, + urldate = {2016-09-15}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Terai, C. R. and Klein, S. A. and Zelinka, M. D.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1610 Atmosphere,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3337 Global climate models,3360 Remote sensing,Climate models,cloud feedbacks,cloud optical depth,emergent constraint,satellite}, + pages = {2016JD025233}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4HUTWB92/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{bailey2005, + title = {Observations of Polar Mesospheric Clouds by the {{Student Nitric Oxide Explorer}}}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/JD005422}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D13203}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bailey, S. M. and Merkel, A. M. and Thomas, G. E. and Carstens, J. N.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{bogenschutz2012, + title = {Unified Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary Layer and Shallow Convection with a Higher-Order Turbulence Closure in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}: Single-Column Experiments}, + volume = {5}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-5-1407-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Bogenschutz, P. A. and Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. and Larson, V. E. and Schanen, D. P. and Meyer, N. R. and Craig, C.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1407--1423} +} + +@article{hill2014, + title = {Mixed-Phase Clouds in a Turbulent Environment. {{Part}} 1: {{Large}}-Eddy Simulation Experiments}, + volume = {140}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2013 Crown copyright, the Met Office, and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society \textcopyright{} 2013 Royal Meteorological Society}, + issn = {1477-870X}, + shorttitle = {Mixed-Phase Clouds in a Turbulent Environment. {{Part}} 1}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.2177}, + abstract = {Mixed-phase clouds are thermodynamically unstable, i.e. with no other forcing ice will grow at the expense of supercooled liquid water, eventually leading to complete glaciation of the cloud. In the presence of dynamic forcing, e.g. regular motions or turbulent fluctuations, liquid water can be generated in an ice cloud. Earlier theoretical considerations have identified two necessary conditions that had to be satisfied to produce liquid water in a pre-existing ice cloud: (i) the vertical velocity of an ice cloud parcel must exceed a threshold velocity and (ii) the vertical displacement of an ice cloud parcel must be above a threshold altitude to achieve water saturation. This article uses a large-eddy simulation (LES) model to investigate whether satisfying these conditions alone can be used as a predictive tool for the occurrence of mixed-phase clouds in a turbulent environment. It is shown that, in general for a range of microphysical assumptions, ice concentrations and thermodynamic conditions, identifying points that satisfy these two dynamic conditions results in a good estimate of the domain liquid cloud fraction and the evolution of the liquid cloud fraction over time from the LES. When relatively large liquid water contents are present, theory underpredicts liquid cloud fraction. Further, when ice is permitted to sediment, theory overpredicts liquid cloud fraction. Two modifications to the theory are suggested, and it is demonstrated how these reduce the deviation of predicted liquid cloud fraction from simulated cloud fraction.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-05T00:15:23Z}, + number = {680}, + urldate = {2016-07-05}, + journal = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Hill, A. A. and Field, P. R. and Furtado, K. and Korolev, A. and Shipway, B. J.}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {large-eddy simulation,microphysics,turbulence}, + pages = {855--869} +} + +@article{walden2003, + title = {Atmospheric {{Ice Crystals}} over the {{Antarctic Plateau}} in {{Winter}}}, + volume = {42}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {J. Applied Met.}, + author = {Walden, V. P. and Warren, S. G. and Tuttle, E.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1391--1405} +} + +@article{gettelman1999, + title = {Distribution of Subsonic Emissions in the Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research, in press}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Baughcum, S. L.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{kooperman2016, + title = {Robust Effects of Cloud Superparameterization on Simulated Daily Rainfall Intensity Statistics across Multiple Versions of the {{Community Earth System Model}}}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000574}, + abstract = {This study evaluates several important statistics of daily rainfall based on frequency and amount distributions as simulated by a global climate model whose precipitation does not depend on convective parameterization\textemdash{}Super-Parameterized Community Atmosphere Model (SPCAM). Three superparameterized and conventional versions of CAM, coupled within the Community Earth System Model (CESM1 and CCSM4), are compared against two modern rainfall products (GPCP 1DD and TRMM 3B42) to discriminate robust effects of superparameterization that emerge across multiple versions. The geographic pattern of annual-mean rainfall is mostly insensitive to superparameterization, with only slight improvements in the double-ITCZ bias. However, unfolding intensity distributions reveal several improvements in the character of rainfall simulated by SPCAM. The rainfall rate that delivers the most accumulated rain (i.e., amount mode) is systematically too weak in all versions of CAM relative to TRMM 3B42 and does not improve with horizontal resolution. It is improved by superparameterization though, with higher modes in regions of tropical wave, Madden-Julian Oscillation, and monsoon activity. Superparameterization produces better representations of extreme rates compared to TRMM 3B42, without sensitivity to horizontal resolution seen in CAM. SPCAM produces more dry days over land and fewer over the ocean. Updates to CAM's low cloud parameterizations have narrowed the frequency peak of light rain, converging toward SPCAM. Poleward of 50$^\circ$, where more rainfall is produced by resolved-scale processes in CAM, few differences discriminate the rainfall properties of the two models. These results are discussed in light of their implication for future rainfall changes in response to climate forcing.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-08T16:54:24Z}, + urldate = {2016-02-08}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Kooperman, Gabriel J. and Pritchard, Michael S. and Burt, Melissa A. and Branson, Mark D. and Randall, David A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1854 Precipitation,3305 Climate change and variability,3314 Convective processes,3337 Global climate models,4313 Extreme events,Community Atmosphere Model,extreme precipitation,Global Precipitation Climatology Project,rainfall intensity,superparameterization,Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission}, + pages = {n/a--n/a}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/B795RJAH/Kooperman et al. - 2016 - Robust effects of cloud superparameterization on s.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/SKC4S88G/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{lelieveld2002, + title = {Global {{Air Pollution Crossroads}} over the {{Mediterranean}}}, + volume = {298}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Lelieveld, J. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {794--799} +} + +@article{kay2008a, + title = {Timescale Analysis of Aerosol Sensitivity during Homogeneous Freezing and Implications for Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Budgets}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {L10809}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and Wood, R.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {10.1029/2007GL032628} +} + +@article{lovejoy2012, + title = {Stochastic and Scaling Climate Sensitivities: {{Solar}}, Volcanic and Orbital Forcings: {{STOCHASTIC CLIMATE SENSITIVITIES}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Stochastic and Scaling Climate Sensitivities}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL051871}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:12Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Lovejoy, S. and Schertzer, D.}, + month = jun, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{strachan2013, + title = {Investigating {{Global Tropical Cyclone Activity}} with a {{Hierarchy}} of {{AGCMs}}: {{The Role}} of {{Model Resolution}}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Investigating {{Global Tropical Cyclone Activity}} with a {{Hierarchy}} of {{AGCMs}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00012.1}, + abstract = {The ability to run general circulation models (GCMs) at ever-higher horizontal resolutions has meant that tropical cyclone simulations are increasingly credible. A hierarchy of atmosphere-only GCMs, based on the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 (HadGEM1) with horizontal resolution increasing from approximately 270 to 60 km at 50$^\circ$N, is used to systematically investigate the impact of spatial resolution on the simulation of global tropical cyclone activity, independent of model formulation. Tropical cyclones are extracted from ensemble simulations and reanalyses of comparable resolutions using a feature-tracking algorithm. Resolution is critical for simulating storm intensity and convergence to observed storm intensities is not achieved with the model hierarchy. Resolution is less critical for simulating the annual number of tropical cyclones and their geographical distribution, which are well captured at resolutions of 135 km or higher, particularly for Northern Hemisphere basins. Simulating the interannual variability of storm occurrence requires resolutions of 100 km or higher; however, the level of skill is basin dependent. Higher resolution GCMs are increasingly able to capture the interannual variability of the large-scale environmental conditions that contribute to tropical cyclogenesis. Different environmental factors contribute to the interannual variability of tropical cyclones in the different basins: in the North Atlantic basin the vertical wind shear, potential intensity, and low-level absolute vorticity are dominant, whereas in the North Pacific basins midlevel relative humidity and low-level absolute vorticity are dominant. Model resolution is crucial for a realistic simulation of tropical cyclone behavior, and high-resolution GCMs are found to be valuable tools for investigating the global location and frequency of tropical cyclones.}, + timestamp = {2016-03-09T21:09:52Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-03-09}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Strachan, Jane and Vidale, Pier Luigi and Hodges, Kevin and Roberts, Malcolm and Demory, Marie-Estelle}, + month = jan, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Climate models,Extreme events,General circulation models,Model evaluation/performance,tropical cyclones,Tropics}, + pages = {133--152} +} + +@article{ghan2016, + title = {Challenges in Constraining Anthropogenic Aerosol Effects on Cloud Radiative Forcing Using Present-Day Spatiotemporal Variability}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1514036113}, + abstract = {A large number of processes are involved in the chain from emissions of aerosol precursor gases and primary particles to impacts on cloud radiative forcing. Those processes are manifest in a number of relationships that can be expressed as factors dlnX/dlnY driving aerosol effects on cloud radiative forcing. These factors include the relationships between cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration and emissions, droplet number and CCN concentration, cloud fraction and droplet number, cloud optical depth and droplet number, and cloud radiative forcing and cloud optical depth. The relationship between cloud optical depth and droplet number can be further decomposed into the sum of two terms involving the relationship of droplet effective radius and cloud liquid water path with droplet number. These relationships can be constrained using observations of recent spatial and temporal variability of these quantities. However, we are most interested in the radiative forcing since the preindustrial era. Because few relevant measurements are available from that era, relationships from recent variability have been assumed to be applicable to the preindustrial to present-day change. Our analysis of Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) model simulations suggests that estimates of relationships from recent variability are poor constraints on relationships from anthropogenic change for some terms, with even the sign of some relationships differing in many regions. Proxies connecting recent spatial/temporal variability to anthropogenic change, or sustained measurements in regions where emissions have changed, are needed to constrain estimates of anthropogenic aerosol impacts on cloud radiative forcing.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-01T04:35:25Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-01}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Ghan, Steven and Wang, Minghuai and Zhang, Shipeng and Ferrachat, Sylvaine and Gettelman, Andrew and Griesfeller, Jan and Kipling, Zak and Lohmann, Ulrike and Morrison, Hugh and Neubauer, David and Partridge, Daniel G. and Stier, Philip and Takemura, Toshihiko and Wang, Hailong and Zhang, Kai}, + month = feb, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {aerosol radiative forcing,cloud−aerosol interactions,constraints,factors}, + pages = {201514036}, + pmid = {26921324} +} + +@article{tapley2004, + title = {{{GRACE}} Measurements of Mass Variability in the {{Earth}} System}, + volume = {305}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Tapley, B. D. and Bettadpur, S. and Ries, J. C.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {503--505} +} + +@article{plumb1992, + title = {Interrelationships between Mixing Ratios of Long-Lived Stratospheric Constituents}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Plumb, R. A. and Ko, M. K. W.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {10145--10156} +} + +@unpublished{balling1998, + title = {Possible {{Tradeoffs}} in {{Health Consequences}} of {{Aircraft Emission Regulations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + author = {Balling, R. C. and Davis, R. E. and Knappenberger, P. C.}, + month = apr, + year = {1998}, + note = {manuscript of poster from AEAP meeting 1998} +} + +@book{wallace1996, + title = {Fingerprints of {{Natural Climate Variability}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {Wallace, J. M.}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW Dyno Sem} +} + +@article{king2003, + title = {Cloud and {{Aerosol Properties}}, {{Precipitable Water}}, and {{Profiles}} of {{Temperature}} and {{Water Vapor}} from {{MODIS}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, + author = {King, M. D. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {442--457} +} + +@article{wirth1997, + title = {Signatures of Induced Vertical Air Motion Accompanying Quasi-Horizontal Roll-up of Stratospheric Intursions}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Wirth, V. and Appenzeller, C. and Juckes, M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2504--2519} +} + +@article{roberts1976, + title = {Infrared Continuum Absorption by Atmospheric Water Vapor in the 8\textendash{}12$\mu$m Window}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Appl. Opt.}, + author = {Roberts, R. E. and Salby, J. E. A. and Biberman, L. M.}, + year = {1976}, + pages = {2085--2090} +} + +@article{kuhlmann2010, + title = {How Can Aerosols Affect the {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon? {{Assessment}} during Three Consecutive Pre-Monsoon Seasons from {{CALIPSO}} Satellite Data}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-4673-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Kuhlmann, J. and Quaas, J.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {4673--4688} +} + +@article{son2007a, + title = {Dynamical Formation of an Extra-Tropical Tropopause Inversion Layer in a Relatively Simple General Circulation Model}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL030564}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {L17806}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Son, S. W. and Polvani, L. M.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{ringer2006, + title = {Global Mean Cloud Feedbacks in Idealized Climate Change Experiments}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL025370}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {L07718}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Ringer, M. A. and {others}}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{sanderson2008, + title = {Towards Constraining Climate Sensitivity by Linear Analysis of Feedback Patterns in Thousands of Perturbed-Physics {{GCM}} Simulations}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-007-0280-7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Sanderson, B. M. and Piani, C. and Ingram, W. J. and Stone, D. A. and Allen, M. R.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {175--190} +} + +@article{kley1979, + title = {In Situ Measurements of the Mixing Ratio of Water Vapor in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {36}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Kley, D. and Stone, E. J. and Henderson, W. R. and Drummond, J. W. and Harrop, W. J. and Schmeltekopf, A. L. and Thompson, T. L. and Winkler, R. H.}, + year = {1979}, + pages = {2513--2524} +} + +@article{ovarlez2002, + title = {Water Vapor Measurements inside Cirrus Clouds in {{Northern}} and {{Southern}} Hemispheres during {{INCA}}}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL014440}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Ovarlez, J. and Gayet, J. F. and Gierens, K. and Strom, J. and Ovarlez, H. and Auriol, F. and Busen, R. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{brioude2009, + title = {Effect of Biomass Burning on Marine Stratocumulus Clouds off the {{California}} Coast}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Brioude, J. and Cooper, O. R. and Feingold, G. and Trainer, M. and Freitas, S. R. and Kowal, D. and Ayers, J.K. and Prins, E. and Minnis, P. and McKeen, S. A. and Frost, G. J. and Hsie, E.-Y.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {8841--8856} +} + +@article{nightingale1996, + title = {Global {{CF}}2{{Cl}}2 Measurements by {{UARS Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer}}: {{Validation}} by Correlative Data and a Model.}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Nightingale, R. W. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {9711--9736} +} + +@incollection{feingold2009, + title = {Cloud\textendash{}{{Aerosol Interactions}} from the {{Micro}} to the {{Cloud Scale}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + booktitle = {Clouds in the {{Perturbed Climate System}}}, + publisher = {{MIT Press}}, + author = {Feingold, G. and Siebert, H.}, + editor = {Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{wirth1995, + title = {Comments on ``{{A New Formulation}} of the {{Exchange}} of {{Mass}} and {{Trace Constituents}} between the Stratosphere and the {{Troposphere}}''}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wirth, V.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {Wei 87}, + pages = {2491--3} +} + +@article{aristidi2005, + title = {An Analysis of Temperatures and Wind Speeds above {{Dome C}}, {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {430}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Astron. and Astrop.}, + author = {Aristidi, E. and Agabi, K. and Azouit, M. and Fossat, E. and Vernin, J. and Travouillon, T. and Lawrence, J. S. and Meyer, C. and Storey, J. W. V. and Halter, B. and Roth, W. L. and Walden, and V.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {739--746} +} + +@article{boehm2003, + title = {The {{Implications}} of {{Tropical Rossby Waves}} for {{Tropical Tropopause Cirrus Formation}} and for the {{Equatorial Upwelling}} of the {{Brewer}}\textendash{}{{Dobson Circulation}}}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Boehm, M. T. and Lee, S.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {247--261} +} + +@article{castellani2015, + title = {The Annual Cycle of Snowfall at {{Summit}}, {{Greenland}}}, + volume = {120}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023072}, + abstract = {While snow accumulation over central Greenland has been extensively studied, interannual variability of snowfall in the region is not well understood due to a dearth of observations. The Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state and Precipitation at Summit (ICECAPS) project at Summit, Greenland, offers a unique, ground-based opportunity to study precipitation in central Greenland where the surface mass balance is positive. Combining data from a Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS), Millimeter-wavelength Cloud Radar (MMCR), and snow stake field, the annual cycle of precipitation at Summit is examined. Average daily snowfall is higher by a factor of 3 from June to October compared to November to May, while surface height change is only higher by 15\% during the same timeframes. This reduced variability in surface height is explained by the seasonally varying nature of latent heat flux, compaction, and wind contributions. The ICECAPS remote sensors and stake field measurements do not agree as far as total annual water equivalent. This discrepancy is likely due to a low bias in the POSS and MMCR snowfall retrievals for Summit. To further examine the seasonal cycle, snowfall measurements by the POSS were linked to local meteorological parameters, including wind direction, liquid water path (LWP), 2\,m temperature, and precipitable water vapor. An observed wind direction and moisture dependence are consistent with snowfall being linked to pulses of moist air that originate over nearby, ice-free ocean, a resource that becomes more readily available in summertime as the winter sea ice retreats. LWP is shown to have little relationship to snowfall, indicating that ice-phase precipitation processes are quite important for snowfall at Summit.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T15:33:22Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Castellani, Benjamin B. and Shupe, Matthew D. and Hudak, David R. and Sheppard, Brian E.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0762 Mass balance,1621 Cryospheric change,1853 Precipitation-radar,1854 Precipitation,3349 Polar meteorology,Greenland,mass balance,POSS,precipitation,Snowfall,Summit}, + pages = {2015JD023072} +} + +@book{brune1999, + title = {Atmospheric {{Oxidation}}: {{HOx}} and Tropospheric Ozone}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Brune, W.}, + month = oct, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: NCAR ACD seminar +speaker from penn state} +} + +@article{morrison2005b, + title = {Mesoscale {{Modeling}} of {{Springtime Arctic Mixed}}-{{Phase Stratiform Clouds Using}} a {{New Two}}-{{Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme}}}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Morrison, H. and Pinto, J. O.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {3683--3704} +} + +@article{chen2014a, + title = {Varying Planetary Heat Sink Led to Global-Warming Slowdown and Acceleration}, + volume = {345}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1254937}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {6199}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Chen, Xianyao and Tung, Ka-Kit}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {897--903} +} + +@article{kar1998, + title = {Evidence of Transport in Water Vapor Profiles at Mid Latitudes from {{Stratospheric Aerosol}} and {{Gas Experiment}} ({{SAGE II}}) Measurements}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kar, J. and Mahajan, K. K.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,057--31,065} +} + +@article{done2015, + title = {Estimating Impacts of {{North Atlantic}} Tropical Cyclones Using an Index of Damage Potential}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-015-1513-0}, + abstract = {An index of North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) damage potential due to winds and coastal surge is developed using seasonal climate variables of relative sea surface temperature and steering flow. These climate variables are proxies for the key damaging TC parameters of intensity, size, and forward speed that constitute an existing cyclone damage potential index. This climate-based approach has the advantage of sidestepping the need for data on individual TCs and explains 48 \% of the variance in historical cyclone damage potential. The merit of the cyclone damage potential is in assessments relative to past events or past periods, and may be translated to actual damage using relationships between the damage potential index and specific exposure and vulnerability characteristics. Spread in the change in damage potential over the 21st century among climate simulations under representative concentration pathways 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 is found to be less than the spread due to internal variability, as assessed using a climate model initial condition large ensemble. This study highlights the importance of accounting for internal climate variability in future climate impact assessments.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-19T21:47:42Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-19}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Done, James M. and PaiMazumder, Debasish and Towler, Erin and Kishtawal, Chandra M.}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1--13} +} + +@techreport{edwards1987, + address = {Oxford, UK}, + title = {{{GENLN2}}: {{The}} New {{Oxford}} Line-by-Line Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance Model: {{Description}} and User's Guide}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {87.2}, + institution = {Dep. of Atmos., Oceanic and Planet. Phys., Univ. of Oxford}, + author = {Edwards, D.}, + year = {1987} +} + +@article{gettelman2001, + title = {El-{{Ni{\~n}o}} as a Natural Experiment for Studying the Tropical Tropopause Region}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Randel, W. J. and Massie, S. and Wu, F. and Read, W. G. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3375--3392} +} + +@book{lipscomb1997, + title = {Heuristic {{Model}} of Steady State Thickness Distribution of Arctic Sea Ice}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Lipscomb, B.}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{polvani1992, + title = {Rossby Wave Breaking, Microbreaking, Filamentation and Secondary Vortex Formation: {{The}} Dynamics of a Perturbed Vortex}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Polvani, L. M. and Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {462--476} +} + +@article{deckert2008, + title = {Higher Tropical {{SSTs}} Strengthen the Tropical Upwelling via Deep Convection}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL033719}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {L10813}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Deckert, R. and Dameris, M.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{bowman1998, + title = {Stationary Anomalies in Stratospheric Meteorological Data Sets}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {submitted to Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Bowman, K. P. and Hoppel, K. and Swinbank, R.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{vallis2011, + title = {Climate and the {{Oceans}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-27T03:58:59Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-27}, + publisher = {{Princeton University Press}}, + author = {Vallis, Geoffrey K.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{gao2004, + title = {Evidence That {{Nitric Acid Increases Relative Humidity}} in {{Low}}-{{Temperature Cirrus Clouds}}}, + volume = {303}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Gao, R. S. and {others}}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {516--520} +} + +@article{wang2010, + title = {Cirrus Clouds in a Global Climate Model with a Statistical Cirrus Cloud Scheme}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-5449-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:38:57Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {5449--5474} +} + +@article{oort1996, + title = {Observed Interannual Variability in the {{Hadley Circulation}} and Its Connection to {{ENSO}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Oort, A. H. and Yienger, J. J.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2751--2767} +} + +@article{tuinenburg2015, + title = {Moist Processes during {{MJO}} Events as Diagnosed from Water Isotopic Measurements from the {{IASI}} Satellite}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023461}, + abstract = {This study aims to investigate some characteristics of the moist processes of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), by making use of joint HDO (or $\delta$D) and H2O vapor measurements. The MJO is the main intraseasonal mode of the tropical climate but is hard to properly simulate in global atmospheric models. The joint use of $\delta$D-H2O diagnostics yields additional information compared to sole humidity measurements. We use midtropospheric Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite $\delta$D and H2O measurements to determine the mean MJO humidity and $\delta$D evolution. Moreover, by making use of high temporal resolution data, we determine the variability in this evolution during about eight MJO events from 2010 to 2012 (including those monitored during the DYNAMO (the Dynamics of the MJO), CINDY (Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment in Y2011) campaign). These data have a higher spatiotemporal coverage than previous $\delta$D measurements, enabling the sampling of individual MJO events. IASI measurements over the Indian Ocean confirm earlier findings that the moistening before the precipitation peak of an MJO event is due to water vapor slightly enriched in HDO. There is then a HDO depletion around the precipitation peak that also corresponds to the moister environment. Most interevent variability determined in the current study occurs 5 to 10~days after the MJO event. In 75\% of the events, humidity decreases while the atmosphere remains depleted. In a quarter of the events, humidity increases simultaneously with an increase in $\delta$D. After this, the advection of relatively dry and enriched air brings back the state to the mean. Over the maritime continent, $\delta$D-H2O cycles are more variable on time scales shorter than the MJO and the interevent variability is larger than over the Indian Ocean. The sequence of moistening and drying processes as revealed by the q-$\delta$D cycles can be used as a benchmark to evaluate the representation of moist processes in models. This is done here by comparing observations to simulations of the isotope enabled LMDZ (Laboratoire de M{\'e}t{\'e}orologie Dynamique Zoom) global climate model nudged with reanalysis wind fields. These simulations also give information to investigate possible physical origins of the observed q-$\delta$D cycles.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-26T14:23:08Z}, + urldate = {2015-10-26}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Tuinenburg, O. A. and Risi, C. and Lacour, J. L. and Schneider, M. and Wiegele, A. and Worden, J. and Kurita, N. and Duvel, J. P. and Deutscher, N. and Bony, S. and Coheur, P. F. and Clerbaux, C.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3314 Convective processes,3337 Global climate models,3374 Tropical meteorology,IASI,MJO,water isotopes}, + pages = {2015JD023461} +} + +@article{mohr1996, + title = {A Comparison of {{WSR}}-{{88D}} Reflectivities, {{SSM}}/{{I}} Brightness Temperatures, and Lightning for Mesoscale Convective Systems over {{Texas}}. {{Part II}}: {{SSM}}/{{I}} Brightness Temperatures and Lightning}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {J. Applied. Met.}, + author = {Mohr, K. I. and Toracinta, E. R. and Zipser, E. J. and Orville, R. E.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {919--931} +} + +@article{joshi2003, + title = {A Comparison of Climate Response to Different Radiative Forcings in Three General Circulation Models: Towards an Improved Metric of Climate Change}, + volume = {20}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-003-0305-9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dynamics}, + author = {Joshi, M. and Shine, K. and Ponater, M. and Stuber, N. and Sausen, R. and Li, L.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {843--854} +} + +@article{lee2010, + title = {Transport Impact on Atmospehre and Climate: {{Aviation}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Env.}, + author = {Lee, D. S. and Pitari, G. and Grewe, V. and Gierens, K. and Penner, J. E. and Petzold, A. and Pratehr, M. J. and Schumann, U. and Bais, A. and Berntsen, T. and Iachetti, D. and Lim, L. L. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {4678--4734} +} + +@article{washington2009, + title = {The Computational Future for Climate and {{Earth}} System Models: On the Path to Petaflop and beyond}, + volume = {367}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2008.0219}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A}, + author = {Washington, W. M. and Buja, L. and Craig, A.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {833--846} +} + +@article{ramanathan1989, + title = {Cloud-{{Radiative Forcing}} and {{Climate}}: {{Results}} from the {{Earth Radiation Budget Experiment}}}, + volume = {243}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Ramanathan, V. and Cess, R. D. and Harrison, E. F. and Minnis, P. and Barkstrom, B. R. and Ahmad, E. and Hartmann, D.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {57--63} +} + +@article{richardson2003, + title = {Evidence for a {{Rising Cloud Ceiling}} in {{Eastern North America}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Richardson, A. and Denny, E. G. and Siccama, T. G. and Lee, X.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{reed1959, + title = {Fronts in the {{Vicinity}} of the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Archiv f{\"u}r Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Ser. A}, + author = {Reed, R. J. and Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1959}, + pages = {1--17} +} + +@article{wyser2008, + title = {An Evaluation of {{Arctic}} Cloud and Radaition Processes during the {{SHEBA}} Year: Simulation Results from Eight {{Arctic}} Regional Climate Models}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-007-0286-1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Wyser, K. and {others}}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {203--223} +} + +@article{holland2013, + title = {Recent Intense Hurricane Response to Global Climate Change}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-013-1713-0}, + abstract = {An Anthropogenic Climate Change Index (ACCI) is developed and used to investigate the potential global warming contribution to current tropical cyclone activity. The ACCI is defined as the difference between the means of ensembles of climate simulations with and without anthropogenic gases and aerosols. This index indicates that the bulk of the current anthropogenic warming has occurred in the past four decades, which enables improved confidence in assessing hurricane changes as it removes many of the data issues from previous eras. We find no anthropogenic signal in annual global tropical cyclone or hurricane frequencies. But a strong signal is found in proportions of both weaker and stronger hurricanes: the proportion of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has increased at a rate of \textasciitilde{}25\textendash{}30 \% per $^\circ$C of global warming after accounting for analysis and observing system changes. This has been balanced by a similar decrease in Category 1 and 2 hurricane proportions, leading to development of a distinctly bimodal intensity distribution, with the secondary maximum at Category 4 hurricanes. This global signal is reproduced in all ocean basins. The observed increase in Category 4\textendash{}5 hurricanes may not continue at the same rate with future global warming. The analysis suggests that following an initial climate increase in intense hurricane proportions a saturation level will be reached beyond which any further global warming will have little effect.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-16T17:54:15Z}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2016-05-16}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Holland, Greg and Bruy{\`e}re, Cindy L.}, + month = mar, + year = {2013}, + pages = {617--627} +} + +@article{reisner1998, + title = {Explicit Forecasting of Supercooled Liquid Water in Winter Storms Using the {{MM5}} Forecast Model}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Reisner, J. and Rasmussen, R. and Bruintjes, R. T.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1071--1107} +} + +@article{wu2007, + title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Mechanical}} and {{Thermal Forcing}} by the {{Tibetan Plateau}} on {{Asian Climate}}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1525-755X}, + doi = {10.1175/JHM609.1}, + abstract = {Abstract This paper attempts to provide some new understanding of the mechanical as well as thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on the circulation and climate in Asia through diagnosis and numerical experiments. The air column over the TP descends in winter and ascends in summer and regulates the surface Asian monsoon flow. Sensible heating on the sloping lateral surfaces appears from the authors' experiments to be the major driving source. The retarding and deflecting effects of the TP in winter generate an asymmetric dipole zonal-deviation circulation, with a large anticyclone gyre to the north and a cyclonic gyre to the south. Such a dipole deviation circulation enhances the cold outbreaks from the north over East Asia, results in a dry climate in south Asia and a moist climate over the Indochina peninsula and south China, and forms the persistent rainfall in early spring (PRES) in south China. In summer the TP heating generates a cyclonic spiral zonal-deviation circulation in the lower troposphere, which converges toward and rises over the TP. It is shown that because the TP is located east of the Eurasian continent, in summertime the meridional winds and vertical motions forced by the Eurasian continental-scale heating and the TP local heating are in phase over the eastern and central parts of the continent. The monsoon in East Asia and the dry climate in middle Asia are therefore intensified.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T16:02:35Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-05-11}, + journal = {J. Hydrometeor}, + author = {Wu, Guoxiong and Liu, Yimin and Zhang, Qiong and Duan, Anmin and Wang, Tongmei and Wan, Rijin and Liu, Xin and Li, Weiping and Wang, Zaizhi and Liang, Xiaoyun}, + month = aug, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Climate classification/regimes}, + pages = {770--789} +} + +@article{koop2000, + title = {Water Activity as the Determinant for Homogeneous Ice Nucleation in Aqueous Solutions}, + volume = {406}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Koop, T. and Luo, B. and Tsias, A. and Peter, T.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {611--614} +} + +@article{lebo2015, + title = {Parameterization of the {{Spatial Variability}} of {{Rain}} for {{Large}}-{{Scale Models}} and {{Remote Sensing}}}, + volume = {54}, + issn = {1558-8424}, + doi = {10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0066.1}, + abstract = {The spatial variability of rain rate R is evaluated by using both radar observations and cloud-resolving model output, focusing on the Tropical Warm Pool\textendash{}International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) period. In general, the model-predicted rain-rate probability distributions agree well with those estimated from the radar data across a wide range of spatial scales. The spatial variability in R, which is defined according to the standard deviation of R (for R greater than a predefined threshold Rmin) $\sigma$(R), is found to vary according to both the average of R over a given footprint $\mu$(R) and the footprint size or averaging scale $\Delta$. There is good agreement between area-averaged model output and radar data at a height of 2.5 km. The model output at the surface is used to construct a scale-dependent parameterization of $\sigma$(R) as a function of $\mu$(R) and $\Delta$ that can be readily implemented into large-scale numerical models. The variability in both the rainwater mixing ratio qr and R as a function of height is also explored. From the statistical analysis, a scale- and height-dependent formulation for the spatial variability of both qr and R is provided for the analyzed tropical scenario. Last, it is shown how this parameterization can be used to assist in constraining parameters that are often used to describe the surface rain-rate distribution.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-17T22:07:21Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-11-17}, + journal = {J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.}, + author = {Lebo, Z. J. and Williams, C. R. and Feingold, G. and Larson, V. E.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + pages = {2027--2046}, + file = {Lebo et al2015.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Lebo et al2015.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/WDH6SC7W/JAMC-D-15-0066.html:text/html} +} + +@article{giorgetta1999, + title = {An Investigation of {{QBO}} Signals in the East {{Asian}} and {{Indian}} Monsoon in {{GCM}} Experiments}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dynamics}, + author = {Giorgetta, M. A. and Bengtsson, L. and Arpe, K.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {435--450} +} + +@article{hamilton2014, + title = {Occurrence of Pristine Aerosol Environments on a Polluted Planet}, + volume = {111}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1415440111}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:26Z}, + number = {52}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Hamilton, Douglas S. and Lee, Lindsay A. and Pringle, Kirsty J. and Reddington, Carly L. and Spracklen, Dominick V. and Carslaw, Kenneth S.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {18466--18471} +} + +@article{gettelman2004a, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Monsoon Circulations}} on the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004878}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Kinnison, D. E. and Dunkerton, T. J. and Brasseur, G. P.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{wilson1997, + title = {Thunderstorm {{Initiation}}, {{Organization}} and {{Lifetime Associated}} with {{Florida Boundary Layer Convergence Lines}}}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Wilson, J. W. and Megenhardt, D. L.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1507--1525} +} + +@article{rosenfeld2014a, + title = {Combined Satellite and Radar Retrievals of Drop Concentration and {{CCN}} at Convective Cloud Base: {{ROSENFELD ET}}. {{AL}}.; {{RETRIEVING CONVECTIVE CLOUD BASE CCN}}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Combined Satellite and Radar Retrievals of Drop Concentration and {{CCN}} at Convective Cloud Base}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL059453}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:24Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Rosenfeld, Daniel and Fischman, Baruch and Zheng, Youtong and Goren, Tom and Giguzin, David}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3259--3265} +} + +@article{blake1988, + title = {Continuing {{Worldwide Increase}} in {{Tropospheric Methane}}, 1978 to 1987}, + volume = {239}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Blake, D. R. and Rowland, F. S.}, + year = {1988}, + keywords = {troposphere CH4 stratospheric water vapor}, + pages = {1129--1131} +} + +@article{gettelman2010a, + title = {Multi-Model Assessment of the {{Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}: {{Tropics}} and {{Trends}}}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013638}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D00M08}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{esler2003, + title = {Transport and Mixing between Airmasses in Cold Frontal Regions during {{Dynamics}} and {{Chemistry}} of {{Frontal Zones}} ({{DCFZ}})}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001494}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Esler, J. G. and Haynes, P. H. and Law, K. S. and Barjat, H. and Dewey, K. and Kent, J. and Schmitgen, S. and Brough, N.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{pan2007, + title = {A Set of Diagnostics for Evaluating Chemistry-Climate Models in the Extratropical Tropopause Region}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007792}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and Wei, J. C. and Kinnison, D. E. and Garcia, R. R. and Wuebbles, D. J. and Brasseur, G. P.}, + month = may, + year = {2007}, + pages = {9316--+} +} + +@article{sarachik1985, + title = {A {{Simple Theory}} for the {{Vertical Structure}} of the {{Tropical Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics}, + author = {Sarachik, E. S.}, + year = {1985}, + pages = {261--271} +} + +@article{fu2007, + title = {Identifing the {{Top}} of the {{Tropical Tropoapuse Layer}} from Vertical Mass Flux Analysis and {{CALIPSO}} Lidar Cloud Observations}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL030099}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {L14113}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Hu, Y. and Yang, Q.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{weinstock2004, + title = {Measurements of the Ice Water Content of Cirrus in the Tropics and Subtropics: {{Instrument}} Details and Validation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Weinstock, E. M. and {others}}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{xing2009, + title = {New {{Efficient Sparse Space}}\textendash{}{{Time Algorithms}} for {{Superparameterization}} on {{Mesoscales}}}, + volume = {137}, + issn = {0027-0644, 1520-0493}, + doi = {10.1175/2009MWR2858.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:42Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Xing, Yulong and Majda, Andrew J. and Grabowski, Wojciech W.}, + month = dec, + year = {2009}, + pages = {4307--4324} +} + +@article{longpre2014, + title = {Sulfur Budget and Global Climate Impact of the {{A}}.{{D}}. 1835 Eruption of {{Cosig{\"u}ina}} Volcano, {{Nicaragua}}: {{Climate}} Impact of the {{Cosig{\"u}ina}} Eruption}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Sulfur Budget and Global Climate Impact of the {{A}}.{{D}}. 1835 Eruption of {{Cosig{\"u}ina}} Volcano, {{Nicaragua}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL061205}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:09Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Longpr{\'e}, Marc-Antoine and Stix, John and Burkert, Cosima and Hansteen, Thor and Kutterolf, Steffen}, + month = oct, + year = {2014}, + pages = {6667--6675} +} + +@article{pitari2002, + title = {Impact of Future Climate and Emission Changes on Stratospheric Aerosols and Ozone}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Pitari, G. and Mancini, E. and Rizzi, V. and Shindell, D.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {414--440} +} + +@book{beyers1944, + edition = {2nd Ed.}, + title = {General {{Meteorology}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + publisher = {{Mc Graw Hill Book Company}}, + author = {Beyers, H. R.}, + year = {1944} +} + +@article{sulia2013, + title = {A {{Method}} for {{Adaptive Habit Prediction}} in {{Bulk Microphysical Models}}. {{Part III}}: {{Applications}} and {{Studies}} within a {{Two}}-{{Dimensional Kinematic Model}}}, + volume = {70}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {A {{Method}} for {{Adaptive Habit Prediction}} in {{Bulk Microphysical Models}}. {{Part III}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-12-0316.1}, + abstract = {AbstractArctic mixed-phase clouds are ubiquitous, and the persistence of supercooled liquid is not well understood. Prior studies of mixed-phase clouds predict a single axis length assuming spherical particles or mass\textendash{}dimensional relationships derived from in situ data. These methods cannot mechanistically evolve particle shape, leading to inaccuracies in estimates of mixed-phase lifetime. Parts I and II of this study report on the development and parcel model testing of an adaptive habit parameterization that predicts two bulk crystal lengths. The method is implemented into a two-dimensional kinematic model in which the dynamic flow field is prescribed, allowing for sedimentation and separate advection of length mixing ratios.Similar to other studies, results show that mass\textendash{}dimensional relationships produce large variation of phase, despite similar choice in particle type. Results with evolving ice habit promote phase maintenance in cases where mass\textendash{}dimensional methods glaciate the layers. Adaptive habit simulations with sedimentation increase cloud lifetime at higher ice concentrations but can also lead to lower liquid amounts. Radiative cooling initially increases ice growth with a subsequent enhanced sedimentation flux, altering cloud-phase partitioning dependent on ice concentration. Surface latent and sensible heat fluxes of 50 W m-2 result in an increase in overall water mass, while compensating fluxes establish sufficient energy and mass amounts for liquid and ice maintenance. These studies provide insight into the fluxes that may be necessary for mixed-phase cloud maintenance.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-01T21:40:01Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-07-01}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Sulia, Kara J. and Harrington, Jerry Y. and Morrison, Hugh}, + month = oct, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Cloud microphysics,Cloud parameterizations,Cloud water/phase,Glaciation,Ice crystals,Snowfall}, + pages = {3302--3320} +} + +@article{rood1997a, + title = {Synoptic {{Scale Mass Exchange}} from the {{Troposphere}} to the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rood, R. B. and Douglass, A. R. and Cerniglia, M. C. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {CTM STE}, + pages = {23,467--23,485} +} + +@book{harrisonb, + title = {Shortwave Radiation Measurements and Comparisons with Radiative Transfer Models}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Harrison, L.}, + year = {10 Oct 97}, + note = {Speaker from SUNY- Albany +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{fu1992, + title = {On the Correlated K-Distribution Method for Radiative Transfer in Nonhomogeneous Atmosphere}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Liou, K. N.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {2139--2156} +} + +@article{baustian2012, + title = {Importance of Aerosol Composition, Mixing State, and Morphology for Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation: {{A}} Combined Field and Laboratory Approach}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + shorttitle = {Importance of Aerosol Composition, Mixing State, and Morphology for Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD016784}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:31:54Z}, + number = {D6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Baustian, Kelly J. and Cziczo, Daniel J. and Wise, Matthew E. and Pratt, Kerri A. and Kulkarni, Gourihar and Hallar, A. Gannet and Tolbert, Margaret A.}, + month = mar, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{petry1998, + title = {Chemical Conversion of Subsonic Aircraft Emissions in the Dispersing Plume: {{Calculation}} of Effective Emission Indicies}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Petry, H. and Hendricks, J. and M{\"o}llhof, M. and Lippert, E. and Meier, A. and Ebel, A. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {5759--5772} +} + +@article{vernier2011, + title = {Overshooting of Clean Tropospheric Air in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere as Seen by the {{CALIPSO}} Lidar}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-9683-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:12Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Vernier, J.-P. and Pommereau, J.-P. and Thomason, L. W. and Pelon, J. and Garnier, A. and Deshler, T. and Jumelet, J. and Nielsen, J. K.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011}, + pages = {9683--9696} +} + +@article{ansmann2008, + title = {Influence of {{Saharan}} Dust on Cloud Glaciation in Southern {{Morocco}} during the {{Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment}}}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008785}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D04210}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ansmann, A. and {others}}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{oneill2013, + title = {A New Scenario Framework for Climate Change Research: The Concept of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways}, + volume = {122}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + shorttitle = {A New Scenario Framework for Climate Change Research}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-013-0905-2}, + abstract = {The new scenario framework for climate change research envisions combining pathways of future radiative forcing and their associated climate changes with alternative pathways of socioeconomic development in order to carry out research on climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Here we propose a conceptual framework for how to define and develop a set of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for use within the scenario framework. We define SSPs as reference pathways describing plausible alternative trends in the evolution of society and ecosystems over a century timescale, in the absence of climate change or climate policies. We introduce the concept of a space of challenges to adaptation and to mitigation that should be spanned by the SSPs, and discuss how particular trends in social, economic, and environmental development could be combined to produce such outcomes. A comparison to the narratives from the scenarios developed in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) illustrates how a starting point for developing SSPs can be defined. We suggest initial development of a set of basic SSPs that could then be extended to meet more specific purposes, and envision a process of application of basic and extended SSPs that would be iterative and potentially lead to modification of the original SSPs themselves.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-15T23:37:36Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-05-15}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {O'Neill, Brian C. and Kriegler, Elmar and Riahi, Keywan and Ebi, Kristie L. and Hallegatte, Stephane and Carter, Timothy R. and Mathur, Ritu and Vuuren, Detlef P.}, + month = oct, + year = {2013}, + pages = {387--400} +} + +@article{spicer1994, + title = {Chemical Composition and Photochemical Reactivity of Exhaust from Aircraft Turbine Engines}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Spicer, C. W.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {944--955} +} + +@article{rosenfeld2014b, + title = {Climate {{Effects}} of {{Aerosol}}-{{Cloud Interactions}}}, + volume = {343}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1247490}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:30Z}, + number = {6169}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Rosenfeld, D. and Sherwood, S. and Wood, R. and Donner, L.}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {379--380} +} + +@techreport{shibata2008, + title = {Simulation of the Stratospheric Circulation and Ozone during the Recent Past (1980-2004) with the {{MRI}} Chemistry=climate Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {CGER Supercomputer Mongraph Report Vol 13}, + institution = {National Institute for Environmental Studies}, + author = {Shibata, K. and Deushi, M.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{herger2015, + title = {Improved Pattern Scaling Approaches for the Use in Climate Impact Studies}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL063569}, + abstract = {Pattern scaling is a simple way to produce climate projections beyond the scenarios run with expensive global climate models (GCMs). The simplest technique has known limitations and assumes that a spatial climate anomaly pattern obtained from a GCM can be scaled by the global mean temperature (GMT) anomaly. We propose alternatives and assess their skills and limitations. One approach which avoids scaling is to consider a period in a different scenario with the same GMT change. It is attractive as it provides patterns of any temporal resolution that are consistent across variables, and it does not distort variability. Second, we extend the traditional approach with a land-sea contrast term, which provides the largest improvements over the traditional technique. When interpolating between known bounding scenarios, the proposed methods significantly improve the accuracy of the pattern scaled scenario with little computational cost. The remaining errors are much smaller than the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model spread.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-14T20:49:39Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-14}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Herger, Nadja and Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Knutti, Reto}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1626 Global climate models,1627 Coupled models of the climate system,3305 Climate change and variability,4475 Scaling: spatial and temporal,climate impacts,CMIP5,emulator,pattern scaling,RCP scenarios}, + pages = {2015GL063569}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/73BSH69W/Herger et al. - 2015 - Improved pattern scaling approaches for the use in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QTKINEDN/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{stephens2008, + title = {{{CloudSat Mission}}: {{Performance}} and Early Science after the First Year of Operation}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009951}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D00A18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stephens, G. L. and {others}}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{rugenstein2016, + title = {Dependence of Global Radiative Feedbacks on Evolving Patterns of Surface Heat Fluxes}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL070907}, + abstract = {In most climate models, after an abrupt increase in radiative forcing the climate feedback parameter magnitude decreases with time. We demonstrate how the evolution of the pattern of ocean heat uptake\textemdash{}moving from a more homogeneous toward a heterogeneous and high-latitude-enhanced pattern\textemdash{}influences not only regional but also global climate feedbacks. We force a slab ocean model with scaled patterns of ocean heat uptake derived from a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Steady state results from the slab ocean approximate transient results from the dynamic ocean configuration. Our results indicate that cloud radiative effects play an important role in decreasing the magnitude of the climate feedback parameter. The ocean strongly affects atmospheric temperatures through both heat uptake and through influencing atmospheric feedbacks. This highlights the challenges associated with reliably predicting transient or equilibrated climate system states from shorter-term climate simulations and observed climate variability.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-03T15:11:00Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-03}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Rugenstein, Maria A. A. and Caldeira, Ken and Knutti, Reto}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1620 Climate dynamics,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3320 Idealized model,3339 Ocean/atmosphere interactions,Climate feedbacks,climate sensitivity,ocean heat uptake,slab ocean,surface heat fluxes}, + pages = {2016GL070907} +} + +@article{cluley1978, + title = {Aircraft Measurements of Humidity in the Low Stratosphere over Southern {{England}} 1972-1976}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Cluley, A. P. and Oliver, M. J.}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {511--526} +} + +@book{asher, + title = {Air-{{Sea Gas Exchange}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Asher, B.}, + year = {24 may}, + note = {Published: UW-Seminar +speaker from UW-JISAO} +} + +@article{reagan2011, + title = {Contribution of Oceanic Gas Hydrate Dissociation to the Formation of {{Arctic Ocean}} Methane Plumes}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JC007189}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:02Z}, + number = {C9}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Reagan, Matthew T. and Moridis, George J. and Elliott, Scott M. and Maltrud, Mathew}, + month = sep, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{matrosov207, + title = {Potential for Attenuation-Based Estimations of Rainfall Rate from {{CloudSat}}}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {L05817}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Matrosov, S. Y.}, + year = {207}, + pages = {10.1029/2006GL029161} +} + +@article{yuan2006, + title = {Tests and Improvements of {{GCM}} Cloud Parameterizations Using the {{CCCMA SCM}} with the {{SHEBA}} Data Set}, + volume = {82}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Res.}, + author = {Yuan, J. and Fu, Q. and McFarlane, N.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {222--238} +} + +@article{cahalan1994, + title = {The {{Albedo}} of {{Fractal Stratocumulus Clouds}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Cahalan, R. F. and Ridgway, W. and Wiscombe, W. J. and Bell, T. L.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2434--2455} +} + +@article{kunz2011a, + title = {Chemical and Dynamical Discontinuity at the Extratropical Tropopause Based on {{START08}} and {{WACCM}} Analyses: {{CHEMICAL AND DYNAMICAL DISCONTINUITY}}}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {01480227}, + shorttitle = {Chemical and Dynamical Discontinuity at the Extratropical Tropopause Based on {{START08}} and {{WACCM}} Analyses}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD016686}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:24Z}, + number = {D24}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Kunz, A. and Pan, L. L. and Konopka, P. and Kinnison, D. E. and Tilmes, S.}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{solomon2010, + title = {Contributions of {{Stratospheric Water Vapor}} to {{Decadal Changes}} in the {{Rate}} of {{Global Warming}}}, + volume = {327}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1182488}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {5970}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Solomon, Susan and Rosenlof, Karen H. and Portmann, Robert W. and Daniel, John S. and Davis, Sean M. and Sanford, Todd J. and Plattner, Gian-Kasper}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1219--1223} +} + +@article{wang2009a, + title = {Coupled {{IMPACT}} Aerosol and {{NCAR CAM3}} Model: {{Evaluation}} of Predicted Aerosol Number and Size Distribution}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010459}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D06302}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wang, M. and Penner, J. E. and Liu, X.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{maddy2008, + title = {Vertical Resolution Estimates in {{Version}} 5 of {{AIRS}} Operational {{Retrievals}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Maddy, E. S. and Barnet, C. D.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{li2014a, + title = {Cloud-Precipitation-Radiation-Dynamics Interaction in Global Climate Models: {{A}} Snow and Radiation Interaction Sensitivity Experiment}, + volume = {119}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD021038}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Li, J.-L. F. and Lee, W.-L. and Waliser, D. E. and Neelin, J. D. and Stachnik, J. P. and Lee, T.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3809--3824} +} + +@book{fang, + title = {The {{Axisymmetric Circulation}} of the {{Atmosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {Fang, M.}, + year = {30 November}, + note = {Speaker from Princeton +Published: Seminar- UW AMATH}, + keywords = {GFD} +} + +@article{zhao2013a, + title = {An {{Investigation}} of the {{Connections}} among {{Convection}}, {{Clouds}}, and {{Climate Sensitivity}} in a {{Global Climate Model}}}, + volume = {27}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00145.1}, + abstract = {This study explores connections between process-level modeling of convection and global climate model (GCM) simulated clouds and cloud feedback to global warming through a set of perturbed-physics and perturbed sea surface temperature experiments. A bulk diagnostic approach is constructed, and a set of variables is derived and demonstrated to be useful in understanding the simulated relationship. In particular, a novel bulk quantity, the convective precipitation efficiency or equivalently the convective detrainment efficiency, is proposed as a simple measure of the aggregated properties of parameterized convection important to the GCM simulated clouds. As the convective precipitation efficiency increases in the perturbed-physics experiments, both liquid and ice water path decrease, with low and middle cloud fractions diminishing at a faster rate than high cloud fractions. This asymmetry results in a large sensitivity of top-of-atmosphere net cloud radiative forcing to changes in convective precipitation efficiency in this limited set of models.For global warming experiments, intermodel variations in the response of cloud condensate, low cloud fraction, and total cloud radiative forcing are well explained by model variations in response to total precipitation (or detrainment) efficiency. Despite significant variability, all of the perturbed-physics models produce a sizable increase in precipitation efficiency to warming. A substantial fraction of the increase is due to its convective component, which depends on the parameterization of cumulus mixing and convective microphysical processes. The increase in convective precipitation efficiency and associated change in convective cloud height distribution owing to warming explains the increased cloud feedback and climate sensitivity in recently developed Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GCMs. The results imply that a cumulus scheme using fractional removal of condensate for precipitation and inverse calculation of the entrainment rate tends to produce a lower climate sensitivity than a scheme using threshold removal for precipitation and the entrainment rate formulated inversely dependent on convective depth.}, + timestamp = {2016-04-11T23:27:23Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-04-11}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Zhao, Ming}, + month = nov, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1845--1862} +} + +@article{mace2016, + title = {Observational Evidence for Aerosol Invigoration in Shallow Cumulus Downstream of {{Mount Kilauea}}}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL067830}, + abstract = {Knowledge of how marine boundary layer (MBL) shallow cumulus clouds respond to changes in aerosol is central to understanding how MBL clouds modulate the climate system. Mount Kilauea on the island of Hawaii began erupting in 2008 injecting substantial SO2 into the marine boundary layer creating a unique natural laboratory. Examining data from approximately 600 passes of the A-Train downstream of Mount Kilauea over a 3~year period and separating data into aerosol optical depth quartiles, we find an unambiguous increase in marine boundary cloud top height and an increase in surface wind speed as aerosol increases while the radar reflectivity does not change substantially. We conclude that increased aerosols may have caused invigoration of the MBL clouds. Additionally, we find that increases in sub 1~km cloud fraction combined with increasing aerosol explain the increased visible reflectance suggesting that evidence for the so-called first aerosol indirect effect should be reexamined.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-08T20:41:51Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-08}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Mace, G. G. and Abernathy, A. C.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3354 Precipitation,3360 Remote sensing,aerosol,aerosol invigoration,CloudSat,marine boundary layer,MODIS}, + pages = {2016GL067830}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9QPTCRFU/Mace and Abernathy - 2016 - Observational evidence for aerosol invigoration in.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/2D8S9ZTC/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{appenzeller1997, + title = {Tracer Lamination in the Stratosphere: {{A}} Global Climatology}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Appenzeller, C. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {13,555--13,569} +} + +@article{knutti2006, + title = {Constraining {{Climate Sensitivity}} from the {{Seasonal Cycle}} in {{Surface Temperature}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Knutti, R. and Meehl, G. A. and Allen, M. R. and Stainforth, D. A.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {4224--4233} +} + +@article{feddema2005, + title = {The {{Importance}} of {{Land}}-{{Cover Change}} in {{Simulating Future Climates}}}, + volume = {310}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1118160}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:14Z}, + number = {5754}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Feddema, J. J.}, + month = dec, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1674--1678} +} + +@article{rienecker2011, + title = {{{MERRA}}: {{NASA}}'s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications.}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Rienecker, M. M. and {others}}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3624--3648} +} + +@article{chowdhary2015, + title = {Quadrature {{Methods}} for the {{Calculation}} of {{Subgrid Microphysics Moments}}}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-14-00168.1}, + abstract = {AbstractMany cloud microphysical processes occur on a much smaller scale than a typical numerical grid box can resolve. In such cases, a probability density function (PDF) can act as a proxy for subgrid variability in these microphysical processes. This method is known as the assumed PDF method. By placing a density on the microphysical fields, one can use samples from this density to estimate microphysics averages. In the assumed PDF method, the calculation of such microphysical averages has primarily been done using classical Monte Carlo methods and Latin hypercube sampling. Although these techniques are fairly easy to implement and ubiquitous in the literature, they suffer from slow convergence rates as a function of the number of samples. In this paper, we propose using deterministic quadrature methods instead of traditional random sampling approaches to compute the microphysics statistical moments for the assumed PDF method. For smooth functions, the quadrature based methods can achieve much greater accuracy with fewer samples by choosing tailored quadrature points and weights instead of random samples. Moreover, these techniques are fairly easy to implement and conceptually similar to Monte Carlo type methods. As a prototypical microphysical formula, we use Khairoutdinov and Kogan's autoconversion and accretion formulas to illustrate the benefit of using quadrature instead of Monte Carlo or Latin hypercube sampling.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-26T20:52:33Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-26}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Chowdhary, K. and Salloum, M. and Debusschere, B. and Larson, V. E.}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/3HHURBQP/Chowdhary et al. - 2015 - Quadrature Methods for the Calculation of Subgrid .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ETWFXGUI/MWR-D-14-00168.html:text/html} +} + +@article{ertel1942, + title = {Ein {{Neuer}} Hydrodynamischer {{Wirbelsatz}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Met. Z.}, + author = {Ertel, H.}, + year = {1942}, + pages = {271--281} +} + +@article{fromm2003, + title = {Transport of Forest Fire Smoke above the Tropopause by Supercell Convection}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL016820}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fromm, M. D. and Servranckx, R.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1542} +} + +@article{rosenlof1997, + title = {Hemispheric {{Asymmetries}} in {{Water Vapor}} and {{Inferences About Transport}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Rosenlof, K.H. and Tuck, A.F. and Kelly, K.K. and Russell III, J.M. and McCormick, M.P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {13,213--13,234} +} + +@article{sanderson2008a, + title = {Constraints on {{Model Response}} to {{Greenhouse Gas Forcing}} and the {{Role}} of {{Subgrid}}-{{Scale Processes}}}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI1869.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:36Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Knutti, R. and Aina, T. and Christensen, C. and Faull, N. and Frame, D. J. and Ingram, W. J. and Piani, C. and Stainforth, D. A. and Stone, D. A. and Allen, M. R.}, + month = jun, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2384--2400} +} + +@article{meyers1992, + title = {New {{Primary Ice}}-{{Nucleation Parameterizations}} in an {{Explicit Cloud Model}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {J. Applied Met.}, + author = {Meyers, M. P. and DeMott, P. J. and Cotton, W. R.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {708--721} +} + +@article{free2002, + title = {Creating {{Climate Reference Datasets}}}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Free, M. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {891--900} +} + +@article{bony2006a, + title = {How {{Well Do We Understand}} and {{Evaluate Climate Change Feedback Processes}}?}, + volume = {19}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI3819.1}, + abstract = {Processes in the climate system that can either amplify or dampen the climate response to an external perturbation are referred to as climate feedbacks. Climate sensitivity estimates depend critically on radiative feedbacks associated with water vapor, lapse rate, clouds, snow, and sea ice, and global estimates of these feedbacks differ among general circulation models. By reviewing recent observational, numerical, and theoretical studies, this paper shows that there has been progress since the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in (i) the understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in these feedbacks, (ii) the interpretation of intermodel differences in global estimates of these feedbacks, and (iii) the development of methodologies of evaluation of these feedbacks (or of some components) using observations. This suggests that continuing developments in climate feedback research will progressively help make it possible to constrain the GCMs' range of climate feedbacks and climate sensitivity through an ensemble of diagnostics based on physical understanding and observations.}, + timestamp = {2016-08-04T03:21:18Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2016-08-04}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Bony, Sandrine and Colman, Robert and Kattsov, Vladimir M. and Allan, Richard P. and Bretherton, Christopher S. and Dufresne, Jean-Louis and Hall, Alex and Hallegatte, Stephane and Holland, Marika M. and Ingram, William and Randall, David A. and Soden, Brian J. and Tselioudis, George and Webb, Mark J.}, + month = aug, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3445--3482} +} + +@article{penner2006, + title = {Model Intercomparison of Indirect Aerosol Effects}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-6-3391-2006}, + abstract = {Modeled differences in predicted effects are increasingly used to help quantify the uncertainty of these effects. Here, we examine modeled differences in the aerosol indirect effect in a series of experiments that help to quantify how and why model-predicted aerosol indirect forcing varies between models. The experiments start with an experiment in which aerosol concentrations, the parameterization of droplet concentrations and the autoconversion scheme are all specified and end with an experiment that examines the predicted aerosol indirect forcing when only aerosol sources are specified. Although there are large differences in the predicted liquid water path among the models, the predicted aerosol first indirect effect for the first experiment is rather similar, about -0.6 Wm-2 to -0.7 Wm-2. Changes to the autoconversion scheme can lead to large changes in the liquid water path of the models and to the response of the liquid water path to changes in aerosols. Adding an autoconversion scheme that depends on the droplet concentration caused a larger (negative) change in net outgoing shortwave radiation compared to the 1st indirect effect, and the increase varied from only 22\% to more than a factor of three. The change in net shortwave forcing in the models due to varying the autoconversion scheme depends on the liquid water content of the clouds as well as their predicted droplet concentrations, and both increases and decreases in the net shortwave forcing can occur when autoconversion schemes are changed. The parameterization of cloud fraction within models is not sensitive to the aerosol concentration, and, therefore, the response of the modeled cloud fraction within the present models appears to be smaller than that which would be associated with model "noise". The prediction of aerosol concentrations, given a fixed set of sources, leads to some of the largest differences in the predicted aerosol indirect radiative forcing among the models, with values of cloud forcing ranging from -0.3 Wm-2 to -1.4 Wm-2. Thus, this aspect of modeling requires significant improvement in order to improve the prediction of aerosol indirect effects.}, + timestamp = {2015-10-20T21:24:21Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-10-20}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Penner, J. E. and Quaas, J. and Storelvmo, T. and Takemura, T. and Boucher, O. and Guo, H. and Kirkev\aa{}g, A. and Kristj{\'a}nsson, J. E. and Seland, \O.}, + month = aug, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3391--3405}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DGU7KUT8/Penner et al. - 2006 - Model intercomparison of indirect aerosol effects.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FPD48BHE/2006.html:text/html} +} + +@article{kerr-munslow2006, + title = {Tropical {{Wave Driving}} of the {{Annual Cycle}} in {{Tropical Tropopause Temperatures}}. {{Part I}}: {{ECMWF Analyses}}.}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Kerr-Munslow, A. M. and Norton, W. A.}, + month = may, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1410--1419} +} + +@article{zhou2014, + title = {Aircraft Soot Indirect Effect on Large-Scale Cirrus Clouds: {{Is}} the Indirect Forcing by Aircraft Soot Positive or Negative?: {{AIRCRAFT SOOT INDIRECT EFFECT}}}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Aircraft Soot Indirect Effect on Large-Scale Cirrus Clouds}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD021914}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:24Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Zhou, Cheng and Penner, Joyce E.}, + month = oct, + year = {2014}, + pages = {11,303--11,320} +} + +@article{coy1994, + title = {A Comparison of Winds from the {{STRATAN}} Data Assimilation System to Balanced Wind Estimates}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Coy, L. and Rood, R. B. and Newman, P. A.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2309--2315} +} + +@article{qian2015, + title = {Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Precipitation at Global and Local Scales in the {{Community Atmosphere Model CAM5}}}, + issn = {19422466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000354}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:06Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Qian, Yun and Yan, Huiping and Hou, Zhangshuan and Johannesson, Gardar and Klein, Stephen and Lucas, Donald and Neale, Richard and Rasch, Philip and Swiler, Laura and Tannahill, John and Wang, Hailong and Wang, Minghuai and Zhao, Chun}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{randel2001, + title = {Seasonal Variation of Water Vapor in the Lower Stratosphere Observed in {{Halogen Occultation Experiment}} Data}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Gettelman, A. and Wu, F. and III, J. M. Russell and Zawodny, J. and Oltmans, S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {14313--14325} +} + +@article{quaas2010, + title = {Interpreting the Cloud Cover-Aerosol Optical Depth Relationship Found in Satellite Data Using a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-6129-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Quaas, J. and Stevens, B. and Stier, P. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {6129--6135} +} + +@book{mcdermott1996, + title = {Interaction of Northern and Southern Branches of the Thermohaline Circulation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {{McDermott}}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW-JISAO +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms Sci} +} + +@article{joughin2002, + title = {Positive {{Mass Balance}} of the {{Ross Ice Streams}}, {{West Antarctica}}}, + volume = {295}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1066875}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {5554}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Joughin, I. and Tulaczyk, S.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {476--480} +} + +@article{austin1991, + title = {The Ozone Record at {{Payerne}}: {{An}} Assessment of the Cross-Tropopause Flux}, + volume = {25A}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Austin, J. F. and Follows, M. J.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1873--1880} +} + +@article{warner2011, + title = {Quality Assurance in Atmospheric Modeling}, + volume = {92}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:27Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, + author = {Warner, Thomas T.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1601--1610} +} + +@article{hervig1993, + title = {Observations of {{Aerosol}} by the {{HALOE Experiment Onboard UARS}}: {{A Preliminary Validation}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hervig, M. E. and Russell, J. S. and Gordley, L. L. and Park, J. H. and Drayson, S. R.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {HALOE,UARS}, + pages = {1291--1294} +} + +@article{randel1998, + title = {Seasonal {{Cycles}} and {{QBO Variations}} in {{Stratospheric CH}}4 and {{H}}2{{O Observed}} in {{UARS HALOE Data}}}, + volume = {55}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and III, J. M. Russell and Roche, A. and Waters, J. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {163--185} +} + +@article{jouzel1987, + title = {Vostok Ice Core: A Continuous Isotope Temperature Record over the Last Climatic Cycle (160,000 Years)}, + volume = {329}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Jouzel, J. and {others}}, + year = {1987}, + keywords = {isotopes,temeprature,vostok ice core}, + pages = {403--408} +} + +@article{legates1997, + title = {The Continuing Search for an Anthropogenic Climate Change Signal: {{Limitations}} of Correlation-Based Approaches}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Legates, D. R. and Davis, R. E.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2319--2322} +} + +@book{bender2013, + address = {Princeton}, + title = {Paleoclimate}, + isbn = {978-0-691-14555-6}, + abstract = {Earth's climate has undergone dramatic changes over the geologic timescale. At one extreme, Earth has been glaciated from the poles to the equator for periods that may have lasted millions of years. At another, temperatures were once so warm that the Canadian Arctic was heavily forested and large dinosaurs lived on Antarctica. Paleoclimatology is the study of such changes and their causes. Studying Earth's long-term climate history gives scientists vital clues about anthropogenic global warming and how climate is affected by human endeavor. In this book, Michael Bender, an internationally recognized authority on paleoclimate, provides a concise, comprehensive, and sophisticated introduction to the subject. After briefly describing the major periods in Earth history to provide geologic context, he discusses controls on climate and how the record of past climate is determined. The heart of the book then proceeds chronologically, introducing the history of climate changes over millions of years--its patterns and major transitions, and why average global temperature has varied so much. The book ends with a discussion of the Holocene (the past 10,000 years) and by putting manmade climate change in the context of paleoclimate. The most up-to-date overview on the subject, Paleoclimate provides an ideal introduction to undergraduates, nonspecialist scientists, and general readers with a scientific background.}, + language = {English}, + timestamp = {2015-05-24T02:29:16Z}, + publisher = {{Princeton University Press}}, + author = {Bender, Michael L.}, + month = aug, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{waugh2003, + title = {Intrusions into the {{Tropical Upper Troposphere}}: {{Three}}-{{Dimensional Structure}} and {{Accompanying Ozone}} and {{OLR}} Distributions}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Funatsu, B. M.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {637--653} +} + +@article{field2014, + title = {Mixed-Phase Clouds in a Turbulent Environment. {{Part}} 2: {{Analytic}} Treatment}, + volume = {140}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2013 Crown copyright, the Met Office, and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society \textcopyright{} 2013 Royal Meteorological Society}, + issn = {1477-870X}, + shorttitle = {Mixed-Phase Clouds in a Turbulent Environment. {{Part}} 2}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.2175}, + abstract = {The coexistence of supercooled liquid and ice is thermodynamically unstable. When no external forcing is applied, the ice will grow at the expense of the supercooled liquid water, eventually removing it completely. When dynamical forcing is applied, it is possible to activate supercooled liquid water in the presence of ice. Analytic solutions are presented that provide an estimate of the fraction and amount of supercooled liquid water that can be found in pre-existing ice cloud affected by turbulence. The approach used is to simplify the equation representing the evolution of supersaturation to a stochastic differential equation. The solution to this equation provides an expression for the variance of the supersaturation with respect to ice as a function of the parameters describing the turbulence and the ice cloud. Given a supersaturation distribution with respect to ice, the mixed-phase cloud properties can be predicted, including mixed-phase cloud fraction, mean liquid water content and liquid water distribution. Large Eddy Simulation results from decametre-resolution simulations of mixed-phase cloud in a turbulent environment are in favourable agreement with the analytic estimates.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-05T00:16:03Z}, + number = {680}, + urldate = {2016-07-05}, + journal = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Field, P. R. and Hill, A. A. and Furtado, K. and Korolev, A.}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {mixed-phase}, + pages = {870--880} +} + +@article{prandtl1925, + title = {Bericht {\"U}ber Untersuchungen Zur Ausgebildeten Turbulenz}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Z. angew. Math. Mech.}, + author = {Prandtl, L.}, + year = {1925}, + pages = {136} +} + +@book{hobbs1997, + title = {Lessons from {{Cloud Modification}} for {{Climate Research}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Hobbs, P. V.}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{hense1988, + title = {Recent Fluctuations of Tropospheric Temperature and Water Vapour Content in the Tropics}, + volume = {38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Meterolo. Atms. Phys.}, + author = {Hense, A. and Krahe, P. and Flohn, H.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {215--227} +} + +@book{holton1992, + address = {San Diego, Calif.}, + edition = {3rd}, + title = {An {{Introduction}} to {{Dynamic Meteorology}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + publisher = {{Academic}}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{ghan1997, + title = {Prediction of Cloud Droplet Number in a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:08:13Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Leung, L. R. and Easter, R. C. and Abdul-Razzak, H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21,777--21794} +} + +@article{klein2009, + title = {Intercomparison of Model Simulations of Mixed-Phase Clouds Observed during the {{ARM Mixed}}-{{Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment}}. {{I}}: Single-Layer Cloud}, + volume = {135}, + issn = {00359009, 1477870X}, + shorttitle = {Intercomparison of Model Simulations of Mixed-Phase Clouds Observed during the {{ARM Mixed}}-{{Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment}}. {{I}}}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.416}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:06Z}, + number = {641}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Klein, Stephen A. and McCoy, Renata B. and Morrison, Hugh and Ackerman, Andrew S. and Avramov, Alexander and de Boer, Gijs and Chen, Mingxuan and Cole, Jason N. S. and Del Genio, Anthony D. and Falk, Michael and Foster, Michael J. and Fridlind, Ann and Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Hashino, Tempei and Harrington, Jerry Y. and Hoose, Corinna and Khairoutdinov, Marat F. and Larson, Vincent E. and Liu, Xiaohong and Luo, Yali and McFarquhar, Greg M. and Menon, Surabi and Neggers, Roel A. J. and Park, Sungsu and Poellot, Michael R. and Schmidt, Jerome M. and Sednev, Igor and Shipway, Ben J. and Shupe, Matthew D. and Spangenberg, Douglas A. and Sud, Yogesh C. and Turner, David D. and Veron, Dana E. and von Salzen, Knut and Walker, Gregory K. and Wang, Zhien and Wolf, Audrey B. and Xie, Shaocheng and Xu, Kuan-Man and Yang, Fanglin and Zhang, Gong}, + month = apr, + year = {2009}, + pages = {979--1002} +} + +@article{castanheira2009, + title = {Increase of Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere Wave Baroclinicity during the Second Half of the 20th Century}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Castanheira, J. M. and A{\~n}el, J. A. and Marques, C. A. F. and Antu{\~n}a, J. C. and Liberato, M. L. R. and {de La Torre}, L. and Gimeno, L.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {9143--9153} +} + +@book{holton1995a, + title = {Antarctic {{Winter Polar Vortex}}}, + abstract = {Discussion of various theories and models of the antarctic polar vortex}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + month = feb, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Continment Vessel,Flowing Processor} +} + +@techreport{stolarski1995, + title = {The {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Stratospheric Aircraft}}: {{A Fourth Program Report}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Stolarski, R. S. and Wesoky, H. L.}, + month = jan, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {Aircraft emissions nitrogen oxides aerosols water vapor} +} + +@article{morrison2015a, + title = {Parameterization of {{Cloud Microphysics Based}} on the {{Prediction}} of {{Bulk Ice Particle Properties}}. {{Part I}}: {{Scheme Description}} and {{Idealized Tests}}}, + volume = {72}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {Parameterization of {{Cloud Microphysics Based}} on the {{Prediction}} of {{Bulk Ice Particle Properties}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-14-0065.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:44Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Morrison, Hugh and Milbrandt, Jason A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + pages = {287--311} +} + +@article{vial2013, + title = {On the Interpretation of Inter-Model Spread in {{CMIP5}} Climate Sensitivity Estimates}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-013-1725-9}, + abstract = {This study diagnoses the climate sensitivity, radiative forcing and climate feedback estimates from eleven general circulation models participating in the Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), and analyzes inter-model differences. This is done by taking into account the fact that the climate response to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) is not necessarily only mediated by surface temperature changes, but can also result from fast land warming and tropospheric adjustments to the CO2 radiative forcing. By considering tropospheric adjustments to CO2 as part of the forcing rather than as feedbacks, and by using the radiative kernels approach, we decompose climate sensitivity estimates in terms of feedbacks and adjustments associated with water vapor, temperature lapse rate, surface albedo and clouds. Cloud adjustment to CO2 is, with one exception, generally positive, and is associated with a reduced strength of the cloud feedback; the multi-model mean cloud feedback is about 33 \% weaker. Non-cloud adjustments associated with temperature, water vapor and albedo seem, however, to be better understood as responses to land surface warming. Separating out the tropospheric adjustments does not significantly affect the spread in climate sensitivity estimates, which primarily results from differing climate feedbacks. About 70 \% of the spread stems from the cloud feedback, which remains the major source of inter-model spread in climate sensitivity, with a large contribution from the tropics. Differences in tropical cloud feedbacks between low-sensitivity and high-sensitivity models occur over a large range of dynamical regimes, but primarily arise from the regimes associated with a predominance of shallow cumulus and stratocumulus clouds. The combined water vapor plus lapse rate feedback also contributes to the spread of climate sensitivity estimates, with inter-model differences arising primarily from the relative humidity responses throughout the troposphere. Finally, this study points to a substantial role of nonlinearities in the calculation of adjustments and feedbacks for the interpretation of inter-model spread in climate sensitivity estimates. We show that in climate model simulations with large forcing (e.g., 4 \texttimes{} CO2), nonlinearities cannot be assumed minor nor neglected. Having said that, most results presented here are consistent with a number of previous feedback studies, despite the very different nature of the methodologies and all the uncertainties associated with them.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T00:32:25Z}, + number = {11-12}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Vial, Jessica and Dufresne, Jean-Louis and Bony, Sandrine}, + month = mar, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3339--3362} +} + +@article{siegenthaler-ledrian2011, + title = {Explicit Cloud-Top Entrainment Parameterization in the Global Climate Model {{ECHAM5}}-{{HAM}}}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7375}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-11-1971-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:03Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions}, + author = {Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C. and Spichtinger, P. and Lohmann, U.}, + month = jan, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1971--2023} +} + +@article{susskind2003, + title = {Retrieval of {{Atmospheric}} and {{Surface Parameters}} from {{AIRS}}/{{AMSU}}/{{HSB Data}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Clouds}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {IEEE Trans. Remote Sensing}, + author = {Susskind, J. and Barnet, C. D. and Blaisdell, J. M.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {390--409} +} + +@article{hsieh2009, + title = {On the Representation of Droplet Coalescence and Autoconversion: {{Evaluation}} Using Ambient Cloud Droplet Size Distributions}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010502}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D07201}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hsieh, W. C. and Jonsson, H. and Wang, L.-P. and Buzorius, G. and Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. and Nenes, A.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{guo2010, + title = {Multi-Variate Probability Density Functions with Dynamics for Cloud Droplet Activation in Large-Scale Models: Single Column Tests}, + volume = {3}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-3-475-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Guo, H. and Golaz, J.-C. and Donner, L. J. and Larson, V. E. and Schanen, D. P. and Griffin, B. M.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {475--486} +} + +@article{park1996, + title = {Validation of {{Halogen Occultation Experiment CH}}4 Measurements from the {{UARS}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Park, J. H. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {10,183--10,203} +} + +@article{schneider1972, + title = {Cloudiness as a Global Climatic Feedback Mechanism: {{The}} Effects on Radiation Balance and Surface Temperatures of Variations in Cloudiness}, + volume = {29}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:11:15Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Schneider, S.}, + year = {1972}, + pages = {1413--1422} +} + +@article{plumb1986, + title = {Three-{{Dimensional Propagation}} of {{Transient Quasi}}-{{Geostrophic Eddies}} and {{Its Relationship}} with the {{Eddy}} Forcing of the {{Time}}-{{Mean Flow}}}, + volume = {43}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {1986}, + keywords = {3D EP Flux?}, + pages = {1657--1678} +} + +@article{vomel1995, + title = {New Evidence for the Stratospheric Dehydration Mechanism in the Equatorial {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. and Kley, D. and Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {3235--3238} +} + +@article{aschmann2009, + title = {Modeling the Transport of Very Short-Lived Substances into the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Aschmann, J. and Sinnhuber, B. M. and Atlas, E. L. and Schauffler, S. M.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {9237--9247} +} + +@book{horowitz1999, + title = {Tropospheric {{O3}} Simulation Using {{MOZART}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Horowitz, L.}, + month = oct, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: NCAR ASP research report +speaker from NCAR ASP - now GFDL} +} + +@article{chen2002, + title = {Evidence for Strengthening of the Tropical General Circulation in the 1990s}, + volume = {295}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Chen, J. and Carlson, B. E. and Genio, A. D. Del}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {838--841} +} + +@book{maloney1999, + title = {Modulation of {{Eastern Pacific Hurricanes}} by the {{MJO}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + author = {Maloney, E}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{laaksonen1997, + title = {Supercooled Cirrus Cloud Formation Modified by Nitric Acid Pollution of the Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Laaksonen, A. and Hienola, J. and Arnold, F.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {3009--3012} +} + +@article{dima2005, + title = {Tropical {{Zonal Momentum Balance}} in the {{NCEP Reanalyses}}}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Dima, I. M. and Wallace, J. M. and Kraucunas, I.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2499--2513} +} + +@article{schumann1994, + title = {On the Effect of Emissions from Aircraft Engines on the State of the Atmosphere}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Schumann, U}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {subsonic aircraft}, + pages = {365--384} +} + +@article{jeuken1998, + title = {Assimilation of Total Ozone Satellite Measurements in a Three Dimensional Transport Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Jeuken, A. B. M. and Eskes, H. J. and H{\'o}lm, E. V. and {vanVelthoven}, P. F. J. and Kelder, H. M.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{crutzen1983, + title = {Chemical {{Budgets}} of the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Planetary and Space Science}, + author = {Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {1983}, + keywords = {carbonyl sulfide,mass flux,methane,nitrous oxide,odd nitrogen,odd oxygen,ozone}, + pages = {1009--1032} +} + +@article{heymsfield1988, + title = {Satellite-{{Observed Characteristics}} of {{Midwest Severe Thunderstorm Anvils}}}, + volume = {116}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Heymsfield, G. M. and Jr, R. H. Blackmer}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {2200--2224} +} + +@article{wu2009a, + title = {Effects of Total Aerosol on Temperature and Precipitation in {{East Asia}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {0936-577X, 1616-1572}, + doi = {10.3354/cr00796}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:17Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Climate Research}, + author = {Wu, J and Fu, C and Xu, Y and Tang, J and Han, Z and Zhang, R}, + month = oct, + year = {2009}, + pages = {75--87} +} + +@article{lawson2008, + title = {Aircraft Measurements of Microphysical Properties of Subvisible Cirrus in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lawson, R. P. and Pilson, B. and Barker, B. and Mo, Q. and Jensen, E. and Pfister, L. and Bui, P.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1609--1620} +} + +@article{gille2008, + title = {High {{Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder}} ({{HIRDLS}}): Experimetn Overview, Recovery and Validation of Initial Temperature Data}, + volume = {113}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D16S43}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gille, J. J. and {others}}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {10.1029/2007JD008824} +} + +@incollection{hartmann2013, + title = {Observations: {{Atmosphere}} and {{Surface}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + booktitle = {Climate {{Change}} 2013: {{The Physical Science Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Fifth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + publisher = {{Cambridge Universtiy Press}}, + author = {Hartmann, D. L. and Tank, A. M. G. Klein and Rusticucci, M. and Alexander, L. V. and Brinnimann, S. and Charabi, Y. and Dentener, F. J. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Easterling, D. R. and Kaplan, A. and Soden, B. J. and Thorne, P. W. and Wild, M. and Zhai, P. M.}, + editor = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S. K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P. M.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{oman2008, + title = {Understanding the {{Changes}} of {{Stratospheric Water Vapor}} in {{Coupled Chemistry}}-{{Climate Model Simulations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Atmos. Sci}, + author = {Oman, L. and Waugh, D. W. and Pawson, S. and Stolarski, R. S. and Nielsen, J. E.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{ricaud2007, + title = {Impact of Land Convection on Troposphere Stratosphere Exchange in the Tropics}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Ricaud, P. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{seifert2001, + title = {A Double-Moment Parameterization for Simulating Autoconversion, Accretion and Selfcollection}, + volume = {59-60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Res.}, + author = {Seifert, A. and Beheng, K. D.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {265--281} +} + +@incollection{boucher2013, + title = {Clouds and {{Aerosols}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + booktitle = {Climate {{Change}} 2013: {{The Physical Science Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Fifth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + publisher = {{Cambridge Universtiy Press}}, + author = {Boucher, O. and Randall, D. and Artaxo, P. and Bretherton, C. and Feingold, G. and Forster, P. and Kerminen, V.-M. and Kondo, Y. and Liao, H. and Lohmann, U. and Rasch, P. and Satheesh, S. K. and Sherwood, S. and Stevens, B. and Zhang, X. Y.}, + editor = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S. K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P. M.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{folkins2005, + title = {The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Martin, R. V.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1560--1573} +} + +@article{unger2010, + title = {Attribution of Climate Forcing to Economic Sectors}, + volume = {107}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0906548107}, + abstract = {A much-cited bar chart provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change displays the climate impact, as expressed by radiative forcing in watts per meter squared, of individual chemical species. The organization of the chart reflects the history of atmospheric chemistry, in which investigators typically focused on a single species of interest. However, changes in pollutant emissions and concentrations are a symptom, not a cause, of the primary driver of anthropogenic climate change: human activity. In this paper, we suggest organizing the bar chart according to drivers of change\textemdash{}that is, by economic sector. Climate impacts of tropospheric ozone, fine aerosols, aerosol-cloud interactions, methane, and long-lived greenhouse gases are considered. We quantify the future evolution of the total radiative forcing due to perpetual constant year 2000 emissions by sector, most relevant for the development of climate policy now, and focus on two specific time points, near-term at 2020 and long-term at 2100. Because sector profiles differ greatly, this approach fosters the development of smart climate policy and is useful to identify effective opportunities for rapid mitigation of anthropogenic radiative forcing.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-21T20:10:30Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-12-21}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Unger, Nadine and Bond, Tami C. and Wang, James S. and Koch, Dorothy M. and Menon, Surabi and Shindell, Drew T. and Bauer, Susanne}, + month = feb, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Aerosols,air pollution,global warming,mitigation,ozone}, + pages = {3382--3387}, + pmid = {20133724} +} + +@article{bowman1997, + title = {Tropical Mixing Barriers in the Lower Stratosphere in the {{Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKIHI}} Model}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Bowman, K. P. and Hu, Y.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21,465--21,478} +} + +@article{schoeberl2006, + title = {The Carbon Monoxide Tape Recorder}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL026178}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {L12711}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R. and Duncan, B. N. and Douglass, A. R. and Waters, J. and Livesey, N. and Read, W. and Filipiak, M.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{vallina2007, + title = {Analysis of a Potential ``solar Radiation Dose-Dimethylsulfide-Cloud Condensation Nuclei'' Link from Globally Mapped Seasonal Correlations: {{GLOBAL}} ``{{SOLAR RADIATION DOSE}}-{{DMS}}-{{CCN}}'' {{LINK}}}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {08866236}, + shorttitle = {Analysis of a Potential ``solar Radiation Dose-Dimethylsulfide-Cloud Condensation Nuclei'' Link from Globally Mapped Seasonal Correlations}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GB002787}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:23Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles}, + author = {Vallina, S. M. and Sim{\'o}, R. and Gass{\'o}, S. and {de Boyer-Mont{\'e}gut}, C. and {del R{\'\i}o}, E. and Jurado, E. and Dachs, J.}, + month = jun, + year = {2007}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{yan2015, + title = {A New Approach to Modeling Aerosol Effects on {{East Asian}} Climate: {{Parametric}} Uncertainties Associated with Emissions, Cloud Microphysics, and Their Interactions}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + shorttitle = {A New Approach to Modeling Aerosol Effects on {{East Asian}} Climate}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023442}, + abstract = {In this study, we adopt a parametric sensitivity analysis framework that integrates the quasi-Monte Carlo parameter sampling approach and a surrogate model to examine aerosol effects on the East Asian Monsoon climate simulated in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5). A total number of 256 CAM5 simulations are conducted to quantify the model responses to the uncertain parameters associated with cloud microphysics parameterizations and aerosol (e.g., sulfate, black carbon (BC), and dust) emission factors and their interactions. Results show that the interaction terms among parameters are important for quantifying the sensitivity of fields of interest, especially precipitation, to the parameters. The relative importance of cloud microphysics parameters and emission factors (strength) depends on evaluation metrics or the model fields we focused on, and the presence of uncertainty in cloud microphysics imposes an additional challenge in quantifying the impact of aerosols on cloud and climate. Due to their different optical and microphysical properties and spatial distributions, sulfate, BC, and dust aerosols have very different impacts on East Asian Monsoon through aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions. The climatic effects of aerosol do not always have a monotonic response to the change of emission factors. The spatial patterns of both sign and magnitude of aerosol-induced changes in radiative fluxes, cloud, and precipitation could be different, depending on the aerosol types, when parameters are sampled in different ranges of values. We also identify the different cloud microphysical parameters that show the most significant impact on climatic effect induced by sulfate, BC, and dust, respectively, in East Asia.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-14T14:57:18Z}, + urldate = {2015-09-14}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Yan, Huiping and Qian, Yun and Zhao, Chun and Wang, Hailong and Wang, Minghuai and Yang, Ben and Liu, Xiaohong and Fu, Qiang}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,3311 Clouds and aerosols,aerosol effects,Cloud microphysics,East Asian climate,emissions,uncertainties}, + pages = {2015JD023442} +} + +@article{unterstrasser2016, + title = {Properties of Young Contrails \&ndash; a Parametrisation Based on Large-Eddy Simulations}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-2059-2016}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-24T21:01:51Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-02-24}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Unterstrasser, Simon}, + month = feb, + year = {2016}, + pages = {2059--2082} +} + +@article{maria2004, + title = {Organic Aerosol Growth Mechanism and Their Climate Forcing Implications}, + volume = {306}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1103491}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Maria, S. F. and Russel, L. M. and Giles, M. K. and Myneni, S. C. B.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1921--1924} +} + +@article{mizuta2011, + title = {Future {{Change}} in {{Extratropical Cyclones Associated}} with {{Change}} in the {{Upper Troposphere}}}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1175/2011JCLI3969.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Mizuta, Ryo and Matsueda, Mio and Endo, Hirokazu and Yukimoto, Seiji}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {6456--6470} +} + +@article{mauritsen2013, + title = {Climate Feedback Efficiency and Synergy}, + volume = {41}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-013-1808-7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Mauritsen, Thorsten and Graversen, Rune G. and Klocke, Daniel and Langen, Peter L. and Stevens, Bjorn and Tomassini, Lorenzo}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {2539--2554} +} + +@article{demott2003a, + title = {African Dust Aerosols as Atmospheric Ice Nuclei}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/GL017410}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {DeMott, P. J. and Sassen, K. and Poellot, M. R. and Baumgardner, D. and Rodgers, D. C. and Brooks, S. D. and Prenni, A. J. and Kreidenweis, S. M.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1732} +} + +@article{massie2003, + title = {Halogen {{Occultation Experiment}} and {{Stratospheric Aerosol}} and {{Gas Experiment II}} Observations of Tropopause Cirrus and Aerosol during the 1990s}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002662}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Massie, S. and Randel, W. and Wu, F. and Baumgardner, D. and Hervig, M.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{clothiaux2000, + title = {Objective Determination of Cloud Heights and Radar Reflectivities Using a Combination of Active Remote Sensors at the {{ARM CART}} Sites}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {J. Appl. Meteorol.}, + author = {Clothiaux, E. E. and Ackerman, T. P. and Mace, G. G. and Moran, K. P. and Marchand, R. T. and Miller, M. A. and Martner, B. E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {645--665} +} + +@article{brady2013, + title = {Sensitivity to {{Glacial Forcing}} in the {{CCSM4}}}, + volume = {26}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00416.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Brady, E. C. and Otto-Bliesner, B. L. and Kay, J. E. and Rosenbloom, N.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1901--1925} +} + +@article{moralesbetancourt2014, + title = {Understanding the Contributions of Aerosol Properties and Parameterization Discrepancies to Droplet Number Variability in a Global Climate Model}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-4809-2014}, + abstract = {Aerosol indirect effects in climate models strongly depend on the representation of the aerosol activation process. In this study, we assess the process-level differences across activation parameterizations that contribute to droplet number uncertainty by using the adjoints of the Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000) and Fountoukis and Nenes (2005) droplet activation parameterizations in the framework of the Community Atmospheric Model version 5.1 (CAM5.1). The adjoint sensitivities of Nd to relevant input parameters are used to (i) unravel the spatially resolved contribution of aerosol number, mass, and chemical composition to changes in Nd between present-day and pre-industrial simulations and (ii) identify the key variables responsible for the differences in Nd fields and aerosol indirect effect estimates when different activation schemes are used within the same modeling framework. The sensitivities are computed online at minimal computational cost. Changes in aerosol number and aerosol mass concentrations were found to contribute to Nd differences much more strongly than chemical composition effects. The main sources of discrepancy between the activation parameterizations considered were the treatment of the water uptake by coarse mode particles, and the sensitivity of the parameterized Nd accumulation mode aerosol geometric mean diameter. These two factors explain the different predictions of Nd over land and over oceans when these parameterizations are employed. Discrepancies in the sensitivity to aerosol size are responsible for an exaggerated response to aerosol volume changes over heavily polluted regions. Because these regions are collocated with areas of deep clouds, their impact on shortwave cloud forcing is amplified through liquid water path changes. The same framework is also utilized to efficiently explore droplet number uncertainty attributable to hygroscopicity parameter of organic aerosol (primary and secondary). Comparisons between the parameterization-derived sensitivities of droplet number against predictions with detailed numerical simulations of the activation process were performed to validate the physical consistency of the adjoint sensitivities.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-26T20:07:29Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-06-23}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Morales Betancourt, R. and Nenes, A.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4809--4826} +} + +@article{pan2014, + title = {Identification of the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Using the Ozone-Water Vapor Relationship}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD020558}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:39Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Pan, Laura L. and Paulik, Laura C. and Honomichl, Shawn B. and Munchak, Leigh A. and Bian, Jianchun and Selkirk, Henry B. and V{\"o}mel, Holger}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3586--3599} +} + +@article{sherwood2000b, + title = {Climate Signals from Station Arrays with Missing Data, and an Application to Winds}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {29,489--25,500} +} + +@book{edwards2013, + title = {A {{Vast Machine}}: {{Computer Models}}, {{Climate Data}}, and the {{Politics}} of {{Global Warming}}}, + isbn = {978-0-262-51863-5}, + shorttitle = {A {{Vast Machine}}}, + abstract = {Global warming skeptics often fall back on the argument that the scientific case for global warming is all model predictions, nothing but simulation; they warn us that we need to wait for real data, "sound science." In A Vast Machine Paul Edwards has news for these skeptics: without models, there are no data. Today, no collection of signals or observations -- even from satellites, which can "see" the whole planet with a single instrument -- becomes global in time and space without passing through a series of data models. Everything we know about the world's climate we know through models. Edwards offers an engaging and innovative history of how scientists learned to understand the atmosphere -- to measure it, trace its past, and model its future.}, + language = {English}, + timestamp = {2015-05-24T04:41:19Z}, + publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, + author = {Edwards, Paul N.}, + month = feb, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{guichard2000, + title = {Thermodynamic and Radiative Impact of the Correction of Sounding Humidity Bias in the Tropics}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Guichard, F. and Parsons, D. and Miller, E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3611--3624} +} + +@article{tan2015, + title = {Sensitivity {{Study}} on the {{Influence}} of {{Cloud Microphysical Parameters}} on {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Cloud Thermodynamic Phase Partitioning}} in {{CAM5}}}, + volume = {73}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-15-0152.1}, + timestamp = {2016-04-08T16:20:49Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-04-08}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Tan, Ivy and Storelvmo, Trude}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + pages = {709--728}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ZWZBT268/Tan and Storelvmo - 2015 - Sensitivity Study on the Influence of Cloud Microp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EH9A3I43/JAS-D-15-0152.html:text/html} +} + +@article{fan1998, + title = {A {{Large Terrestrial Carbon Sink}} in {{North America Implied}} by {{Atmospheric}} and {{Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Data}} and {{Models}}}, + volume = {282}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Fan, S. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {442--446} +} + +@article{wood2011, + title = {The {{VAMOS Ocean}}-{{Cloud}}-{{Atmosphere}}-{{Land Study Regional Experiment}} ({{VOCALS}}-{{REx}}): Goals, Platforms, and Field Operations}, + volume = {11}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-627-2011}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Wood, R. and {others}}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {627--654} +} + +@article{kremser2016, + title = {Stratospheric aerosol\textemdash{}{{Observations}}, Processes, and Impact on Climate}, + issn = {1944-9208}, + doi = {10.1002/2015RG000511}, + abstract = {Interest in stratospheric aerosol and its role in climate have increased over the last decade due to the observed increase in stratospheric aerosol since 2000 and the potential for changes in the sulfur cycle induced by climate change. This review provides an overview about the advances in stratospheric aerosol research since the last comprehensive assessment of stratospheric aerosol was published in 2006. A crucial development since 2006 is the substantial improvement in the agreement between in situ and space-based inferences of stratospheric aerosol properties during volcanically quiescent periods. Furthermore, new measurement systems and techniques, both in situ and space based, have been developed for measuring physical aerosol properties with greater accuracy and for characterizing aerosol composition. However, these changes induce challenges to constructing a long-term stratospheric aerosol climatology. Currently, changes in stratospheric aerosol levels less than 20\% cannot be confidently quantified. The volcanic signals tend to mask any nonvolcanically driven change, making them difficult to understand. While the role of carbonyl sulfide as a substantial and relatively constant source of stratospheric sulfur has been confirmed by new observations and model simulations, large uncertainties remain with respect to the contribution from anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions. New evidence has been provided that stratospheric aerosol can also contain small amounts of nonsulfate matter such as black carbon and organics. Chemistry-climate models have substantially increased in quantity and sophistication. In many models the implementation of stratospheric aerosol processes is coupled to radiation and/or stratospheric chemistry modules to account for relevant feedback processes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-09T14:57:02Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-09}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Kremser, Stefanie and Thomason, Larry W. and {von Hobe}, Marc and Hermann, Markus and Deshler, Terry and Timmreck, Claudia and Toohey, Matthew and Stenke, Andrea and Schwarz, Joshua P. and Weigel, Ralf and Fueglistaler, Stephan and Prata, Fred J. and Vernier, Jean-Paul and Schlager, Hans and Barnes, John E. and Antu{\~n}a-Marrero, Juan-Carlos and Fairlie, Duncan and Palm, Mathias and Mahieu, Emmanuel and Notholt, Justus and Rex, Markus and Bingen, Christine and Vanhellemont, Filip and Bourassa, Adam and Plane, John M. C. and Klocke, Daniel and Carn, Simon A. and Clarisse, Lieven and Trickl, Thomas and Neely, Ryan and James, Alexander D. and Rieger, Landon and Wilson, James C. and Meland, Brian}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0340 Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry,0341 Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry,1029 Composition of aerosols and dust particles,3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions,review,stratospheric aerosol}, + pages = {2015RG000511} +} + +@article{onogi2007, + title = {The {{JRA}}-25 {{Reanalysis}}}, + volume = {85}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {J. Meteor. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Onogi, K. and Tsutsui, J. and Koide, H. and Sakamoto, M. and Kobayashi, S. and Hatsushika, H. and Matsumoto, T. and Yamazaki, N. and Kamahori, H. and Takahashi, K. and Kadokura, S. and Wada, K. and Kato, K. and Oyama, R. and Ose, T. and Mannoji, N.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {369--432} +} + +@article{klonecki1997, + title = {Tropospheric Chemical Ozone Tendencies in {{CO}}-{{CH}}4-{{NO}}\$\_y\$-{{H}}2{{O}} System: {{Their}} Sensitivity to Variations in Environmental Parameters and Their Application to a Global Chemistry Model Study}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Klonecki, A. and II, H. Levy}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21,221--21,237} +} + +@article{zelinka2012a, + title = {Computing and Partitioning Cloud Feedbacks Using Cloud Property Histograms. {{Part I}}: {{Cloud}} Radiative Kernels}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2016-05-14T04:18:42Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Zelinka, M.D. and Klein, S.A. and Hartmann, D.L.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {3715--3735} +} + +@article{hoskins1981, + title = {The {{Steady Linear Response}} of a {{Spherical Atmosphere}} to {{Thermal}} and {{Orographic Forcing}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {Abstract Motivated by some results from barotropic models, a linearized steady-state five-layer baroclinic model is used to study the response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. At low levels the significant perturbations are confined to the neighborhood of the source and for midlatitude thermal forcing these perturbations are crucially dependent on the vertical distribution of the source. In the upper troposphere the sources generate wavetrains which are very similar to those given by barotropic models. For a low-latitude source, long wavelengths propagate strongly polewards as well as eastwards. Shorter wavelengths are trapped equatorward of the poleward flank of the jet, resulting in a split of the wave-trains at this latitude. Using reasonable dissipation magnitudes, the easiest way to produce an appreciable response in middle and high latitudes is by subtropical forcing. These results suggest an explanation for the shapes of patterns described in observational studies. The theory for waves propagating in a slowly varying medium is applied to Rossby waves propagating in a barotropic atmosphere. The slow variation of the medium is associated with the sphericity of the domain and the latitudinal structure of the zonal wind. Rays along which wave activity propagates, the speeds of propagation, and the amplitudes and phases along these rays are determined for a constant angular velocity basic flow as well as a more realistic jet flow. They agree well with the observational and numerical model results and give a simple interpretation of them.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-12T02:37:41Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-05-12}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Hoskins, Brian J. and Karoly, David J.}, + month = jun, + year = {1981}, + pages = {1179--1196} +} + +@article{son2010, + title = {Impact of Stratospheric Ozone on {{Southern Hemisphere}} Circulation Change: {{A}} Multimodel Assessment}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014271}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D00M07}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Son, S. W. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{shepherd1993, + title = {A {{Unified Theory}} of {{Available Potential Energy}}}, + volume = {XXXI}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Atmosphere Ocean}, + author = {Shepherd, Ted}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {APE}, + pages = {1--26} +} + +@article{wiacek2009, + title = {On the Availability of Uncoated Mineral Dust Ice Nuclei in Cold Cloud Regions}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL039429}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {L17801}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wiacek, A. and Peter, T.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{black1999, + title = {Stratospheric {{Forcing}} of {{Tropospheric Climate}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + author = {{Black}}, + month = jun, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: JISAO Seminar +speaker from Georgia (GIT?)} +} + +@article{lohmann2008, + title = {Global Anthropogenic Aerosol Effects on Convective Clouds in {{ECHAM5}}-{{HAM}}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-8-2115-2008}, + abstract = {Aerosols affect the climate system by changing cloud characteristics in many ways. They act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei and may have an influence on the hydrological cycle. Here we investigate aerosol effects on convective clouds by extending the double-moment cloud microphysics scheme developed for stratiform clouds, which is coupled to the HAM double-moment aerosol scheme, to convective clouds in the ECHAM5 general circulation model. This enables us to investigate whether more, and smaller cloud droplets suppress the warm rain formation in the lower parts of convective clouds and thus release more latent heat upon freezing, which would then result in more vigorous convection and more precipitation. In ECHAM5, including aerosol effects in large-scale and convective clouds (simulation ECHAM5-conv) reduces the sensitivity of the liquid water path increase with increasing aerosol optical depth in better agreement with observations and large-eddy simulation studies. In simulation ECHAM5-conv with increases in greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions since pre-industrial times, the geographical distribution of the changes in precipitation better matches the observed increase in precipitation than neglecting microphysics in convective clouds. In this simulation the convective precipitation increases the most suggesting that the convection has indeed become more vigorous.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:56:23Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Lohmann, U.}, + month = apr, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2115--2131}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ZHDKKG38/Lohmann - 2008 - Global anthropogenic aerosol effects on convective.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/VNMM788C/2008.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gillett2012, + title = {Improved Constraints on 21st-Century Warming Derived Using 160 Years of Temperature Observations}, + volume = {39}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL050226}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {L01704}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Gillett, N. and Arora, V. K. and Flato, G. M. and Scinocca, J. F. and von Salzen, K.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{kollias2007, + title = {Millimeter-{{Wavelength Radars}}: {{New Frontier}} in {{Atmospheric Cloud}} and {{Precipitation Research}}}, + volume = {88}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {Millimeter-{{Wavelength Radars}}}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-88-10-1608}, + abstract = {During the past 20 yr there has been substantial progress on the development and application of millimeter-wavelength (3.2 and 8.6 mm, corresponding to frequencies of 94 and 35 GHz) radars in atmospheric cloud research, boosted by continuous advancements in radar technology and the need to better understand clouds and their role in the Earth's climate. Applications of millimeter-wavelength radars range from detailed cloud and precipitation process studies to long-term monitoring activities that strive to improve our understanding of cloud processes over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. These activities are the result of a long period of successful research, starting from the 1980s, in which research tools and sophisticated retrieval techniques were developed, tested, and evaluated in field experiments. This paper presents a cohesive, chronological overview of millimeter-wavelength radar advancements during this period and describes the potential of new applications of millimeter-wavelength radars on sophisticated platforms and the benefits of both lower- and higher-frequency radars for cloud and precipitation research.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-18T16:41:51Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-11-18}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Kollias, P. and Clothiaux, E. E. and Miller, M. A. and Albrecht, B. A. and Stephens, G. L. and Ackerman, T. P.}, + month = oct, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1608--1624}, + file = {Kollias et al2007.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Kollias et al2007.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/TWM92S8Z/BAMS-88-10-1608.html:text/html} +} + +@incollection{kley1998, + title = {On the {{Measurement}} of {{Tropospheric Relative Humidity}} from {{Scheduled Aircraft}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {11}, + booktitle = {{{SPARC Newsletter}}}, + publisher = {{M{\'e}t$\backslash$e'o-France}}, + author = {Kley, D. and Smit, H. G. J. and Helten, M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19--24} +} + +@article{rosenlof2001, + title = {Stratospheric Water Vapor Increases over the Past Half-Century}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Rosenlof, K. H. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1195--1198} +} + +@article{klocke2013, + title = {Assessment of Different Metrics for Physical Climate Feedbacks}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-013-1757-1}, + abstract = {We quantify the feedbacks from the physical climate system on the radiative forcing for idealized climate simulations using four different methods. The results differ between the methods and differences are largest for the cloud feedback. The spatial and temporal variability of each feedback is used to estimate the averaging scale necessary to satisfy the feedback concept of one constant global mean value. We find that the year-to-year variability, combined with the methodological differences, in estimates of the feedback strength from a single model is comparable to the model-to-model spread in feedback strength of the CMIP3 ensemble. The strongest spatial and temporal variability is in the short-wave component of the cloud feedback. In our simulations, where many sources of natural variability are neglected, long-term averages are necessary to get reliable feedback estimates. Considering the large natural variability and relatively small forcing present in the real world, as compared to the forcing imposed by doubling CO2 concentrations in the simulations, implies that using observations to constrain feedbacks is a challenging task and requires reliable long-term measurements.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-28T16:09:03Z}, + number = {5-6}, + urldate = {2016-04-28}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Klocke, Daniel and Quaas, Johannes and Stevens, Bjorn}, + month = apr, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1173--1185}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QIZNUAUD/10.html:text/html} +} + +@article{siskind1996, + title = {Coupling between Middle and Upper Atmospheric {{NO}}: {{Constraints}} from {{HALOE}} Observations}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Siskind, D. E. and Russell III, J. M.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {nitrogen oxide}, + pages = {137--140} +} + +@article{vecchi2012, + title = {Impacts of {{Atmospheric Temperature Trends}} on {{Tropical Cyclone Activity}}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00503.1}, + abstract = {Impacts of tropical temperature changes in the upper troposphere (UT) and the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) on tropical cyclone (TC) activity are explored. UT and lower TTL cooling both lead to an overall increase in potential intensity (PI), while temperature changes at 70 hPa and higher have negligible effect. Idealized experiments with a high-resolution global model show that lower temperatures in the UT are associated with increases in global and North Atlantic TC frequency, but modeled TC frequency changes are not significantly affected by TTL temperature changes nor do they scale directly with PI.Future projections of hurricane activity have been made with models that simulate the recent upward Atlantic TC trends while assuming or simulating very different tropical temperature trends. Recent Atlantic TC trends have been simulated by (i) high-resolution global models with nearly moist-adiabatic warming profiles and (ii) regional TC downscaling systems that impose the very strong UT and TTL trends of the NCEP\textendash{}NCAR reanalysis, an outlier among observational estimates. The impact of these differences in temperature trends on TC activity is comparable to observed TC changes, affecting assessments of the connection between hurricanes and climate. Therefore, understanding the character of and mechanisms behind changes in UT and TTL temperature is important to understanding past and projecting future TC activity changes. The UT and TTL temperature trends in the NCEP\textendash{}NCAR reanalysis are unlikely to be accurate and likely drive spuriously positive TC and PI trends and an inflated connection between absolute surface temperature warming and TC activity increases.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T17:06:11Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Vecchi, Gabriel A. and Fueglistaler, Stephan and Held, Isaac M. and Knutson, Thomas R. and Zhao, Ming}, + month = dec, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Climate Change,Hurricanes,Temperature,tropical cyclones,Tropopause,Upper troposphere}, + pages = {3877--3891}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/Q9BI3HTD/Vecchi et al. - 2012 - Impacts of Atmospheric Temperature Trends on Tropi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9A9E8X3H/JCLI-D-12-00503.html:text/html} +} + +@article{mccormack2000, + title = {The Influence of Convective Outflow on Water Vapor Mixing Ratios in the Tropical Upper Troposphere: {{An}} Analysis Based on {{UARS MLS}} Measurments}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {McCormack, J. P. and Fu, R. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {525--528} +} + +@article{fowler1999, + title = {Simulation of Upper Tropospheric Clouds with the {{Colorado State University}} General Circulation Model}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fowler, L. D. and Randall, D. A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {6101--6121} +} + +@article{thomas2001, + title = {Mass Balance of Higher-Elevation Parts of the {{Greenland}} Ice Sheet}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thomas, R. and Csatho, B. and Davis, C. and Kim, C. and Krabill, W. and Manizade, S. and McConnell, J. and Sontag, J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {33,707--33,716} +} + +@article{corti2012, + title = {Reliability of Decadal Predictions}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Corti, S. and Weisheimer, A. and Palmer, TN and Doblas-Reyes, FJ and Magnusson, L.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {L21712} +} + +@article{johanson2009, + title = {Hadley {{Cell Widening}}: {{Model Simulations}} versus {{Observations}}}, + volume = {22}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI2620.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Johanson, C. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {2713--2715} +} + +@article{murphy2005, + title = {Review of the Vapour Pressure of Ice and Supercooled Water for Atmospheric Applications}, + volume = {131}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:21:35Z}, + number = {608}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Murphy, D. M. and Koop, T.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1539--1565} +} + +@article{karcher2016, + title = {The Importance of Contrail Ice Formation for Mitigating the Climate Impact of Aviation}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024696}, + abstract = {Aircraft contrails and the cirrus clouds arising from them contribute substantially to aviation-induced climate forcing. The share of aviation in anthropogenic climate change can be reduced by avoiding contrail cirrus formation. The mitigation potential of altering the contrail formation stage is explored using a microphysical model to show how reductions in soot particle number emissions from jet engines, reductions in mean soot particle size, and a decrease in the supersaturation of aircraft exhaust plumes substantially lowers the optical depth of young contrails thereby decreasing the occurrence, lifetime, and radiative impact of contrail cirrus. The improved scientific understanding of initial ice formation processes allows atmospheric effects of mitigation options related to contrail cirrus to be investigated in unprecedented detail, especially those associated with the use of alternative aviation fuels. This study will enable a leap forward toward more reliable simulations addressing global climatic effects of contrail-induced cloudiness.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-11T14:58:53Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-11}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1610 Atmosphere,3311 Clouds and aerosols,aviation,climate,contrail,mitigation}, + pages = {2015JD024696} +} + +@article{garnier2012, + title = {Retrieval of {{Cloud Properties Using}} {{{\emph{CALIPSO}}}} {{Imaging Infrared Radiometer}}. {{Part I}}: {{Effective Emissivity}} and {{Optical Depth}}}, + volume = {51}, + issn = {1558-8424, 1558-8432}, + shorttitle = {Retrieval of {{Cloud Properties Using}} {{{\emph{CALIPSO}}}} {{Imaging Infrared Radiometer}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0220.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:33Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, + author = {Garnier, Anne and Pelon, Jacques and Dubuisson, Philippe and Faivre, Micha{\"e}l and Chomette, Olivier and Pascal, Nicolas and Kratz, David P.}, + month = jul, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1407--1425} +} + +@article{lau2006, + title = {Asian Summer Monsoon Anomalies Induced by Aerosol Direct Forcing: The Role of the {{Tibetan Plateau}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Lau, K.-M. and Kim, M.-K. and Kim, K.-M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {855--864} +} + +@article{jablonowski2006, + title = {A Baroclinic Instability Test Case for Atmospheric Model Dynamical Cores}, + volume = {132}, + doi = {10.1256/qj.06.12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Jablonowski, C. and Williamson, D. L.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2943--2975} +} + +@article{prenni2012, + title = {Biomass Burning as a Potential Source for Atmospheric Ice Nuclei: {{Western}} Wildfires and Prescribed Burns}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Prenni, A.J. and DeMott, P.J. and Sullivan, A.P. and Sullivan, R.C. and Kreidenweis, S.M. and Rogers, D.C.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {L11805} +} + +@article{heymsfield2003a, + title = {Properties of {{Tropical}} and {{Midlatitude Ice Clouds Particle Ensembles}}. {{Part II}}: {{Applications}} for {{Mesoscale}} and {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {2592--2611} +} + +@article{balmaseda2013, + title = {Distinctive Climate Signals in Reanalysis of Global Ocean Heat Content: {{SIGNALS IN OCEAN HEAT CONTENT}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Distinctive Climate Signals in Reanalysis of Global Ocean Heat Content}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50382}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:03Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Balmaseda, Magdalena A. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and K{\"a}ll{\'e}n, Erland}, + month = may, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1754--1759} +} + +@article{jacobson2011, + title = {The Effects of Aircraft on Climate and Pollution. {{Part I}}: {{Numerical}} Methods for Treating the Subgrid Evolution of Discrete Size-and Composition-Resolved Contrails from All Commercial Flights Worldwide}, + volume = {230}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + author = {Jacobson, MZ and Wilkerson, JT and Naiman, AD and Lele, SK}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {5115--5132} +} + +@article{pawson1998, + title = {A Comparison of Reanalyses in the Tropical Stratosphere. {{Part}} 1: Thermal Structure and the Annual Cycle}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Pawson, S. and Fiorino, M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {631--644} +} + +@article{lin1997, + title = {An Explicit {{Flux}}-{{Form Semi}}-{{Lagrangian}} Shallow Water Model on the Sphere}, + volume = {123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Lin, S. J. and Rood, R. B.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {goddard ctm DAO}, + pages = {2477--2498} +} + +@article{manney1994, + title = {On the Motion of {{Air}} through the {{Stratospheric Polar Vortex}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Manney, G. L. and Zurek, R. W. and O'Neill, A. and Swinbank, R.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2973--2994} +} + +@article{rosenfeld2014c, + title = {Global Observations of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation-Climate Interactions: {{Aerosol}}-Cloud-Climate Interactions}, + volume = {52}, + issn = {87551209}, + shorttitle = {Global Observations of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation-Climate Interactions}, + doi = {10.1002/2013RG000441}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:27Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, + author = {Rosenfeld, Daniel and Andreae, Meinrat O. and Asmi, Ari and Chin, Mian and {de Leeuw}, Gerrit and Donovan, David P. and Kahn, Ralph and Kinne, Stefan and Kivek{\"a}s, Niku and Kulmala, Markku and Lau, William and Schmidt, K. Sebastian and Suni, Tanja and Wagner, Thomas and Wild, Martin and Quaas, Johannes}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {750--808} +} + +@article{rotstayn2000, + title = {A {{Scheme}} for {{Calculation}} of the {{Liquid Fraction}} in {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Stratiform Clouds}} in {{Large}}-{{Scale Models}}}, + volume = {128}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Rotstayn, L. D. and Ryan, B. F. and Katzfey, J. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1070--1088} +} + +@article{bogenschutz2013, + title = {Higher-Order Turbulence Closure and Its Impact on {{Climate Simulation}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {26}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00075.1}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:07:13Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Bogenschutz, P. A. and Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. and Larson, V. E. and Craig, C. and Schanen, D. P.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {9655--9676} +} + +@article{chatfield1977, + title = {Tropospheric {{Ozoone}} 2. {{Variations Along}} a {{Meridional Band}}}, + volume = {82}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {37}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chatfield, R. and Harrison, H.}, + year = {1977}, + pages = {5969--5976} +} + +@article{randles2010, + title = {Direct and Semi-Direct Impacts of Absorbing Biomass Burning Aerosol on the Climate of Southern {{Africa}}: A {{Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GCM}} Sensitivity Study}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-9819-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Randles, C. A. and Ramaswamy, V.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {9819--9831} +} + +@article{ko1991, + title = {Use of {{Satellite Data}} to {{Constrain}} the {{Model}}-{{Calculated Atmospheric Lifetime}} for {{N}}2{{O}}: {{Implications}} for {{Other Trace Gases}}}, + volume = {96}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ko, M. K. W. and Sze, N. K. and Weisenstein, D. K.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {Lifetime,N2O Mass Flux}, + pages = {7547--7552} +} + +@article{thompson2004, + title = {Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using and Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. {{Part I}}: {{Description}} and Sensitivity Analysis}, + volume = {132}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Thompson, G. M. and Rasmussen, R. M. and Manning, K.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {519--542} +} + +@article{hoskins1991, + series = {A-B}, + title = {Towards a {{PV}}-\$\th{}eta\$ View of the General Circulation}, + volume = {43A-B}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Hoskins, B. J.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {STE stratosphere troposphere exchange potential vorticity}, + pages = {27--35} +} + +@article{davis2012, + title = {A {{Multidiagnostic}} Interomparison of Tropical-Width Time Series Using Reanalyses and Satellite Observations}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00127.1}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Davis, S. M. and Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1061--1078} +} + +@article{strom1997, + title = {In {{Situ Observations}} of the {{Microphysical Properties}} of {{Young Cirrus Clouds}}}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Str{\"o}m, J. and Strauss, B. and Anderson, T. and Schr{\"o}der, F. and Heintzenber, J. and Wendling, P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2542--2553} +} + +@article{barahona2014, + title = {Analysis of the Effect of Water Activity on Ice Formation Using a New Thermodynamic Framework}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-7665-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:31:51Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Barahona, D.}, + month = jul, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7665--7680} +} + +@article{mcfarquhar2000, + title = {Thin and Subvisual Tropopause Tropical Cirrus: {{Observations}} and {{Radiative Impacts}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {McFarquhar, G. M. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Spinhirne, J. and Hart, B.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1841--1853} +} + +@article{wei1987, + title = {A {{New Formulation}} of the {{Exchange}} of {{Mass}} and {{Trace Constituents}} between the {{Stratosphere}} and the {{Troposphere}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wei, M. Y.}, + year = {1987}, + keywords = {Ebel 93,Hoerling 93 for applications,see Grewe 96}, + pages = {3079--86} +} + +@article{hegglin2009a, + title = {A Global View of the Extratropical Tropopause Transition Layer from {{Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O}}3, {{H}}2{{O}}, and {{CO}}}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009984}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hegglin, M. I. and Boone, C. D. and Manney, G. L. and Walker, K. A.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{jensen2004, + title = {Transport and Freeze-Drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Jensen, E. and Pfister, L.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{stephens2005, + title = {Cloud {{Feedbacks}} in the {{Climate System}}: {{A Critical Review}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Stephens, G. L.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {237--273} +} + +@article{rangno2001, + title = {Ice Particles in Stratiform Clouds in the {{Arctic}} and Possible Mechanisms for the Production of High Ice Concentrations}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:01:13Z}, + number = {D14}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984\textendash{}2012)}, + author = {Rangno, Arthur L. and Hobbs, Peter V.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {15065--15075} +} + +@article{horowitz2003, + title = {A Global Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone and Related Tracers: {{Description}} and {{Evaluation}} of {{MOZART}}, Version 2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Horowitz, L. W. and {others}}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{hegglin2006, + title = {Measurements of {{NO}}, {{NO}}\$\_y\$, {{N}}2{{O}}, and {{O}}3 during {{SPURT}}: {{Implications}} for Transport and Chemistry in the Lowermost Stratosphere}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hegglin, M. I. and Brunner, D. and Peter, T. and Hoor, P. and Fischer, H. and Staehelin, J. and Krebsbach, M. and Schiller, C. and Parchatka, U. and Weers, U.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1331--1350} +} + +@article{wood2005, + title = {Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. {{Part I}}: {{Vertical}} and Horizontal Structure}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wood, R.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {3011--3033} +} + +@article{fujiwara2003b, + title = {Ozonesonde Observations in the {{Indonesian}} Maritime Continent: {{A}} Case Study on Ozone Rich Layer in the Equatorial Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Atms. Env.}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {353--362} +} + +@article{oneill2016, + title = {The {{Scenario Model Intercomparison Project}} ({{ScenarioMIP}}) for {{CMIP6}}}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016}, + abstract = {Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe ScenarioMIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The ScenarioMIP design is one component of a larger scenario process that aims to facilitate a wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to scenario-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of scenarios that limit warming to below 2 $^\circ$C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from scenarios, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these scenarios will also provide a basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit emissions and land use scenarios generated with integrated assessment models will be provided to participating climate modeling groups by late 2016, with the climate model simulations run within the 2017\textendash{}2018 time frame, and output from the climate model projections made available and analyses performed over the 2018\textendash{}2020 period.}, + timestamp = {2016-09-30T15:42:04Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-09-30}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {O'Neill, B. C. and Tebaldi, C. and {van Vuuren}, D. P. and Eyring, V. and Friedlingstein, P. and Hurtt, G. and Knutti, R. and Kriegler, E. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Lowe, J. and Meehl, G. A. and Moss, R. and Riahi, K. and Sanderson, B. M.}, + month = sep, + year = {2016}, + pages = {3461--3482} +} + +@book{seager, + title = {Climate and the {{Tropical Oceans}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {{Seager}}, + year = {24 Apr 98}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from Lamont} +} + +@article{robinson2006, + title = {Modeling the {{Impact}} of {{Convective Entrainment}} on the {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Robinson, F. J. and Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1013--1027} +} + +@article{gregory1997a, + title = {Chemical Characteristics of Tropospheric Air over the {{PacificOcean}} as Measured during {{PEM}}-{{West B}}: {{Relationship}} to {{Asian}} Outflow and Trajectory History}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gregory, G. L. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {28,275--28,285} +} + +@article{genthon1987, + title = {Vostok Ice Core: Climatic Response to {{CO2}} and Orbital Forcing Changes over the Last Climate Cycle}, + volume = {329}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {1 October}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Genthon, C. and {others}}, + year = {1987}, + keywords = {CO2,ice age,ice core,vostok}, + pages = {414--418} +} + +@article{blake1995, + title = {Latitudinal Distribution of Black Carbon Soot in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Blake, D. F. and Kato, K.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {7195--7202} +} + +@book{durran, + title = {Can {{Operational Mesoscale Models Improve Forecast Skill}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Durran, D.}, + year = {13 Feb 97}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{karcher2003a, + title = {The Roles of Dynamical Variability and Aerosols in Cirrus Cloud Formation}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {823\textendash{}838}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Str{\"o}m, J.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{forster2013, + title = {Evaluating Adjusted Forcing and Model Spread for Historical and Future Scenarios in the {{CMIP5}} Generation of Climate Models: {{FORCING IN CMIP5 CLIMATE MODELS}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Evaluating Adjusted Forcing and Model Spread for Historical and Future Scenarios in the {{CMIP5}} Generation of Climate Models}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50174}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:27Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Forster, Piers M. and Andrews, Timothy and Good, Peter and Gregory, Jonathan M. and Jackson, Lawrence S. and Zelinka, Mark}, + month = feb, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1139--1150} +} + +@article{glasow2010, + title = {Atmospheric Chemistry in Volcanic Plumes}, + volume = {107}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0913164107}, + abstract = {Recent field observations have shown that the atmospheric plumes of quiescently degassing volcanoes are chemically very active, pointing to the role of chemical cycles involving halogen species and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol particles that have previously been unexplored for this type of volcanic plumes. Key features of these measurements can be reproduced by numerical models such as the one employed in this study. The model shows sustained high levels of reactive bromine in the plume, leading to extensive ozone destruction, that, depending on plume dispersal, can be maintained for several days. The very high concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the volcanic plume reduces the lifetime of the OH radical drastically, so that it is virtually absent in the volcanic plume. This would imply an increased lifetime of methane in volcanic plumes, unless reactive chlorine chemistry in the plume is strong enough to offset the lack of OH chemistry. A further effect of bromine chemistry in addition to ozone destruction shown by the model studies presented here, is the oxidation of mercury. This relates to mercury that has been coemitted with bromine from the volcano but also to background atmospheric mercury. The rapid oxidation of mercury implies a drastically reduced atmospheric lifetime of mercury so that the contribution of volcanic mercury to the atmospheric background might be less than previously thought. However, the implications, especially health and environmental effects due to deposition, might be substantial and warrant further studies, especially field measurements to test this hypothesis.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T20:33:15Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {von Glasow, Roland}, + month = apr, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {halogen chemistry,mercury chemistry,oxidation capacity}, + pages = {6594--6599}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/IB9FAUGM/Glasow - 2010 - Atmospheric chemistry in volcanic plumes.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FVRTXUIN/6594.html:text/html}, + pmid = {20368458} +} + +@article{martin1994, + title = {The Measurement and Parameterization of Effective Radius of Droplets in Warm Stratocumulus Clouds}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Martin, G. M. and Johnson, D. W. and Spice, A.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {1823--1842} +} + +@article{quaas2009a, + title = {Aerosol Indirect Effects, a General Circulation Model Intercomparison and Evaluation with Satellite Data}, + volume = {9}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009}, + timestamp = {2015-08-28T03:44:44Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Quaas, J. and Ming, Y. and Menon, S. and Takemura, T. and Wang, M. and Penner, J. E. and Gettelman, A. and Lohmann, U. and Bellouin, N. and Boucher, O. and Sayer, A. M. and Thomas, G. E. and McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G. and Hoose, C. and Kristj{\'a}nsson, J. E. and Liu, X. and Balkanski, Y. and Donner, L. J. and Ginoux, P. A. and Stier, P. and Grandey, B. and Feichter, J. and Sednev, I. and Bauer, S. E. and Koch, D. and Grainger, R. G. and Kirkevag, A. and Iversen, T. and Seland, \O. and Easter, R. and Ghan, S. J. and Rasch, P. J. and Morrison, H. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Iacono, M. J. and Kinne, S. and Schulz, M.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {8697--8717} +} + +@techreport{bloom2005, + title = {Documentation and {{Validation}} of the {{Goddard Earth Observing System}} ({{GEOS}}) {{Data Assimilation System}} - {{Version}} 4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation 104606}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Bloom, S. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{field2007a, + title = {A Test of Cirrus Ice Crystal Scattering Phase Functions}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {2003GL017482}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Field, P. R. and Baran, A. J. and Kaye, P. H. and Hirst, E. and Greenaway, R.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1752} +} + +@article{merlivat1967, + title = {Fractionnement Isotopique Lors Des Changements D'{\'e}tat Solide-Vapeur at Liquide-Vapeur de L'eau {\`A} Des Temper{\'a}tures Inf{\'e}rieurs {\'A} {{O C}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Merlivat, L. and Neif, G.}, + year = {1967}, + pages = {122--127} +} + +@article{mann1999, + title = {Northern {{Hemisphere Temperatures During}} the {{Past Millennium}}: {{Inferences}}, {{Uncertainties}} and {{Limitations}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Mann, M. E. and Bradley, R. S. and Hughes, M. K.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {759--762} +} + +@article{rothman1997, + title = {Growing {{Pains}}: {{A Conceptual Framework}} for {{Considering Integrated Assessments}}}, + volume = {46}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, + author = {Rothman, D. S. and Robinson, J. B.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {23--43} +} + +@book{howe2014, + title = {Behind the {{Curve}}: {{Science}} and the {{Politics}} of {{Global Warming}}}, + isbn = {978-0-295-80509-2}, + shorttitle = {Behind the {{Curve}}}, + abstract = {In Behind the Curve, Joshua Howe explores the history of global warming from its roots as a scientific curiosity to its place at the center of international environmental politics.While the ``science first'' forms of advocacy scientists developed to fight global warming produced more and better science, the primacy of science in global warming politics has failed to produce meaningful results. In fact, an often exclusive focus on science has left advocates for change vulnerable to political opposition and has limited much of the discussion to debates about the science itself.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-23T18:12:26Z}, + publisher = {{University of Washington Press}}, + author = {Howe, Joshua P.}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Science / Global Warming \& Climate Change} +} + +@article{hendricks2005, + title = {Do Aircraft Black Carbon Emissions Affect Cirrus Clouds on the Global Scale?}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL022740}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {L12814}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hendricks, H. and K{\"a}rcher, B. and Lohmann, U. and Ponater, M.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{shell2008, + title = {Using the {{Radiative Kernel Technique}} to {{Calculate Climate Feedbacks}} in {{NCAR}}'s {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI2044.1}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:11:45Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Shell, K. M. and Kiehl, J. T. and Shields, C. A.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2269--2282} +} + +@article{lindzen1993, + title = {Baroclinic {{Neutrality}} and the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {50}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {1148--1151} +} + +@article{read1995, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from {{UARS MLS}}}, + volume = {76}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W. and Flower, D. A. and Froidevaux, L. and Jarnot, R. F. and Hartmann, D. L. and Harwood, R. S. and Rood, R. B.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {2381--2389} +} + +@article{lu2010, + title = {Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in {{China}} and Sulfur Trends in {{East Asia}} since 2000}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-6311-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lu, Z and Streets, DG and Zhang, Q and Wang, S and Carmichael, GR and Cheng, YF and Wei, C and Chin, M and Diehl, T and Tan, Q}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {6311--6331} +} + +@article{cripe2001, + title = {Joint Variations of Temperature and Water Vapor over the Midlatitude Contintents}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Cripe, D. G. and Randall, D. A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2613--2616} +} + +@article{bacmeister2016a, + title = {Projected Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity under Future Warming Scenarios Using a High-Resolution Climate Model}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-016-1750-x}, + abstract = {This study examines how characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) that are explicitly resolved in a global atmospheric model with horizontal resolution of approximately 28 km are projected to change in a warmer climate using bias-corrected sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). The impact of mitigating from RCP8.5 to RCP4.5 is explicitly considered and is compared with uncertainties arising from SST projections. We find a reduction in overall global TC activity as climate warms. This reduction is somewhat less pronounced under RCP4.5 than under RCP8.5. By contrast, the frequency of very intense TCs is projected to increase dramatically in a warmer climate, with most of the increase concentrated in the NW Pacific basin. Extremes of storm related precipitation are also projected to become more common. Reduction in the frequency of extreme precipitation events is possible through mitigation from RCP8.5 to RCP4.5. In general more detailed basin-scale projections of future TC activity are subject to large uncertainties due to uncertainties in future SSTs. In most cases these uncertainties are larger than the effects of mitigating from RCP8.5 to RCP4.5.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-19T20:42:46Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-19}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Bacmeister, Julio T. and Reed, Kevin A. and Hannay, Cecile and Lawrence, Peter and Bates, Susan and Truesdale, John E. and Rosenbloom, Nan and Levy, Michael}, + month = aug, + year = {2016}, + pages = {1--14} +} + +@article{spichtinger2003a, + title = {Ice Supersaturation in the Tropopause Region over {{Lindenberg}}, {{Germany}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, + author = {Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. and Leiterer, U. and Dier, H.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {143--156} +} + +@article{brasseur1996, + title = {Atmospheric Impact of {{NOx}} Emissions by Sub-Sonic Aircraft: {{A}} Three-Dimensional Model Study}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Brasseur, G. P. and Muller, J.-F. and Granier, C.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {reactive nitrogen}, + pages = {1423--1428} +} + +@book{worldbank2015, + title = {World {{Development Indicators}} 2015}, + timestamp = {2016-02-02T16:39:44Z}, + publisher = {{World Bank Publications}}, + author = {World Bank}, + year = {2015} +} + +@article{petoukhov2000, + title = {{{CLIMBER}}-2: A Climate System Model of Intermediate Complexity. {{Part I}}: Model Description and Performance for Present Climate}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dynamics}, + author = {Petoukhov, V. and Ganopolski, A. and Brovkin, V. and CLaussen, M. and Eliseev, A. and Kubatzki, C. and Rhamstorf, S.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1--17} +} + +@book{zierl1997, + title = {The {{Role}} of {{Radiation}} for {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}} in an {{Upper Tropospheric Anticyclone}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + author = {Zierl, B. and Wirth, V.}, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: Seminar- Tacoma, WA} +} + +@article{lindzen2001, + title = {Does the Earth Have an {{Adaptive Infrared Iris}}?}, + volume = {82}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Lindzen, R. S. and Chou, M. D. and Hou, A. Y.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {417--432} +} + +@article{pausata2015, + title = {Impacts of High-Latitude Volcanic Eruptions on {{ENSO}} and {{AMOC}}}, + volume = {112}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1509153112}, + abstract = {Large volcanic eruptions can have major impacts on global climate, affecting both atmospheric and ocean circulation through changes in atmospheric chemical composition and optical properties. The residence time of volcanic aerosol from strong eruptions is roughly 2\textendash{}3 y. Attention has consequently focused on their short-term impacts, whereas the long-term, ocean-mediated response has not been well studied. Most studies have focused on tropical eruptions; high-latitude eruptions have drawn less attention because their impacts are thought to be merely hemispheric rather than global. No study to date has investigated the long-term effects of high-latitude eruptions. Here, we use a climate model to show that large summer high-latitude eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere cause strong hemispheric cooling, which could induce an El Ni{\~n}o-like anomaly, in the equatorial Pacific during the first 8\textendash{}9 mo after the start of the eruption. The hemispherically asymmetric cooling shifts the Intertropical Convergence Zone southward, triggering a weakening of the trade winds over the western and central equatorial Pacific that favors the development of an El Ni{\~n}o-like anomaly. In the model used here, the specified high-latitude eruption also leads to a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the first 25 y after the eruption, followed by a weakening lasting at least 35 y. The long-lived changes in the AMOC strength also alter the variability of the El Ni{\~n}o\textendash{}Southern Oscillation (ENSO).}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-10T18:58:11Z}, + number = {45}, + urldate = {2015-12-10}, + journal = {PNAS}, + author = {Pausata, Francesco S. R. and Chafik, Leon and Caballero, Rodrigo and Battisti, David S.}, + month = oct, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {AMOC–ENSO interaction,high-latitude volcanic eruptions,volcanism}, + pages = {13784--13788}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/X6ZCJHT8/Pausata et al. - 2015 - Impacts of high-latitude volcanic eruptions on ENS.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/AUNAC3NP/13784.html:text/html}, + pmid = {26504201} +} + +@article{viega1995, + title = {Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiments {{I}} and {{II}} Comparisons with Ozonesondes}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Viega, R. E. and Cunnold, D.K. and Chu, W.P. and McCormick, M.P.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {SAGE1 SAGE2 WODC filed under data}, + pages = {9073--9090} +} + +@article{lambert2014, + title = {Regional Variation of the Tropical Water Vapor and Lapse Rate Feedbacks}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL061987}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:27Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Lambert, F. Hugo and Taylor, Patrick C.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7634--7641} +} + +@article{forster2003, + title = {The Residence Times of Aircraft Emissions in the Stratosphere Using a Mean Emission Inventory and Emissions along Actual Flight Tracks}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002515}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Forster, C. and Stohl, A. and James, P. and Thouret, V.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{peixoto1992, + address = {New York, NY}, + title = {Physics of {{Climate}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + publisher = {{American Institute of Physics}}, + author = {Peixoto, J. P. and Oort, A. H.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@book{serra1999, + title = {Easterly Waves in the {{E}}. {{Pacific ITCZ}} and Convection}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {Serra, Y.}, + month = jan, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar} +} + +@article{volk1996, + title = {Quantifying {{Transport Between}} the {{Tropical}} and {{Mid}}-{{Latitude Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {272}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Volk, C. M. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange}, + pages = {1763--1768} +} + +@article{andreae2001, + title = {Transport of Biomass Burning Smoke to the Upper Troposphere by Deep Convection in the Equatorial Region}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Andreae, M. O. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {951--954} +} + +@book{kliner1996, + title = {Development of {{Instruments}} for {{In Situ Measurements}} of {{Atms NO}} and {{NOy}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Kliner, Dav}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from Harvard +Published: Seminar- UW-Chem} +} + +@article{esler1999, + title = {Baroclinic Wave Breaking and the Internal Variability of the Tropospheric Circulation}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Esler, J. G. and Haynes, P. H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {4014--4031} +} + +@article{park2008, + title = {Chemical {{Isolation}} of the {{Asian}} Monsoon Anticyclone Observed in {{Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment}} ({{ACE}}-{{FTS}}) Data}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Park, M. and Randel, W. J. and Emmons, L. K. and Bernath, P. F. and Walker, K. A. and Boone, C. D.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {757--764} +} + +@techreport{steil1997, + title = {Development of a Chemistry Module for {{GCMs}}: {{First}} Results of a Multi-Annual Integration}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {74}, + institution = {DLR, Institut f{\"u}r Physik der Atmosph{\"a}re}, + author = {Steil, B. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + note = {submitted to atmospheric environment march 1997} +} + +@book{malkus1964, + address = {Berkely, CA}, + title = {Cloud {{Structure}} and {{Distributions}} over the {{Tropical Pacific Ocean}}}, + abstract = {anectodal evidence of deep convection from cameras on low level flights across the tropical pacific}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + publisher = {{University of California Press}}, + author = {Malkus, J. S. and Riehl, H.}, + year = {1964} +} + +@article{turner1999, + title = {Spatial and {{Temporal Variablity}} of New Snow Accumulation over the {{Antarctic}} from {{ECMWF Re}}-{{Analysis Project Data}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Int. J. Climatology}, + author = {Turner, J. and Connolley, W. M. and Leonard, S. and Marshall, G. J. and Vaughan, D. G.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {697--724} +} + +@article{michibata2014, + title = {The Effects of Aerosols on Water Cloud Microphysics and Macrophysics Based on Satellite-Retrieved Data over {{East Asia}} and the {{North Pacific}}}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-11935-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:54Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Michibata, T. and Kawamoto, K. and Takemura, T.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {11935--11948} +} + +@article{lawson2006, + title = {In Situ Observations of the Microphysical Properties of Wave, Cirrus and Anvil Clouds. {{Part}} 2: {{Cirrus}} Cloud}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Lawson, R. P. and Barker, B. and Pilson, B. and Mo, Q.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3186--3203} +} + +@article{gauthier2016, + title = {Elevated Gas Flux and Trace Metal Degassing from the 2014-2015 Fissure Eruption at the {{B{\'a}r\dh{}arbunga}} Volcanic System, {{Iceland}}}, + issn = {2169-9356}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JB012111}, + abstract = {The 2014 B{\'a}r\dh{}arbunga rifting event in Iceland resulted in a six-month long eruption at Holuhraun. This eruption was characterized by high lava discharge rate and significant gas emission. The SO2 flux for the first three months was measured with satellite sensors and the petrologic method. High-resolution time series of the satellite data give 1200\,kg/s that concurs with 1050\,kg/s obtained from melt inclusion minus degassed lava sulfur contents scaled to the mass of magma produced. A high-purity gas sample, with elevated S/Cl due to limited chlorine degassing, reveal a similar degassing pattern of trace metals as observed at K\={\i}lauea (Hawai'i) and Erta Ale (Ethiopia). This suggests a common degassing mechanism at mantle plume related volcanoes. The trace metal fluxes, calculated from trace element to sulfur ratios in the gas sample and scaled to the sulfur dioxide flux, are one to two orders of magnitude stronger at Holuhraun than K\={\i}lauea and Erta Ale. In contrast, volcanoes at convergent margins (Etna and Stromboli) have one to two order of magnitude higher trace element fluxes, most likely caused by abundant chlorine degassing. This emphasizes the importance of metal degassing as chlorine species. Short-lived disequilibria between radon daughters, 210Pb-210Bi-210Po measured in the gas, suggest degassing of a continuously replenished magma batch beneath the eruption site. Earlier and deep degassing phase of carbon dioxide and polonium is inferred from low (210Po/210Pb) in the gas, consistent with magma transfer rate of 0.75\,m/s.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-18T19:56:52Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-18}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth}, + author = {Gauthier, Pierre-Jean and Sigmarsson, Olgeir and Gouhier, Mathieu and Haddadi, Baptiste and Moune, S{\'e}verine}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {210Pb-210Bi-210Po disequilibria,1043 Fluid and melt inclusion geochemistry,1065 Major and trace element geochemistry,8425 Effusive volcanism,8430 Volcanic gases,8485 Remote sensing of volcanoes,degassing pattern at hot-spot volcanoes,high-resolution time-series satellite data,melt inclusions,SO2 volcanic flux,trace metal volatility}, + pages = {2015JB012111}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/8T26DZ5J/Gauthier et al. - 2016 - Elevated gas flux and trace metal degassing from t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FADAXG7F/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{barahona2011a, + title = {Global Distribution of Cloud Droplet Number Concentration, Autoconversion Rate, and Aerosol Indirect Effect under Diabatic Droplet Activation}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015274}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:31:45Z}, + number = {D9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Barahona, Donifan and Sotiropoulou, Rafaella and Nenes, Athanasios}, + month = may, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{kondo1996, + title = {Reactive Nitrogen over the {{Pacific Ocean}} during {{PEM}}-{{West A}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kondo, Y and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {NOx,NOy,PAN}, + pages = {1809--1828} +} + +@article{pierrehumbert1993, + title = {Global {{Chaotic Mixing}} on {{Isentropic Surfaces}}}, + volume = {50}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Pierrehumbert, R. T. and Yang, H.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {tropopshere}, + pages = {2462--2480} +} + +@article{johns2006, + title = {The New {{Hadley Centre}} Climate Model {{Had}}-{{GEM1}}: {{Evaluation}} of Coupled Simulations}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Johns, T. C. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1327--1353} +} + +@article{gardner1997, + title = {The {{ANCAT}}/{{EC}} Global Inventory of {{NO}}\$\_x\$ Emissions from Aircraft}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Gardner, R. M. and Adams, K. and Cook, T. and Deidewig, F. and Ernedal, S. and Falk, R. and Fleuti, E. and Herms, E. and Johnson, C. E. and Lecht, M. and Lee, D. S. and Leech, M. and Lister, D. and Masse, B. and Metcalfe, M. and Newton, P. and Schmitt, A. and Vandenbergh, C. and Drimmelen, R. Van}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1751--1766} +} + +@article{wallack2009, + title = {The {{Other Climate Changers}}}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {88}, + journal = {Foreign Affairs}, + author = {Wallack, J. S. and Ramanathan, V.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{hartmann2002, + title = {Reply}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Hartmann, D. L. and Moy, L. A. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2571--2} +} + +@article{rao2001, + title = {Seasonal Variation of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity in the Troposphere, Lower Stratosphere and Mesosphere over a Tropical Station}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {Rao, D. N. and Ratnam, M. V. and Rao, T. N. and Rao, S. V. B.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {975--984} +} + +@article{meijer1999, + title = {Model Calculations of the Impact of {{NO}}\$\_x\$ from Air Traffic, Lightning and Surface Emissions, Compared with Measurements}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research, in press}, + author = {Meijer, E. W. and {van Velthoven}, P. F. J. and Thompson, A. M. and Pfister, L. and Schlager, H. and Schulte, P. and Kelder, H.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{mccoy2016, + title = {On the Relationships among Cloud Cover, Mixed-Phase Partitioning, and Planetary Albedo in {{GCMs}}}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000589}, + abstract = {In this study, it is shown that CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) that convert supercooled water to ice at relatively warm temperatures tend to have a greater mean-state cloud fraction and more negative cloud feedback in the middle and high latitude Southern Hemisphere. We investigate possible reasons for these relationships by analyzing the mixed-phase parameterizations in 26 GCMs. The atmospheric temperature where ice and liquid are equally prevalent (T5050) is used to characterize the mixed-phase parameterization in each GCM. Liquid clouds have a higher albedo than ice clouds, so, all else being equal, models with more supercooled liquid water would also have a higher planetary albedo. The lower cloud fraction in these models compensates the higher cloud reflectivity and results in clouds that reflect shortwave radiation (SW) in reasonable agreement with observations, but gives clouds that are too bright and too few. The temperature at which supercooled liquid can remain unfrozen is strongly anti-correlated with cloud fraction in the climate mean state across the model ensemble, but we know of no robust physical mechanism to explain this behavior, especially because this anti-correlation extends through the subtropics. A set of perturbed physics simulations with the Community Atmospheric Model Version 4 (CAM4) shows that, if its temperature-dependent phase partitioning is varied and the critical relative humidity for cloud formation in each model run is also tuned to bring reflected SW into agreement with observations, then cloud fraction increases and liquid water path (LWP) decreases with T5050, as in the CMIP5 ensemble.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-09T14:58:36Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-09}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {McCoy, Daniel T. and Tan, Ivy and Hartmann, Dennis L. and Zelinka, Mark D. and Storelvmo, Trude}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3333 Model calibration,Albedo,climate sensitivity,cloud feedback,Cloud Fraction,mixed-phase,Parameterization}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@book{boeing1998, + address = {Seattle, WA}, + title = {1998 {{Current Market Outlook}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + publisher = {{Boeing Commercial Airplane Group}}, + author = {{Boeing}}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{song2011, + title = {Microphysics Parameterization for Convective Clouds in a Global Climate Model: {{Description}} and Single Column Model Tests}, + volume = {116}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014833}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D02201}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Song, X. and Zhang, G. J.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{waugh2002, + title = {Age of {{Stratospheric Air}}: {{Theory}}, {{Observations}} and {{Models}}}, + volume = {40}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Hall, T. M.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{skok2010, + title = {Object-{{Based Analysis}} and {{Verification}} of {{WRF Model Precipitation}} in the {{Low}}- and {{Midlatitude Pacific Ocean}}}, + volume = {138}, + doi = {10.1175/2010MWR3472.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Skok, G. and Tribbia, J. and Rakovec, J.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {4561--4575} +} + +@article{loeb2005, + title = {Angular {{Distribution}} Models for Top of Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimateion from the {{Clouds}} and the {{Earth}}'s {{Radiant Energy System}} Instrument on the {{Terra Satellite}}. {{Part I}}: {{Methodology}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.}, + author = {Loeb, N. G. and Kato, S. and Loukachine, K. and Manalo-Smith, N.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {338--351} +} + +@article{solomon1999, + title = {On the Role of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Absorption of Solar Radiation}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Solomon, S.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {12,047--12,058} +} + +@article{sorooshian2009, + title = {On the Precipitation Susceptibility of Clouds to Aerosol Perturbations}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL038993}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {L13803}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sorooshian, A. and Feingold, G. and Lebsock, M. D. and Jiang, H. and Stephens, G. L.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{nitsche1995, + title = {Pure {{Atmospheric Modes}} of {{Interannual Variability}}}, + abstract = {Good discussion of white and red noise in atmospheric data, condludes that there is no intrinsic interannual variability}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Nitsche, Gregor}, + month = apr, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW-JISAO +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {low frequency variability,red noise,white noise} +} + +@article{iacono2008, + title = {Radiative Forcing by Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases: {{Calculations}} with the {{AER}} Radiative Transfer Models}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009944}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D13103}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Iacono, M. J. and Delamere, J. S. and Mlawer, E. J. and Shephard, M. W. and Clough, S. A. and Collins, W. D.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{dye1997, + title = {Production of {{NOx}} by Lightning}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {Dye, J.}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from NCAR +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {aircraft,lightning,NOx} +} + +@article{grabowski2000, + title = {Cloud Resolving Modeling of Tropical Circutions Driven by Large-Scale {{SST}} Gradients}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Grabowski, W. W. and Yano, J.-I. and Moncrieff, M. M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2022--2039} +} + +@article{lamarque2010a, + title = {Historical (1850\textendash{}2000) Gridded Anthropogenic and Biomass Burning Emissions of Reactive Gases and Aerosols: Methodology and Application}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lamarque, J.-F. and Bond, T. C. and Eyring, V. and Granier, C. and Heil, A. and Klimont, Z. and Lee, D. and Liousse, C. and Mieville, A. and Owen, B. and Schultz, M. G. and Shindell, D. and Smith, S. J. and Stehfest, E. and Van Aardenne, J. and Cooper, O. R. and Kainuma, M. and Mahowald, N. and McConnell, J. R. and Naik, V. and Riahi, K. and {van Vuuren}, D. P.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {7017--7039} +} + +@article{clark1998, + title = {Variability of Water Vapor in the Tropical Upper Troposphere as Measured by the {{Microwave Limb Sounder}} on {{UARS}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Clark, H. L. and Harwood, R. S. and Mote, P. W. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,695--31,707} +} + +@article{morgan1998, + title = {Using {{Tropopause Maps}} to {{Diagnose Midlatitude Weather Systems}}}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Morgan, M. C. and Nielsen-Gammon, J. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2555--2579} +} + +@article{folkins2002a, + title = {A Simple Explanation for the Increase in Relative Humidity between 11 and 14km in the Tropics}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002185}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Kelly, K. K. and Weinstock, E. M.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{zipser2003, + title = {Some {{Views On}} ''{{Hot Towers}}'' after 50 {{Years}} of {{Tropical Field Programs}} and {{Two Years}} of {{TRMM Data}}}, + volume = {29}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {51}, + journal = {Meteorological Monographs}, + author = {Zipser, E. J.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {49--58} +} + +@article{brenninkmeijer2007, + title = {Civil {{Aircraft}} for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container: {{The}} New {{CARIBIC}} System}, + volume = {7}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-7-4953-2007}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and {others}}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4953--4976} +} + +@article{lohmann2000, + title = {Indirect Effect of Sulfate and Carbonaceous Aerosols: {{A}} Mechanistic Treatment}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J. and Penner, J. and Leaitch, R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {12,193--12,206} +} + +@article{walden2005, + title = {First Measurements of the Infrared Sky Brightness at {{Dome C}}, {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {829}, + journal = {Astron. Soc. Pac.}, + author = {Walden, V. P. and Town, M. S. and Halter, B. and Storey, J. W. V.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {300--308} +} + +@article{shindell1999, + title = {Solar {{Cycle Variability}}, {{Ozone}}, and {{Climate}}}, + volume = {284}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Shindell, D. and Rind, D. and Balachandran, N. and Lean, J. and Lonergan, P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {305--308} +} + +@article{hoose2010, + title = {A {{Classical}}-{{Theory}}-{{Based Parameterization}} of {{Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation}} by {{Mineral Dust}}, {{Soot}}, and {{Biological Particles}} in a {{Global Climate Model}}}, + volume = {67}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAS3425.1}, + abstract = {An ice nucleation parameterization based on classical nucleation theory, with aerosol-specific parameters derived from experiments, has been implemented into a global climate model\textemdash{}the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)-Oslo. The parameterization treats immersion, contact, and deposition nucleation by mineral dust, soot, bacteria, fungal spores, and pollen in mixed-phase clouds at temperatures between 0$^\circ$ and -38$^\circ$C. Immersion freezing is considered for insoluble particles that are activated to cloud droplets, and deposition and contact nucleation are only allowed for uncoated, unactivated aerosols. Immersion freezing by mineral dust is found to be the dominant ice formation process, followed by immersion and contact freezing by soot. The simulated biological aerosol contribution to global atmospheric ice formation is marginal, even with high estimates of their ice nucleation activity, because the number concentration of ice nucleation active biological particles in the atmosphere is low compared to other ice nucleating aerosols. Because of the dominance of mineral dust, the simulated ice nuclei concentrations at temperatures below -20$^\circ$C are found to correlate with coarse-mode aerosol particle concentrations. The ice nuclei (IN) concentrations in the model agree well overall with in situ continuous flow diffusion chamber measurements. At individual locations, the model exhibits a stronger temperature dependence on IN concentrations than what is observed. The simulated IN composition (77\% mineral dust, 23\% soot, and 10-5\% biological particles) lies in the range of observed ice nuclei and ice crystal residue compositions.}, + timestamp = {2015-10-28T15:47:20Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-10-28}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Hoose, Corinna and Kristj{\'a}nsson, J{\'o}n Egill and Chen, Jen-Ping and Hazra, Anupam}, + month = mar, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Aerosols,Cloud parameterization,General circulation model,Ice crystals,Ice particles}, + pages = {2483--2503} +} + +@article{lohmann2008a, + title = {Cirrus Cloud Formation and Ice Supersaturated Regions in a Global Climate Model}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, + author = {Lohmann, Ulrike and Spichtinger, Peter and Jess, Stephanie and Peter, Thomas and Smit, Herman}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {045022 (11pp)} +} + +@book{douglass1997, + title = {{{3D Model Calculations}} of {{NH Ozone Loss}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Douglass, A. R.}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from GSFC +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{huang2014a, + title = {Statistical Characteristics of Cloud Variability. {{Part}} 1: {{Retrieved}} Cloud Liquid Water Path at Three {{ARM}} Sites: {{Observed}} Cloud Variability at {{ARM}} Sites}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Statistical Characteristics of Cloud Variability. {{Part}} 1}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022001}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:18Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Huang, Dong and Campos, Edwin and Liu, Yangang}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {10,813--10,828} +} + +@book{gardner1998a, + address = {Brussles, Belgium}, + title = {{{ANCAT}}/{{EC2 Aircraft}} Emissions Inventories for 1991/1992 and 2015: {{Final Report}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + publisher = {{European Civil Aviation Conference, European Commission}}, + editor = {Gardner, R. M.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{cordero2006, + title = {Stratospheric Variability and Trends in Models Used for {{IPCC AR4}}}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Cordero, E. C. and Forster, P. M. de F.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {5369--5380} +} + +@article{dee2011, + title = {The {{ERA}}-{{Interim}} Reanalysis: Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System}, + volume = {137}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.828}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {656}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Dee, D. P. and Uppala, S. M. and Simmons, A. J. and Berrisford, P. and Poli, P. and Kobayashi, S. and Andrae, U. and Balmaseda, M. A. and Balsamo, G. and Bauer, P. and Bechtold, P. and Beljaars, A. C. M. and {van de Berg}, L. and Bidlot, J. and Bormann, N. and Delsol, C. and Dragani, R. and Fuentes, M. and Geer, A. J. and Haimberger, L. and Healy, S. B. and Hersbach, H. and H{\'o}lm, E. V. and Isaksen, L. and K$\backslash$rallberg, P. and K{\"o}hler, M. and Matricardi, M. and McNally, A. P. and Monge-Sanz, B. M. and Morcrette, J.-J. and Park, B.-K. and Peubey, C. and {de Rosnay}, P. and Tavolato, C. and Th{\'e}paut, J.-N. and Vitart, F.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {553--597} +} + +@book{mote, + title = {Predictability of the Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Mote, P.}, + year = {20 Nov 97}, + note = {Published: UW Dynamics Seminar +speaker from NWRA} +} + +@article{waugh2005, + title = {Impact of {{Potential Vorticity Intrusions}} on {{Subtropical Upper Tropospheric Humidity}}}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005664}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D11305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Waugh, D. W.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@techreport{dines1912, + title = {The Free Atmosphere in the Region of the {{British Isles}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {2}, + institution = {British Metorological Office}, + author = {Dines, W. H.}, + year = {1912} +} + +@article{mahlman1986, + title = {Three-{{Dimensional Simulations}} of {{Stratospheric N2O}}: {{Predictions}} for {{Other Trace Constituents}}}, + volume = {91}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mahlman, J. D. and II, H. Levy and Moxim, W. J.}, + year = {1986}, + keywords = {Lifetime,N2O Mass Flux}, + pages = {2687--2707} +} + +@article{park2009, + title = {The {{University}} of {{Washington}} Shallow Convection and Moist Turbulence Schemes and Their Impact on Climate Simulations with the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}.}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Park, S. and Bretherton, C. S.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3449--3469} +} + +@article{cole2011, + title = {Assessing Simulated Clouds and Radiative Fluxes Using Properties of Clouds Whose Tops Are Exposed to Space}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Cole, J. and Barker, H.W. and Loeb, N.G. and {von Salzen}, K.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {2715--2727} +} + +@article{singh1996, + title = {Reactive Nitrogen and Ozone over the Western {{Pacific}}: {{Distribution}}, Partitioning, and Sources}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Singh, H. B. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {HNO3,NOx,NOy,PAN}, + pages = {1793--1808} +} + +@book{schoeberl1996, + title = {Stratospheric {{Processes}}, {{Trace Gases TOTE}}/{{VOTE}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from NASA GSFC +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms}, + keywords = {STE} +} + +@article{maloney2000, + title = {Modulation of Hurricane Activity in the {{Gulf}} of {{Mexico}} by the {{Madden}}-{{Julian Oscillation}}}, + volume = {287}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Maloney, E. D. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2002--2004} +} + +@article{rehfeld1995, + title = {Three Dimensional Atmospheric Transport Simulation of the Radioactive Tracers \$\^210\${{Pb}}, 7{{Be}}, \$\^10\${{Be}}, and \$\^90\${{Sr}}}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rehfeld, S. and Heimann, M.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {beryllium}, + pages = {26,141--26,161} +} + +@article{ervens2013, + title = {Sensitivities of Immersion Freezing: {{Reconciling}} Classical Nucleation Theory and Deterministic Expressions: {{SENSITIVITIES OF IMMERSION FREEZING}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Sensitivities of Immersion Freezing}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50580}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:15Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Ervens, Barbara and Feingold, Graham}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3320--3324} +} + +@book{hartmannd, + title = {Clouds, {{Water Vapor}} \& {{Climate Change}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis}, + year = {24 Oct 96}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{kinnison2007, + title = {Sensitivity of {{Chemical Tracers}} to {{Meteorological Parameters}} in the {{MOZART}}-3 {{Chemical Transport Model}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007879}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D20302}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kinnison, D. E. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{moncrieff2006, + title = {Representing Convective Organization in Prediction Models by a Hybrid Strategy}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:00Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the atmospheric sciences}, + author = {Moncrieff, Mitchell W. and Liu, Changhai}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3404--3420} +} + +@article{ghan1992, + title = {Computationally Efficient Approximations to Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Parameterization}, + volume = {120}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {1572-1582}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Easter, R. C.}, + year = {1992} +} + +@article{haynes2011, + title = {Major {{Characteristics}} of {{Southern Ocean Cloud Regimes}} and {{Their Effects}} on the {{Energy Budget}}}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2011JCLI4052.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T19:59:50Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Haynes, John M. and Jakob, Christian and Rossow, William B. and Tselioudis, George and Brown, Josephine}, + month = oct, + year = {2011}, + pages = {5061--5080} +} + +@article{miller1997, + title = {Tropical Thermostats and {{Low Cloud Cover}}}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Miller, R. L.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {409--440} +} + +@article{lelieveld1997, + title = {Chemical Perturbation of the Lowermost Stratosphere through Exchange with the Tropopshere}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lelieveld, L. and Arnold, F. and Bregman, B. and Burger, V. and Crutzen, P. J. and Fischer, H. and Siegmund, P. and {van Velthoven}, P. F. J. and Waibel, A.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {HNO3 O3 CO}, + pages = {603--606} +} + +@article{qu2015a, + title = {The Strength of the Tropical Inversion and Its Response to Climate Change in 18 {{CMIP5}} Models}, + volume = {45}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-014-2441-9}, + abstract = {We examine the tropical inversion strength, measured by the estimated inversion strength (EIS), and its response to climate change in 18 models associated with phase 5 of the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP5). While CMIP5 models generally capture the geographic distribution of observed EIS, they systematically underestimate it off the west coasts of continents, due to a warm bias in sea surface temperature. The negative EIS bias may contribute to the low bias in tropical low-cloud cover in the same models. Idealized perturbation experiments reveal that anthropogenic forcing leads directly to EIS increases, independent of ``temperature-mediated'' EIS increases associated with long-term oceanic warming. This fast EIS response to anthropogenic forcing is strongly impacted by nearly instantaneous continental warming. The temperature-mediated EIS change has contributions from both uniform and non-uniform oceanic warming. The substantial EIS increases in uniform oceanic warming simulations are due to warming with height exceeding the moist adiabatic lapse rate in tropical warm pools. EIS also increases in fully-coupled ocean\textendash{}atmosphere simulations where CO2CO2$\backslash$hbox \{CO\}\_\{2\} concentration is instantaneously quadrupled, due to both fast and temperature-mediated changes. The temperature-mediated EIS change varies with tropical warming in a nonlinear fashion: The EIS change per degree tropical warming is much larger in the early stage of the simulations than in the late stage, due to delayed warming in the eastern parts of the subtropical oceans. Given the importance of EIS in regulating tropical low-cloud cover, this suggests that the tropical low-cloud feedback may also be nonlinear .}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-15T16:24:22Z}, + number = {1-2}, + urldate = {2016-09-10}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Qu, Xin and Hall, Alex and Klein, Stephen A. and Caldwell, Peter M.}, + year = {2015}, + pages = {375--396} +} + +@article{brasseur1998a, + title = {European {{Scientific Assessment}} of the {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Aircraft Emissions}}}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Brasseur, G. P. and Cox, R. A. and Hauglustaine, D. and Isaksen, I. and Lelieveld, J. and Lister, D. H. and Sausen, R. and Schumann, U. and Wahner, A. and Wiesen, P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2329--2418} +} + +@article{randel2010a, + title = {The {{Polar Summer Tropopause Inversion Layer}}}, + volume = {67}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAS3430.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2572--2581} +} + +@article{rasch1997, + title = {Representations of Transport, Convection, and the Hydrologic Cycle in Chemical Transport Models: {{Implications}} for the Modeling of Short-Lived and Soluble Species}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rasch, P. J. and Mahowald, N. W. and Eaton, B. E.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {28,127--28,138} +} + +@article{dalgesso2015, + title = {A Single-Column Model Intercomparison on the Stratocumulus Representation in Present-Day and Future Climate}, + issn = {19422466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000377}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-27T15:21:41Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-27}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Dal Gesso, S. and {van der Dussen}, J. J. and Siebesma, A. P. and {de Roode}, S. R. and Boutle, I. A. and Kamae, Y. and Roehrig, R. and Vial, J.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{mccormick1989, + title = {An Overview of {{SAGE I}} and {{II}} Ozone Measurements}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Planet. Space Sci.}, + author = {McCormick, M. P. and Zawodny, J. M. and Viega, R. E. and Larsen, J. C. and Wang, P. H.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {1567--1586} +} + +@article{wennberg1994, + title = {Removal of {{Stratospheric O}}3 by {{Radicals}}: {{In Situ Measurements}} of {{OH}}, {{HO}}2, {{NO}}, {{NO}}2, {{ClO}} and {{BrO}}}, + volume = {266}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Wennberg, P. O. and Cohen, R. C. and Stimpfle, R. M. and Koplow, J. P. and Anderson, J. G. and Salawitch, R. J. and Fahey, D. W. and Woodbridge, E. L. and Keim, E. R. and Gao, R. S. and Webster, C. R. and May, R. D. and Toohey, D. W. and Avallone, L. M. and Proffitt, M. H. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R. and Chan, K. R. and Wofsy, S. C.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {BrOx,ClOx,hox,NOx}, + pages = {398--404} +} + +@article{hoerling1993, + title = {A {{Global Analysis}} of {{Stratospheric}}-{{Tropospheric Exchange}} during {{Northern Winter}}}, + volume = {121}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Hoerling, M. P. and Schaack, T. K. and Lenzen, A. J.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {STE}, + pages = {162--172} +} + +@article{bethan1996, + title = {A Comparison of Ozone and Thermal Tropopause Heights and the Impact of Tropopause Definition on Quantifying the Ozone Content of the Troposphere}, + volume = {122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Bethan, S. and Vaughan, G. and Reid, S. J.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {929--944} +} + +@article{tobin2006, + title = {{{ARM}} Site Atmospheric State Best Estimates for {{AIRS}} Temperature and Water Vapor Retrieval Validation}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D09S14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tobin, D. C. and {others}}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{hendricks1999, + title = {Heterogeneous Reactions on and in Sulfate Aerosols: {{Implications}} for the Chemistry of the Midlatitude Tropopause Region}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hendricks, J. and Lippert, E. and Petry, H. and Ebel, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {5531--5550} +} + +@article{eidhammer2016, + title = {Improvements in Global Climate Model Microphysics Using a Consistent Representation of Ice Particle Properties}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0050.1}, + abstract = {This paper describes a new approach for representing ice microphysics in climate models. In contrast with most previous schemes, this approach does not include separate categories for cloud and precipitating ice and instead uses a single two-moment category to represent all solid hydrometeors. Thus, there is no need for an ice ``autoconversion'' size threshold parameter, which has a critical impact on simulated climate in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5), yet is poorly constrained by theory or observations. Further, in the new treatment, all ice microphysical processes and parameters, including ice effective radius and mean fallspeed, are formulated self-consistently and flexibly based on empirical ice particle mass-size and projected area-size relationships. This means that the scheme can represent the physical coupling between bulk particle density, mean fallspeed, and effective radius, which is not possible in current schemes. Two different methods for specifying these relationships based on observations are proposed. The new scheme is tested in global simulations using CAM5. Differences in simulations using the two methods for specifying the mass- and projected-area size relationships, particularly the cloud radiative forcing, are attributable mainly to the effects on mean ice particle fallspeed, impacting sedimentation and ice water path. With some tuning of parameters involved in calculating homogeneous freezing it produces a similar climate compared to the simulations using the original CAM5 microphysics. Thus, it can produce a comparable climate while improving the physical basis and self-consistency of ice particle properties and parameters.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-14T02:55:15Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-14}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Eidhammer, Trude and Morrison, Hugh and Mitchell, David and Gettelman, Andrew and Erfani, Ehsan}, + month = oct, + year = {2016} +} + +@article{richter2007, + title = {Humanity's Transformation of {{Earth}}'s Soil: {{Pedology}}'s New Frontier}, + volume = {172}, + shorttitle = {Humanity's Transformation of {{Earth}}'s Soil}, + timestamp = {2016-07-07T02:03:54Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2016-07-07}, + journal = {Soil Science}, + author = {Richter, Daniel}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {957--967} +} + +@article{leibensperger2012, + title = {Climatic Effects of 1950\&ndash;2050 Changes in {{US}} Anthropogenic Aerosols \&ndash; {{Part}} 2: {{Climate}} Response}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Climatic Effects of 1950\&ndash;2050 Changes in {{US}} Anthropogenic Aerosols \&ndash; {{Part}} 2}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-3349-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:48Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Leibensperger, E. M. and Mickley, L. J. and Jacob, D. J. and Chen, W.-T. and Seinfeld, J. H. and Nenes, A. and Adams, P. J. and Streets, D. G. and Kumar, N. and Rind, D.}, + month = apr, + year = {2012}, + pages = {3349--3362} +} + +@article{newell1963, + title = {Transfer through the Tropopause and within the Stratosphere}, + volume = {89}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {380}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Newell, R. E.}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {167--204} +} + +@article{chen1999, + title = {Seasonal Variations of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor and High Clouds from Satellites}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chen, M. and Rood, R. B. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {6193--6197} +} + +@article{liu2005a, + title = {Global Distribution of Convection Penetrating the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006063}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Liu, C. and Zipser, E. J.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {D23104} +} + +@article{schumann2012, + title = {A Contrail Cirrus Prediction Model}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-5-543-2012}, + abstract = {A new model to simulate and predict the properties of a large ensemble of contrails as a function of given air traffic and meteorology is described. The model is designed for approximate prediction of contrail cirrus cover and analysis of contrail climate impact, e.g. within aviation system optimization processes. The model simulates the full contrail life-cycle. Contrail segments form between waypoints of individual aircraft tracks in sufficiently cold and humid air masses. The initial contrail properties depend on the aircraft. The advection and evolution of the contrails is followed with a Lagrangian Gaussian plume model. Mixing and bulk cloud processes are treated quasi analytically or with an effective numerical scheme. Contrails disappear when the bulk ice content is sublimating or precipitating. The model has been implemented in a "Contrail Cirrus Prediction Tool" (CoCiP). This paper describes the model assumptions, the equations for individual contrails, and the analysis-method for contrail-cirrus cover derived from the optical depth of the ensemble of contrails and background cirrus. The model has been applied for a case study and compared to the results of other models and in-situ contrail measurements. The simple model reproduces a considerable part of observed contrail properties. Mid-aged contrails provide the largest contributions to the product of optical depth and contrail width, important for climate impact.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-25T23:22:16Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-11-25}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Schumann, U.}, + month = may, + year = {2012}, + pages = {543--580} +} + +@article{dufresne2008, + title = {An Assessment of Hte Primary Sources of Spread of Global Warming Estimates from {{Coupled Atmosphere}}\textendash{}{{Ocean}} Models}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1075/2008JCLI2239.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Dufresne, J.-L. and Bony, S.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5135--5144} +} + +@article{yin2005, + title = {A Consistent Poleward Shift of the Storm Tracks in Simulations of 21st Century Climate}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL023684}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {L18701}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Yin, J. H.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{gayet2004, + title = {Cirrus Cloud Microphysical and Optical Properties at Southern and Northern Midlatitudes during the {{INCA}} Experiment}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004803}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D20206}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gayet, J. F. and Ovarlez, J. and Shcherbakov, V. and Strom, J. and Schumann, U. and Minikin, A. and Auriol, F. and Petzold, A. and Monier, M.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{jacobson2000, + title = {{{FORTE}} Radio-Frequency Observations of Lightning Strokes Detected by the {{National Lightning Detection Network}}}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jacobson, A. R. and Cummings, K. L. and Carter, M. and Klinger, P. and Doussel-Dupr{\'e}, D. and Knox, S. O.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {15,653--15,662} +} + +@article{colman2015, + title = {Climate Radiative Feedbacks and Adjustments at the {{Earth}}'s Surface: {{Surface}} Radiative Climate Feedbacks}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Climate Radiative Feedbacks and Adjustments at the {{Earth}}'s Surface}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022896}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-27T15:21:57Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-27}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Colman, R. A.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{tselioudis1992, + title = {Global {{Patterns}} of {{Cloud Optical Thickness Variation}} with {{Temperature}}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:24:51Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Tselioudis, George and Rossow, William B. and Rind, David}, + month = dec, + year = {1992}, + pages = {1484--1495} +} + +@book{bates1999, + title = {Humidistat {{Hypothesis}}: {{Tropical Air}}-{{Sea Interactions}} and the {{Hydrologic Cycle}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + author = {Bates, J. J.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: APL seminar +speaker from NRL monterry} +} + +@techreport{greenfield1962, + address = {New York}, + type = {Scientific Report}, + title = {A Statistical Investigation of the Tropopause over the Central, Tropical {{Pacific}}}, + abstract = {annual variation in tropical tropopause height NCAR library, report \#16635}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {4}, + institution = {New York University, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography}, + author = {Greenfield, R. S.}, + year = {1962} +} + +@techreport{haan1995, + title = {Measurement of Geopotential Heights by {{GPS}} Radio Occultation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {DMI Scientific Report 05-08}, + institution = {DMI}, + author = {de Haan, S.}, + year = {1995} +} + +@article{stenke2009, + title = {Implications of {{Lagrangian}} Transport for Coupled Chemistry-Climate Simulations}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Stenke, A. and Dameris, M. and Grewe, V. and Garny, H.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5489--5504} +} + +@article{bruhl1996, + title = {Halogen {{Occultation Experiment}} Ozone Channel Validation}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Br{\"u}hl, C. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {10,217--10,240} +} + +@article{luthcke2006, + title = {Recent {{Greenland Ice Mass Loss}} by {{Drainage System}} from {{Satellite Gravity Observations}}}, + volume = {314}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Luthcke, S. B. and Zwally, H. J. and Abdalati, W. and Rowlands, D. D. and Ray, R. D. and Nerem, R. S. and Lemoine, F. G. and McCarthy, J. J. and Chinn, D. S.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1286--1289} +} + +@article{joos2009, + title = {Orographic Cirrus in a Future Climate}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Joos, H. and Spichtinger, P. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {7825--7845} +} + +@article{hadjinicolaou1997, + title = {Effect of Interannual Meteorological Variability on Midlatitude 03}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hadjinicolaou, P. and Pyle, J.A. and Kettleborough, J.A.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2993--2996} +} + +@article{golaz2013, + title = {Cloud Tuning in a Coupled Climate Model: {{Impact}} on 20th Century Warming}, + volume = {40}, + shorttitle = {Cloud Tuning in a Coupled Climate Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:34:43Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Horowitz, Larry W. and Levy, Hiram}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {2246--2251} +} + +@article{zhang2003, + title = {A Modified Formulation of Fractional Stratiform Condensation Rate in the {{NCAR Community Atmospheric Model}} ({{CAM2}})}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002523}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zhang, M. and Lin, W. and Bretherton, C. S. and Hack, J. J. and Rasch, P. J.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{schwierz2009, + title = {Modelling {{European}} Winter Wind Storm Losses in Current and Future Climate}, + volume = {101}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-009-9712-1}, + abstract = {Severe wind storms are one of the major natural hazards in the extratropics and inflict substantial economic damages and even casualties. Insured storm-related losses depend on (i) the frequency, nature and dynamics of storms, (ii) the vulnerability of the values at risk, (iii) the geographical distribution of these values, and (iv) the particular conditions of the risk transfer. It is thus of great importance to assess the impact of climate change on future storm losses. To this end, the current study employs\textemdash{}to our knowledge for the first time\textemdash{}a coupled approach, using output from high-resolution regional climate model scenarios for the European sector to drive an operational insurance loss model. An ensemble of coupled climate-damage scenarios is used to provide an estimate of the inherent uncertainties. Output of two state-of-the-art global climate models (HadAM3, ECHAM5) is used for present (1961\textendash{}1990) and future climates (2071\textendash{}2100, SRES A2 scenario). These serve as boundary data for two nested regional climate models with a sophisticated gust parametrizations (CLM, CHRM). For validation and calibration purposes, an additional simulation is undertaken with the CHRM driven by the ERA40 reanalysis. The operational insurance model (Swiss Re) uses a European-wide damage function, an average vulnerability curve for all risk types, and contains the actual value distribution of a complete European market portfolio. The coupling between climate and damage models is based on daily maxima of 10 m gust winds, and the strategy adopted consists of three main steps: (i) development and application of a pragmatic selection criterion to retrieve significant storm events, (ii) generation of a probabilistic event set using a Monte-Carlo approach in the hazard module of the insurance model, and (iii) calibration of the simulated annual expected losses with a historic loss data base. The climate models considered agree regarding an increase in the intensity of extreme storms in a band across central Europe (stretching from southern UK and northern France to Denmark, northern Germany into eastern Europe). This effect increases with event strength, and rare storms show the largest climate change sensitivity, but are also beset with the largest uncertainties. Wind gusts decrease over northern Scandinavia and Southern Europe. Highest intra-ensemble variability is simulated for Ireland, the UK, the Mediterranean, and parts of Eastern Europe. The resulting changes on European-wide losses over the 110-year period are positive for all layers and all model runs considered and amount to 44\% (annual expected loss), 23\% (10 years loss), 50\% (30 years loss), and 104\% (100 years loss). There is a disproportionate increase in losses for rare high-impact events. The changes result from increases in both severity and frequency of wind gusts. Considerable geographical variability of the expected losses exists, with Denmark and Germany experiencing the largest loss increases (116\% and 114\%, respectively). All countries considered except for Ireland (-22\%) experience some loss increases. Some ramifications of these results for the socio-economic sector are discussed, and future avenues for research are highlighted. The technique introduced in this study and its application to realistic market portfolios offer exciting prospects for future research on the impact of climate change that is relevant for policy makers, scientists and economists.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-02T16:52:31Z}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2016-02-02}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Schwierz, Cornelia and K{\"o}llner-Heck, Pamela and Mutter, Evelyn Zenklusen and Bresch, David N. and Vidale, Pier-Luigi and Wild, Martin and Sch{\"a}r, Christoph}, + month = nov, + year = {2009}, + keywords = {Meteorology/Climatology}, + pages = {485--514}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/MKM7IQST/Schwierz et al. - 2009 - Modelling European winter wind storm losses in cur.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/PIW7QWUA/s10584-009-9712-1.html:text/html} +} + +@article{barahona2015, + title = {Thermodynamic Derivation of the Activation Energy for Ice Nucleation}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-15-13819-2015}, + abstract = {Cirrus clouds play a key role in the radiative and hydrological balance of the upper troposphere. Their correct representation in atmospheric models requires an understanding of the microscopic processes leading to ice nucleation. A key parameter in the theoretical description of ice nucleation is the activation energy, which controls the flux of water molecules from the bulk of the liquid to the solid during the early stages of ice formation. In most studies it is estimated by direct association with the bulk properties of water, typically viscosity and self-diffusivity. As the environment in the ice\textendash{}liquid interface may differ from that of the bulk, this approach may introduce bias in calculated nucleation rates. In this work a theoretical model is proposed to describe the transfer of water molecules across the ice\textendash{}liquid interface. Within this framework the activation energy naturally emerges from the combination of the energy required to break hydrogen bonds in the liquid, i.e., the bulk diffusion process, and the work dissipated from the molecular rearrangement of water molecules within the ice\textendash{}liquid interface. The new expression is introduced into a generalized form of classical nucleation theory. Even though no nucleation rate measurements are used to fit any of the parameters of the theory the predicted nucleation rate is in good agreement with experimental results, even at temperature as low as 190 K, where it tends to be underestimated by most models. It is shown that the activation energy has a strong dependency on temperature and a weak dependency on water activity. Such dependencies are masked by thermodynamic effects at temperatures typical of homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets; however, they may affect the formation of ice in haze aerosol particles. The new model provides an independent estimation of the activation energy and the homogeneous ice nucleation rate, and it may help to improve the interpretation of experimental results and the development of parameterizations for cloud formation.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:48:11Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Barahona, D.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + pages = {13819--13831} +} + +@article{hand2015, + title = {The Storm King}, + volume = {350}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.350.6256.22}, + abstract = {A mysterious weather pattern stalks Earth's tropics. Every 30-60 days, something called the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) circles the equator, bringing rain and wind wherever it goes. Discovered in 1971, but still not completely understood, the MJO is the biggest driver of tropical weather. It also has large effects on weather outside the tropics, triggering and strengthening hurricanes, monsoons, and heat waves in higher latitudes. This year's powerful El Nino was almost certainly set off by a trifecta of MJO events. Scientists are making progress in understanding this hidden force in weather and climate. Computer models are finally mimicking the MJO, after decades of failure. That is allowing weather forecasters to push their predictions further into the future than ever before, while climate scientists are exploring how the MJO will behave in a warmer world. And after an intense field campaign in the Indian Ocean involving dozens of nations, researchers are starting to answer some of the most fundamental questions of all: Why does the MJO exist, and how does it form?}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-09T16:54:53Z}, + number = {6256}, + urldate = {2015-11-09}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Hand, Eric}, + month = feb, + year = {2015}, + pages = {22--25}, + pmid = {26430097} +} + +@article{hoose2012, + title = {Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation on Atmospheric Aerosols: A Review of Results from Laboratory Experiments}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-9817-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Hoose, C. and M{\"o}hler, O.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {9817--9854} +} + +@article{sanford1991, + title = {{{CH}}4 and {{N}}2{{O Photochemical Lifetimes}} in the {{Upper Stratosphere}}: {{In}} Situ Estimates Using {{SAMS}} Data}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sanford, J.L.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {677--680} +} + +@article{may1998, + title = {Open-Path, near-Infrared Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometer for Atmospheric Measurements of {{H2O}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {May, R. D.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19,161--19,172} +} + +@article{thomas1991, + title = {Mesospheric {{Clouds}} and the {{Physics}} of the {{Mesopause Region}}}, + volume = {29}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Rev. Geophysics}, + author = {Thomas, G. E.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {553--575} +} + +@article{wood2008, + title = {Daisyworld: {{A}} Review}, + volume = {46}, + issn = {8755-1209}, + shorttitle = {Daisyworld}, + doi = {10.1029/2006RG000217}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:26Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, + author = {Wood, Andrew J. and Ackland, Graeme J. and Dyke, James G. and Williams, Hywel T. P. and Lenton, Timothy M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{businger1999, + title = {Turbulent Transfer in the Atmosphere, Adventures with the Mixing Length Concept}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Businger, J.}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW ATMS sci colloquium +speaker from UW} +} + +@book{sobel, + title = {Development of Synoptic Distrubances over the Tropical {{Pacific}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + author = {Sobel, A. H.}, + year = {8 Oct 98}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Dyno Seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{hansen2002, + title = {Climate Forcings in {{Goddard Institute}} for {{Space Studies SI2000}} Simulations}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001143}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hansen, J. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {4347} +} + +@article{klein2005, + title = {How Might a Statistical Cloud Scheme Be Coupled to a Mass-Flux Convection Scheme?}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005017}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D15S06}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Klein, S. A. and Pincus, R. and Hannay, C. and Xu, K. M.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{fetzer2003, + title = {{{AIRS}}/{{AMSU}}/{{HSB}} Validation}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Fetzer, E. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {418--431} +} + +@article{solomon2016, + title = {Emergence of Healing in the {{Antarctic}} Ozone Layer}, + copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.aae0061}, + abstract = {Industrial chlorofluorocarbons that cause ozone depletion have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol. A chemically-driven increase in polar ozone (or ``healing'') is expected in response to this historic agreement. Observations and model calculations taken together indicate that the onset of healing of Antarctic ozone loss has now emerged in September. Fingerprints of September healing since 2000 are identified through (i) increases in ozone column amounts, (ii) changes in the vertical profile of ozone concentration, and (iii) decreases in the areal extent of the ozone hole. Along with chemistry, dynamical and temperature changes contribute to the healing, but could represent feedbacks to chemistry. Volcanic eruptions episodically interfere with healing, particularly during 2015 (when a record October ozone hole occurred following the Calbuco eruption).}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-01T02:28:33Z}, + urldate = {2016-07-01}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Solomon, Susan and Ivy, Diane J. and Kinnison, Doug and Mills, Michael J. and Neely, Ryan R. and Schmidt, Anja}, + month = jun, + year = {2016}, + pages = {aae0061} +} + +@article{demott2009, + title = {Ice Nucleation Behavior of Biomass Combustion Particles at Cirrus Temperatures}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012036}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D16205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {DeMott, P. J. and Peters, M. D. and Prenni, A. J. and Carrico, C. M. and Kreidenweis, S. M. and Jr, J. L. Collett and Moosm{\"u}ller, H.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{fujiwara2000, + title = {Seasonal Variation of Tropospheric Ozone in {{Indonesia}} Revealed by 5-Year Ground-Based Observations}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Kita, K. and Ogawa, T. and Kawakami, S. and Sano, T. and Komala, N. and Saraspriya, S. and Suripto, A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1879--1888} +} + +@article{boers1004, + title = {Absorption Feedback in Stratocumulus Clouds: {{Influcence}} on Cloud Top Albedo}, + volume = {46A}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Tellus A}, + author = {Boers, R. and Mitchell, R. M.}, + year = {1004}, + pages = {229--241} +} + +@article{brohan1995, + title = {The {{Atmospheric Hydrologic Cycle}} over the {{Southern Ocean}} and {{Antarctica}} from {{Operational Numerical Analyses}}}, + volume = {123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Brohan, P. and Kennedy, J. J. and Harris, I. and Tett, S. F. B. and Jones, P. D.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {3518--3538} +} + +@article{worldmeteorologicalorganization1957, + title = {Definition of the Tropopause}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {World Meteorolo. Organ. Bul.}, + author = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + year = {1957}, + pages = {136} +} + +@article{kennedy2001, + title = {Bayesian Calibration of Computer Models}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:37Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)}, + author = {Kennedy, Marc C. and O'Hagan, Anthony}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {425--464} +} + +@article{roe2009, + title = {Feedbacks, {{Timescales}}, and {{Seeing Red}}}, + volume = {37}, + doi = {10.1146/annurev.earth.061008.134734}, + abstract = {Feedback analysis is a powerful tool for studying the Earth system. It provides a formal framework for evaluating the relative importance of different interactions in a dynamical system. As such, its application is essential for a predictive or even a mechanistic understanding of the complex interplay of processes on the Earth. This paper reviews the basic principles of feedback analysis and tries to highlight the importance of the technique for the interpretation of physical systems. The need for clear and consistent definitions when comparing different interactions is emphasized. It is also demonstrated that feedback analyses can shed light on how uncertainty in physical processes translates into uncertainty in system response, and that the strength of the feedbacks has a very tight connection to the dynamical response time of the system.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-23T21:52:21Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-12-23}, + journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences}, + author = {Roe, Gerard}, + year = {2009}, + keywords = {Earth systems dynamics,red noise,response times}, + pages = {93--115} +} + +@article{pitari2015, + title = {Impact of {{Coupled NOx}}/{{Aerosol Aircraft Emissions}} on {{Ozone Photochemistry}} and {{Radiative Forcing}}}, + volume = {6}, + copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, + doi = {10.3390/atmos6060751}, + abstract = {Three global chemistry-transport models (CTM) are used to quantify the radiative forcing (RF) from aviation NOx emissions, and the resultant reductions in RF from coupling NOx to aerosols via heterogeneous chemistry. One of the models calculates the changes due to aviation black carbon (BC) and sulphate aerosols and their direct RF, as well as the BC indirect effect on cirrus cloudiness. The surface area density of sulphate aerosols is then passed to the other models to compare the resulting photochemical perturbations on NOx through heterogeneous chemical reactions. The perturbation on O3 and CH4 (via OH) is finally evaluated, considering both short- and long-term O3 responses. Ozone RF is calculated using the monthly averaged output of the three CTMs in two independent radiative transfer codes. According to the models, column ozone and CH4 lifetime changes due to coupled NOx/aerosol emissions are, on average, +0.56 Dobson Units (DU) and -1.1 months, respectively, for atmospheric conditions and aviation emissions representative of the year 2006, with an RF of +16.4 and -10.2 mW/m2 for O3 and CH4, respectively. Sulphate aerosol induced changes on ozone column and CH4 lifetime account for -0.028 DU and +0.04 months, respectively, with corresponding RFs of -0.63 and +0.36 mW/m2. Soot-cirrus forcing is calculated to be 4.9 mW/m2.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-02T20:39:28Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2016-06-02}, + journal = {Atmosphere}, + author = {Pitari, Giovanni and Iachetti, Daniela and Di Genova, Glauco and De Luca, Natalia and S\o{}vde, Ole Amund and Hodnebrog, \O{}ivind and Lee, David S. and Lim, Ling L.}, + month = jun, + year = {2015}, + keywords = { soot-cirrus particles,aviation emissions,chemistry-transport models,ozone photochemistry,radiative forcing from aviation NOx and aerosols,sulphate and black carbon aerosols}, + pages = {751--782}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FR8B69PE/751.html:text/html} +} + +@article{manktelow2009, + title = {Variable {{CCN}} Formation Potential of Regional Sulfur Emissions}, + volume = {9}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-9-3253-2009}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Manktelow, P. T. and Carslaw, K. S. and Mann, G. W. and Spracklen, D. V.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3253--3259} +} + +@book{wakimoto, + title = {Mechanisms of Tornadogenesis}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {{Wakimoto}}, + year = {13 Feb 98}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium +speaker from UCLA- dept chair} +} + +@article{scaife2012, + title = {Climate Change Projections and Stratosphere\textendash{}troposphere Interaction}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-011-1080-7}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:51Z}, + number = {9-10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Scaife, Adam A. and Spangehl, Thomas and Fereday, David R. and Cubasch, Ulrich and Langematz, Ulrike and Akiyoshi, Hideharu and Bekki, Slimane and Braesicke, Peter and Butchart, Neal and Chipperfield, Martyn P. and Gettelman, Andrew and Hardiman, Steven C. and Michou, Martine and Rozanov, Eugene and Shepherd, Theodore G.}, + month = may, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2089--2097} +} + +@article{reed1955, + title = {A Study of a Characteristic Type of Upper Level Frontogenesis}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {J. Met.}, + author = {Reed, R. J.}, + year = {1955}, + pages = {226--237} +} + +@article{rotstayn2007, + title = {Have {{Australian}} Rainfall and Cloudiness Increased due to the Remote Effects of {{Asian}} Antrhopogenic Aerosols?}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007712}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D09202}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rotstayn, L. D. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{twomey1959a, + title = {The Nuclei of Natural Cloud Formation Part {{I}}: {{The}} Chemical Diffusion Method and Its Application to Atmospheric Nuclei}, + volume = {43}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Geofis. Pura. Appl.}, + author = {Twomey, S.}, + year = {1959}, + pages = {227--242} +} + +@article{davis2005, + title = {Snowfall-{{Driven Growth}} in {{East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea}}-{{Level Rise}}}, + volume = {308}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Davis, C. H. and Li, Y. and McConnell, J. R. and Frey, M. M. and Hanna, E.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1898--1901} +} + +@article{beheng1994, + title = {A Parameterization of Warm Cloud Microphysical Conversion Processes}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Res.}, + author = {Beheng, K. D.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {193--206} +} + +@article{wang2002, + title = {Cirrus {{Cloud Microphysical Property Retrieval Using Lidar}} and {{Radar Measurements}}. {{Part II}}: {{Midlatitude Cirrus Microphysical}} and {{Radiative Properties}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wang, Z. and Sassen, K.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2291--2302} +} + +@article{weckwerth1996, + title = {Thermodynamic {{Variability}} within the {{Convective Boundary Layer Due}} to {{Horizontal Convective Rolls}}}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Weckwerth, T. M. and Wilson, J. W. and Wakimoto, R. M.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {769--784} +} + +@article{schmittner2011, + title = {Climate {{Sensitivity Estimated}} from {{Temperature Reconstructions}} of the {{Last Glacial Maximum}}}, + volume = {334}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1203513}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:57Z}, + number = {6061}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Schmittner, A. and Urban, N. M. and Shakun, J. D. and Mahowald, N. M. and Clark, P. U. and Bartlein, P. J. and Mix, A. C. and Rosell-Mele, A.}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {1385--1388} +} + +@article{moyer1996, + title = {{{ATMOS}} Stratospheric Deuterated Water and Implications for Troposphere-Stratosphere Transport}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Moyer, E. J. and Irion, F. W. and Yung, Y. L. and Gunson, M. R.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2385--2388} +} + +@article{novelli1998, + title = {Distributions and Recent Changes of Carbon Monoxide in the Lower Troposphere}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Novelli, P. C. and Masarie, K. A. and Lang, P. M.}, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {CO}, + pages = {19,015--19,033} +} + +@article{eyring2010a, + title = {Multi-Model Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone Return Dates and Ozoen Recovery in {{CCMVal}}-2 Models}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-9451-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Eyring, V. and {others}}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {9451--9472} +} + +@article{kasibhatla1993, + title = {Global {{NOx}}, {{HNO}}3, {{PAN}} and {{NOy Distributions From Fossil Fuel Combustion Emissions}}: {{A Model Study}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kasibhatla, P. S. and Levy II, H. and Moxim, W. J.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {nitrogen nitric acid reactive nitrogen}, + pages = {7165--7180} +} + +@article{badr1992, + title = {Methane: {{A Greenhouse Gas}} in the {{Earth}}'s {{Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Applied Energy}, + author = {Badr, O.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {95--113} +} + +@article{schroder2000, + title = {On the Transition of Contrails into Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Schr{\"o}der, F. and K{\"a}rcher, B. and Duroure, C. and Str{\"o}m, J. and Gayet, J.-F. and Strauss, B. and Wendling, P. and Borrmann, S.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {464--480} +} + +@article{ackerman2009, + title = {Large-Eddy Simulations of a Drizzling, Stratocumulus-Topped Marine Boundary Layer}, + volume = {137}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Ackerman, A. S. and VanZanten, M. C. and Stevens, B. and Savic-Jovcic, V. and Bretherton, C. S. and Chlond, A. and Golaz, J.-C. and Jiang, H. and Khairoutdinov, M. and Krueger, S. K. and Lewellen, D. C. and Lock, A. and Moeng, C.-H. and Nakamura, K. and Petters, M. D. and Snider, J. R. and Weinbrecht, S. and Zulauf, M.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1083--1110} +} + +@article{levitus2005, + title = {Warming of the World Ocean, 1955\textendash{}2003}, + volume = {32}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL021592}, + abstract = {We present new estimates of the variability of ocean heat content based on: a) additional data that extends the record to more recent years; b) additional historical data for earlier years. During 1955\textendash{}1998 world ocean heat content (0\textendash{}3000 m) increased 14.5 \texttimes{} 1022 J corresponding to a mean temperature increase of 0.037$^\circ$C at a rate of 0.20 Wm-2 (per unit area of Earth's total surface area).}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-07T02:05:45Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-07-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Levitus, S. and Antonov, J. and Boyer, T.}, + month = jan, + year = {2005}, + keywords = {1635 Oceans,3305 Climate change and variability,4513 Decadal ocean variability}, + pages = {L02604} +} + +@article{brient2012, + title = {How May Low-Cloud Radiative Properties Simulated in the Current Climate Influence Low-Cloud Feedbacks under Global Warming?}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053265}, + abstract = {The influence of cloud modelling uncertainties on the projection of the tropical low-cloud response to global warming is explored by perturbing model parameters of the IPSL-CM5A climate model in a range of configurations (realistic general circulation model, aqua-planet, single-column model). While the positive sign and the mechanism of the low-cloud response to climate warming predicted by the model are robust, the amplitude of the response can vary considerably depending on the model tuning parameters. Moreover, the strength of the low-cloud response to climate change exhibits a strong correlation with the strength of the low-cloud radiative effects simulated in the current climate. We show that this correlation primarily results from a local positive feedback (referred to as the ``beta feedback'') between boundary-layer cloud radiative cooling, relative humidity and low-cloud cover. Based on this correlation and observational constraints, it is suggested that the strength of the tropical low-cloud feedback predicted by the IPSL-CM5A model in climate projections might be overestimated by about fifty percent.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-11T23:32:16Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2016-04-11}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Brient, F. and Bony, S.}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1610 Atmosphere,1626 Global climate models,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,climate sensitivity,low-cloud feedback,model hierarchy,model tuning,MSE budget,observational constraints}, + pages = {L20807} +} + +@article{chylek2004, + title = {Mixed Phase Cloud Water/Ice Structure from High Spatial Resolution Satellite Data}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {0094-8276}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL020428}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:27Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Chylek, Petr}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{sarachik, + title = {Final {{TOGA Report}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Sarachik, Ed}, + year = {7 Feb 97}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{wood2005a, + title = {Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. {{Part II}}: {{Microphysical}} Aspects}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wood, R}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {3034--3050} +} + +@book{sobela, + title = {Diffusion and {{Non Local Mixing}}: {{Theory}} and {{Practice}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + author = {Sobel, A. H.}, + year = {19 feb 98}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from UW atms Sci} +} + +@book{palmen1969, + series = {International Geophysics Series}, + title = {Atmospheric {{Circulation Systems}}}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Palm{\'e}n, E. and Newton, C. W.}, + year = {1969} +} + +@article{dines1911, + title = {The Vertical Temperature Distribution in the Atmosphere over {{England}}, and Some Remarks on the General and Local Circulation}, + volume = {211}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A}, + author = {Dines, W. H.}, + year = {1911} +} + +@article{hees1999, + title = {Detecting Tropical Convection Using {{AVHRR}} Data}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {van Hees, R. M. and Lelieveld, J. and Collins, W. D.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {9213--9228} +} + +@article{lu2012, + title = {Observed Impacts of Vertical Velocity on Cloud Microphysics and Implications for Aerosol Indirect Effects: {{IMPACTS OF UPDRAFT ON CLOUD MICROPHYSICS}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Observed Impacts of Vertical Velocity on Cloud Microphysics and Implications for Aerosol Indirect Effects}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053599}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:15Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Lu, Chunsong and Liu, Yangang and Niu, Shengjie and Vogelmann, Andrew M.}, + month = nov, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{chang2002, + title = {Estimating the Vertical Variation of Cloud Droplet Effective Radius Using Multispectral near-Infrared Satellite Measurements}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000766}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chang, F. L. and Li, Z.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{sheng2015, + title = {Assessment of Stratospheric Fuel Burn by Civil Commercial Aviation}, + volume = {34}, + issn = {13619209}, + doi = {10.1016/j.trd.2014.10.008}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:05Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment}, + author = {Sheng, Hang and Marais, Karen and Landry, Steven}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1--15} +} + +@article{stephens2012a, + title = {An Update on {{Earth}}'s Energy Balance in Light of the Latest Global Observations}, + volume = {5}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo1580}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:23:43Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Stephens, Graeme L. and Li, Juilin and Wild, Martin and Clayson, Carol Anne and Loeb, Norman and Kato, Seiji and L'Ecuyer, Tristan and Jr, Paul W. Stackhouse and Lebsock, Matthew and Andrews, Timothy}, + month = oct, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Atmospheric science,Climate Change,Hydrology}, + pages = {691--696} +} + +@article{rotstayn2005, + title = {A Smaller Global Estimate of the Second Indirect Aerosol Effect}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL021922}, + timestamp = {2015-11-04T15:58:57Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-10-20}, + journal = {Geophysical research letters}, + author = {Rotstayn, Leon D. and Liu, Yangang}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {L05708}, + file = {[HTML] from wiley.com:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QWUFKMGQ/full.html:text/html} +} + +@article{lee2011a, + title = {Dependence of Aerosol-Precipitation Interactions on Humidity in a Multiple-Cloud System}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-2179-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:45Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Lee, S. S.}, + month = mar, + year = {2011}, + pages = {2179--2196} +} + +@article{chen2012, + title = {Global Contrail Coverage Simulated by {{CAM5}} with the Inventory of 2006 Global Aircraft Emissions}, + volume = {4}, + doi = {10.1029/2011MS000105}, + timestamp = {2015-07-17T14:39:37Z}, + number = {M04003}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Chen, C. C. and Gettelman, A. and Craig, C. and Minnis, P. and Duda, D. P.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{birner2013, + title = {Up-Gradient Eddy Fluxes of Potential Vorticity near the Subtropical Jet}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL057728}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Birner, T. and Thompson, D. W. J. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1--6} +} + +@article{crawford1997, + title = {An Assessment of Ozone Photochemistry in the Extratropical Western {{North Pacific}}: {{Impact}} of Continental Outflow during the Late Winter/Early Spring}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Crawford, J. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {28,469--28,487} +} + +@article{bretherton2014, + title = {Low Cloud Reduction in a Greenhouse-Warmed Climate: {{Results}} from {{Lagrangian LES}} of a Subtropical Marine Cloudiness Transition}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + shorttitle = {Low Cloud Reduction in a Greenhouse-Warmed Climate}, + doi = {10.1002/2013MS000250}, + abstract = {Lagrangian large-eddy simulations of a composite stratocumulus to cumulus transition case over the subtropical northeast Pacific Ocean are subject to perturbed forcings that isolate the cloud response to CO2, to overall tropical warming, and to increased inversion stability over the subtropical subsidence regions. These simulations show that a tropical surface warming of 4 K induces substantial stratocumulus thinning via a thermodynamic mechanism: increased cloud layer humidity flux in a warmer climate induces an entrainment liquid-flux adjustment that dries the stratocumulus cloud layer, whether well mixed or cumulus coupled. A radiative mechanism amplifies this response: increased emissivity of the free troposphere due to increased CO2 and water vapor reduces radiative driving of turbulence in a stratocumulus-capped boundary layer; a thinner stratocumulus layer accompanies less turbulence. In combination, a 4 K warming and CO2 quadrupling greatly reduce low cloud and weaken the simulated shortwave cloud radiative effect by over 50\%. Large increases in inversion stability in the stratocumulus regions could counter much of this cloudiness reduction.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-10T17:03:50Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-09-10}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Bretherton, Christopher S. and Blossey, Peter N.}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3323 Large eddy simulation,boundary-layer clouds,cloud feedbacks,large-eddy simulation}, + pages = {91--114} +} + +@incollection{ebel1993, + address = {Amsterdam}, + title = {Stratosphere-{{Troposphere}} Air Mass Exchange and Cross-Tropopause Fluxes of Ozone.}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + booktitle = {Coupling {{Processes}} in the {{Lower}} and {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + publisher = {{Springer Verlag}}, + author = {Ebel, A. and Elbern, H. and Oberreuter, A.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {49--65} +} + +@article{logan1999, + title = {Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone: {{A}} Comparison of Two Analyses of Ozonesonde Data}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Logan, J. A. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {26,373--26,399} +} + +@article{konopka2009, + title = {Annual Cycle of Horizontal in-Mixing into the Lower Tropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {114}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D19111}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Konopka, P. and Groo\ss{}, J.-U. and Ploeger, F. and M{\"u}ller, R.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {10.1029/2009JD011955} +} + +@article{wang2015, + title = {Anthropogenic Aerosols and the Distribution of Past Large-Scale Precipitation Change}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL066416}, + abstract = {The climate response of precipitation to the effects of anthropogenic aerosols is a critical while not yet fully understood aspect in climate science. Results of selected models that participated the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and the data from the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project suggest that, throughout the tropics and also in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, aerosols have largely dominated the distribution of precipitation changes in reference to the preindustrial era in the second half of the last century. Aerosol-induced cooling has offset some of the warming caused by the greenhouse gases from the tropics to the Arctic and thus formed the gradients of surface temperature anomaly that enable the revealed precipitation change patterns to occur. Improved representation of aerosol-cloud interaction has been demonstrated as the key factor for models to reproduce consistent distributions of past precipitation change with the reanalysis data.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-01-04T16:28:07Z}, + urldate = {2016-01-04}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Wang, Chien}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,1622 Earth system modeling,3305 Climate change and variability,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3354 Precipitation,aerosols and particles,climate change and variability,clouds and aerosols,Earth system modeling,precipitation}, + pages = {2015GL066416} +} + +@article{dvorak1975, + title = {Tropical {{Cyclone Intensity Analysis}} and {{Forecasting}} from {{Satellite Imagery}}}, + volume = {103}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + abstract = {A technique for using satellite pictures to analyse and forecast tropical cyclone intensifies is described. The cloud features used to estimate the cyclone's intensity and its future change of intensity are described. Procedures for interpreting cloud characteristics and their day-by-day changes within the guidance and constraints of an empirical model of tropical cyclone changes are outlined.}, + timestamp = {2016-02-22T17:59:01Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-11-13}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Dvorak, Vernon F.}, + month = may, + year = {1975}, + pages = {420--430}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/GGM7ZVSM/Dvorak - 1975 - Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysis and Forecastin.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9APA4IFF/1520-0493(1975)1030420TCIAAF2.0.html:text/html} +} + +@article{hall1999, + title = {The {{Diurnal Cycle}} of {{West Pacific Deep Convection}} and {{Its Relation}} to the {{Spatial}} and {{Temporal Variation}} of {{Tropical MCSs}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Hall, T. J. and Haar, T. H. Vonder}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {3401--3415} +} + +@article{kamae2016a, + title = {Robust Cloud Feedback over Tropical Land in a Warming Climate}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024525}, + abstract = {Cloud-related radiative perturbations over land in a warming climate are of importance for human health, ecosystem, agriculture, and industry via solar radiation availability and local warming amplification. However, robustness and physical mechanisms responsible for the land cloud feedback were not examined sufficiently because of the limited contribution to uncertainty in global climate sensitivity. Here we show that cloud feedback in general circulation models over tropical land is robust, positive, and is relevant to atmospheric circulation change and thermodynamic constraint associated with water vapor availability. In a warming climate, spatial variations in tropospheric warming associated with climatological circulation pattern result in a general weakening of tropical circulation and a dynamic reduction of land cloud during summer monsoon season. Limited increase in availability of water vapor also reduces the land cloud. The reduction of land cloud depends on global-scale oceanic warming and is not sensitive to regional warming patterns. The robust positive feedback can contribute to the warming amplification and drying over tropical land in the future.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-28T15:10:35Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-28}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Kamae, Youichi and Ogura, Tomoo and Watanabe, Masahiro and Xie, Shang-Ping and Ueda, Hiroaki}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1610 Atmosphere,1620 Climate dynamics,1626 Global climate models,1631 Land/atmosphere interactions,cloud radiative kernel,dynamic feedback,land cloud feedback,land-sea contrast,tropical atmospheric circulation}, + pages = {2015JD024525} +} + +@article{kramer2009, + title = {Ice {{Supersaturations}} and Cirrus Cloud Crystal Numbers}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Kr{\"a}mer, M. and Schiller, C. and Afchine, A. and Bauer, R. and Gensch, I. and Mangold, A. and Schlicht, S. and Spelten, N. and Sitnikov, N. and Borrmann, S. and de Reus, M. and Spichtinger, P.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3505--3522} +} + +@article{kosaka2013, + title = {Recent Global-Warming Hiatus Tied to Equatorial {{Pacific}} Surface Cooling}, + volume = {501}, + doi = {10.1038/nature12534}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {7467}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Kosaka, Yu and Xie, Shang-Ping}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {403--407} +} + +@article{kerr2000, + title = {A {{North Atlantic}} Climate Pacemaker for the Centuries}, + volume = {288}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Kerr, R. A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1984--1985} +} + +@book{falk1998, + address = {London}, + title = {Method for Estimating the Effect of the Introduction of New Stringency Rules on Global {{NOx}} Production}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + publisher = {{UK Department of Trade and Industry Report No. DTI/EID 3c/199801}}, + author = {Falk, R. S. and Newton, P. J.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{zhou2011, + title = {Recent Trends of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle Inferred from {{Global Precipitation Climatology Project}} and {{International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project}} Data}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015197}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:21Z}, + number = {D9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Zhou, Y. P. and Xu, Kuan-Man and Sud, Y. C. and Betts, A. K.}, + month = may, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{uotila2007, + title = {Changes in {{Antarctic}} Net {{Precipitation}} in the 21st Century Based on {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}} ({{IPCC}}) Model Scenarios}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007482}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {D10107}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Uotila, P. and Lynch, A. H. and Cassano, J. J. and Cullather, R. I.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{hvistendahl2013, + title = {China's Publication Bazaar}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:27:11Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + author = {Hvistendahl, M.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{lelieveld2001, + title = {The {{Indian Ocean Experiment}}: {{Widespread Air Pollution}} from {{South}} and {{Southeast Asia}}}, + volume = {291}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Lelieveld, J. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1031--1036} +} + +@article{strahan2007, + title = {Observationally Derived Transport Diagnostics for the Lowermost Stratosphere and Their Application to the {{GMI}} Chemistry and Transport Model}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Strahan, S. and Duncan, B. and Hoor, P.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1449--1477} +} + +@article{stohl2008, + title = {The Travel-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Atmospheric Researchers}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Stohl, A.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{corradini2009, + title = {Retrieval of {{SO2}} from Thermal Infrared Satellite Measurements: Correction Procedures for the Effects of Volcanic Ash}, + volume = {2}, + issn = {1867-8548}, + shorttitle = {Retrieval of {{SO2}} from Thermal Infrared Satellite Measurements}, + doi = {10.5194/amt-2-177-2009}, + abstract = {The simultaneous presence of SO2 and ash in a volcanic plume can lead to a significant error in the SO2 column abundance retrieval when multispectral Thermal InfraRed (TIR) data are used. The ash particles within the plume with effective radii from 1 to 10 $\mu$m reduce the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) radiance in the entire TIR spectral range, including the channels used for SO2 retrieval. The net effect is a significant SO2 overestimation. + In this work the interference of ash is discussed and two correction procedures for satellite SO2 volcanic plume retrieval in the TIR spectral range are developed to achieve an higher computational speed and a better accuracy. + The ash correction can be applied when the sensor spectral range includes the 7.3 and/or 8.7 $\mu$m SO2 absorption bands, and the split window bands centered around 11 and 12 $\mu$m required for ash retrieval. This allows the possibility of simultaneous estimation of both volcanic SO2 and ash in the same data set. The proposed ash correction procedures have been applied to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Spin Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) measurements. Data collected during the 24 November 2006 Mt. Etna eruption have been used to illustrate the technique. The SO2 and ash estimation is carried out by using a best weighted least squares fit method and the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) procedures, respectively. The simulated TOA radiance Look-Up Table (LUT) needed for the SO2 column abundance and the ash retrievals have been computed using the MODTRAN 4 Radiative Transfer Model. + The results show the importance of the ash correction on SO2 retrievals at 8.7 $\mu$m, where the corrected SO2 column abundance values are less than 50\% of the uncorrected values. The ash correction on SO2 retrieval at 7.3 $\mu$m is much less important and only significant for low SO2 column abundances. Results also show that the simplified and faster correction procedure underestimates the ash correction compared with the more time consuming but more accurate correction procedure. Such underestimation is greater for instruments having better ground pixel resolution, i.e. greater for MODIS than for SEVIRI.}, + timestamp = {2015-08-21T15:07:17Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-08-21}, + journal = {Atmos. Meas. Tech.}, + author = {Corradini, S. and Merucci, L. and Prata, A. J.}, + month = may, + year = {2009}, + pages = {177--191}, + file = {Atmos. Meas. Tech. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/RWC5RA3R/Corradini et al. - 2009 - Retrieval of SO2 from thermal infrared satellite m.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Meas. Tech. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ZRD6X85T/2009.html:text/html} +} + +@article{min2012, + title = {Comparison of {{MODIS}} Cloud Microphysical Properties with in-Situ Measurements over the {{Southeast Pacific}}}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-11261-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Min, Q. and Joseph, E. and Lin, Y. and Min, L. and Yin, B. and Daum, P. H. and Kleinman, L. I. and Wang, J. and Lee, Y.-N.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {11261--11273} +} + +@article{osterman1997, + title = {Baloon-Borne Measurements of Stratospheric Radicals and Their Precursors: {{Implications}} for the Production and Loss of Ozone}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Osterman, G. B. and Salawitch, R. J. and Sen, B. and Toon, G. C. and Stachnik, R. A. and Pickett, H. M. and Margitan, J. J. and Blavier, J. F. and Peterson, D. B.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {hox,NOx,NOy}, + pages = {1107--1110} +} + +@article{boville2006, + title = {Represenation of {{Clouds}} and {{Precipitation}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model Version}} 3 ({{CAM3}})}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Boville, B. A. and Rasch, P. J. and Hack, J. J. and McCaa, J. R.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2184--2198} +} + +@book{friedl1997, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Atmospheric {{Effects}} of {{Subsonic Aircraft}}: {{Interim Assessment Report}} of the {{Advanced Subsonic Technology Program}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Reference Publication 1400}}, + editor = {Friedl, R. R.}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{zheng1994, + title = {An Analysis of Aircraft Exhaust Plumes from Accidental Encounters}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Zheng, J. and Weinheimer, A. J. and Ridley, B. A. and Liu, S. C. and Sachse, G. W. and Anderson, B. E. and Jr, J. E. Collins}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {AASEII}, + pages = {2579--2582} +} + +@article{mak1998, + title = {Measurement of {\textsuperscript{13\$}}{{CO}} and {{C}}{\textsuperscript{18\$}}{{O}} in the Free Troposphere}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mak, J. E. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19,347--19,358} +} + +@article{kump2008, + title = {Amplification of {{Cretaceous Warmth}} by {{Biological Cloud Feedbacks}}}, + volume = {320}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Kump, L. R. and Pollard, D.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {195} +} + +@article{sparling1995a, + title = {Mixing Entropy Analysis of Dispersal of Aircraft Emissions in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Sparling, L. C. and Schoeberl, M. R.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {16,805--16,812} +} + +@article{lewellen2014, + title = {Persistent {{Contrails}} and {{Contrail Cirrus}}. {{Part I}}: {{Large}}-{{Eddy Simulations}} from {{Inception}} to {{Demise}}}, + volume = {71}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {Persistent {{Contrails}} and {{Contrail Cirrus}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-13-0316.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:51Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Lewellen, D. C. and Meza, O. and Huebsch, W. W.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4399--4419} +} + +@book{gilmour1999, + title = {Enlightening {{Shadows}} and {{Accountable Ensembles}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + author = {Gilmour, I.}, + month = oct, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: NCAR CGD Seminar +Speaker from NCAR/ASP} +} + +@book{dymnikov, + title = {Towards a {{Mathematical Theory}} of {{Climate}}}, + abstract = {Attempts to use chaos theory concepts to place baounary conditions on a theoretical GCM. Ends up with a strange attractor with 10e6 degrees of freedom}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {{Dymnikov}}, + year = {13 January}, + note = {Speaker from Instutite of Numerical Math, Moscow +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {phase space,strange attractors} +} + +@article{uppala2008, + title = {Towards a Climate Data Assimilation System: Status Update of {{ERA}}-{{Interim}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {115}, + journal = {ECMWF Newsletter}, + author = {Uppala, S. and Dee, D. and Kobauashi, S. and Berrisford, P. and Simmons, A.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {12--18} +} + +@article{lindzen2009, + title = {On the Determination of Climate Feedbacks from {{ERBE}} Data}, + volume = {36}, + issn = {0094-8276}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL039628}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:55:49Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Lindzen, Richard S. and Choi, Yong-Sang}, + month = aug, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{collins2001, + title = {Simulating Aerosols Using a Chemical Transport Model with Assimilation of Satellite Retrievals: {{Methodology}} for {{INDOEX}}}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Collins, W. D. and Rasch, P. J. and Eaton, B. E. and Khattatov, B. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Zender, C. S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {7313--7336} +} + +@article{lin2016a, + title = {Simulated Differences in 21st Century Aridity due to Different Scenarios of Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-016-1615-3}, + abstract = {Aridity, defined as the ratio of precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (PET) over land, is critical to natural ecosystems and agricultural production. Global climate models project global decreases of P/PET (drying) in the 21st century. We examine the uncertainty of aridity projections due to scenarios of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols with three sets of ensemble simulations from a single climate model, the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). Ensembles consist of two Radiative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and a scenario with RCP-like GHGs but with aerosol precursor emissions and atmospheric oxidants fixed at the year 2005 level. Under a high GHGs emission scenario (RCP8.5), global land P/PET decreases (drying) by 6.4 $\pm$ 0.8 \% in 2060\textendash{}2080 relative to 1985\textendash{}2005. A GHG mitigation scenario (RCP4.5) would reduce the drying (P/PET decrease) to 3.7 $\pm$ 0.6 \%. Although future aerosol emissions reduction would increase P, we find that it has little impact on global aridity due to offsetting effects on PET. Regionally, deceasing aerosols can have significant effects and aerosol-induced P/PET changes are due to different factors across different regions. When normalized by global mean temperature response, GHGs decrease global land P/PET by 2.7 $\pm$ 0.6 \%/$^\circ$C and surface temperature changes dominate GHG-induced P/PET change.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-21T16:41:54Z}, + urldate = {2016-02-21}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Lin, L. and Gettelman, A. and Fu, Q. and Xu, Y.}, + month = feb, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Sciences,Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts}, + pages = {1--16} +} + +@article{vaughan1999, + title = {Reassessment of {{Net Surface Mass Balance}} in {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Vaughan, D. G. and Bamber, J. L. and Giovinetto, M. and Russell, J. and Cooper, A. P. R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {933--946} +} + +@book{mass1997, + title = {Real {{Time Mesoscale Forecasting}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {Mass, C}, + month = jan, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from Uw +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{tao2012, + title = {Impact of Aerosols on Convective Clouds and Precipitation}, + volume = {50}, + issn = {8755-1209}, + doi = {10.1029/2011RG000369}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:00Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, + author = {Tao, Wei-Kuo and Chen, Jen-Ping and Li, Zhanqing and Wang, Chien and Zhang, Chidong}, + month = apr, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{andronache1997, + title = {Interactions between Sulfur and Soot Emissions from Aircraft and Their Role in Contrail Formation 1. {{Nucleation}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Andronache, C. and Chameides, W. L.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21,443--21,451} +} + +@techreport{reed1992, + type = {Standard Reference Series}, + title = {Report of {{Investigation}}, {{Reference Materials}} 8535\textendash{}8537}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + author = {Reed, W. P.}, + year = {1992}, + note = {Isotopic fractionation for VSMOW} +} + +@article{rind1995, + title = {Modeled Impacts of Stratospheric Ozone and Water Vapor Perturbations with Implications for High Speed Civil Transport Aircraft}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rind, D. and Lonergan, P.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {7381--7396} +} + +@article{gantt2014, + title = {Incorporation of Advanced Aerosol Activation Treatments into {{CESM}}/{{CAM5}}: Model Evaluation and Impacts on Aerosol Indirect Effects}, + volume = {14}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-7485-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Gantt, B. and He, J. and Zhang, X. and Zhang, Y. and Nenes, A.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7485--7497} +} + +@book{scinocca1995, + title = {Upward Propagation of {{Planetary Waves}} Forced by {{Troposphere Baroclinic Eddies}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + author = {Scinocca, John}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from Cambridge (Originally Univ Toronto) +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {stratosphere,wave propagation} +} + +@article{zeng2014, + title = {Study of Global Cloud Droplet Number Concentration with {{A}}-{{Train}} Satellites}, + volume = {14}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-7125-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Zeng, S. and Riedi, J. and Trepte, C. R. and Winker, D. M. and Hu, Y.-X.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {7125--7134} +} + +@book{sayler1996, + title = {Laboratory Simulation of Stratiform Entrainment}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Sayler, B.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW-Atms Sci +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms Sci} +} + +@article{pan1998b, + title = {A Cumulus Parameterization with a Prognostic Closure}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {547}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Pan, D.M. and Randall, D.D.A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {949--981} +} + +@article{prabhakara1998, + title = {Global Warming Deduced from {{MSU}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Prabhakara, C. and R. Iacovazzi, Jr. and Yoo, J.-M. and Dalu, G.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1927--1930} +} + +@article{karcher1997a, + title = {The Role of Sulfur Emission in Volatile Particle Formation in Jet Aircraft Exhaust Plumes}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Fahey, D. W.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {SOx HNO3 H2SO4}, + pages = {389--392} +} + +@article{kahn2009, + title = {Cloudy and Clear-Sky Relative Humidity in the Upper Troposphere Observed by the {{A}}-Train}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD011738}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D00H02}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kahn, B. H. and Gettelman, A. and Fetzer, E. J. and Eldering, A. and Liang, C. K.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{dessler2003a, + title = {A Model of {{HDO}} in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {2173--2181} +} + +@article{miyazaki2010a, + title = {Transport and {{Mixing}} in the {{Extratropical Tropopause Region}} in a {{High}}-{{Vertical}}-{{Resolution GCM}}. {{Part I}}: {{Potential Vorticity}} and {{Heat Budget Analysis}}}, + volume = {67}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Miyazaki, Kazuyuki and Watanabe, Shingo and Kawatani, Yoshio and Tomikawa, Yoshihiro and Takahashi, Masaaki and Sato, Kaoru}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1293--1314} +} + +@book{worldmeteorologicalorganization1994, + address = {Geneva}, + series = {WMO Report 37}, + title = {Scientific {{Assessment}} of {{Ozone Depletion}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + publisher = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + year = {1994} +} + +@article{karcher2009, + title = {Role of Aircraft Soot Emissions in Contrail Formation}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL036649}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {L01804}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Yu, F.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{nedoluha1998a, + title = {Changes in Upper Stratospheric {{CH}}4 and {{NO}}2 as Measured by {{HALOE}} and Impliations for Changes in Transport}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Nedoluha, G. E. and Siskind, D. E. and Bacmeister, J. T. and Bevilacqua, R. M. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {987--990} +} + +@article{brenguier2000, + title = {Radiative {{Properties}} of {{Boundary Layer Clouds}}: {{Droplet Effective Radius}} versus {{Number Concentration}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Brenguier, J.-L. and Pawlowska, H. and Schuller, L. and Preusker, R. and Fischer, J. and Fouquart, Y.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {803--821} +} + +@article{seneviratne2013, + title = {Impact of Soil Moisture-Climate Feedbacks on {{CMIP5}} Projections: {{First}} Results from the {{GLACE}}-{{CMIP5}} Experiment}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50956}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Seneviratne, Sonia I and Wilhelm, Micah and Stanelle, Tanja and Hurk, Bart and Hagemann, Stefan and Berg, Alexis and Cheruy, Frederique and Higgins, Matthew E and Meier, Arndt and Brovkin, Victor and {others}}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {5212--5217} +} + +@article{postel1999, + title = {A {{Climatology}} of {{Rossby Wave Breaking}} along the {{Subtropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Postel, G. A. and Hitchman, M. H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {359--373} +} + +@article{gierens1999, + title = {A Distribution Law for Relative Humidity in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Derived from Three Years of {{MOZAIC}} Measurements in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {Gierens, K. and Schumann, U. and Helten, M. and Smit, H. and Marenco, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1218--1226} +} + +@article{bogenschutz2010, + title = {Assumed {{Probability Density Functions}} for {{Shallow}} and {{Deep Convection}}}, + volume = {2}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.3894/JAMES.2010.2.10}, + abstract = {The assumed joint probability density function (PDF) between vertical velocity and conserved temperature and total water scalars has been suggested to be a relatively computationally inexpensive and unified subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization for boundary layer clouds and turbulent moments. This paper analyzes the performance of five families of PDFs using large-eddy simulations of deep convection, shallow convection, and a transition from stratocumulus to trade wind cumulus. Three of the PDF families are based on the double Gaussian form and the remaining two are the single Gaussian and a Double Delta Function (analogous to a mass flux model). The assumed PDF method is tested for grid sizes as small as 0.4 km to as large as 204.8 km. In addition, studies are performed for PDF sensitivity to errors in the input moments and for how well the PDFs diagnose some higher-order moments. In general, the double Gaussian PDFs more accurately represent SGS cloud structure and turbulence moments in the boundary layer compared to the single Gaussian and Double Delta Function PDFs for the range of grid sizes tested. This is especially true for small SGS cloud fractions. While the most complex PDF, Lewellen-Yoh, better represents shallow convective cloud properties (cloud fraction and liquid water mixing ratio) compared to the less complex Analytic Double Gaussian 1 PDF, there appears to be no advantage in implementing Lewellen-Yoh for deep convection. However, the Analytic Double Gaussian 1 PDF better represents the liquid water flux, is less sensitive to errors in the input moments, and diagnoses higher order moments more accurately. Between the Lewellen-Yoh and Analytic Double Gaussian 1 PDFs, it appears that neither family is distinctly better at representing cloudy layers. However, due to the reduced computational cost and fairly robust results, it appears that the Analytic Double Gaussian 1 PDF could be an ideal family for SGS cloud and turbulence representation in coarse-grid CRMs, mesoscale models, and GCMs if the required input moments can be predicted or diagnosed accurately.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-07T18:44:35Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-11-07}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Bogenschutz, Peter A. and Krueger, Steven K. and Khairoutdinov, Marat}, + month = apr, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {1849 Numerical approximations and analysis,3314 Convective processes,Probability density functions,Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization}, + pages = {10}, + file = {bogenschutz2010.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/bogenschutz2010.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{lu2009, + title = {Cause of the Widening of the Tropical Belt since 1958}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL036076}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {L03803}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lu, J. and Deser, C. and Reichler, T.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{gluckauf1945, + title = {Notes on Upper Air hygrometry\textendash{}{{II}}: {{On}} the Humidity in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {71}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Gl{\"u}ckauf, E.}, + year = {1945}, + pages = {110--112} +} + +@article{wielicki1996, + title = {Clouds and the {{Earth}}'s {{Radiant Energy System}} ({{CERES}}): {{An Earth Observing System Experiment}}}, + volume = {77}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Wielicki, Bruce A. and Barkstrom, Bruce R. and Harrison, Edwin F. and III, Robert B. Lee and Smith, G. Louis and Cooper, John E.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {853--868} +} + +@article{kimball1995, + title = {Productivity and Water Use of Wheat under Free-Air {{CO2}} Enrichment}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:35:29Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Global Change Biology}, + author = {Kimball, Bruce A. and PINTER, PAUL J. and Garcia, Richard L. and LaMORTE, ROBERT L. and Wall, Gerard W. and Hunsaker, Douglas J. and Wechsung, Gabriele and Wechsung, Frank and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {429--442} +} + +@article{hoyle2005, + title = {The Origin of High Ice Crystal Number Densities in Cirrus Clouds}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {Journal of the atmospheric sciences}, + author = {Hoyle, CR and Luo, BP and Peter, T.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2568--2579} +} + +@article{huybers2010, + title = {Compensation between {{Model Feedbacks}} and {{Curtailment}} of {{Climate Sensitivity}}}, + volume = {23}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3380.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:30Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Huybers, Peter}, + month = jun, + year = {2010}, + pages = {3009--3018} +} + +@article{udelhofen1995, + title = {Influence of Tropical Cloud Systems on the Relative Humidity of the Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Udelhofen, P. M. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {7423--7440} +} + +@article{jacobson2003, + title = {How Do the Strongest Radio Pulses from Thunderstorms Relate to Lightning Flashes?}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003936}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jacobson, A. R.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{waugh2001, + title = {Is Upper Stratospheric Chlorine Decreasing as Expected?}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Considine, D. B. and Fleming, E. L.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1187--1190} +} + +@article{taylor2007, + title = {Estimating {{Shortwave Radiative Forcing}} and {{Response}} in {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {20}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI4143.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Taylor, K. E. and Crucifix, M. and Braconnot, P. and Hewitt, C. D. and Doutriaux, C. and Broccoli, A. J. and Mitchell, J. F. B. and Webb, M. J.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {25302543} +} + +@article{hourdin2016, + title = {The Art and Science of Climate Model Tuning}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00135.1}, + abstract = {We survey the rationale and diversity of approaches for tuning, a fundamental aspect of climate modeling which should be more systematically documented and taken into account in multi-model analysis.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-10T20:40:21Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-10}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Hourdin, Frederic and Mauritsen, Thorsten and Gettelman, Andrew and Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Balaji, Venkatramani and Duan, Qingyun and Folini, Doris and Ji, Duoying and Klocke, Daniel and Qian, Yun and Rauser, Florian and Rio, Cathrine and Tomassini, Lorenzo and Watanabe, Masahiro and Williamson, Daniel}, + month = jul, + year = {2016}, + file = {Hourdin et al2016.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Hourdin et al2016.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DA5D43U6/BAMS-D-15-00135.html:text/html} +} + +@article{jensen1996, + title = {On the Formation and Persistence of Subvisible Cirrus Clouds near the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Toon, O. B. and Selkirk, H. B. and Spinhirne, J. D. and Schoeberl, M. R.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {21,361--21,375} +} + +@article{worden2007, + title = {Importance of Rain Evaporation and Continental Convection in the Tropical Water Cycle}, + volume = {445}, + doi = {10.1038/nature05508}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Worden, J. and Noone, D. and Bowman, K. and Beer, R. and Eldering, A. and Fisher, B. and Gunson, M. and Goldman, A. and Herman, R. and Kulawik, S. S. and Lampel, M. and Osterman, G. and Rinsland, C. and Rodgers, C. and Sander, S. and Shephard, M. and Webster, C. R. and Worden, H.}, + month = feb, + year = {2007}, + pages = {528--532} +} + +@article{hande2012, + title = {Observed Trends in Wind Speed over the {{Southern Ocean}}}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hande, LB and Siems, ST and Manton, MJ}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {L11802} +} + +@article{kiehl2006, + title = {The Climate Sensitivity of the {{Community Climate System Model}}; {{CCSM3}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kiehl, K. T. and Shields, C. A. and Hack, J. J. and Collins, W. D.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2584--2596} +} + +@article{ma2014, + title = {Reassessment of Satellite-Based Estimate of Aerosol Climate Forcing: {{SATELLITE}}-{{BASED AEROSOL FORCING}}}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Reassessment of Satellite-Based Estimate of Aerosol Climate Forcing}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD021670}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:21Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Ma, Xiaoyan and Yu, Fangqun and Quaas, Johannes}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {10,394--10,409} +} + +@article{giovinetto2000, + title = {Spatial {{Distribution}} of {{Net Surface Accumultation}} on the {{Antarctic Ice Sheet}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Ann. Glaciology}, + author = {Giovinetto, M. B. and Zwally, H. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {171--178} +} + +@article{morrison2009, + title = {Intercomparison of Model Simulations of Mixed-Phase Clouds Observed during the {{ARM Mixed}}-{{Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment}}. {{II}}: {{Multilayer}} Cloud}, + volume = {135}, + issn = {00359009, 1477870X}, + shorttitle = {Intercomparison of Model Simulations of Mixed-Phase Clouds Observed during the {{ARM Mixed}}-{{Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment}}. {{II}}}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.415}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:56:04Z}, + number = {641}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Morrison, Hugh and McCoy, Renata B. and Klein, Stephen A. and Xie, Shaocheng and Luo, Yali and Avramov, Alexander and Chen, Mingxuan and Cole, Jason N. S. and Falk, Michael and Foster, Michael J. and Del Genio, Anthony D. and Harrington, Jerry Y. and Hoose, Corinna and Khairoutdinov, Marat F. and Larson, Vincent E. and Liu, Xiaohong and McFarquhar, Greg M. and Poellot, Michael R. and {von Salzen}, Knut and Shipway, Ben J. and Shupe, Matthew D. and Sud, Yogesh C. and Turner, David D. and Veron, Dana E. and Walker, Gregory K. and Wang, Zhien and Wolf, Audrey B. and Xu, Kuan-Man and Yang, Fanglin and Zhang, Gong}, + month = apr, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1003--1019} +} + +@article{thrasher2013, + title = {Downscaled Climate Projections Suitable for Resource Management}, + volume = {94}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {37}, + journal = {Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union}, + author = {Thrasher, Bridget and Xiong, Jun and Wang, Weile and Melton, Forrest and Michaelis, Andrew and Nemani, Ramakrishna}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {321--323} +} + +@article{dai2006, + title = {Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:42Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Dai, Aiguo}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {4605--4630} +} + +@techreport{dines1919, + title = {The Characteristics of the Free Atmosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {13}, + institution = {British Metorological Office}, + author = {Dines, W. H.}, + year = {1919} +} + +@article{ridal2002, + title = {A Two Dimensional Simulation of the Isotopic Composition of Water Vapor and Methane in the Upper Atmosphere}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ridal, M. and Siskind, D. E.}, + year = {2002}, + note = {10.1029/2002JD002215} +} + +@techreport{stolarski1993, + title = {The {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Stratospheric Aircraft}}: {{A}} Third Program Report}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Stolarski, R. S. and Wesoky, H. L.}, + month = jul, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {aerosols,aircraft emissions,ozone,stratospheric chemistry} +} + +@article{williams1993, + title = {An Analysis of the Conditional Instability of the Tropical Atmosphere}, + volume = {121}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Williams, E. R. and Renno, N.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {21--36} +} + +@article{kump2002, + title = {Reducing Uncertainty about Carbon Dioxide as a Climate Driver}, + volume = {419}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2002 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + doi = {10.1038/nature01087}, + abstract = {The lack of an adequate ancient analogue for future climates means that we ultimately must use and trust climate models, evaluated against modern observation and our best geologic records of warm and cold climates of the past. Armed with an elevated confidence in the models, we will then be able to make reliable predictions of the Earth's response to our risky experiment with the climate system.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-07T02:06:28Z}, + number = {6903}, + urldate = {2016-07-07}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Kump, Lee R.}, + month = sep, + year = {2002}, + pages = {188--190} +} + +@article{chen2013a, + title = {Simulated Radiative Forcing from Contrails and Contrail Cirrus}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-12525-2013}, + abstract = {A comprehensive general circulation model including ice supersaturation is used to estimate the climate impact of aviation induced contrails. The model uses a realistic aviation emissions inventory for 2006 to initiate contrails, and allows them to evolve consistently with the model hydrologic cycle. + The radiative forcing from linear contrails is very sensitive to the diurnal cycle. For linear contrails, including the diurnal cycle of air traffic reduces the estimated radiative forcing by 29\%, and for contrail cirrus estimates, the radiative forcing is reduced by 25\%. Estimated global radiative forcing from linear contrails is 0.0031 $\pm$ 0.0005 Wm-2. The linear contrail radiative forcing is found to exhibit a strong diurnal cycle. The contrail cirrus radiative forcing is less sensitive to the diurnal cycle of flights. The estimated global radiative forcing from contrail cirrus is 0.013 $\pm$ 0.01 Wm-2. Over regions with the highest air traffic, the regional effect can be as large as 1 Wm-2.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-14T20:04:26Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-07-14}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Chen, C.-C. and Gettelman, A.}, + month = dec, + year = {2013}, + pages = {12525--12536}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/7Z8387Z7/Chen and Gettelman - 2013 - Simulated radiative forcing from contrails and con.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/J9KWM9BI/2013.html:text/html} +} + +@article{yang1996, + title = {Cross-{{Isentropic Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}} of {{Mass}} and {{Water Vapor}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Yang, H. and Tung, K. K.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {9413--9423} +} + +@book{dessler1999c, + title = {Theories and Measurement of Polar Ozone Loss}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Seminar +Speaker from UMD/GSFC} +} + +@article{salby1987a, + title = {Transient {{Response}} to {{Localized Episodic Heating}} in the {{Tropics}}. {{Part II}}: {{Far}}\textendash{}{{Field Behavior}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Salby, M. L. and Garcia, R. R.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {499--530} +} + +@article{divakarla2006, + title = {Validation of {{AIRS Temperature}} and Water Vapor Retrievals with Matched Radiosonde Observations and Forecasts}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006116}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D09S15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Divakarla, M. G. and Barnet, C. D. and Goldberg, M. D. and McMillian, L. M. and Maddy, E. and Wolf, W. and Zhou, L.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@unpublished{gettelman1996, + title = {Comparison of {{GCTM}} with {{Observations I}}: {{Active Nitrogen}} ({{NOy}}) {{Species}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Gettelman, A.}, + year = {1996}, + note = {working paper} +} + +@article{jakob1999, + title = {The Role of Vertically Varying Cloud Fraction in the Parametrization of Microphysical Processes in the {{ECMWF}} Model}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {555}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Jakob, Christian and Klein, Stephen A}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {941--965} +} + +@article{geller1999, + title = {Analysis of the Cold Point Tropopause Using {{ECMWF}} Reanalyses and Sounding Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Reseach}, + author = {Geller, M. A. and Zhou, X. L. and Zhang, M. H.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{sherwood2004, + title = {Underestimation of Deep Convective Cloud Tops by Thermal Imagery}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL019699}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {L11102}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Chae, J. H. and Minnis, P. and McGill, M.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{marcy2004, + title = {Quantifying {{Stratospheric Ozone}} in the {{Upper Troposphere}} with in {{Situ Measurements}} of {{HCl}}}, + volume = {304}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Marcy, T. P. and {others}}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {261--265} +} + +@article{morgenstern2000, + title = {Comparison of Cross-Tropopause Transport and Ozone in the Upper-Troposphere/Lower-Stratosphere Region}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Morgenstern, O. and Carver, G. D.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{lu2014, + title = {On the Possible Interaction between Internal Climate Variability and Forced Climate Change}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL059908}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:18Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Lu, Jianhua and Hu, Aixue and Zeng, Zhen}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2962--2970} +} + +@article{menon2002, + title = {{{GCM Simulations}} of the {{Aerosol Indirect Effect}}: {{Sensitivity}} to {{Cloud Parameterization}} and {{Aerosol Burden}}}, + volume = {59}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {{{GCM Simulations}} of the {{Aerosol Indirect Effect}}}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0692:GSOTAI>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {In this paper the coupling of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model (GCM) to an online sulfur chemistry model and source models for organic matter and sea salt that is used to estimate the aerosol indirect effect is described. The cloud droplet number concentration is diagnosed empirically from field experiment datasets over land and ocean that observe droplet number and all three aerosol types simultaneously; corrections are made for implied variations in cloud turbulence levels. The resulting cloud droplet number is used to calculate variations in droplet effective radius, which in turn allows one to predict aerosol effects on cloud optical thickness and microphysical process rates. The aerosol indirect effect is calculated by differencing the top-of-the-atmosphere net cloud radiative forcing for simulations with present-day versus preindustrial emissions. Both the first and second indirect effects are explored. The sensitivity of the results presented here to cloud parameterization assumptions that control the vertical distribution of cloud occurrence, the autoconversion rate, and the aerosol scavenging rate, each of which feeds back significantly on the model aerosol burden, are tested. The global mean aerosol indirect effect for all three aerosol types ranges from -1.55 to -4.36 W m-2 in the simulations. The results are quite sensitive to the preindustrial background aerosol burden, with low preindustrial burdens giving strong indirect effects, and to a lesser extent to the anthropogenic aerosol burden, with large burdens giving somewhat larger indirect effects. Because of this dependence on the background aerosol, model diagnostics such as albedo-particle size correlations and column cloud susceptibility, for which satellite validation products are available, are not good predictors of the resulting indirect effect.}, + timestamp = {2015-10-21T20:45:05Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-10-21}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Menon, Surabi and Genio, Anthony D. Del and Koch, Dorothy and Tselioudis, George}, + month = feb, + year = {2002}, + pages = {692--713} +} + +@article{seidel2008, + title = {Widening of the Tropical Belt in a Changing Climate}, + volume = {1}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo.2007.38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Naure Geosci.}, + author = {Seidel, D. J. and Fu, Q. and Randel, W. J. and Reichler, T.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {21--24} +} + +@article{held1998, + title = {The {{Macroturbulence}} of the {{Troposphere}}}, + volume = {51A-B}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Held, I.}, + year = {1998}, + note = {Lecture from Rossby 100 Symposium, Stockholm, June 1998}, + pages = {59--70} +} + +@article{sandor1998, + title = {Seasonal Behavior of Tropical to Midlatitude Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from {{UARS MLS}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D20}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sandor, B. J. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W. and Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25,935--25,947} +} + +@article{albrecht1989, + title = {Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics and Fractional Cloudiness}, + volume = {245}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Albrecht, B. A.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {1227--1230} +} + +@article{rasch2006, + title = {A {{Characterization}} of {{Tropical Transient Activity}} in the {{CAM3 Atmospheric Hydrologic Cycle}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Rasch, P. J. and Stevens, M. J. and Ricciardulli, L. and Dai, A. and Negri, A. and Wood, R. and Boville, B. A. and Eaton, B. and Hack, J. J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2222--2242} +} + +@article{morgan2000, + title = {Managing Carbon from the Bottom up}, + volume = {289}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Morgan, M. G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2285} +} + +@book{blade1996, + title = {Impact of {{Midlatitude}} Coupling on Low Frequency Atmospheric Variability}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + author = {Blade, I.}, + month = mar, + year = {1996}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{austin2007, + title = {Evolution of Water Vapor Concentrations and Stratospheric Age of Air in Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Austin, J. and Wilson, R. J. and {li}, F. and V{\"o}mel, H.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {905--921} +} + +@article{bohn2007, + title = {Methane Emissions from Western {{Siberian}} Wetlands: Heterogeneity and Sensitivity to Climate Change}, + volume = {2}, + issn = {1748-9326}, + shorttitle = {Methane Emissions from Western {{Siberian}} Wetlands}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045015}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:01Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, + author = {Bohn, T J and Lettenmaier, D P and Sathulur, K and Bowling, L C and Podest, E and McDonald, K C and Friborg, T}, + month = oct, + year = {2007}, + pages = {045015} +} + +@article{esler2001, + title = {Stratosphere\textendash{}troposphere Exchange: {{Chemical}} Sensitivity to Mixing}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Esler, J. G. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {4717--4731} +} + +@article{shakhova2010, + title = {Extensive {{Methane Venting}} to the {{Atmosphere}} from {{Sediments}} of the {{East Siberian Arctic Shelf}}}, + volume = {327}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Shakhova, N. and {others}}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1246--1250} +} + +@article{baldwin2001, + title = {Stratospheric {{Harbingers}} of {{Anomalous}} Weather {{Regimes}}}, + volume = {294}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Baldwin, M. P. and Dunkerton, T. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {581--4} +} + +@article{sprung2010, + title = {Acetone in the Upper Troposphere/Lowermost Stratosphere Measured by the {{CARIBIC}} Passenger Aircraft: {{Distribution}}, Seasonal Cycle, and Variability}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012099}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D16301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sprung, D. and Zahn, A.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{twomey1969, + title = {Observations of the Geographical Variation of Cloud Nuclei}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:39:46Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric sciences}, + author = {Twomey, S. and Wojciechowski, T. A.}, + year = {1969}, + pages = {648--651} +} + +@article{simmons1999, + title = {Stratospheric Water Vapour and Tropical Tropopause Temperatures in {{ECMWF}} Analyses and Multi-Year Simulations}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Simmons, A. J. and Untch, A. and Jakob, C. and {allberg}, P. K$\backslash$a and Und{\'e}n, P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {353--386} +} + +@article{lin2016, + title = {Simulated Responses of Terrestrial Aridity to Black Carbon and Sulfate Aerosols}, + volume = {121}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024100}, + abstract = {Aridity index (AI), defined as the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET), is a measure of the dryness of terrestrial climate. Global climate models generally project future decreases of AI (drying) associated with global warming scenarios driven by increasing greenhouse gas and declining aerosols. Given their different effects in the climate system, scattering and absorbing aerosols may affect AI differently. Here we explore the terrestrial aridity responses to anthropogenic black carbon (BC) and sulfate (SO4) aerosols with Community Earth System Model simulations. Positive BC radiative forcing decreases precipitation averaged over global land at a rate of 0.9\%/$^\circ$C of global mean surface temperature increase (moderate drying), while BC radiative forcing increases PET by 1.0\%/$^\circ$C (also drying). BC leads to a global decrease of 1.9\%/$^\circ$C in AI (drying). SO4 forcing is negative and causes precipitation a decrease at a rate of 6.7\%/$^\circ$C cooling (strong drying). PET also decreases in response to SO4 aerosol cooling by 6.3\%/$^\circ$C cooling (contributing to moistening). Thus, SO4 cooling leads to a small decrease in AI (drying) by 0.4\%/$^\circ$C cooling. Despite the opposite effects on global mean temperature, BC and SO4 both contribute to the twentieth century drying (AI decrease). Sensitivity test indicates that surface temperature and surface available energy changes dominate BC- and SO4-induced PET changes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-21T16:43:41Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-02-21}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Lin, L. and Gettelman, A. and Xu, Y. and Fu, Q.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1803 Anthropogenic effects,1818 Evapotranspiration,1836 Hydrological cycles and budgets,1854 Precipitation,1866 Soil moisture,aridity,black carbon,CO2,PET,precipitation,sulfate}, + pages = {2015JD024100} +} + +@book{holtzer1999, + title = {Transit Time and Tracer Age Distribution in Geophysical Flows}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Holtzer, M.}, + month = may, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: uw dyno seminar +speaker from Canadian center for climate work with tim hall} +} + +@article{yun2012, + title = {Global Model Comparison of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Parameterizations in Mixed Phase Clouds: {{ICE NUCLEATION IN MIXED PHASE CLOUDS}}}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {01480227}, + shorttitle = {Global Model Comparison of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Parameterizations in Mixed Phase Clouds}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD016506}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:51Z}, + number = {D7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Yun, Yuxing and Penner, Joyce E.}, + month = apr, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{pueschel1997, + title = {Soot Aerosol in the Lower Stratosphere: {{Pole}}-to-Pole Variability and Contributions by Aircraft}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {Journal of Geophyscial Research}, + author = {Pueschel, R. F. and Boering, K. A. and Verma, S. and Howard, S. D. and Ferry, G. V. and Goodman, J. and Allen, D. A. and Hamill, P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {13,113--13,118} +} + +@article{garcia1992, + title = {A New Numerical Model of the Middle Atmosphere 1. {{Dynamics}} and Transport of Tropospheric Source Gases}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Garcia, R. R. and Stordal, F. and Solomon, S. and Kiehl, J. T.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {12,967--12,991} +} + +@article{nash1996, + title = {An Objective Determination of the Polar Vortex Using {{Ertel}}'s Potential Vorticity}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Nash, E. R. and Newman, P. A. and Rosenfield, J. E. and Schoeberl, M. R.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {PV}, + pages = {9471--9478} +} + +@article{solomon2012, + title = {Uncertainties in the Evolution of Stratospheric Ozone and Implications for Recent Temperature Changes in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Solomon, S. and Young, P.J. and Hassler, B.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {L17706} +} + +@book{zondolo1999, + title = {Tropospheric {{Nitric Acid}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + author = {Zondolo, M.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP research Report +speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{wan2013, + title = {Numerical Issues Associated with Compensating and Competing Processes in Climate Models: An Example from {{ECHAM}}-{{HAM}}}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + shorttitle = {Numerical Issues Associated with Compensating and Competing Processes in Climate Models}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-6-861-2013}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:21Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Wan, H. and Rasch, P. J. and Zhang, K. and Kazil, J. and Leung, L. R.}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {861--874} +} + +@article{hoor2002, + title = {Seasonal Variations of a Mixing Layer in the Lowermost Stratosphere as Identified by the {{CO}}-{{O}}3 Correlation from in Situ Measurements}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2000JD000289}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hoor, P. and Fischer, H. and Lange, L. and Lelieveld, J. and Brunner, D.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{scorer1978, + title = {Environmental {{Aerodynamics}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, + author = {Scorer, R. S.}, + year = {1978} +} + +@article{grooss2005, + title = {Technical Note: {{A}} Stratospheric Climatology for {{O}}{\textsubscript{3}}, {{H}}{\textsubscript{2}}{{O}}, {{CH}}{\textsubscript{4}}, {{NO}}{\textsubscript{X}}, {{HCl}} and {{HF}} Derived from {{HALOE}} Measurements}, + volume = {5}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-5-2797-2005}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Groo\ss{}, J.-U. and Russell III, James M.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2797--2807} +} + +@article{brayshaw2008, + title = {The {{Storm}}-{{Track Response}} to {{Idealized SST Perturbations}} in an {{Aquaplanet GCM}}}, + volume = {65}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JAS2657.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Brayshaw, D. J. and Hoskins, B. and Blackburn, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2842--2860} +} + +@article{hu2007, + title = {Observed Poleward Expansion of the {{Hadley}} Circulation since 1979}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hu, Y. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{odell2008, + title = {Cloud {{Liquid Water Path}} from {{Satellite}}-{{Based Passive Microwave Observations}}: {{A New Climatology}} over the {{Global Oceans}}}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Cloud {{Liquid Water Path}} from {{Satellite}}-{{Based Passive Microwave Observations}}}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI1958.1}, + abstract = {Abstract This work describes a new climatology of cloud liquid water path (LWP), termed the University of Wisconsin (UWisc) climatology, derived from 18 yr of satellite-based passive microwave observations over the global oceans. The climatology is based on a modern retrieval methodology applied consistently to the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) microwave sensors on eight different satellite platforms, beginning in 1988 and continuing through 2005. It goes beyond previously published climatologies by explicitly solving for the diurnal cycle of cloud liquid water by providing statistical error estimates, and includes a detailed discussion of possible systematic errors. A novel methodology for constructing the climatology is used in which a mean monthly diurnal cycle as well as monthly means of the liquid water path are derived simultaneously from the data on a 1$^\circ$ grid; the methodology also produces statistical errors for these quantities, which decrease toward the end of the time record as the number of observations increases. The derived diurnal cycles are consistent with previous findings in the tropics, but are also derived for higher latitudes and contain more information than in previous studies. The new climatology exhibits differences with previous observationally based climatologies and is found to be more consistent with the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) than are the previous climatologies. Potential systematic errors of the order of 15\%\textendash{}30\% or higher exist in the LWP climatology. A previously unexplored source of systematic error is caused by the assumption that all microwave-based retrievals of LWP must make regarding the partitioning of cloud water and rainwater, which cannot be determined using microwave observations alone. The potentially large systematic errors that result may hamper the usefulness of microwave-based climatologies of both cloud liquid water and especially rain rate, particularly in certain regions of the tropics and midlatitudes where the separation of rain from liquid cloud water is most critical.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-26T20:07:15Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-09-09}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {O'Dell, Christopher W. and Wentz, Frank J. and Bennartz, Ralf}, + month = apr, + year = {2008}, + keywords = {Clouds,Cloud water,Diurnal effects,Microwave observations}, + pages = {1721--1739} +} + +@article{booth2012, + title = {Aerosols Implicated as a Prime Driver of Twentieth-Century {{North Atlantic}} Climate Variability}, + volume = {484}, + doi = {10.1038/nature10946}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {7393}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Booth, Ben B and Dunstone, Nick J and Halloran, Paul R and Andrews, Timothy and Bellouin, Nicolas}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {228--232} +} + +@book{marshall1997, + title = {Ocean {{Circulation}} and {{Analogies}} for {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {{Marshall}}, + month = mar, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from MIT +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {STE} +} + +@article{stevens2013a, + title = {Aerosols: {{Uncertain}} Then, Irrelevant Now}, + volume = {503}, + doi = {10.1038/503047a}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {7474}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Stevens, Bjorn}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {47--48} +} + +@article{chahine2006, + title = {{{AIRS}}: {{Improving}} Weather Forecasting and Providng New Data on Greenhouse Gases}, + volume = {87}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Chahine, M. T. and {others}}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {911--926} +} + +@article{jensen2009, + title = {On the Importance of Small Ice Crystals in Tropical Anvil Cirrus}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1680-7316}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and P, Lawson and Baker, B. and Pilson, B. and Mo, Q. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Bansemer, A. and Bui, T. P. and McGill, M. and Hlavka, D. and Heymsfield, G. and Platnick, S. and Arnold, G. T. and Tanelli, S.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5519--5537} +} + +@article{karcher2015, + title = {The Microphysical Pathway to Contrail Formation}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023491}, + abstract = {A conceptual framework to predict microphysical and optical properties of contrail particles within a wingspan behind the source aircraft is developed. Results from two decades of contrail observations and numerical simulations are reviewed forming the basis of theoretical model development. The model utilizes cloud theory applied to the dynamics and thermodynamics of jet aircraft exhaust plumes in upper tropospheric conditions. Droplet nuclei include soot particles emitted from aircraft engines and atmospheric particles entrained into the plume. These precursor particles activate into copious homogeneously freezing water droplets as the plume relative humidity rises beyond liquid water saturation. A unimodal size spectrum of ice particles develops wherein ice particles grow to micrometer mean sizes. Contrail particle formation is analyzed over a wide range of soot emissions relating to conventional jet fuels as well as to alternative aviation fuels producing much less soot and volatile particle emissions. For current aviation fuels and propulsion technology, the number of contrail ice particles scales roughly in proportion to the number of emitted soot particles that act as water condensation nuclei despite their poor hygroscopicity. Close to the contrail formation threshold, only few plume particles can be water activated and freeze. Implications for effects of alternative fuels on contrails, an arena for future scientific exploration, are outlined.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-17T14:22:32Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Burkhardt, U. and Bier, A. and Bock, L. and Ford, I. J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry,alternative aviation fuels,CCN activation,contrails,ice nucleation}, + pages = {2015JD023491} +} + +@article{wirth2001, + title = {Cyclone\textendash{}{{Anticyclone}} Asymmetry Concerning the Height of the Thermal and Dynamical Tropopause}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wirth, V.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {26--37} +} + +@article{newell1997, + title = {Relationship between Upper Tropical Upper Tropospheric Moisture and Eastern Tropical {{Pacific}} Sea Surface Temperature at Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Newell, R. E. and Zhu, Y. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {25--28} +} + +@article{stamm1995, + title = {Simulation of the Effect of Doubled Atmospheric {{CO2}}}, + volume = {30}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/BF01091929}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-12T04:07:46Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-07-12}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Stamm, John F. and Gettelman, Andrew}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {295--325} +} + +@article{schneider2007, + title = {Spatial Covariance of Water Isotopes in Ice Cores during 20th {{Century}} Climate Change}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {in Press, J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Schneider, D. P. and Noone, D. C.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@book{worldmeteorologicalorganization2010, + address = {Geneva}, + series = {WMO Report}, + title = {Scientific {{Assessment}} of {{Ozone Depletion}}: 2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + publisher = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@techreport{ohring2007, + title = {Achieving {{Satellite Instrument Calibration}} for {{Climate Change}} ({{ASIC3}}): {{Workshop Report}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + institution = {National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration}, + author = {Ohring, G. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{bithell1997, + title = {Contour Lengthening Rates near the Tropopause}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Bithell, M. and Gray, L. J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2721--2724} +} + +@article{newell1996a, + title = {Walker Circulation and Tropical Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Newell, R. E. and Zhu, Y. and Browell, E. V. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1961--1974} +} + +@article{steil2003, + title = {A New Interactive Chemistry Climate Model. 1: {{Present}} Day Climatology and Interannual Variability of the Middle Atmosphere Using the Model and 9 Years of {{HALOE}}/{{UARS}} Data}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002971}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {4290}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Steil, B. and Br{\"u}hl, C. and Manzini, E. and Crutzen, P. J. and Lelieveld, J. and Rasch, P. J. and Roeckner, E. and Kr{\"u}ger, K.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{birner2006a, + title = {Fine-Scale Structure of the Extratropical Tropopause Region}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006301}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Birner, T.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{reed1962, + title = {Some Features of the Annual Temperature Regime in the Tropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {90}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Reed, R. J.}, + year = {1962}, + pages = {211--215} +} + +@article{bender2008, + title = {A Note on the Effect of {{GCM}} Tuning on Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {3}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/014001}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {014001}, + journal = {Environ. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Bender, F. A.-M.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{emmons2000, + title = {Data Composities of Airborne Observations of Tropospheric Ozone and Its Precursors}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Emmons, L. K. and Hauglustaine, D. A. and M{\"u}ller, J. F. and Carroll, M. A. and {brasseur}, G. P. and Brunner, D. and Staehlin, J. and Thouret, V. and Marenco, A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {20497--20536} +} + +@article{dereus1999, + title = {Particle Production in the Lowermost Stratosphere by Convective Lifting of the Tropopause}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:35:16Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {{de Reus}, M and Strom, J and Hoor, P and Lelieveld, J and Schiller, C}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {23935--23940} +} + +@article{katz1999, + title = {The Source and Fate of Massive Carbon Input during the Latest {{Paleocene}} Thermal Maximum}, + volume = {286}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Katz, M. E. and Pak, D. K. and Dickens, G. R. and Miller, K. G.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1531--1533} +} + +@article{mauritsen2010, + title = {Aerosols Indirectly Warm the {{Arctic}}}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-10-16775-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Mauritsen, T. and Sedlar, J. and Tjernstr{\"o}m, M. and Leck, C. and Martin, M. and Shupe, M. and Sjogren, S. and Sierau, B. and Persson, P. O. G. and Brooks, I. M. and Swietlicki, E.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {16775--16796} +} + +@article{rind2005, + title = {{{AO}}/{{NAO}} Responses to Climate Change: 1. {{Respective}} Influences of Stratospheric and Tropospheric Climate Changes}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D12107}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rind, D. and Perlwitz, J. and Lonergan, P.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{trenberth2015, + title = {Relationships among Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation and Atmospheric State Variables in Observations and {{CESM}}}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023381}, + abstract = {A detailed examination is made in both observations and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) of relationships among top-of-atmosphere radiation, water vapor, temperatures, and precipitation for 2000\textendash{}2014 to assess the origins of radiative perturbations and climate feedbacks empirically. The 30-member large ensemble coupled runs are analyzed along with one run with specified sea surface temperatures for 1994 to 2005 (to avoid volcanic eruptions). The vertical structure of the CESM temperature profile tends to be top heavy in the model, with too much deep convection and not enough lower stratospheric cooling as part of the response to tropospheric heating. There is too much absorbed solar radiation (ASR) over the Southern Oceans and not enough in the tropics, and El Ni{\~n}o\textendash{}Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is too large in amplitude in this version of the model. However, the covariability of monthly mean anomalies produces remarkably good replication of most of the observed relationships. There is a lot more high-frequency variability in radiative fluxes than in temperature, highlighting the role of clouds and transient weather systems in the radiation statistics. Over the Warm Pool in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, where nonlocal effects from the Walker circulation driven by the ENSO events are important, several related biases emerge: in response to high SST anomalies there is more precipitation, water vapor, and cloud and less ASR and outgoing longwave radiation in the model than observed. Different model global mean trends are evident, however, possibly hinting at too much positive cloud feedback in the model.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-12T15:23:33Z}, + urldate = {2015-10-12}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Trenberth, Kevin E. and Zhang, Yongxin and Fasullo, John T.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1620 Climate dynamics,1626 Global climate models,1627 Coupled models of the climate system,3305 Climate change and variability,3359 Radiative processes,CESM,Feedback,precipitation,Radiation,temperatures,water vapor}, + pages = {2015JD023381} +} + +@article{walsh2016, + title = {Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {17577780}, + shorttitle = {Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change}, + doi = {10.1002/wcc.371}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-09T21:01:08Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-03-09}, + journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change}, + author = {Walsh, Kevin J.E. and McBride, John L. and Klotzbach, Philip J. and Balachandran, Sethurathinam and Camargo, Suzana J. and Holland, Greg and Knutson, Thomas R. and Kossin, James P. and Lee, Tsz-cheung and Sobel, Adam and Sugi, Masato}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + pages = {65--89} +} + +@article{kuang2003, + title = {Evidence for {{Convective Dehydration}} from {{HDO}} Measurments near the Tropical Tropopause}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kuang, Z. and Toon, G. C. and Wennberg, P. O. and Yung, Y. L.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{rao2007, + title = {Identification of Tropopause Using Bending Angle Profile from {{GPS}} Radio Occultation ({{RO}}): {{A}} Radio Tropopause}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL029709}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {L15809}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Rao, D. N. and Ratnam, M. V. and Murthy, B. V. K. and Rao, V. V. M. J. and Metha, S. K. and Nath, D. and Basha, S. G.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{demott2015, + title = {Atmosphere-Ocean Coupled Processes in the {{Madden}}-{{Julian}} Oscillation}, + issn = {1944-9208}, + doi = {10.1002/2014RG000478}, + abstract = {The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is a convectively coupled 30\textendash{}70 day (intraseasonal) tropical atmospheric mode that drives variations in global weather but which is poorly simulated in most atmospheric general circulation models. Over the past two decades, field campaigns and modeling experiments have suggested that tropical atmosphere-ocean interactions may sustain or amplify the pattern of enhanced and suppressed atmospheric convection that defines the MJO and encourage its eastward propagation through the Indian and Pacific Oceans. New observations collected during the past decade have advanced our understanding of the ocean response to atmospheric MJO forcing and the resulting intraseasonal sea surface temperature fluctuations. Numerous modeling studies have revealed a considerable impact of the mean state on MJO ocean-atmosphere coupled processes, as well as the importance of resolving the diurnal cycle of atmosphere-upper ocean interactions. New diagnostic methods provide insight to atmospheric variability and physical processes associated with the MJO but offer limited insight on the role of ocean feedbacks. Consequently, uncertainty remains concerning the role of the ocean in MJO theory. Our understanding of how atmosphere-ocean coupled processes affect the MJO can be improved by collecting observations in poorly sampled regions of MJO activity, assessing oceanic and atmospheric drivers of surface fluxes, improving the representation of upper ocean mixing in coupled model simulations, designing model experiments that minimize mean state differences, and developing diagnostic tools to evaluate the nature and role of coupled ocean-atmosphere processes over the MJO cycle.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-30T16:08:49Z}, + urldate = {2015-11-30}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {DeMott, Charlotte A. and Klingaman, Nicholas P. and Woolnough, Steven J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1626 Global climate models,3339 Ocean/atmosphere interactions,3371 Tropical convection,9340 Indian Ocean,9355 Pacific Ocean,air-sea interaction,coupled modeling,Madden-Julian oscillation,surface fluxes,tropical convection,upper ocean}, + pages = {2014RG000478} +} + +@article{freudenthaler1995, + title = {Contrail Observations by Ground-Based Scanning Lidar: {{Cross}}-Sectional Growth}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {Contrail Observations by Ground-Based Scanning Lidar}, + doi = {10.1029/95GL03549}, + abstract = {The spatial growth of individual contrails of commercial aircrafts in the time range from 1 min to 60 min behind the aircraft is investigated by means of a ground-based scanning backscatter lidar. The growth in width varies between 18 m/min and 140 m/min, and the growth of the cross-section between 3500 m$^2$/min and 25000 m$^2$/min. These values cover the findings of model calculations and former investigations. The vertical growth is often limited by boundaries of the humid layer at flight level, but values up to 18 m/min were observed. In a single case a vertical growth of 4.5 m/s during the early vortex regime was derived from video images.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-23T15:39:36Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2016-11-23}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Freudenthaler, V. and Homburg, F. and J{\"a}ger, H.}, + month = dec, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {3360 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Remote sensing}, + pages = {3501--3504}, + file = {freudenthaler1995.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/freudenthaler1995.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{mann2014b, + title = {Intercomparison and Evaluation of Global Aerosol Microphysical Properties among {{AeroCom}} Models of a Range of Complexity}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-4679-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:27Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Mann, G. W. and Carslaw, K. S. and Reddington, C. L. and Pringle, K. J. and Schulz, M. and Asmi, A. and Spracklen, D. V. and Ridley, D. A. and Woodhouse, M. T. and Lee, L. A. and Zhang, K. and Ghan, S. J. and Easter, R. C. and Liu, X. and Stier, P. and Lee, Y. H. and Adams, P. J. and Tost, H. and Lelieveld, J. and Bauer, S. E. and Tsigaridis, K. and {van Noije}, T. P. C. and Strunk, A. and Vignati, E. and Bellouin, N. and Dalvi, M. and Johnson, C. E. and Bergman, T. and Kokkola, H. and {von Salzen}, K. and Yu, F. and Luo, G. and Petzold, A. and Heintzenberg, J. and Clarke, A. and Ogren, J. A. and Gras, J. and Baltensperger, U. and Kaminski, U. and Jennings, S. G. and O'Dowd, C. D. and Harrison, R. M. and Beddows, D. C. S. and Kulmala, M. and Viisanen, Y. and Ulevicius, V. and Mihalopoulos, N. and Zdimal, V. and Fiebig, M. and Hansson, H.-C. and Swietlicki, E. and Henzing, J. S.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4679--4713} +} + +@article{flohn1950, + title = {The Stratification of the Atmosphere}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Flohn, H. and Penndorf, R.}, + year = {1950}, + pages = {71--78} +} + +@article{tebaldi2011, + title = {Mapping Model Agreement on Future Climate Projections: {{MAPPING MODEL AGREEMENT}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Mapping Model Agreement on Future Climate Projections}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL049863}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:03Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Tebaldi, Claudia and Arblaster, Julie M. and Knutti, Reto}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{levyii1997, + title = {The Global Impact of Human Activity on Tropospheric Ozone}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Levy II, H. and Kasibhatla, P. S. and Moxim, W. J. and Klonecki, A. A. and Hirsch, A. I. and Oltmans, S. J. and Chameides, W. L.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {nox ch4 co anthropogenic change}, + pages = {791--794} +} + +@article{chen2007, + title = {Phase Speed Spectra and the Recent Poleward Shift of {{Southern Hemisphere}} Surface Westerlies}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL031200}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:19:34Z}, + number = {L21805}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Chen, G. and Held, I. M.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{taylor2012, + title = {An {{Overview}} of {{CMIP5}} and the {{Experimental Design}}}, + volume = {93}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Met. Soc}, + author = {Taylor, K. E. and Stouffer, R. J. and Meehl, G. A.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {485--498} +} + +@article{alexander1995, + title = {Gravity {{Wave Momentum Flux}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere Over Convection}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Alexander, M. J. and Pfister, L.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {STEP data}, + pages = {2029--2032} +} + +@article{morrison2011a, + title = {Resilience of Persistent {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1752-0894, 1752-0908}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo1332}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:36:53Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience}, + author = {Morrison, Hugh and {de Boer}, Gijs and Feingold, Graham and Harrington, Jerry and Shupe, Matthew D. and Sulia, Kara}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {11--17} +} + +@article{stocker2013, + title = {{{IPCC}}, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. {{Contribution}} of Working Group {{I}} to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, + shorttitle = {{{IPCC}}, 2013}, + timestamp = {2015-05-16T18:52:01Z}, + author = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G. K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S. K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, B. and Midgley, B. M.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{boucher1995, + title = {The Sulfate-{{CCN}}-Cloud Albedo Effect. {{A}} Sensitivity Study with Two General Circulation Models}, + volume = {47B}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Boucher, O. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {281--300} +} + +@article{ogi2007, + title = {Summer Minimum {{Arctic}} Sea Ice Exent and the Associated Summer Atmospheric Circulation}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL029897}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {L12705}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Ogi, M. and Wallace, J. M.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{wyser1998, + title = {A Possible Change in Cloud Radiative Forcing due to Aircraft Exhaust}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Wyser, K. and Str{\"o}m, J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1673--1676} +} + +@article{lohmann2005, + title = {Global Indirect Aerosol Effects: A Review}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Global Indirect Aerosol Effects}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-5-715-2005}, + abstract = {Aerosols affect the climate system by changing cloud characteristics in many ways. They act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei, they may inhibit freezing and they could have an influence on the hydrological cycle. While the cloud albedo enhancement (Twomey effect) of warm clouds received most attention so far and traditionally is the only indirect aerosol forcing considered in transient climate simulations, here we discuss the multitude of effects. Different approaches how the climatic implications of these aerosol effects can be estimated globally as well as improvements that are needed in global climate models in order to better represent indirect aerosol effects are discussed in this paper.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:54:44Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.}, + month = mar, + year = {2005}, + pages = {715--737}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/SVJ96JU6/Lohmann and Feichter - 2005 - Global indirect aerosol effects a review.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/8ZKT9UTK/2005.html:text/html} +} + +@book{willett1944, + address = {New York}, + title = {Descriptive {{Meterology}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Willett, H. C.}, + year = {1944} +} + +@techreport{roach1966, + title = {An Analysis of {{Eight Flights}} by {{U}}-2 Aircraft over Severe Storms in {{Oklahoma}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {ITERM-NSSL-29}, + institution = {U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Environmental Sciences Services Administration}, + author = {Roach, W. T.}, + year = {1966}, + pages = {23--51} +} + +@book{alexander2000, + title = {Observational Constraints on {{GCM Parameterications}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Alexander, M. J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2000}, + note = {Published: NCAR seminar +speaker from CoRA} +} + +@article{jones1986, + title = {The Water Vapour Budget of the Stratosphere Studied Using {{LIMS}} and {{SAMS}} Satellite Data}, + volume = {112}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Jones, R. L. and Pyle, J. A. and Harries, J. E. and Zavody, A. M. and III, J. M. Russell and Gille, J.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {1127--1143} +} + +@article{koren2010, + title = {Aerosol-Induced Changes of Convective Cloud Anvils Produce Strong Climate Warming}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-5001-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Koren, I. and Remer, L. A. and Altaratz, O. and Martins, J. V. and Davidi, A.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {5001--5010} +} + +@book{peter1995a, + title = {History of {{Ozone}} Depletion and the 1995 {{Nobel Prize}} for {{Chemistry}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Peter, Thomas}, + month = oct, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from Max Plank Institut fur Chemie- Mainz +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Ozone Depetion Chemistry} +} + +@article{stephens1978, + title = {Radiation {{Profiles}} in {{Extended Water Clouds}}. {{II}}: {{Parameterization Schemes}}}, + volume = {35}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {Radiation {{Profiles}} in {{Extended Water Clouds}}. {{II}}}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:24:27Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2016-05-22}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Stephens, G. L.}, + month = nov, + year = {1978}, + pages = {2123--2132} +} + +@book{manney1994a, + title = {Evolution of {{Stratospheric Polar Vortex}} Using {{Trajectory Calculations}}}, + abstract = {Trajectory model of the stratospheric polar vortex was presented}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + author = {Manney, G}, + month = dec, + year = {1994}, + note = {Speaker from JPL Pasadena, CA +Published: Seminar- UW- Atmos Sci}, + keywords = {Polar Vortex,stratosphere} +} + +@article{twomey1977, + title = {The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2016-05-14T04:18:08Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Twomey, Sean}, + year = {1977}, + pages = {1149--1152} +} + +@article{stuber2005, + title = {Why Radiative Forcing Might Fail as a Predictor of Climate Change}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-004-0497-7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dynamics}, + author = {Stuber, N. and Ponater, M. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {497--510} +} + +@article{durbeck1996, + title = {Dispersion of Aircraft Exhausts in the Free Atmosphere}, + volume = {101}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + doi = {10.1029/96JD02217}, + abstract = {The effective diffusion of aircraft emissions and the growth of plume cross-sections at cruising altitudes of commercial airliners are examined by means of large-eddy simulation in a domain of size 4.3 \texttimes{} 1.1 \texttimes{} 1.1 km3. It is assumed that aircraft-induced turbulence has ceased and that the exhaust plumes can be represented by line sources with Gaussian cross-sections. On the basis of a previous study where the effective diffusion in a stratified atmosphere with negligible wind shear was investigated [D{\"u}rbeck and Gerz, 1995], the work is extended here to situations with shear rates typical for the free atmosphere ranging between 0.001 s-1 and 0.007 s-1, covering bulk Richardson numbers Ri between 0.13 and 360. Along a flight track the atmosphere is usually only weakly turbulent (Ri $>$ 1); an aircraft encounters strong but highly intermittent turbulence (Ri $<$ 0.25) only occasionally. Both situations are examined here. It is found that when Ri $>$ 1, shear has no significant influence on horizontal or vertical effective diffusivities which lay, for a stratification of 0.019 s-1, in the range of 15 m2s-1 $\leq$ Dh $\leq$ 23 m2s-1 and 0.15 m2s-1 $\leq$ Dv $\leq$ 0.18 m2s-1, respectively. But shear in combination with diffusion enlarges the cross-section of an exhaust plume and increases the entrainment rate. When Ri $\approx$ 0.1, the diffusivity Dh grows by a factor of about 3 and Dv by a factor of about 20 compared to shearfree situations. With increasing shear and time, only Dv and shear control plume sizes and entrainment rates, whereas Dh has a diminishing influence. The results agree very well with data from recent in situ flight measurements in the North Atlantic flight corridor in the tropopause region.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-23T15:45:28Z}, + number = {D20}, + urldate = {2016-11-23}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {D{\"u}rbeck, Tilman and Gerz, Thomas}, + month = nov, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {0315 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions,0399 General or miscellaneous,3379 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Turbulence,3399 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General or miscellaneous}, + pages = {26007--26015}, + file = {dürbeck1996.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/dürbeck1996.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{brewer1949, + title = {Evidence for a World Circulation Provided by the Measurements of Helium and Water Vapor Distribution in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {75}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Brewer, A. W.}, + year = {1949}, + pages = {351--363} +} + +@article{hu2003, + title = {Long-Term Climate Variations in {{China}} and Global Warming Signals}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003651}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:05Z}, + number = {D19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Hu, Zeng-Zhen}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{minnis2004, + title = {Contrails, {{Cirrus Trends}} and {{Climate}}}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Minnis, P. and Ayers, J. K. and Palikonda, R. and Phan, D.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1671--1685} +} + +@article{yang2005, + title = {Scattering and Absorption Property Database for Nonspherical Ice Particles in the near- through Far-Infrared Spectral Region}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Appl. Opt.}, + author = {Yang, P. and Wei, H. and Huang, H. L. and Baum, B. A. and Hu, Y. X. and Kattawar, G. W. and Mishchenko, M. I. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {5512--5523} +} + +@article{renwick2001, + title = {Southern {{Hemisphere Circulation}} and {{Relations}} with {{Sea Ice}} and {{Sea Surface Temperature}}}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Renwick, J. A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2058--3068} +} + +@article{perlwitz2003, + title = {Observational {{Evidence}} of a {{Stratospheric Influence}} on the {{Topopsphere}} by {{Planetary Wave Reflection}}}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Perlwitz, J. and Harnik, N.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {3011--3026} +} + +@article{emanuel2005, + title = {Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30\,Years}, + volume = {436}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2005 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + doi = {10.1038/nature03906}, + abstract = {Theory and modelling predict that hurricane intensity should increase with increasing global mean temperatures, but work on the detection of trends in hurricane activity has focused mostly on their frequency and shows no trend. Here I define an index of the potential destructiveness of hurricanes based on the total dissipation of power, integrated over the lifetime of the cyclone, and show that this index has increased markedly since the mid-1970s. This trend is due to both longer storm lifetimes and greater storm intensities. I find that the record of net hurricane power dissipation is highly correlated with tropical sea surface temperature, reflecting well-documented climate signals, including multi-decadal oscillations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, and global warming. My results suggest that future warming may lead to an upward trend in tropical cyclone destructive potential, and\textemdash{}taking into account an increasing coastal population\textemdash{}a substantial increase in hurricane-related losses in the twenty-first century.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T17:09:49Z}, + number = {7051}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Emanuel, Kerry}, + month = aug, + year = {2005}, + pages = {686--688}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/6AAB66GM/Emanuel - 2005 - Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones ov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/HFI38ACN/nature03906.html:text/html} +} + +@article{phillips2004, + title = {Evaluating {{Parameterizations}} in {{General Circulation Models}}: {{Climate Simulation Meets Weather Prediction}}}, + volume = {85}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {Evaluating {{Parameterizations}} in {{General Circulation Models}}}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-85-12-1903}, + abstract = {To significantly improve the simulation of climate by general circulation models (GCMs), systematic errors in representations of relevant processes must first be identified, and then reduced. This endeavor demands that the GCM parameterizations of unresolved processes, in particular, should be tested over a wide range of time scales, not just in climate simulations. Thus, a numerical weather prediction (NWP) methodology for evaluating model parameterizations and gaining insights into their behavior may prove useful, provided that suitable adaptations are made for implementation in climate GCMs. This method entails the generation of short-range weather forecasts by a realistically initialized climate GCM, and the application of six hourly NWP analyses and observations of parameterized variables to evaluate these forecasts. The behavior of the parameterizations in such a weather-forecasting framework can provide insights on how these schemes might be improved, and modified parameterizations then can be tested in the same framework. To further this method for evaluating and analyzing parameterizations in climate GCMs, the U.S. Department of Energy is funding a joint venture of its Climate Change Prediction Program (CCPP) and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: the CCPP-ARM Parameterization Testbed (CAPT). This article elaborates the scientific rationale for CAPT, discusses technical aspects of its methodology, and presents examples of its implementation in a representative climate GCM. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation}, + timestamp = {2016-01-08T17:18:15Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2016-01-08}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Phillips, Thomas J. and Potter, Gerald L. and Williamson, David L. and Cederwall, Richard T. and Boyle, James S. and Fiorino, Michael and Hnilo, Justin J. and Olson, Jerry G. and Xie, Shaocheng and Yio, J. John}, + month = dec, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1903--1915}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/PVM3BXGS/Phillips et al. - 2004 - Evaluating Parameterizations in General Circulatio.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/BQDFNGSP/BAMS-85-12-1903.html:text/html} +} + +@article{mapes1993, + title = {Cloud {{Clusters}} and {{Superclusters}} over the {{Oceanic Warm Pool}}}, + volume = {121}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Mapes, B. E. and Houze, R. A.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {1398--1415} +} + +@article{ingram2012, + title = {Water Vapor Feedback in a Small Ensemble of {{GCMs}}: {{Two}} Approaches}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Ingram, WJ}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D12114} +} + +@article{dobson1973, + title = {The Laminated Structure of Ozone in the Atmosphere}, + volume = {99}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.49709942202}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Dobson, G. M. B.}, + year = {1973}, + pages = {599--607} +} + +@article{balachandran1999, + title = {Effects of Solar Cycle Variability on the Lower Stratosphere and the Troposphere}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Balachandran, N. K. and Rind, D. and Lonergan, P. and Shindell, D. T.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {27,321--27,339} +} + +@article{brasseur2016, + title = {Climate Services: {{Lessons}} Learned and Future Prospects}, + issn = {2328-4277}, + shorttitle = {Climate Services}, + doi = {10.1002/2015EF000338}, + abstract = {This perspective paper reviews progress made in the last decades to enhance the communication and use of climate information relevant to the political and economic decision process. It focuses, specifically, on the creation and development of climate services, and highlights a number of difficulties that have limited the success of these services. Among them are the insufficient awareness by societal actors of their vulnerability to climate change, the lack of relevant products and services offered by the scientific community, the inappropriate format in which the information is provided, and the inadequate business model adopted by climate services. The authors suggest that, to be effective, centers should host within the same center a diversity of staff including experts in climate science, specialists in impact, adaptation, and vulnerability, representatives of the corporate world, agents of the public service as well as social managers and communication specialists. The role and importance of environmental engineering is emphasized.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-04T14:51:55Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-04}, + journal = {Earth's Future}, + author = {Brasseur, Guy P. and Gallardo, Laura}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1699 General or miscellaneous,Climate Services,evaluation,International collaboration}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{solanki1998, + title = {Solar Irrandiance since 1874 Revisited}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Solanki, S. K. and Fligge, M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {341--344} +} + +@article{cesana2016, + title = {Characterizing and Understanding Systematic Biases in the Vertical Structure of Clouds in {{CMIP5}}/{{CFMIP2}} Models}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL070515}, + abstract = {From a traditional low-, middle-, and high-cloud ``layered'' perspective as well as a more detailed ``level'' perspective (40 levels), we compare the vertical distribution of clouds in 12 general circulation models (GCMs) against the GCM-Oriented Cloud-Aerosols Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations Cloud Product (CALIPSO-GOCCP) using a satellite simulator approach. The layered perspective shows that models exhibit the similar regional biases: an overestimate (underestimate) of high clouds over oceans (continents) in the tropics and a strong underestimate of low clouds over stratocumulus regions. Although high clouds are too infrequent on average, the level perspective reveals that high-level clouds fill too many upper levels of the column when present (geometrically too thick), suggesting an overestimation of the cloud overlap. Compositing by dynamical regimes and large-scale relative humidity shows that the models tend to have too many high-level clouds in moist environments and too few boundary layer clouds in dry environments regardless of dynamical regimes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-17T15:32:34Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-17}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Cesana, G. and Waliser, D. E.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,1626 Global climate models,3309 Climatology,3311 Clouds and aerosols,CALIPSO-GOCCP,cloud,evaluation,model,simulator,vertical structure}, + pages = {2016GL070515} +} + +@article{camargo2005, + title = {Western {{North Pacific}} Tropical Cyclone Intensity and {{ENSO}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-11-23T23:09:12Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-11-23}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Camargo, Suzana J. and Sobel, Adam H.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2996--3006}, + file = {[PDF] from columbia.edu:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/XXDXU9IF/Camargo and Sobel - 2005 - Western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4Z3ZQSDF/JCLI3457.html:text/html} +} + +@article{park2007, + title = {Transport above the {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon Anticyclone Inferred from {{Aura Microwave Limb Sounder}} Tracers}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD008294}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D16309}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Park, M. and Randel, W. J. and Gettelman, A. and Massie, S. T. and Jiang, J. H.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{tsuda1994a, + title = {Radiosonde Observations of Equatorial Atmosphere Dynamics over Indonesia: 2. {{Characteristics}} of Gravity Waves}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tsuda, T. and Murayama, Y. and Wiryosumarto, H. and Harijono, S. W. B. and Kato, S.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {10,507--10,516} +} + +@book{ipcc2000, + address = {New York}, + title = {Special {{Report}} on {{Emission Scenarios}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + author = {{IPCC}}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{pincus1994, + title = {Effect of Precipitation on the Albedo Susceptibility of Clouds in the Marine Boundary Layer}, + volume = {372}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:52:59Z}, + number = {6503}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Pincus, Robert and Baker, Marcia B.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {250--252} +} + +@article{watanabe2013, + title = {Strengthening of Ocean Heat Uptake Efficiency Associated with the Recent Climate Hiatus: {{HEAT UPTAKE EFFICIENCY AND RECENT HIATUS}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Strengthening of Ocean Heat Uptake Efficiency Associated with the Recent Climate Hiatus}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50541}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:30Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Watanabe, Masahiro and Kamae, Youichi and Yoshimori, Masakazu and Oka, Akira and Sato, Makiko and Ishii, Masayoshi and Mochizuki, Takashi and Kimoto, Masahide}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3175--3179} +} + +@article{turner2007, + title = {Retrieving {{Liquid Water Path}} and {{Precipitable Water Vapor From}} the {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement}} ({{ARM}}) {{Microwave Radiometers}}}, + volume = {45}, + issn = {0196-2892}, + doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2007.903703}, + abstract = {Ground-based two-channel microwave radiometers (MWRs) have been used for over 15 years by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program to provide observations of downwelling emitted radiance from which precipitable water vapor (PWV) and liquid water path (LWP) - two geophysical parameters critical for many areas of atmospheric research - are retrieved. An algorithm that incorporates output from two advanced retrieval techniques, namely, a physical-iterative approach and a computationally efficient statistical method, has been developed to retrieve these parameters. The forward model used in both methods is the monochromatic radiative transfer model MonoRTM. An important component of this MWR RETrieval (MWRRET) algorithm is the determination of small ($<$ 1 K) offsets that are subtracted from the observed brightness temperatures before the retrievals are performed. Accounting for these offsets removes systematic biases from the observations and/or the model spectroscopy necessary for the retrieval, significantly reducing the systematic biases in the retrieved LWP. The MWRRET algorithm significantly provides more accurate retrievals than the original ARM statistical retrieval, which uses monthly retrieval coefficients. By combining the two retrieval methods with the application of brightness temperature offsets to reduce the spurious LWP bias in clear skies, the MWRRET algorithm significantly provides better retrievals of PWV and LWP from the ARM two-channel MWRs compared to the original ARM product.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-14T17:58:35Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Turner, D.D. and Clough, S.A. and Liljegren, J.C. and Clothiaux, E.E. and Cady-Pereira, K.E. and Gaustad, K.L.}, + month = nov, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Area measurement,ARM microwave radiometers,atmospheric humidity,Atmospheric measurements,Atmospheric modeling,atmospheric optics,atmospheric radiation,atmospheric radiation measurement microwave radiometers,atmospheric techniques,brightness temperature,Clouds,Geophysical measurements,Geophysics computing,liquid water path,Meteorology,Microwave measurements,microwave radiometry,monochromatic radiative transfer model,Physics computing,precipitable water vapor,radiative transfer,Radiometers,radiometry,remote sensing,Statistical analysis,statistical method}, + pages = {3680--3690} +} + +@article{harries2001, + title = {Increases in Greenhouse Forcing Inferred from the Outgoing Longwave Radiation Spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997}, + volume = {410}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Harries, J. E. and Brindley, H. E. and Sagoo, P. J. and Bantges, R. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {355--357} +} + +@article{quaas2009b, + title = {Interpreting the Cloud Cover \textendash{} Aerosol Optical Depth Relationship Found in Satellite Data Using a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {26013-26027}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Quaas, J. and Stevens, B. and Steier, P. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{tuck2004, + title = {Horizontal Variability 1\textendash{}2km below the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003942}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D05310}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tuck, A. F. and Hovde, S. J. and Kelly, K. K. and {others}}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{wirth2003, + title = {Static Stability in the Extratropical Tropopause Region}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wirth, V.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1395--1409} +} + +@article{wang2013a, + title = {Recent Variability of the Tropical Tropopause Inversion Layer}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058350}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Wang, Wuke and Matthes, Katja and Schmidt, Torsten and Neef, Lisa}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {6308--6313} +} + +@article{yang2014, + title = {A Theory of the {{MJO}} Horizontal Scale: {{Yang}} and {{Ingersoll}}: {{The MJO Horizontal Scale}}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {A Theory of the {{MJO}} Horizontal Scale}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058542}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:36Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Yang, Da and Ingersoll, Andrew P.}, + month = feb, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1059--1064} +} + +@article{regayre2014, + title = {Uncertainty in the Magnitude of Aerosol-Cloud Radiative Forcing over Recent Decades}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL062029}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:12Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Regayre, L. A. and Pringle, K. J. and Booth, B. B. B. and Lee, L. A. and Mann, G. W. and Browse, J. and Woodhouse, M. T. and Rap, A. and Reddington, C. L. and Carslaw, K. S.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {9040--9049} +} + +@article{stenchikov1996, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere {{Exchange}} in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convecive Complex 2. {{Numerical Simulations}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Stenchikov, G. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {6837--6851} +} + +@article{deser1990, + title = {Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Features Associated with Warm and Cold Episodes in the Tropical {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Deser, C. and Wallace, J. M.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {1254--1281} +} + +@article{crutzen1991, + title = {Methane's {{Sinks}} and {{Sources}}}, + volume = {350}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {Methane Mass Flux}, + pages = {380--1} +} + +@book{metwally1995, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Jet Aircraft Engine Emissions Database Development: 1992 {{Military}}, {{Charter}} and {{Nonscheduled Traffic}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Contractor Report 4684}}, + author = {Metwally, M.}, + year = {1995} +} + +@article{seifert2004, + title = {Aerosol-Cirrus Interactions: A Number Based Phenomenon at All?}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Seifert, M. and {others}}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {293--305} +} + +@inproceedings{mitchell2006a, + title = {Passive Thermal Retrievals of Ice and Liquid Water Path, Effective Size and Optical Depth and Their Dependence on Particle and Size Distribution Shape}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + booktitle = {12th {{AMS Conference}} on {{Atmospheric Radiation}}}, + author = {Mitchell, D. L. and {d'Entremont}, R. P. and Lawson, R. P.}, + month = jul, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{sobelb, + title = {Quantitative {{Diagnostics}} of {{Stratospheric Transport}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + author = {Sobel, A. H.}, + year = {21 Nov 97}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci Coloquium +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{flatau1992, + title = {Polynomial {{Fits}} to {{Saturation Vapor Pressure}}}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {J. App. Met. and Climatology}, + author = {Flatau, P. J. and Walko, R. L. and Cotton, W. R.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {1507--1513} +} + +@article{lary1997, + title = {Catalytic Destruction of Stratospheric Ozone}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Lary, D. J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21,515--21,526} +} + +@book{philander1990, + title = {El {{Ni{\~n}o}}, {{La Ni{\~n}a}} and the {{Southern Oscillation}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Philander, S. G.}, + year = {1990} +} + +@article{zhang2011, + title = {Vertical Profiles of Droplet Effective Radius in Shallow Convective Clouds}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-4633-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:09Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Zhang, S. and Xue, H. and Feingold, G.}, + month = may, + year = {2011}, + pages = {4633--4644} +} + +@article{larson1999, + title = {The Role of Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Boundary Layer Structure in the Sensitivity of the Tropical Climate}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {2359-2374}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Larson, K. and Hartmann, D. L. and Klein, S. A.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{dunkerton2001, + title = {Quasi-{{Biennial}} and {{Subbiennial Variations}} of {{Stratospheric Trace Constituients Derived}} from {{HALOE}} Observations}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Dunkerton, T. J.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {7--25} +} + +@article{parsons2000, + title = {The Evolution of the Tropical Western {{Pacific}} Atmosphere-Ocean System Following the Arrival of a Dry Intrusion}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Parsons, D. B. and Yoneyama, K. and Redelsperger, J.-L.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {517--548} +} + +@incollection{murgatroyd1965, + title = {Ozone and Water Vapour in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + booktitle = {Meterological {{Aspects}} of {{Atmospheric Radioactivity}}}, + publisher = {{World Meterological Organization}}, + author = {Murgatroyd, R. J.}, + editor = {Bleeker, W.}, + year = {1965}, + pages = {68--94} +} + +@article{pfister2001, + title = {Aircraft Observations of Thin Cirrus Clouds near the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pfister, L. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {9765--9786} +} + +@article{yamamoto2003, + title = {Kelvin-{{Helmoltz}} Instability around the Tropical Tropopause Observed with the {{Equatorial Atmosphere Radar}}}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL16685}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Yamamoto, M. K. and Fujiwara, M. and Horinouchi, T. and Hashiguchi, H. and Fukao, S.}, + year = {2003}, + note = {1476} +} + +@article{barahona2012, + title = {On the Ice Nucleation Spectrum}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:31:56Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-04-20}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Barahona, D.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {3733--3752} +} + +@article{johnson1999, + title = {Stratospheric Age Spectra Deried from Observations of Water Vapor and Methane}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Johnson, D. G. and Jucks, K. W. and Taub, W. A. and Chance, K. V. and Toon, G. C. and III, J. M. Russell and McCormick, M. P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {21,595--21,602} +} + +@article{pincus2003, + title = {A Fast, Flexible, Approximate Techinque for Computing Radiative Transfer in Inhomogeneous Cloud Fields}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD003322}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pincus, R. and Barker, H. W. and Mocrette, J.-J.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{bock2016, + title = {The Temporal Evolution of a Long-Lived Contrail Cirrus Cluster: {{Simulations}} with a Global Climate Model}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + shorttitle = {The Temporal Evolution of a Long-Lived Contrail Cirrus Cluster}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024475}, + abstract = {The representation of contrail cirrus in climate models has advanced in the last years tremendously. Nevertheless, uncertainties in particular regarding the representation of contrail microphysics still remain. Properties of young contrail cirrus differ from those of natural cirrus due to the large ice crystal number concentration common in contrails. Consequently, microphysical process rates in contrail cirrus, which control its lifetime, can be very different to those in natural cirrus. We extend a contrail cirrus scheme within a climate model by implementing a microphysical two-moment scheme and study the life cycle of a contrail cirrus cluster. In an idealized experiment we study the properties and microphysical process rates of a contrail cirrus cluster in a large and long-lived ice supersaturated region. We find that at flight level contrail cirrus display their typical high ice crystal number concentration (of about 10\textendash{}100~cm-3) for a few hours with far lower densities in lower levels caused by sedimentation. After about 7~h contrail cirrus have spread considerably so that even at flight level associated ice crystal number concentrations have dropped to values that prohibit fast relaxation of ice supersaturation. The reduced ice crystal number and the resulting limited water uptake in the contrail cirrus limit the lifetime of the contrail cirrus cluster to about 10~h even though surrounding conditions would be still favorable for contrail cirrus persistence. In our case studies, contrail cirrus resembles natural cirrus regarding their ice crystal number concentration and size after 5\textendash{}7~h.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-19T21:47:28Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Bock, Lisa and Burkhardt, Ulrike}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3337 Global climate models,3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization,contrail cirrus,contrails in climate model,microphysical development of contrails}, + pages = {2015JD024475}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ZU575PST/Bock and Burkhardt - 2016 - The temporal evolution of a long-lived contrail ci.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/7FC89TXT/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{yuan2011a, + title = {Microphysical, Macrophysical and Radiative Signatures of Volcanic Aerosols in Trade Wind Cumulus Observed by the {{A}}-{{Train}}}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-7119-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:39:00Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Yuan, T. and Remer, L. A. and Yu, H.}, + month = jul, + year = {2011}, + pages = {7119--7132} +} + +@article{buck1981, + title = {New {{Equations}} for {{Computing Vapor Pressure}} and {{Enhancement Factor}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {J. Applied Met.}, + author = {Buck, A. L.}, + year = {1981}, + pages = {1527--1532} +} + +@book{solomon2007, + address = {Cambridge, UK}, + title = {Climate {{Change}} 2007 - {{The Physical Science Basis}}: {{Working Group I Contribution}} to the {{Fourth Assessment Report}} of the {{IPCC}} ({{Climate Change}} 2007)}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + editor = {Solomon, S. and Qin, D. and Manning, M. and Chen, Z. and Marquis, M. and Averyt, K. B. and Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{craig1961, + title = {Standard for {{Reporting Concentrations}} of {{Deuterium}} and {{Oxygen}}-18 in {{Natural Waters}}}, + volume = {133}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Craig, H.}, + year = {1961}, + pages = {1833--1834} +} + +@article{weisenstein1996, + title = {Potential Impact of {{SO2}} Emissions from Stratospheric Aircraft on Ozone}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Weisenstein, D. K. and Ko, M. K. W. and Sze, N. D. and Rodriguez, J. M.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {sulfur dioxide}, + pages = {161--164} +} + +@article{ding2009, + title = {Inter-Decadal Variation of the Summer Precipitation in {{China}} and Its Association with Decreasing {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon {{Part II}}: {{Possible}} Causes}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {08998418, 10970088}, + shorttitle = {Inter-Decadal Variation of the Summer Precipitation in {{China}} and Its Association with Decreasing {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1002/joc.1759}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:50:56Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {International Journal of Climatology}, + author = {Ding, Yihui and Sun, Ying and Wang, Zunya and Zhu, Yuxiang and Song, Yafang}, + month = nov, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1926--1944} +} + +@article{oreopoulos2011, + title = {The Cloud Radiative Effects of {{International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project}} Weather States}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015472}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:27Z}, + number = {D12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Oreopoulos, Lazaros and Rossow, William. B.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{soden2006, + title = {An {{Assessment}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} in {{Coupled Ocean}}\textendash{}{{Atmosphere Models}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Held, I. M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3354--3360} +} + +@book{nationalresearchcouncilu.s.2003, + address = {Washington, D.C}, + title = {Understanding Climate Change Feedbacks}, + isbn = {0-309-09072-5 0-309-52744-9}, + lccn = {QC981.8.C5 U54 2003}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:23Z}, + publisher = {{National Academies Press}}, + editor = {{National Research Council (U.S.)} and {National Research Council (U.S.)}}, + year = {2003}, + keywords = {Bioclimatology,Climatic changes,Climatology,Research,United States} +} + +@article{rosenfeld2012, + title = {The Roles of Cloud Drop Effective Radius and {{{\emph{LWP}}}} in Determining Rain Properties in Marine Stratocumulus: {{THE ROLES OF CLOUD DROP EFFECTIVE RADIUS}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The Roles of Cloud Drop Effective Radius and {{{\emph{LWP}}}} in Determining Rain Properties in Marine Stratocumulus}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL052028}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:18Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Rosenfeld, Daniel and Wang, Hailong and Rasch, Philip J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{nevison1996, + title = {Nighttime Formation of {{N}}2{{O}}5 Inferred from the {{Halogen Occultation Experiment}} Sunset/Sunrise {{NOx Ratios}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Nevison, D. C. and Solomon, S. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {6741--6748} +} + +@book{reid, + title = {Particles from {{Biomass Burning}} in {{Brazil}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Reid, J.}, + year = {31 July 98}, + note = {Published: UW colloquium +PhD defense} +} + +@article{reid1996, + title = {The Tropical Tropopause over the Western {{Pacific}}: {{Wave}} Driving, Convection, and the Annual Cycle}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Reid, G. C. and Gage, K. S.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {21,233--21,241} +} + +@article{menon2002a, + title = {Climate {{Effects}} of {{Black Carbon Aerosols}} in {{China}} and {{India}}}, + volume = {297}, + issn = {00368075, 10959203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1075159}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:14Z}, + number = {5590}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Menon, S.}, + month = sep, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2250--2253} +} + +@article{lelieveld2000, + title = {What Controls Tropospheric Ozone?}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lelieveld, J. and Dentener, F. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3531--3551} +} + +@article{cionni2011, + title = {Ozone Database in Support of {{CMIP5}} Simulations: Results and Corresponding Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {11}, + doi = {acp-11-11267-2011}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Cionni, I. and Eyring, V. and Lamarque, J. F. and Randel, W. J. and Stevenson, D. S. and Wu, F. and Bodeker, G. E. and Shepherd, T. G. and Shindell, D. T. and Waugh, D. W.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {11267--11292} +} + +@article{rozanski1982, + title = {Vertical Distribution of Deuterium in Atmospheric Water Vapour}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Rozanski, K. and Sonntag, C.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {135--141} +} + +@article{kogan2013, + title = {A {{Cumulus Cloud Microphysics Parameterization}} for {{Cloud}}-{{Resolving Models}}}, + volume = {70}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-12-0183.1}, + abstract = {AbstractA microphysical parameterization for shallow cumulus and boundary layer stratocumulus clouds has been developed. Similar to the Khairoutdinov and Kogan parameterization for stratocumulus clouds, the new parameterization is based on an explicit microphysical large-eddy simulation (LES) model as a data source and benchmark for comparison. The predictions of the bulk model using the new parameterization were tested in simulations of shallow cumulus and boundary layer stratocumulus clouds; in both cases the new parameterization matched the predictions of the explicit microphysics LES quite accurately. These results show the importance of the choice of the dataset in parameterization development and the need for it to be balanced by realistic dynamic conditions. The strong sensitivity to representation of rain evaporation is also demonstrated. Accurate formulation of this process, tuned for the case of cumulus convection, has substantially improved precision of rain production.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:00:19Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Kogan, Yefim}, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Cloud microphysics,Cloud parameterizations,Cloud resolving models,Clouds,Cumulus clouds}, + pages = {1423--1436}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/8VWJTSG7/Kogan - 2012 - A Cumulus Cloud Microphysics Parameterization for .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FSJZPBNX/JAS-D-12-0183.html:text/html} +} + +@article{soden2008, + title = {Quantifying {{Climate Feedbacks Using Radiative Kernels}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI2110.1}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:11:52Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Held, I. M. and Colman, R. and Shell, K. M. and Kiehl, J. T. and Shields, C. A.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {3504--3520} +} + +@book{hobbs1999, + title = {Aerosols on the {{E}}. {{Coast}} of the {{US}} \& {{Radiative Effects}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Hobbs, P. V.}, + month = jan, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{corti2008, + title = {Unprecedented Evidence for Deep Convection Hydrating the Tropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Corti, T. and Luo, BP and De Reus, M. and Brunner, D. and Cairo, F. and Mahoney, MJ and Martucci, G. and Matthey, R. and Mitev, V. and Dos Santos, FH and {others}}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {L10810} +} + +@article{goren2012, + title = {Satellite Observations of Ship Emission Induced Transitions from Broken to Closed Cell Marine Stratocumulus over Large Areas}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD017981}, + abstract = {Documentation of the evolution of ship tracks during 42~h demonstrated that ship emissions are able to convert a marine stratocumulus regime of open cells into closed cells, along with significant negative radiative forcing. This was possible by examining continuous day and night geostationary satellite data that allowed for an uninterrupted documentation of the full life cycle of ship tracks. After nearly one day the ship tracks lost their linear appearance and expanded to cover large areas. These areas, when viewed out of sequence and context, would not be attributable to aerosol perturbations. A rejuvenation of previously dissipated ship tracks in the form of extensive closed cells was also observed. It is suggested that ship emissions may undergo photochemical reactions which nucleate new aerosols that, along with remaining ultrafine particles, grow to CCN that are activated hours later and close the open cells. The added radiative forcing from the closed cells that can be related to the ship tracks, which is mainly coming from the cloud cover effect, may exceed -100 Wm-2, depending on the season and latitude. This implies that anthropogenic aerosols that can be transported from continents through the boundary layer, or travel in the free troposphere and mix with the boundary layer from above, may explain the formation of large closed cells areas that are presently not recognized as originated by aerosol perturbations. The observations reported here pose a demanding test of the ability of cloud resolving models to replicate cloud-aerosol interactions.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-08T20:02:52Z}, + number = {D17}, + urldate = {2016-03-08}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Goren, Tom and Rosenfeld, Daniel}, + month = sep, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {3311 Clouds and aerosols,aerosol cloud interactions,cloud regime changes,Indirect effect,Radiative forcing,ship tracks}, + pages = {D17206} +} + +@article{read2001, + title = {{{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}} Upper Tropospheric Humidity Measurement: {{Method}} and Validation}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Read, W. G. and {others}}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {32207--32258} +} + +@article{jr1985, + title = {Baroclinic {{Adjustment}} and {{Midlatitude Temeprature Profiles}}}, + volume = {42}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Jr, W. J. Gutowski}, + year = {1985}, + pages = {1733--1745} +} + +@article{quaas2006, + title = {Constraining the Total Aerosol Indirect Effect in the {{LMDZ}} and {{ECHAM4 GCMs}} Using {{MODIS}} Satellite Data}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Quaas, J. and Boucher, O. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {947--955} +} + +@article{jacobson2005, + title = {Studying Ocean Acidification with Conservative, Stable Numerical Schemes for Nonequilibrium Air-Ocean Exchange and Ocean Equilibrium Chemistry}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005220}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D07302}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jacobson, M. Z.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{ghan1998, + title = {Competition between {{Sea Salt}} and {{Sulfate Particles}} as {{Cloud Condensation Nuclei}}}, + volume = {55}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:08:22Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Guzman, G. and Abdul-Razzak, H.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3340--3347} +} + +@article{rood1990, + title = {Stratospheric {{Temperatures}} during {{AASE}}: {{Results}} from {{STRATAN}}}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Rood, R. B. and Newman, P. A. and Lait, L. R. and Lamich, D. J. and Chan, K. R.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {337--340} +} + +@article{hogan1978, + title = {Seasonal and {{Frontal Variation}} in {{Antarctic Aerosol Concentrations}}}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {J. Applied Met.}, + author = {Hogan, A. W. and Barnard, S.}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {1458--1465} +} + +@article{potter1992, + title = {A Modeling Perspective on Cloud Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Potter, G. L. and Slingo, J. M. and Morcrette, J.-J. and Corsetti, L.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {20,507--20,518} +} + +@article{norton2006, + title = {Tropical {{Wave Driving}} of the {{Annual Cycle}} in {{Tropical Tropopause Temperatures}}. {{Part II}}: {{Model Results}}.}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Norton, W. A.}, + month = may, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1420--1431} +} + +@article{son2009a, + title = {Ozone Hole and {{Southern Hemisphere}} Climate Change}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2009/GL038671}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {L15705}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Son, S. W. and Tandon, N. F. and Polvani, L. M. and Waugh, D. W.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{harnish1998, + title = {Natural {{CF}}4 and {{SF}}6 on {{Earth}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Harnish, J. and Eisenhauer, A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2401--2404} +} + +@article{mote1994, + title = {Characteristics of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and Holton, J. R. and Boville, B. A.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {STE GCM tracer}, + pages = {16,815--16,829} +} + +@article{lohmann2002, + title = {A Glaciation Indirect Aerosols Effect Caused by Soot Aerosols}, + volume = {29}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL014357}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{tian2005, + title = {A New Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model for the Stratosphere: {{The}} Importance of Coupling for Future {{O3}}-Climate Predictions}, + volume = {131}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Tian, W. and Chipperfield, M. P.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {281--304} +} + +@article{bretherton1993, + title = {Flux of {{Potential Vorticity Substance}}: {{A Simple Derivation}} and a {{Uniqueness Property}}}, + volume = {50}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Bretherton, C. S. and Scher, C.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {J vectors,PVS}, + pages = {1834--7} +} + +@article{steenrod1992, + title = {The {{Minor Stratospheric Warming}} of {{January}} 1989: {{Results}} from {{STRATAN}}, a {{Stratospheric}}-{{Tropospheric Data Assimilation System}}}, + volume = {120}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Steenrod, S. D. and Rood, R. B. and Lamich, D. J. and Rosenfield, J. E. and Govindaraju, R. C.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {221--229} +} + +@article{mahowald2006, + title = {Sea-Salt Aerosol Response to Climate Change: {{Last Glacial Maximum}}, Preindustrial and Doubled Carbon Dioxide Climates}, + volume = {11}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006459}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D05303}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mahowald, N. M. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Tie, X. X. and Wolff, E.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{badr1992a, + title = {Sinks for {{Atmospheric Methane}}}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Applied Energy}, + author = {Badr, O.}, + year = {1992}, + keywords = {Methane Mass Flux}, + pages = {137--147} +} + +@article{waugh1997, + title = {Mixing of Polar Vortex Air into Middle Latitudes as Revealed by Tracer-Tracer Scatterplots}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {13,119--13,134} +} + +@article{dethof2000a, + title = {Quantification of the Isentropic Mass Transport across the Dynamical Tropopause}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dethof, A. and O'Neill, A. and Slingo, J. M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {12,279--12,293} +} + +@article{wernli2002, + title = {A {{Langrangian}} ``1-Year Climatology'' of (Deep) Cross-Tropopause Exchange in the Extratropical {{Northern Hemisphere}}}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000812}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wernli, H. and Bourqui, M.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {4201} +} + +@article{niemeier2015, + title = {What Is the Limit of Climate Engineering by Stratospheric Injection of {{SO2}}?}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-15-9129-2015}, + abstract = {The injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form an artificial stratospheric aerosol layer is discussed as an option for solar radiation management. The related reduction of radiative forcing depends upon the injected amount of sulfur dioxide, but aerosol model studies indicate a decrease in forcing efficiency with increasing injection rate. None of these studies, however, consider injection rates greater than 20 Tg(S) yr-1. But this would be necessary to counteract the strong anthropogenic forcing expected if "business as usual" emission conditions continue throughout this century. To understand the effects of the injection of larger amounts of SO2, we have calculated the effects of SO2 injections up to 100 Tg(S) yr-1. We estimate the reliability of our results through consideration of various injection strategies and from comparison with results obtained from other models. Our calculations show that the efficiency of such a geoengineering method, expressed as the ratio between sulfate aerosol forcing and injection rate, decays exponentially. This result implies that the sulfate solar radiation management strategy required to keep temperatures constant at that anticipated for 2020, while maintaining business as usual conditions, would require atmospheric injections of approximately 45 Tg(S) yr-1 ($\pm$15 \% or 7 Tg(S) yr-1) at a height corresponding to 60 hPa. This emission is equivalent to 5 to 7 times the Mt. Pinatubo eruption each year.}, + timestamp = {2015-08-18T22:15:20Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2015-08-18}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Niemeier, U. and Timmreck, C.}, + month = aug, + year = {2015}, + pages = {9129--9141}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/6A6U5K9J/Niemeier and Timmreck - 2015 - What is the limit of climate engineering by strato.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4NA5QAD2/2015.html:text/html} +} + +@article{kay2014a, + title = {Processes Controlling {{Southern Ocean}} Shortwave Climate Feedbacks in {{CESM}}}, + volume = {41}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058315}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Kay, JE and Medeiros, B and Hwang, Y-T and Gettelman, A and Perket, J and Flanner, MG}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {616--622} +} + +@article{sawa2008, + title = {Seasonal {{Variations}} of {{CO}}2 near the Tropopause Observed by Commercial Aircraft}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010568}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D23301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sawa, Y. and Machida, T. and Matsueda, H.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{zhang1995a, + title = {Sensitivity of Climate Simulations to the Parameterization of Cumulus Convection in the {{Canadian Climate Center}} General Circulation Model}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Ocean}, + author = {Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {407--446} +} + +@article{andrews2015, + title = {The {{Dependence}} of {{Radiative Forcing}} and {{Feedback}} on {{Evolving Patterns}} of {{Surface Temperature Change}} in {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00545.1}, + abstract = {Experiments with CO2 instantaneously quadrupled and then held constant are used to show that the relationship between the global-mean net heat input to the climate system and the global-mean surface air temperature change is nonlinear in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) atmosphere\textendash{}ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). The nonlinearity is shown to arise from a change in strength of climate feedbacks driven by an evolving pattern of surface warming. In 23 out of the 27 AOGCMs examined, the climate feedback parameter becomes significantly (95\% confidence) less negative (i.e., the effective climate sensitivity increases) as time passes. Cloud feedback parameters show the largest changes. In the AOGCM mean, approximately 60\% of the change in feedback parameter comes from the tropics (30$^\circ$N\textendash{}30$^\circ$S). An important region involved is the tropical Pacific, where the surface warming intensifies in the east after a few decades. The dependence of climate feedbacks on an evolving pattern of surface warming is confirmed using the HadGEM2 and HadCM3 atmosphere GCMs (AGCMs). With monthly evolving sea surface temperatures and sea ice prescribed from its AOGCM counterpart, each AGCM reproduces the time-varying feedbacks, but when a fixed pattern of warming is prescribed the radiative response is linear with global temperature change or nearly so. It is also demonstrated that the regression and fixed-SST methods for evaluating effective radiative forcing are in principle different, because rapid SST adjustment when CO2 is changed can produce a pattern of surface temperature change with zero global mean but nonzero change in net radiation at the top of the atmosphere (\textasciitilde-0.5 W m-2 in HadCM3).}, + timestamp = {2016-09-11T22:03:09Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-09-11}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Andrews, Timothy and Gregory, Jonathan M. and Webb, Mark J.}, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1630--1648} +} + +@article{campion2010, + title = {Measuring Volcanic Degassing of {{SO2}} in the Lower Troposphere with {{ASTER}} Band Ratios}, + volume = {194}, + issn = {0377-0273}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.04.010}, + abstract = {We present a new method for measuring SO2 with the data from the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance radiometer) orbital sensor. The method consists of adjusting the SO2 column amount until the ratios of radiance simulated on several ASTER bands match the observations. We present a sensitivity analysis for this method, and two case studies. The sensitivity analysis shows that the selected band ratios depend much less on atmospheric humidity, sulfate aerosols, surface altitude and emissivity than the raw radiances. Measurements with \< 25\% relative precision are achieved, but only when the thermal contrast between the plume and the underlying surface is higher than 10 K. For the case studies we focused on Miyakejima and Etna, two volcanoes where SO2 is measured regularly by COSPEC or scanning DOAS. The SO2 fluxes computed from a series of ten images of Miyakejima over the period 2000\textendash{}2002 is in agreement with the long term trend of measurement for this volcano. On Etna, we compared SO2 column amounts measured by ASTER with those acquired simultaneously by ground-based automated scanning DOAS. The column amounts compare quite well, providing a more rigorous validation of the method. The SO2 maps retrieved with ASTER can provide quantitative insights into the 2D structure of non-eruptive volcanic plumes, their dispersion and their progressive depletion in SO2.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-18T23:13:47Z}, + number = {1\textendash{}3}, + urldate = {2015-11-18}, + journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research}, + author = {Campion, Robin and Salerno, Giuseppe Giovanni and Coheur, Pierre-Fran{\c c}ois and Hurtmans, Daniel and Clarisse, Lieven and Kazahaya, Kohei and Burton, Michael and Caltabiano, Tommaso and Clerbaux, Cathy and Bernard, Alain}, + month = jul, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {ASTER,DOAS,Etna,Miyakejima,remote sensing,SO2}, + pages = {42--54} +} + +@article{gustafson2013, + title = {The {{Separate Physics}} and {{Dynamics Experiment}} ({{SPADE}}) Framework for Determining Resolution Awareness: {{A}} Case Study of Microphysics: {{THE SPADE FRAMEWORK}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {The {{Separate Physics}} and {{Dynamics Experiment}} ({{SPADE}}) Framework for Determining Resolution Awareness}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50711}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:57Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Gustafson, William I. and Ma, Po-Lun and Xiao, Heng and Singh, Balwinder and Rasch, Philip J. and Fast, Jerome D.}, + month = aug, + year = {2013}, + pages = {9258--9276} +} + +@article{mulcahy2014, + title = {Impacts of Increasing the Aerosol Complexity in the {{Met Office}} Global Numerical Weather Prediction Model}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-4749-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:09Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Mulcahy, J. P. and Walters, D. N. and Bellouin, N. and Milton, S. F.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4749--4778} +} + +@article{hasebe2007, + title = {In Situ Observations of Dehydrated Air Parcels Advected Horizontally in the {{Tropical Tropopause Layer}} of the Western {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hasebe, F. and {others}}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {803--813} +} + +@article{heimann2010, + title = {How {{Stable Is}} the {{Methane Cycle}}?}, + volume = {327}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1187270}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:29Z}, + number = {5970}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Heimann, M.}, + month = mar, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1211--1212} +} + +@article{chou1999, + title = {Cirrus {{Detrainment}}-{{Temperature Feedback}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Chou, C. and Neelin, J. D.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1295--1298} +} + +@article{park2014a, + title = {Integrating {{Cloud Processes}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}, {{Version}} 5}, + volume = {27}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00087.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:50Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Park, Sungsu and Bretherton, Christopher S. and Rasch, Philip J.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {6821--6856} +} + +@article{ceppi2014, + title = {The Response of the {{Southern Hemispheric}} Eddy-Driven Jet to Future Changes in Shortwave Radiation in {{CMIP5}}: {{CEPPI ET AL}}.}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The Response of the {{Southern Hemispheric}} Eddy-Driven Jet to Future Changes in Shortwave Radiation in {{CMIP5}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL060043}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:09Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Ceppi, Paulo and Zelinka, Mark D. and Hartmann, Dennis L.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3244--3250} +} + +@article{vomel2007a, + title = {Validation of {{Aura Microwave Limb Sounder}} Water Vapor by Balloon-Borne {{Cryogenic Frost}} Point {{Hygrometer}} Measurements}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008698}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D24S37}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{pawson1998a, + title = {Stepwise Changes in Stratospheric Temperature}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Pawson, S. and Labitzke, K. and Leder, S.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2157--2160} +} + +@article{morrison2008a, + title = {A New Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM3}}), {{Part I}}: {{Description}} and {{Numerical Tests}}}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-10-23T19:41:50Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {3642--3659} +} + +@article{liu2012a, + title = {Sensitivity Studies of Dust Ice Nuclei Effect on Cirrus Clouds with the {{Community Atmosphere Model CAM5}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss}, + author = {Liu, X. and Shi, X. and Zhang, K. and Jensen, EJ and Gettelman, A. and Barahona, D. and Nenes, A. and Lawson, P.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {13119--13160} +} + +@article{kraus1996, + title = {The Global Tropospheric Distribution of {{NOx}} Estimated by a Three-Dimensional Chemical Tracer Model}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kraus, A. B. and Rohrer, F. and Grobler, E. S. and Ehhalt, D. H.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {18,587--18,604} +} + +@article{su2011, + title = {Saharan and {{Asian}} Dust: Similarities and Differences Determined by {{CALIPSO}}, {{AERONET}}, and a Coupled Climate-Aerosol Microphysical Model}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Saharan and {{Asian}} Dust}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-3263-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:54Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Su, L. and Toon, O. B.}, + month = apr, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3263--3280} +} + +@article{topfer2001, + title = {Whither after the {{Hague}}?}, + volume = {291}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {T$\backslash$:opfer, K.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2095--2096} +} + +@article{kerr2010, + title = {'{{Arctic Armageddon}}'{{Needs More Science}}, {{Less Hype}}}, + volume = {329}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:34:45Z}, + number = {5992}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Kerr, Richard A.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {620--621} +} + +@article{heymsfield1991, + title = {Aircraft Overflight Measurements of {{Midwest}} Severe Storms: {{Implications}} on Geosynchronous Satellite Interpretations}, + volume = {119}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Heymsfield, G. M. and Fulton, R. and Spinhirne, J. D.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {436--456} +} + +@article{trenberth2015a, + title = {Climate Variability and Relationships between Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation and Temperatures on {{Earth}}: {{VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURES AND RADIATION}}}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Climate Variability and Relationships between Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation and Temperatures on {{Earth}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022887}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-07T19:08:39Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-07}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Trenberth, Kevin E. and Zhang, Yongxin and Fasullo, John T. and Taguchi, Shoichi}, + month = may, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a}, + file = {trenberth2015.pdf:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/SA8Q5SG4/trenberth2015.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{douglass1999, + title = {Choosing Meteorological Input for the Global Modeling Initiative Assessment of High-Speed Aircraft}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Douglass, A. R. and Prather, M. J. and Hall, T. M. and Strahan, S. E. and Rasch, P. J. and Sparling, L. C. and Coy, L. and Rodriguez, J. M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {27,545--27,564} +} + +@article{grewe2009, + title = {Comment on ''{{Quantitative}} Performance Metrics for Stratospheric-Resolving Chemistry-Climate Models'' by {{Waugh}} and {{Eyring}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Grewe, V. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {14141--14164} +} + +@article{kiehl2007, + title = {Twentieth Century Climate Model Response and Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/GL031383}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {L22710}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kiehl, J. T.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{xu1999, + title = {A Sensitivity Study of {{Radiative}}\textendash{}{{Convective}} Equilibrium in the Tropics with a Convection-Resolving Model}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Xu, K. M. and Randall, D. A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {3385--3399} +} + +@article{ye1998, + title = {{{CAPE}} Variation in the Current Climate and in a Climate Change}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Ye, B. and Genio, A. D. Del and Lo, K. K.-W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1997--2015} +} + +@article{fujiwara2003c, + title = {Turbulence at the Tropopause due to Breaking {{Kelvin}} Waves Observed by the {{Equatorial Atmosphere Radar}}}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL016278}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Yamamoto, M. K. and Hashiguchi, H. and Horinouchi, T. and Fukao, S.}, + year = {2003}, + note = {1171} +} + +@article{balluch1997, + title = {Quantification of Lower Stratopsheric Mixing Processes Using Aircraft Data}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Balluch, M. G. and Haynes, P. H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {23,487--23,504} +} + +@article{gettelman2015, + title = {Putting the Clouds Back in Aerosol\textendash{}cloud Interactions}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-15-12397-2015}, + abstract = {Aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions (ACI) are the consequence of perturbed aerosols affecting cloud drop and crystal number, with corresponding microphysical and radiative effects. ACI are sensitive to both cloud microphysical processes (the "C" in ACI) and aerosol emissions and processes (the "A" in ACI). This work highlights the importance of cloud microphysical processes, using idealized and global tests of a cloud microphysics scheme used for global climate prediction. Uncertainties in key cloud microphysical processes examined with sensitivity tests cause uncertainties of nearly -30 to +60 \% in ACI, similar to or stronger than uncertainties identified due to natural aerosol emissions (-30 to +30 \%). The different dimensions and sensitivities of ACI to microphysical processes identified in previous work are analyzed in detail, showing that precipitation processes are critical for understanding ACI and that uncertain cloud lifetime effects are nearly one-third of simulated ACI. Buffering of different processes is important, as is the mixed phase and coupling of the microphysics to the condensation and turbulence schemes in the model.}, + timestamp = {2016-01-07T22:52:19Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2016-01-07}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Gettelman, A.}, + month = nov, + year = {2015}, + pages = {12397--12411}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FRESARHZ/Gettelman - 2015 - Putting the clouds back in aerosol–cloud interacti.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/MJ46VSIH/2015.html:text/html} +} + +@article{kupper2004, + title = {Mass and {{Water Transport}} into the {{Tropical Stratosphere}}: {{A Cloud}}-{{Resolving Simulation}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004541}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {K{\"u}pper, C. and Thuburn, J. and Craig, G. C. and Birner, T.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@book{alexanderb, + title = {Gravity {{Waves}} in the {{Stratosphere}} over {{Convection}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Alexander, M. J.}, + year = {16 february}, + note = {Published: UW Seminar +speaker from UW}, + keywords = {convection,gravity waves} +} + +@article{wang1998, + title = {Global Simulation of Tropospheric {{O}}3-{{NO}}\$\_x\$-Hydrocarbon Chemistry 2. {{Model}} Evaluation and Global Ozone Budget}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Wang, Y. and Logan, J. A. and Jacob, D. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {10,727--10,755} +} + +@article{cammas1998, + title = {Atlantic Subtropical Potential Vorticity Barrier as Seen by {{Measurements}} of {{Ozone}} by {{Airbus In}}-{{Service Aircraft}} ({{MOZAIC}}) Flights}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Cammas, J.-P. and Jacoby-Koaly, S. and Suhre, K. and Rosset, R. and Marenco, A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25,681--25,693} +} + +@article{eidhammer2014, + title = {Comparison of Ice Cloud Properties Simulated by the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM5}}) with in-Situ Observations}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-10103-2014}, + abstract = {Detailed measurements of ice crystals in cirrus clouds were used to compare with results from the Community Atmospheric Model Version 5 (CAM5) global climate model. The observations are from two different field campaigns with contrasting conditions: Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Spring Cloud Intensive Operational Period in 2000 (ARM-IOP), which was characterized primarily by midlatitude frontal clouds and cirrus, and Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4), which was dominated by anvil cirrus. Results show that the model typically overestimates the slope parameter of the exponential size distributions of cloud ice and snow, while the variation with temperature (height) is comparable. The model also overestimates the ice/snow number concentration (0th moment of the size distribution) and underestimates higher moments (2nd through 5th), but compares well with observations for the 1st moment. Overall the model shows better agreement with observations for TC4 than for ARM-IOP in regards to the moments. The mass-weighted terminal fall speed is lower in the model compared to observations for both ARM-IOP and TC4, which is partly due to the overestimation of the size distribution slope parameter. Sensitivity tests with modification of the threshold size for cloud ice to snow autoconversion (Dcs) do not show noticeable improvement in modeled moments, slope parameter and mass weighed fall speed compared to observations. Further, there is considerable sensitivity of the cloud radiative forcing to Dcs, consistent with previous studies, but no value of Dcs improves modeled cloud radiative forcing compared to measurements. Since the autoconversion of cloud ice to snow using the threshold size Dcs has little physical basis, future improvement to combine cloud ice and snow into a single category, eliminating the need for autoconversion, is suggested.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:35:38Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Eidhammer, T. and Morrison, H. and Bansemer, A. and Gettelman, A. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {10103--10118} +} + +@article{hagen1996, + title = {Particulate Emissions in the Exhaust Plume from Commercial Jet Aircraft under Cruise Conditions}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Hagen, D. E. and Whitefield, P. D. and Schlager, H.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {19,551--19,557} +} + +@article{schmidt2006, + title = {A Climatology of Multiple Tropopauses Derived from {{GPS}} Radio Occultations with {{CHAMP}} and {{SAC}}-{{C}}}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL024600}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {L04808}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Schmidt, T. and Beryerle, G. and Heise, S. and Wikert, J. and Rothacher, M.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{wong2000, + title = {Interhemispheric Asymmetry in the Seasonal Variation of the Zonal Mean Tropopause}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wong, S. and Wang, W. C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {26,645--26,659} +} + +@article{stephens2008a, + title = {Controls of {{Global}}-{{Mean Precipitation Increases}} in {{Global Warming GCM Experiments}}}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI2144.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:45Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Stephens, Graeme L. and Ellis, Todd D.}, + month = dec, + year = {2008}, + pages = {6141--6155} +} + +@article{saji1999, + title = {A Dipole Mode in the Tropical {{Indian Ocean}}}, + volume = {401}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Saji, N. H. and Goswami, B. N. and Vinayachandran, P. N. and Yamagata, T.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {360--363} +} + +@article{wigley1997, + title = {Implications of {{CO}}2 Emission-Limitation Proposals for Stabilization of Atmospheric Concentrations}, + volume = {390}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Wigley, T. M. L.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {267--270} +} + +@article{roach1972, + title = {A {{Climatology}} of the {{Potential Vertical Extent}} of {{Giant Cumulonimbus}} in Some Selected Areas}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {1199}, + journal = {Meteorological Magazine}, + author = {Roach, W. T. and James, B. F.}, + year = {1972}, + pages = {161--181} +} + +@article{zhou2012, + title = {Aerosol Forcing Based on {{CAM5}} and {{AM3}} Meteorological Fields}, + volume = {12}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-9629-2012}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Zhou, C. and Penner, J. E. and Ming, Y. and Huang, X. L.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {9629--9652} +} + +@article{hwang2013, + title = {Link between the Double-{{Intertropical Convergence Zone}} Problem and Cloud Biases over the {{Southern Ocean}}}, + volume = {110}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1213302110}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:33Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Hwang, Y.-T. and Frierson, D. M. W.}, + month = mar, + year = {2013}, + pages = {4935--4940} +} + +@article{boehm1999, + title = {On the Maintenance of High Tropical Cirrus}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D20}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Boehm, M. T. and Verlinde, J. and Ackerman, T. P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {24,423--24,433} +} + +@article{horton2014, + title = {Expert Assessment of Sea-Level Rise by {{AD}} 2100 and {{AD}} 2300}, + volume = {84}, + issn = {02773791}, + doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.002}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:29Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, + author = {Horton, Benjamin P. and Rahmstorf, Stefan and Engelhart, Simon E. and Kemp, Andrew C.}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1--6} +} + +@article{johnston1979, + title = {Thunderstorms as {{Possible Micrometeorological Sink}} for {{Stratospheric Water}}}, + volume = {84}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {C6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Johnston, H. S. and Solomon, S.}, + year = {1979}, + pages = {3155--3158} +} + +@article{tripoli1980, + title = {A Numerical Investigation of Several Factors Contributing to the Observed Variable Intensity of Deep Convection over South {{Florida}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {J. of App. Meteo.}, + author = {Tripoli, G.J. and Cotton, W.R.}, + year = {1980}, + pages = {1037--1063} +} + +@article{tsonis2007, + title = {A New Dynamical Mechanism for Major Climate Shifts}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL030288}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {L13705}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Tsonis, A. A. and Swanson, K. L. and Kravtsov, S.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{barnett1999a, + title = {Origins of the Midlatitude {{Pacific}} Decadal Variability}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Barnett, T. P. and Pierce, D. W. and Saravanan, R. and Schneider, N. and Dommenget, D. and Latif, M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1453--1456} +} + +@book{pruppacher1997, + edition = {2nd}, + title = {Microphysics of {{Clouds}} and {{Precipitation}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + publisher = {{Kluwer Academic}}, + author = {Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{grandey2010, + title = {A Critical Look at Spatial Scale Choices in Satellite-Based Aerosol Indirect Effect Studies}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-10-15417-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {Grandey, B. S. and Stier, P.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {15417--15440} +} + +@article{richardson2016, + title = {An Assessment of Precipitation Adjustment and Feedback Computation Methods}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2016JD025625}, + abstract = {The precipitation adjustment and feedback framework is a useful tool for understanding global and regional precipitation changes. However, there is no definitive method for making the decomposition. In this study we highlight important differences which arise in results due to methodological choices. The responses to five different forcing agents (CO2, CH4, SO4, black carbon, and solar insolation) are analyzed using global climate model simulations. Three decomposition methods are compared: using fixed sea surface temperature experiments (fSST), regressing transient climate change after an abrupt forcing (regression), and separating based on timescale using the first year of coupled simulations (YR1). The YR1 method is found to incorporate significant SST-driven feedbacks into the adjustment and is therefore not suitable for making the decomposition. Globally, the regression and fSST methods produce generally consistent results; however, the regression values are dependent on the number of years analyzed and have considerably larger uncertainties. Regionally, there are substantial differences between methods. The pattern of change calculated using regression reverses sign in many regions as the number of years analyzed increases. This makes it difficult to establish what effects are included in the decomposition. The fSST method provides a more clear-cut separation in terms of what physical drivers are included in each component. The fSST results are less affected by methodological choices and exhibit much less variability. We find that the precipitation adjustment is weakly affected by the choice of SST climatology.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-17T15:31:05Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Richardson, T. B. and Samset, B. H. and Andrews, T. and Myhre, G. and Forster, P. M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0430 Computational methods and data processing,1610 Atmosphere,1626 Global climate models,3354 Precipitation,3359 Radiative processes,Climate models,feedbacks,PDRMIP,precipitation,Radiative forcing,rapid adjustments}, + pages = {2016JD025625} +} + +@article{verlinde2007, + title = {The {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment}}}, + volume = {88}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Verlinde, J. and Harrington, J. Y. and McFarquhar, G. M. and Yannuzzi, V. T. and Avramov, A. and Greenberg, S. and Johnson, N. and Zhang, G. and Poellot, M. R. and Mather, J. H. and Turner, D. D. and Eloranta, E. W. and Zak, B. D. and Prenni, A. J. and Daniel, J. S. and Kok, G. L. and Tobin, D. C. and Holz, R. and Sassen, K. and Spangenberg, D. and Minnis, P. and Tooman, T. P. and Ivey, M. D. and Richardson, S. J. and Bahrmann, C. P. and Shupe, M. and DeMott, P. J. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Schofield, R.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {205--221} +} + +@article{harrington2013a, + title = {A {{Method}} for {{Adaptive Habit Prediction}} in {{Bulk Microphysical Models}}. {{Part II}}: {{Parcel Model Corroboration}}}, + volume = {70}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {A {{Method}} for {{Adaptive Habit Prediction}} in {{Bulk Microphysical Models}}. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-12-0152.1}, + abstract = {AbstractIt is common for cloud microphysical models to use a single axis length to characterize ice crystals. These methods use either the diameter of an equivalent sphere or mass\textendash{}size equations in conjunction with the capacitance model to close the equations for ice vapor diffusion. Single-axis methods unnaturally constrain growth because real crystals evolve along at least two axis directions. Thus, they are unable to reproduce the simultaneous variation in mass mixing ratio, maximum dimension, and mass-weighted fall speeds. While mass\textendash{}size relations can at times capture the evolution of one of these with relatively low errors, the other properties are generally under- or overpredicted by 20\%\textendash{}40\%. Part I of this study describes an adaptive habit method that evolves two axis dimensions, allowing feedbacks between aspect ratio changes and mass mixing-ratio evolution. The adaptive habit method evolves particle habit by prognosing number and mass mixing ratios along with two axis length mixing ratios. Compared with a detailed Lagrangian bin representation of ice habit distribution evolution in a parcel framework, the bulk method reproduces the ice mass mixing ratio, mean axis lengths, and mass-weighted fall speeds generally to within less than 5\% relative error for layered and deeper mixed-phase clouds.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-01T21:40:46Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-07-01}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Harrington, Jerry Y. and Sulia, Kara and Morrison, Hugh}, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Cloud microphysics,Cloud parameterizations,Clouds,Ice crystals,Ice loss/growth,Parameterization}, + pages = {365--376} +} + +@article{ghan2000, + title = {A Comparison of Single Column Simulations of Summertime Midlatitude Continental Convection}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2091--2124} +} + +@article{garcia1991, + title = {Parameterization of {{Planetary Wave Breaking}} in the {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Garcia, R. R.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1405--1419} +} + +@article{painemal2015, + title = {Aerosol Variability, Synoptic-Scale Processes, and Their Link to the Cloud Microphysics over the Northeast {{Pacific}} during {{MAGIC}}}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023175}, + abstract = {Shipborne aerosol measurements collected from October 2012 to September 2013 along 36 transects between the port of Los Angeles, California (33.7$^\circ$N, 118.2$^\circ$), and Honolulu, Hawaii (21.3$^\circ$N, 157.8$^\circ$W), during the Marine ARM GPCI (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)-Cloud System Study (GCSS)-Pacific Cross-section Intercomparison) Investigation of Clouds campaign are analyzed to determine the circulation patterns that modulate the synoptic and monthly variability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the boundary layer. Seasonal changes in CCN are evident, with low magnitudes during autumn/winter, and high CCN during spring/summer accompanied with a characteristic westward decrease. CCN monthly evolution is consistent with satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentration Nd from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. One-point correlation (r) analysis between the 1000\,hPa zonal wind time series over a region between 125$^\circ$W and 135$^\circ$W, 35$^\circ$N and 45$^\circ$N, and the Nd field yields a negative r (up to -0.55) over a domain that covers a zonal extent of at least 20$^\circ$ from the California shoreline, indicating that Nd decreases when the zonal wind intensifies. The negative r expands southwestward as the zonal wind precedes Nd by up to 3\,days, suggesting a transport mechanism from the coast of North America mediated by the California low-coastal jet, which intensifies in summer when the aerosol concentration and Nd reach a maximum. A first assessment of aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) is performed by combining CCN and satellite Nd values from the Fifteenth Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. The CCN-Nd correlation is 0.66\textendash{}0.69, and the ACI metric defined as ACI\,=\,$\partial$ln(Nd)/$\partial$ln(CCN) is high at 0.9, similar to other aircraft-based studies and substantially greater than those inferred from satellites and climate models.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-02T22:05:55Z}, + urldate = {2015-06-02}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Painemal, David and Minnis, Patrick and Nordeen, Michele}, + month = may, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3360 Remote sensing,aerosol indirect effect,boundary layer clouds,MAGIC campaign,northeast Pacific,satellite clouds microphysics}, + pages = {2015JD023175}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/PX4M295B/Painemal et al. - 2015 - Aerosol variability, synoptic-scale processes, and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/M7GQV3SN/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gettelman1998, + title = {The Evolution of Aircraft Emissions in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Gettelman, A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2129--2132} +} + +@book{nationaloceanicandatmosphericadministration1976, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {U.{{S}}. {{Standard Atmosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + publisher = {{Department of Commerce}}, + author = {{National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}, + year = {1976} +} + +@article{cess1996, + title = {Cloud Feedback in Atmospheric General Circulation Models: {{An}} Update}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:19:14Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Cess, R. D. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {12,791--12,794} +} + +@article{bacmeister2006, + title = {Rain {{Reevaporation}}, {{Boundary Layer}}\textendash{}{{Convection Interactions}}, and {{Pacific Rainfall Patterns}} in an {{AGCM}}}, + volume = {63}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS3791.1}, + abstract = {Sensitivity experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) show that parameterized rain reevaporation has a large impact on simulated precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific, especially on the configuration of the model's intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Weak reevaporation leads to the formation of a ``double ITCZ'' during the northern warm season. The double ITCZ is accompanied by strong correlation between precipitation and high-frequency vertical motion in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Strong reevaporation leads to a better overall agreement of simulated precipitation with observations. The model's double ITCZ bias is reduced. At the same time, correlation between high-frequency (periods $<$ 15 days) vertical motion in the PBL and precipitation is reduced. Experiments with modified physics indicate that evaporative cooling by rain near the PBL top weakens the coupling between precipitation-related heating and vertical motion in high-frequency motions. The strength of high-frequency vertical motions in the PBL was also reduced directly through the introduction of a diffusive cumulus momentum transport (DCMT) parameterization. The DCMT had a visible impact on simulated precipitation in the Tropics but did not reduce the model's double ITCZ bias in all cases. Further analyses of mass and water vapor budgets, as well as vertical motion statistics, in the ITCZ complex, show that time-mean moisture convergence in the southern ITCZ is largely dominated by high-frequency modes, while in the northern ITCZ time-mean moisture convergence contains large contributions from slower modes. This may explain why the simulated southern ITCZ is more susceptible to parameterization changes that alter high-frequency coupling between moist heating and PBL convergence.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:45:22Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Bacmeister, Julio T. and Suarez, Max J. and Robertson, Franklin R.}, + month = dec, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3383--3403}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/E9MI4AKX/jas3791.html:text/html} +} + +@article{bjerknes1969, + title = {Atmospheric Teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific 1}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:29:28Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Monthly Weather Review}, + author = {Bjerknes, Jakob}, + year = {1969}, + pages = {163--172} +} + +@article{wahr2004, + title = {Time-{{Variable Gravity From GRACE}}: {{First Results}}}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL019779}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wahr, J. and Swenson, S. and Zlotnicki, V. and Veliconga, I.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{frierson2007, + title = {Width of the {{Hadley}} Cell in Simple and Comprehensive General Circulation Models}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL031115}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {L18804}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Frierson, D. M. W. and Lu, J. and Chen, G.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{pincus2006, + title = {Using {{Stochastically Generated Subcolumns}} to {{Represent Cloud Structure}} in a {{Large}}-{{Scale Model}}}, + volume = {134}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Pincus, R. and Hemler, R. and Klein, S. A.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3644--3656} +} + +@article{bonazzola2004, + title = {A Trajectory-Based Study of the Tropopause Region}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004356}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D20112}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bonazzola, M. and Haynes, P. H.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{heymsfield1998a, + title = {Upper-Tropospheric Relative Humidity Observations and Implications for Cirrus Ice Nucleation}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and Miloshevich, L. M. and Twohy, C. and Sachse, G. and Oltmans, S.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1343--1346} +} + +@article{morrison2009a, + title = {Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes}, + volume = {137}, + doi = {10.1175/2008MWR2556.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Morrison, H. and Thompson, G. and Tatarskii, V.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {991--1007} +} + +@article{hawkins2009, + title = {The Potential to Narrow Uncertainty in Regional Climate Predictions}, + volume = {90}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, + author = {Hawkins, Ed and Sutton, Rowan}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1095--1107} +} + +@article{bodas-salcedo2012, + title = {The Surface Downwelling Solar Radiation Surplus over the {{Southern Ocean}} in the {{Met Office}} Model: {{The}} Role of Midlatitude Cyclone Clouds}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:17:29Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Bodas-Salcedo, A and Williams, KD and Field, PR and Lock, AP}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {7467--7486} +} + +@article{wood2006, + title = {On the Relationship between Stratiform Low Cloud Cover and Lower-Tropospheric Stability}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:36Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of climate}, + author = {Wood, Robert and Bretherton, Christopher S.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {6425--6432} +} + +@article{fujiwara2009, + title = {Cirrus Observations in the Tropical Tropopause Layer over the Western {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {114}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Iwasaki, S. and Shimizu, A. and Inai, Y. and Shiotani, M. and Hasebe, F. and Matsui, I. and Sugimoto, N. and Okamoto, H. and Nishi, N. and {others}}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {D09304} +} + +@article{liu2012, + title = {Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Description and Evaluation in the {{Community Atmosphere Model CAM5}}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + shorttitle = {Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012}, + abstract = {A modal aerosol module (MAM) has been developed for the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). MAM is capable of simulating the aerosol size distribution and both internal and external mixing between aerosol components, treating numerous complicated aerosol processes and aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties in a physically-based manner. Two MAM versions were developed: a more complete version with seven lognormal modes (MAM7), and a version with three lognormal modes (MAM3) for the purpose of long-term (decades to centuries) simulations. In this paper a description and evaluation of the aerosol module and its two representations are provided. Sensitivity of the aerosol lifecycle to simplifications in the representation of aerosol is discussed. + Simulated sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass concentrations are remarkably similar between MAM3 and MAM7. Differences in primary organic matter (POM) and black carbon (BC) concentrations between MAM3 and MAM7 are also small (mostly within 10\%). The mineral dust global burden differs by 10\% and sea salt burden by 30\textendash{}40\% between MAM3 and MAM7, mainly due to the different size ranges for dust and sea salt modes and different standard deviations of the log-normal size distribution for sea salt modes between MAM3 and MAM7. The model is able to qualitatively capture the observed geographical and temporal variations of aerosol mass and number concentrations, size distributions, and aerosol optical properties. However, there are noticeable biases; e.g., simulated BC concentrations are significantly lower than measurements in the Arctic. There is a low bias in modeled aerosol optical depth on the global scale, especially in the developing countries. These biases in aerosol simulations clearly indicate the need for improvements of aerosol processes (e.g., emission fluxes of anthropogenic aerosols and precursor gases in developing countries, boundary layer nucleation) and properties (e.g., primary aerosol emission size, POM hygroscopicity). In addition, the critical role of cloud properties (e.g., liquid water content, cloud fraction) responsible for the wet scavenging of aerosol is highlighted.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T17:59:05Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Liu, X. and Easter, R. C. and Ghan, S. J. and Zaveri, R. and Rasch, P. and Shi, X. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. and Vitt, F. and Conley, A. and Park, S. and Neale, R. and Hannay, C. and Ekman, A. M. L. and Hess, P. and Mahowald, N. and Collins, W. and Iacono, M. J. and Bretherton, C. S. and Flanner, M. G. and Mitchell, D.}, + month = may, + year = {2012}, + pages = {709--739}, + file = {Geosci. Model Dev. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/VJ9KJVUZ/Liu et al. - 2012 - Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in cli.pdf:application/pdf;Geosci. Model Dev. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/RTWI9GV4/2012.html:text/html} +} + +@article{bregman2000, + title = {The {{N}}2{{O}} and {{O}}3 Relationship in the Lowermost Stratosphere: {{A}} Diagnostic for Mixing Processes as Represented by a Three-Dimensional Chemistry-Transport Model}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bregman, A. and Lelieveld, J. and van den Broek, M. and Siegmund, P. C. and Fischer, H. and Bujok, O.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {17279--17290} +} + +@article{nousiainen2004, + title = {Light Scattering by Quasi-Spherical Ice Crystals}, + volume = {61}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Nousiainen, T. and McFarquhar, G. M.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {2229--2248} +} + +@article{jensen1996a, + title = {Dehydration of the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere by Subvisible Cirrus Clouds near the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Toon, O. B. and Pfister, L. and Selkirk, H. B.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {825--828} +} + +@article{lee2009, + title = {Aviation and Global Climate Change in the 21st Century}, + volume = {43}, + doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Env.}, + author = {Lee, D. S. and Fahey, D. W. and Forster, P. M. and Newton, P. J. and Wit, R. C. N. and Lim, L. L. and Owen, B. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3520--3537} +} + +@article{shindell2014, + title = {Inhomogeneous Forcing and Transient Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {4}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2014 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {1758-678X}, + doi = {10.1038/nclimate2136}, + abstract = {Understanding climate sensitivity is critical to projecting climate change in response to a given forcing scenario. Recent analyses have suggested that transient climate sensitivity is at the low end of the present model range taking into account the reduced warming rates during the past 10\textendash{}15 years during which forcing has increased markedly. In contrast, comparisons of modelled feedback processes with observations indicate that the most realistic models have higher sensitivities. Here I analyse results from recent climate modelling intercomparison projects to demonstrate that transient climate sensitivity to historical aerosols and ozone is substantially greater than the transient climate sensitivity to CO2. This enhanced sensitivity is primarily caused by more of the forcing being located at Northern Hemisphere middle to high latitudes where it triggers more rapid land responses and stronger feedbacks. I find that accounting for this enhancement largely reconciles the two sets of results, and I conclude that the lowest end of the range of transient climate response to CO2 in present models and assessments ($<$1.3 $^\circ$C) is very unlikely.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-01T18:18:21Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-02-01}, + journal = {Nature Clim. Change}, + author = {Shindell, Drew T.}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Climate and Earth system modelling,Projection and prediction}, + pages = {274--277} +} + +@article{birner2010a, + title = {Recent Widening of the Tropical Belt from Global Tropopause Statistics: {{Sensitivities}}}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014664}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D23109}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Birner, T.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{karcher2010, + title = {Importance of Representing Optical Depth Variability for Estimates of Global Line-Shaped Contrail Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1005555107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {45}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Burkhardt, U. and Ponater, M. and Fr{\"o}mming, C.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {19181--19184} +} + +@article{shipway2012, + title = {Diagnosis of Systematic Differences between Multiple Parametrizations of Warm Rain Microphysics Using a Kinematic Framework}, + volume = {138}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.1913}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {669}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Shipway, B. J. and Hill, A. A.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2196--2211} +} + +@book{sarachik1995, + title = {The {{IPCC}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Sarachik, Ed}, + month = oct, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {IPCC Climate Change 1995 Assessment} +} + +@article{mitchell2002, + title = {Effective Diameter in {{Radiation Transfer}}: {{General Definition}}, {{Applications}} and {{Limitations}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Mitchell, D. L.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2330--2346} +} + +@article{ming2006, + title = {A {{New Parameterization}} of {{Cloud Droplet Activation Applicable}} to {{General Circulation Models}}}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Ming, Y. and Ramaswamy, V. and Donner, L. J. and Phillips, V. T. J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1348--1356} +} + +@article{shia1998, + title = {Transport between the Tropical and Midlatitude Lower Stratosphere: {{Implications}} for Oxone Response to High-Speed Civil Transport Emissions}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Shia, R.-L. and Ko, M. K. W. and Weisenstein, D. K. and Scott, C. and Rodriguez, J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25,435--25,446} +} + +@article{nedoluha2000, + title = {{{POAM III Measurements}} of Dehydration in the {{Antartic}} Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Nedoluha, G. E. and Bevilacqua, R. M. and Hoppel, K. W. and Daehler, M. and Shettle, E. P. and Hornstein, J. H. and Fromm, M. D. and Lumpe, J. D. and Rosenfield, J. E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1683--1686} +} + +@incollection{henderson1999, + title = {Aircraft {{Emissions}}: {{Current Inventories}} and {{Future Scenarios}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + booktitle = {{{IPCC Special Report}} on {{Aviation}} and the {{Global Atmosphere}}}, + publisher = {{Cambridge Universtiy Press}}, + author = {Henderson, S. C. and Wickrama, U. K.}, + editor = {Houghton, J. T. and Yihui, D.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{gettelman2002c, + title = {Multidecadal Trends in Tropical Convective Available Potential Energy}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001082}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Seidel, D. J. and Wheeler, M. C. and Ross, R. J.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{murray2012, + title = {Ice Nucleation by Particles Immersed in Supercooled Cloud Droplets}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {0306-0012, 1460-4744}, + doi = {10.1039/c2cs35200a}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:52:17Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {Chemical Society Reviews}, + author = {Murray, B. J. and O'Sullivan, D. and Atkinson, J. D. and Webb, M. E.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {6519} +} + +@article{gettelman2016a, + title = {Climate {{Feedback Variance}} and the {{Interaction}} of {{Aerosol Forcing}} and {{Feedbacks}}}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0151.1}, + abstract = {Aerosols can influence cloud radiative effects and, thus, may alter interpretation of how Earth's radiative budget responds to climate forcing. Three different ensemble experiments from the same climate model with different greenhouse gas and aerosol scenarios are used to analyze the role of aerosols in climate feedbacks and their spread across initial condition ensembles of transient climate simulations. The standard deviation of global feedback parameters across ensemble members is low, typically 0.02 W m-2 K-1. Feedbacks from high (8.5 W m-2) and moderate (4.5 W m-2) year 2100 forcing cases are nearly identical. An aerosol kernel is introduced to remove effects of aerosol cloud interactions that alias into cloud feedbacks. Adjusted cloud feedbacks indicate an ``aerosol feedback'' resulting from changes to climate that increase sea-salt emissions, mostly in the Southern Ocean. Ensemble simulations also indicate higher tropical cloud feedbacks with higher aerosol loading. These effects contribute to a difference in cloud feedbacks of nearly 50\% between ensembles of the same model. These two effects are also seen in aquaplanet simulations with varying fixed drop number. Thus aerosols can be a significant modifier of cloud feedbacks, and different representations of aerosols and their interactions with clouds may contribute to multimodel spread in climate feedbacks and climate sensitivity in multimodel archives.}, + timestamp = {2016-08-30T20:56:19Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2016-08-30}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Lin, L. and Medeiros, B. and Olson, J.}, + month = jun, + year = {2016}, + pages = {6659--6675}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DQR9FG2I/JCLI-D-16-0151.html:text/html} +} + +@article{bithell1999, + title = {A {{Three}}-{{Dimensional View}} of the {{Evolution}} of {{Midlatitude Stratospheric Intrusions}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Bithell, M. and Gray, L. J. and Cox, B. D.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {673--688} +} + +@article{nelson2013, + title = {Stereoscopic {{Height}} and {{Wind Retrievals}} for {{Aerosol Plumes}} with the {{MISR INteractive eXplorer}} ({{MINX}})}, + volume = {5}, + copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, + doi = {10.3390/rs5094593}, + abstract = {The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument aboard the Terra satellite acquires imagery at 275-m resolution at nine angles ranging from 0$^\circ$ (nadir) to 70$^\circ$ off-nadir. This multi-angle capability facilitates the stereoscopic retrieval of heights and motion vectors for clouds and aerosol plumes. MISR's operational stereo product uses this capability to retrieve cloud heights and winds for every satellite orbit, yielding global coverage every nine days. The MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) visualization and analysis tool complements the operational stereo product by providing users the ability to retrieve heights and winds locally for detailed studies of smoke, dust and volcanic ash plumes, as well as clouds, at higher spatial resolution and with greater precision than is possible with the operational product or with other space-based, passive, remote sensing instruments. This ability to investigate plume geometry and dynamics is becoming increasingly important as climate and air quality studies require greater knowledge about the injection of aerosols and the location of clouds within the atmosphere. MINX incorporates features that allow users to customize their stereo retrievals for optimum results under varying aerosol and underlying surface conditions. This paper discusses the stereo retrieval algorithms and retrieval options in MINX, and provides appropriate examples to explain how the program can be used to achieve the best results.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-17T03:49:00Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-10-17}, + journal = {Remote Sensing}, + author = {Nelson, David L. and Garay, Michael J. and Kahn, Ralph A. and Dunst, Ben A.}, + month = sep, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {aerosol sensing,MINX,MISR,plume height,stereoscopic retrieval}, + pages = {4593--4628} +} + +@article{english2014, + title = {Contributions of {{Clouds}}, {{Surface Albedos}}, and {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Ice Nucleation Schemes}} to {{Arctic Radiation Biases}} in {{CAM5}}}, + volume = {27}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00608.1}, + abstract = {The Arctic radiation balance is strongly affected by clouds and surface albedo. Prior work has identified Arctic cloud liquid water path (LWP) and surface radiative flux biases in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), and reductions to these biases with improved mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes. Here, CAM5 net top-of-atmosphere (TOA) Arctic radiative flux biases are quantified along with the contributions of clouds, surface albedos, and new mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes to these biases. CAM5 net TOA all-sky shortwave (SW) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) fluxes are generally within 10 W m-2 of Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled (CERES-EBAF) observations. However, CAM5 has compensating SW errors: Surface albedos over snow are too high while cloud amount and LWP are too low. Use of a new CAM5 Cloud\textendash{}Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar simulator that corrects an error in the treatment of snow crystal size confirms insufficient cloud amount in CAM5 year-round. CAM5 OLR is too low because of low surface temperature in winter, excessive atmospheric water vapor in summer, and excessive cloud heights year-round. Simulations with two new mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes\textemdash{}one based on an empirical fit to ice nuclei observations and one based on classical nucleation theory with prognostic ice nuclei\textemdash{}improve surface climate in winter by increasing cloud amount and LWP. However, net TOA and surface radiation biases remain because of increases in midlevel clouds and a persistent deficit in cloud LWP. These findings highlight challenges with evaluating and modeling Arctic cloud, radiation, and climate processes.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-09T16:20:24Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-11-09}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {English, Jason M. and Kay, Jennifer E. and Gettelman, Andrew and Liu, Xiaohong and Wang, Yong and Zhang, Yuying and Chepfer, Helene}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Albedo,Arctic,Climate models,Cloud forcing,Cloud radiative effects,Model evaluation/performance}, + pages = {5174--5197} +} + +@article{jensen2005, + title = {Ice {{Supersaturations}} Exceeding 100\% at the Cold Tropical Tropopause: Implications for Cirrus Formation and Dehydration}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Jensen, E. and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {851--862} +} + +@article{cohen1994, + title = {Are Models of Catalytic Removal of {{O}}3 by {{HOx}} Accurate? {{Constraints}} from in Situ Measurements of the {{OH}} to {{HO}}2 Ratio}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Cohen, R. C. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {NO SPADE}, + pages = {2359--2542} +} + +@book{wu1997, + title = {Linear {{Responses}} to {{Steady Diabatic Heating}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Wu, Z}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{wirth2007, + title = {Sharpness of the Extratropical Tropopause in Baroclinic Life Cycle Experiments}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL028369}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wirth, V. and Szabo, T.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{chiou1997, + title = {Global Water Vapor Distributions in the Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere Derived from 5.5 Years of {{SAGEII}} Observations}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chiou, E. W. and McCormick, M. P. and Chu, W. P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {19,105--19,118} +} + +@article{randel2007a, + title = {Observational Characteristics of Double Tropopauses}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007904}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Seidel, D. J. and Pan, L. L.}, + month = apr, + year = {2007}, + pages = {7309--+} +} + +@article{viudez1999, + title = {On {{Ertel}}'s {{Potential Vorticity Theorem}}. {{On}} the {{Impermeability Theorem}} for {{Potential Vorticity}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Vi{\'u}dez, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {507--516} +} + +@article{korolev2008, + title = {Rates of Phase Transformations in Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + volume = {134}, + issn = {00359009, 1477870X}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.230}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:00:08Z}, + number = {632}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Korolev, Alexei V.}, + month = apr, + year = {2008}, + pages = {595--608} +} + +@article{pan2000, + title = {The {{Seasonal Cycle}} of {{Water Vapor}} and {{Saturation Mixing Ratio}} in the {{Lowermost Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and Hintsa, E. J. and Stone, E. M. and Weinstock, E. M. and Randel, W. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {26,519--26,530} +} + +@article{hall1999a, + title = {Evaluation of Transport in Stratospheric Models}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Hall, T. M. and Waugh, D. W. and Boering, K. A. and Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {18,815--18,839} +} + +@article{painemal2016, + title = {First Extended Validation of Satellite Microwave Liquid Water Path with Ship-Based Observations of Marine Low Clouds}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL069061}, + abstract = {We present the first extended validation of satellite microwave (MW) liquid water path (LWP) for low nonprecipitating clouds, from four operational sensors, against ship-borne observations from a three-channel MW radiometer collected along ship transects over the northeast Pacific during May\textendash{}August 2013. Satellite MW retrievals have an overall correlation of 0.84 with ship observations and a bias of 9.3\,g/m2. The bias for broken cloud scenes increases linearly with water vapor path and remains below 17.7\,g/m2. In contrast, satellite MW LWP is unbiased in overcast scenes with correlations up to 0.91, demonstrating that the retrievals are accurate and reliable under these conditions. Satellite MW retrievals produce a diurnal cycle amplitude consistent with ship-based observations (33\,g/m2). Observations taken aboard extended ship cruises to evaluate not only satellite MW LWP but also LWP derived from visible/infrared sensors offer a new way to validate this important property over vast oceanic regions.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-19T21:54:55Z}, + urldate = {2016-06-19}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Painemal, David and Greenwald, Thomas and Cadeddu, Maria and Minnis, Patrick}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3359 Radiative processes,3360 Remote sensing,marine low clouds,microwave liquid water path,satellite remote sensing}, + pages = {2016GL069061} +} + +@article{schmitt2009, + title = {The Size Distribution and Mass-Weighted Terminal Velocity of Low-Latitude Tropopause Cirrus Crystal Populations}, + volume = {66}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JAS3004.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Schmitt, C. G. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {2013--2028} +} + +@article{feldman2008, + title = {Remote Sensing of Tropical Tropopause Layer Radiation Balance Using {{A}}-Train Measurements}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD10158}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D21113}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Feldman, D. R. and L'Ecuyer, T. S. and Liou, K. N. and Yung, Y. L.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{sudo2003, + title = {Future Changes in Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange and Their Impacts on Future Tropospheric Ozone Simulations}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL018526}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {2256}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sudo, K. and Takahashi, M. and Akimoto, H.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{keim1996, + title = {Observations of Large Reductions in the {{NO}}/ {{NOy}} Ratio near the Mid-Latitude Tropopause and the Role of Heterogenous Chemistry}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Keim, E. R. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {NOx}, + pages = {3223--6} +} + +@article{fahey1995a, + title = {Emission {{Measurements}} of the {{Concorde Supersonic Aircraft}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {270}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Fahey, D. W. and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {aircraft,hox,NOx,sulfur}, + pages = {70--74} +} + +@article{kim2003, + title = {Effective Radius of Cloud Droplets by Ground-Based Remote Sensing: {{Relationship}} to Aerosol}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003721}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kim, B. G. and Schwartz, S. and Miller, M. A. and Min, Q.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{seifert2015, + title = {Large-Eddy Simulation of the Transient and near-Equilibrium Behavior of Precipitating Shallow Convection}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000489}, + abstract = {Large-eddy simulation is used to study the sensitivity of trade wind cumulus clouds to perturbations in cloud droplet number concentrations. We find that the trade wind cumulus system approaches a radiative-convective equilibrium state, modified by net warming and drying from imposed large-scale advective forcing. The system requires several days to reach equilibrium when cooling rates are specified but much less time, and with less sensitivity to cloud droplet number density, when radiation depends realistically on the vertical distribution of water vapor. The transient behavior and the properties of the near-equilibrium cloud field depend on the microphysical state and therefore on the cloud droplet number density, here taken as a proxy for the ambient aerosol. The primary response of the cloud field to changes in the cloud droplet number density is deepening of the cloud layer. This deepening leads to a decrease in relative humidity and a faster evaporation of small clouds and cloud remnants constituting a negative lifetime effect. In the near-equilibrium regime, the decrease in cloud cover compensates much of the Twomey effect, i.e., the brightening of the clouds, and the overall aerosol effect on the albedo of the organized precipitating cumulus cloud field is small.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-17T06:09:13Z}, + urldate = {2015-12-17}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Seifert, Axel and Heus, Thijs and Pincus, Robert and Stevens, Bjorn}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3311 Clouds and aerosols,3315 Data assimilation,3323 Large eddy simulation,3354 Precipitation,3359 Radiative processes,aerosol indirect effects,cloud-radiative effects,large-eddy simulation,shallow convection}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{shimizu1997, + title = {Characteristics of {{Kelvin}} Waves and Gravity Waves Observed with Radiosondes over {{Indonesia}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Shimizu, A. and Tsuda, T.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {25159--25171} +} + +@article{olaguer1992, + title = {A {{Reexamination}} of the {{Readiative Balance}} of the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Olaguer, E. P. and Yang, H. and Tung, K. K.}, + year = {1992}, + keywords = {diabatic heating}, + pages = {1242--1263} +} + +@article{schmauss1909, + title = {Die Obere {{Inversion}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Meteor. Z.}, + author = {Schmauss, A.}, + year = {1909}, + pages = {251--258} +} + +@article{golaz2011, + title = {Sensitivity of the Aerosol Indirect Effect to Subgrid Variability in the Cloud Parameterization of the {{GFDL Atmosphere General Circulation Model AM3}}}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3945.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Golaz, J.-C. and Saltzmann, M. and Donner, L. J. and Horowitz, L. W. and Ming, Y. and Zhao, M.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3145--3160} +} + +@article{jaegle1998a, + title = {Sources and Chemistry of {{NO}}\$\_x\$ in the Upper Troposphere over the {{United States}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jaegl{\'e}, L. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {NOx}, + pages = {1705--1708} +} + +@article{kodama2014, + title = {Impact of the Sea Surface Temperature Rise on Storm-Track Clouds in Global Nonhydrostatic Aqua Planet Simulations}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL059972}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:12Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Kodama, C. and Iga, S. and Satoh, M.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3545--3552} +} + +@article{zhu2000, + title = {Factors Controlling Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Zhu, Y. and Newell, R. E. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {836--848} +} + +@article{li2009, + title = {Stratospheric Ozone in the Post-{{CFC}} Era}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Li, F. and Stolarski, R. S. and Newman, P. A.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {2207--2213} +} + +@article{schwartz2007, + title = {Quantifying {{Climate Change}}\textendash{}too Rosy a Picture}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Nature Reports Climate Change}, + author = {Schwartz, S. E. and Charlson, R. J. and Rodhe, H.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {23--24} +} + +@article{wetherald2001, + title = {Committed Warming and Its Implications for Climate Change}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Wetherald, R. T. and Stouffer, R. J. and Dixon, K. W.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1535--1538} +} + +@article{zhou2014a, + title = {Cirrus Feedback on Interannual Climate Fluctuations: {{Cirrus}} Feedback on Climate Fluctuations}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Cirrus Feedback on Interannual Climate Fluctuations}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL062095}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:18Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Zhou, C. and Dessler, A. E. and Zelinka, M. D. and Yang, P. and Wang, T.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {9166--9173} +} + +@article{staley1982, + title = {Strontium-90 in {{Surface Air}} and the {{Stratosphere}}: {{Some Interpretations}} of the 1963-75 {{Data}}}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Staley, D. O.}, + year = {1982}, + keywords = {90Sr radioactive tracers bomb debris}, + pages = {1571--1590} +} + +@book{garry1971, + title = {The {{Metalogicon}} of {{John}} of {{Salisbury}}\textendash{}{{A Twelfth}}-{{Century Defense}} of the {{Verbal}} and {{Logical Arts}} of the {{Trivium}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + publisher = {{Peter Smith}}, + author = {Garry, D. D. Mc}, + year = {1971} +} + +@article{stevenson2006, + title = {Multimodel Ensemble Simulations of Present-Day and near-Future Tropospheric Ozone}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006338}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D08301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stevenson, D. S. and {others}}, + month = apr, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{held1999, + title = {The Surface Branch of the Zonally Averaged Mass Transport Circulation in the Troposphere}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Held, I. M. and Schneider, T.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1688--1697} +} + +@article{bony2015, + title = {Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {8}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2015 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo2398}, + abstract = {Fundamental puzzles of climate science remain unsolved because of our limited understanding of how clouds, circulation and climate interact. One example is our inability to provide robust assessments of future global and regional climate changes. However, ongoing advances in our capacity to observe, simulate and conceptualize the climate system now make it possible to fill gaps in our knowledge. We argue that progress can be accelerated by focusing research on a handful of important scientific questions that have become tractable as a result of recent advances. We propose four such questions below; they involve understanding the role of cloud feedbacks and convective organization in climate, and the factors that control the position, the strength and the variability of the tropical rain belts and the extratropical storm tracks.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-25T15:11:33Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-11-25}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Bony, Sandrine and Stevens, Bjorn and Frierson, Dargan M. W. and Jakob, Christian and Kageyama, Masa and Pincus, Robert and Shepherd, Theodore G. and Sherwood, Steven C. and Siebesma, A. Pier and Sobel, Adam H. and Watanabe, Masahiro and Webb, Mark J.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics,Climate Change,Climate-change policy}, + pages = {261--268} +} + +@article{baer2000, + title = {Equity and {{Greenhouse Gas Responsibility}}}, + volume = {289}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Baer, P. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2287} +} + +@article{siegmund1996, + title = {Cross-Tropopause Transport in the Extratropical Northern Winter Hemisphere, Diagnosed from High-Resolution {{ECMWF}} Data}, + volume = {122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Siegmund, P. C. and van Velthoven, P. F. J. and Kelder, H.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {wei diagnostic STE}, + pages = {1921--1941} +} + +@article{chen1995, + title = {Isentropic Cross-Tropopause Mass Exchange in the Extratropics}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Chen, P.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {trajectory transport}, + pages = {16,661--16,673} +} + +@article{dessler2000, + title = {Simulations of Tropical Upper Tropospheric Humidity}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {20,155--20,163} +} + +@article{zhao2009, + title = {Simulations of {{Global Hurricane Climatology}}, {{Interannual Variability}}, and {{Response}} to {{Global Warming Using}} a 50-Km {{Resolution GCM}}}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI3049.1}, + abstract = {A global atmospheric model with roughly 50-km horizontal grid spacing is used to simulate the interannual variability of tropical cyclones using observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) as the lower boundary condition. The model's convective parameterization is based on a closure for shallow convection, with much of the deep convection allowed to occur on resolved scales. Four realizations of the period 1981\textendash{}2005 are generated. The correlation of yearly Atlantic hurricane counts with observations is greater than 0.8 when the model is averaged over the four realizations, supporting the view that the random part of this annual Atlantic hurricane frequency (the part not predictable given the SSTs) is relatively small ($<$2 hurricanes per year). Correlations with observations are lower in the east, west, and South Pacific (roughly 0.6, 0.5, and 0.3, respectively) and insignificant in the Indian Ocean. The model trends in Northern Hemisphere basin-wide frequency are consistent with the observed trends in the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) database. The model generates an upward trend of hurricane frequency in the Atlantic and downward trends in the east and west Pacific over this time frame. The model produces a negative trend in the Southern Hemisphere that is larger than that in the IBTrACS. The same model is used to simulate the response to the SST anomalies generated by coupled models in the World Climate Research Program Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) archive, using the late-twenty-first century in the A1B scenario. Results are presented for SST anomalies computed by averaging over 18 CMIP3 models and from individual realizations from 3 models. A modest reduction of global and Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone frequency is obtained in each case, but the results in individual Northern Hemisphere basins differ among the models. The vertical shear in the Atlantic Main Development Region (MDR) and the difference between the MDR SST and the tropical mean SST are well correlated with the model's Atlantic storm frequency, both for interannual variability and for the intermodel spread in global warming projections.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-23T18:26:06Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-11-23}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Zhao, Ming and Held, Isaac M. and Lin, Shian-Jiann and Vecchi, Gabriel A.}, + month = dec, + year = {2009}, + keywords = {Climate Change,Climate models,Interannual variability,Sea surface temperatures,tropical cyclones}, + pages = {6653--6678}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/WRAFR5BK/Zhao et al. - 2009 - Simulations of Global Hurricane Climatology, Inter.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/P5SAXM42/2009JCLI3049.html:text/html} +} + +@article{kollias2011, + title = {Cloud Radar {{Doppler}} Spectra in Drizzling Stratiform Clouds: 1. {{Forward}} Modeling and Remote Sensing Applications}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + shorttitle = {Cloud Radar {{Doppler}} Spectra in Drizzling Stratiform Clouds}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015237}, + abstract = {Several aspects of spectral broadening and drizzle growth in shallow liquid clouds remain not well understood. Detailed, cloud-scale observations of microphysics and dynamics are essential to guide and evaluate corresponding modeling efforts. Profiling, millimeter-wavelength (cloud) radars can provide such observations. In particular, the first three moments of the recorded cloud radar Doppler spectra, the radar reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, and spectrum width, are often used to retrieve cloud microphysical and dynamical properties. Such retrievals are subject to errors introduced by the assumptions made in the inversion process. Here, we introduce two additional morphological parameters of the radar Doppler spectrum, the skewness and kurtosis, in an effort to reduce the retrieval uncertainties. A forward model that emulates observed radar Doppler spectra is constructed and used to investigate these relationships. General, analytical relationships that relate the five radar observables to cloud and drizzle microphysical parameters and cloud turbulence are presented. The relationships are valid for cloud-only, cloud mixed with drizzle, and drizzle-only particles in the radar sampling volume and provide a seamless link between observations and cloud microphysics and dynamics. The sensitivity of the five observed parameters to the radar operational parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio and Doppler spectra velocity resolution are presented. The predicted values of the five observed radar parameters agree well with the output of the forward model. The novel use of the skewness of the radar Doppler spectrum as an early qualitative predictor of drizzle onset in clouds is introduced. It is found that skewness is a parameter very sensitive to early drizzle generation. In addition, the significance of the five parameters of the cloud radar Doppler spectrum for constraining drizzle microphysical retrievals is discussed.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-18T16:43:03Z}, + number = {D13}, + urldate = {2016-11-18}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Kollias, Pavlos and R{\'e}millard, Jasmine and Luke, Edward and Szyrmer, Wanda}, + month = jul, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {3307 Boundary layer processes,3311 Clouds and aerosols,drizzle,radar,spectra,stratus}, + pages = {D13201}, + file = {Kollias et al2011.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Kollias et al2011.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/6GAGRXSN/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{jiang2011, + title = {Influence of Convection and Aerosol Pollution on Ice Cloud Particle Effective Radius}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-457-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:51Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Jiang, J. H. and Su, H. and Zhai, C. and Massie, S. T. and Schoeberl, M. R. and Colarco, P. R. and Platnick, S. and Gu, Y. and Liou, K.-N.}, + month = jan, + year = {2011}, + pages = {457--463} +} + +@article{sardeshmukh1985, + title = {Vorticity Balances in the Tropics during the 1982-83 {{El Ni{\~n}o}}\textendash{}{{Southern Oscillation}} Event}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {468}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Sardeshmukh, P. D. and Hoskins, B. J.}, + year = {1985}, + pages = {261--278} +} + +@article{dameris2005, + title = {Long-Term Changes and Variability in a Transient Simulation with a Chemistry-Climate Model Employing Realistic Forcings}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Dameris, M. and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {2121--2145} +} + +@article{boering1996a, + title = {Stratospheric Mean Ages and Transport Rates from Observations of {{CO}}2 and {{N}}2{{O}}}, + volume = {274}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Boering, K. A. and Wofsy, S. C. and Daube, B. C. and Schneider, J. R. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R. and Conway, T. J.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1340--1343} +} + +@article{komurcu2014, + title = {Intercomparison of the Cloud Water Phase among Global Climate Models: {{CLOUD WATER PHASE IN GCMs}}}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Intercomparison of the Cloud Water Phase among Global Climate Models}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD021119}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T19:59:59Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Komurcu, Muge and Storelvmo, Trude and Tan, Ivy and Lohmann, Ulrike and Yun, Yuxing and Penner, Joyce E. and Wang, Yong and Liu, Xiaohong and Takemura, Toshihiko}, + month = mar, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3372--3400} +} + +@article{clark2002, + title = {The Role of the Thermohaline Circulation in Abrupt Climate Change}, + volume = {415}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:31:43Z}, + number = {6874}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Clark, Peter U. and Pisias, Nicklas G. and Stocker, Thomas F. and Weaver, Andrew J.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {863--869} +} + +@book{industrie1997, + title = {Global {{Market Forecast}} 1997-2016}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {Industrie, Airbus}, + month = mar, + year = {1997}, + note = {http://www.airbus.com/gmf97} +} + +@article{neelin2000, + title = {A Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation model\textendash{}{{Formulation}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Neelin, J. D. and Zeng, N.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2341--2348} +} + +@article{stolarski2006, + title = {Trends in {{Stratospheric Ozone}}: {{Lessons Learned}} from a {{3D Chemical Transport Model}}}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Stolarski, R. S. and Douglass, A. R. and Steenrod, S. and Pawson, S.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1028--1041} +} + +@article{forster2006, + title = {The Climate Sensitivity and Its Components Diagnosed from {{Earth}} Radiation Budget Data}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:33:20Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Forster, Piers Mde F. and Gregory, Jonathan M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {39--52} +} + +@article{iacono2000, + title = {Impact of an Improved Longwave Radiation Model, {{RRTM}}, on the Energy Budget and Thermodynamic Properties of the {{NCAR}} Community Climate Model, {{CCM3}}}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Iacono, Michael J. and Mlawer, Eli J. and Clough, Shepard A. and Morcrette, Jean-Jacques}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {14,873--14,890} +} + +@article{jones1996, + title = {Subsonic {{Aircraft}} and {{Ozone Trends}}}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry}, + author = {Jones, A. E. and Law, K. S. and Pyle, J. A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {89--105} +} + +@article{haynes2001, + title = {Formation and Maintenance of the Extratropical Tropopause by Baroclinic Eddies}, + volume = {28}, + doi = {10.1029/2001GL013485}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Haynes, P. and Scinocca, J. and Greenslade, M.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {4179--4182} +} + +@article{fu2016, + title = {Changes in Terrestrial Aridity for the Period 850\textendash{}2080 from the {{Community Earth System Model}}}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024075}, + abstract = {This study examines changes in terrestrial aridity due to both natural and anthropogenic forcing for the period 850\textendash{}2080 by analyzing the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Last Millennium Ensemble simulations for 850\textendash{}2005 and the CESM Large Ensemble simulations for 1920\textendash{}2080. We compare terrestrial aridity in the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) (950\textendash{}1250) with that in the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1550\textendash{}1850), present day (PD) (1950\textendash{}2005) with the last millennium (LM) (850\textendash{}1850), and the future (F8.5) (2050\textendash{}2080) with the LM, to place anthropogenic changes in the context of changes due to natural forcings. The aridity index defined as the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration, averaged over land, becomes smaller (i.e., a drier terrestrial climate) by 0.34\% for MWP versus LIA (MWP-LIA), 1.4\% for PD versus LM (PD-LM), and 7.8\% for F8.5 versus LM (F8.5-LM). The change of terrestrial-mean aridity in PD-LM and F8.5-LM due to anthropogenic forcing is thus 4 and 20 times of that from MWP-LIA due to natural forcing, respectively. It is shown that a drier climate in PD than LM is largely due to a decrease of precipitation while a drier climate in F8.5 than LM, and MWP than LIA, is mainly caused by an increase of temperature. The terrestrial-mean aridity change in PD-LM is, however, largely driven by greenhouse gas increases as in F8.5-LM. This is because anthropogenic aerosols have a small effect on terrestrial-mean aridity but at the same time they totally alter the attributions of aridity changes to meteorological variables by causing large negative anomalies in surface air temperature, available energy, and precipitation. Different from MWP-LIA and F8.5-LM, there are large spatial inhomogeneities in P/PET changes for PD-LM in both magnitudes and signs, caused by anthropogenic aerosols, greenhouse gases, and land surface changes. The changes of terrestrial-mean P and P\,-\,E (precipitation minus evaporation) for 850\textendash{}2080 are also examined. The relative changes in P (P\,-\,E) are 0.4\% (0.6\%) for MWP-LIA, -2.6\% (-3.8\%) for PD-LM, and 4.7\% (11.8\%) for F8.5-LM. The signs of changes in P\,-\,E and P are the same.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-30T15:11:46Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-30}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Fu, Qiang and Lin, Lei and Huang, Jianping and Feng, Song and Gettelman, Andrew}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1803 Anthropogenic effects,1818 Evapotranspiration,1836 Hydrological cycles and budgets,1854 Precipitation,1866 Soil moisture,anthropogenic,aridity,CESM,geoengineering,last millennium,terrestrial}, + pages = {2015JD024075} +} + +@article{slingo1989, + title = {A {{GCM Parameterization}} for the Shortwave Radiative Properties of Clouds}, + volume = {46}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Slingo, A. A.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {1419--1427} +} + +@article{swanson2009, + title = {Has the Climate Recently Shifted?}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL037022}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {L06711}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Swanson, K. L. and Tsonis, A. A.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{beesley, + title = {Climatic {{Effects}} and {{Requirements}} of {{Arctic Stratus}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + author = {Beesley, T.}, + year = {14 nov 97}, + note = {Published: UW Colloquium (PhD defense) +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{fung1991, + title = {Three-{{Dimensional Model Synthesis}} of the {{Global Methane Cycle}}}, + volume = {96}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fung, I.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {Methane Mass Flux}, + pages = {13,033--13,065} +} + +@article{senior1993, + title = {Carbon {{Doixide}} and {{Cliamte}}. {{The}} Impact of {{Cloud Parameterization}}}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Senior, C. A. and Mitchell, J. F. B.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {393--418} +} + +@article{sanderson2012, + title = {Model-Specific Radiative Kernels for Calculating Cloud and Non-Cloud Climate Feedbacks}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Climate}, + author = {Sanderson, B. M. and Shell, K. M.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{flanner2011, + title = {Radiative Forcing and Albedo Feedback from the {{Northern Hemisphere}} Cryosphere between 1979 and 2008}, + volume = {4}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo1062}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Nat. Geosci.}, + author = {Flanner, M. G. and Shell, K. M. and Barlage, M. and Perovich, D. K. and Tschudi, M. A.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {151--155} +} + +@article{bailey1993, + title = {Stratospheric Analyses Produced by the {{United Kingdom Meteorological Office}}}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology}, + author = {Bailey, M. J. and {others}}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {1472--1483} +} + +@article{kelly1990, + title = {A Comparison of {{ER}}-2 Measurements of Stratospheric Water Vapor between the 1987 {{Antarctic}} and 1989 {{Arctic Airborne Missions}}}, + volume = {17}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kelly, K. K. and Tuck, A. F. and Heidt, L. E. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R. and Strahan, S. E. and Vedder, J. F.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {465--468} +} + +@article{irvine2012, + title = {The Dependence of Contrail Formation on the Weather Pattern and Altitude in the {{North Atlantic}}: {{CONTRAILS}}, {{WEATHER PATTERNS AND ALTITUDE}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {The Dependence of Contrail Formation on the Weather Pattern and Altitude in the {{North Atlantic}}}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL051909}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:42Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Irvine, E. A. and Hoskins, B. J. and Shine, K. P.}, + month = jun, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{lee2010a, + title = {Thunderstorm and Stratocumulus: How Does Their Contrasting Morphology Affect Their Interactions with Aerosols?}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-6819-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lee, S. S. and Donner, L. J. and Penner, J. E.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {6819--6837} +} + +@article{christidis1997, + title = {Further Calculations of the Radiative Forcing of {{CFC}}-11 and Possible Fluorocarbon Replacements to the {{CFCs}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Christidis, N. and Hurley, M. D. and Pinnock, S. and Shine, K. P. and Wallington, T. J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {19597--19609} +} + +@article{murakami2016, + title = {Statistical-{{Dynamical Seasonal Forecast}} of {{North Atlantic}} and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Landfalling Tropical Cyclones}} Using the {{High}}-{{Resolution GFDL FLOR Coupled Model}}}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-15-0308.1}, + abstract = {Retrospective seasonal forecasts of North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the period 1980\textendash{}2014 are conducted using a GFDL high-resolution coupled climate model (FLOR). The focus is on basin-total TC and U.S. landfall frequency. The correlations between observed and model predicted basin-total TC counts range from 0.4 to 0.6 depending on the month of the initial forecast. The correlation values for U.S. landfalling activity based on individual TCs tracked from the model are smaller and between 0.1 and 0.4. Given the limited skill from the model, statistical methods are used to complement the dynamical seasonal TC prediction from the FLOR model. Observed and predicted TC tracks were classified into four groups using fuzzy c-mean clustering to evaluate the model's predictability in observed classification of TC tracks. Analyses revealed that the FLOR model has the highest skill in predicting TC frequency for the cluster of TC which tracks through the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico.New hybrid models are developed to improve the prediction of observed basin-total TC and landfall TC frequencies. These models use large-scale climate predictors from the FLOR model as predictors for generalized linear models. The hybrid models show considerable improvements in the skill in predicting the basin-total TC frequencies relative to the dynamical model. The new hybrid model shows correlation coefficients as high as 0.75 for basin-wide TC counts from the first two lead months and retains values around 0.50 even at the 6-month lead forecast. The hybrid model also shows comparable or higher skill in forecasting U.S. landfalling TCs relative to the dynamical predictions. The correlation coefficient is about 0.5 for the 2\textendash{}5 month lead times.}, + timestamp = {2016-04-10T21:21:46Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-10}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Murakami, Hiroyuki and Villarini, Gabriele and Vecchi, Gabriel A. and Zhang, Wei and Gudgel, Richard}, + month = mar, + year = {2016} +} + +@article{berg2010, + title = {The Distribution of Rainfall over Oceans from Spaceborne Radars}, + volume = {49}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, + author = {Berg, W. and L'Ecuyer, T. and Haynes, J.M.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {535--543} +} + +@article{mccomiskey2008, + title = {Quantifying Error in the Radiative Forcing of the First Aerosol Indirect Effect}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL032667}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {L02810}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{proffitt1983, + title = {Fast-Response Dual-Beam {{UV}}-Absorption Ozone Photometer Suitable for Use in Stratospheric Balloons}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.}, + author = {Proffitt, M. H. and McLaughlin, R. L.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {1719--1728} +} + +@incollection{wuebbles2000, + title = {Atmospheric Methane: Trends and Impacts}, + shorttitle = {Atmospheric Methane}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:38:59Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + booktitle = {Non-{{CO2 Greenhouse Gases}}: {{Scientific Understanding}}, {{Control}} and {{Implementation}}}, + publisher = {{Springer}}, + author = {Wuebbles, Donald J. and Hayhoe, Katharine}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1--44} +} + +@phdthesis{jakob2000, + address = {Munich}, + title = {The {{Representation}} of {{Cloud Cover}} in {{Atmospheric General Circulation Models}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + school = {Ludwig Maximilians University}, + author = {Jakob, C.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@book{zhang, + title = {Interseasonal {{Variability}} at the Surface in the {{Western Pacific}}}, + abstract = {Discussion and analysis of the Madden Julian Oscillation and signs of it in TAO array data.}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + author = {Zhang, Chidong}, + year = {10 February}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {MJO} +} + +@article{kidston2010, + title = {Intermodel Variability of the Poleward Shift of the Austral Jet Stream in the {{CMIP3}} Integrations Linked to Biases in 20th Century Climatology}, + volume = {37}, + doi = {10.1029/2010GL042873}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:35:57Z}, + number = {L09708}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kidston, J. and Gerber, E. P.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{tie1997, + title = {The Effects of Volcanic Eruption on the Ozone Mass Exchange between the Stratosphere and the Troposphere}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tie, X. X. and Hess, P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {24,487--24,500} +} + +@article{tilmes2010, + title = {An Aircraft-Based Upper Tropopshere Lower Stratosphere {{O}}3, {{CO}} and {{H}}2{{O}} Climatology for the {{Northern Hemisphere}}}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012731}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D14303}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tilmes, S. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{berg2006, + title = {Reassessment of the {{Antarctiv}} Surface Mass Balance Using Calibrate Output of a Regional Atmospheric Model}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006495}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {D11104}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {van de Berg, W. J. and van den Broeke, M. R. and Reijmer, C. H. and Meijgaard, E. Van}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{strahan1998, + title = {The {{CO}}2 {{Seasonal Cycle}} as a {{Tracer}} of {{Transport}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Strahan, S. E. and Douglass, A. R. and Nielsen, J. E. and Boering, K. A.}, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {CO2 lower stratosphere transport CTM}, + pages = {13,729--13,741} +} + +@article{steinbrecht1998, + title = {Correlations between Tropopause Height and Total Ozone: {{Implications}} for Long-Term Changes}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Steinbrecht, W. and Claude, H. and K{\"o}hler, U. and Hoinka, K. P.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19,183--19,192} +} + +@article{jacobson2012, + title = {The Effects of Rerouting Aircraft around the Arctic Circle on Arctic and Global Climate}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Jacobson, M.Z. and Wilkerson, J.T. and Balasubramanian, S. and Cooper, W.W. and Mohleji, N.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1--16} +} + +@article{chen2016a, + title = {New Understanding and Quantification of the Regime Dependence of Aerosol-Cloud Interaction for Studying Aerosol Indirect Effects}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL067683}, + abstract = {Aerosol indirect effects suffer from large uncertainty in climate models and among observations. This study focuses on two plausible factors: regime dependence of aerosol-cloud interactions and the effect of cloud droplet spectral shape. We show, using a new parcel model, that combined consideration of droplet number concentration (Nc) and relative dispersion ($\epsilon$, ratio of standard deviation to mean radius of the cloud droplet size distribution) better characterizes the regime dependence of aerosol-cloud interactions than considering Nc alone. Given updraft velocity (w), $\epsilon$ increases with increasing aerosol number concentration (Na) in the aerosol-limited regime, peaks in the transitional regime, and decreases with further increasing Na in the updraft-limited regime. This new finding further reconciles contrasting observations in literature and reinforces the compensating role of dispersion effect. The nonmonotonic behavior of $\epsilon$ further quantifies the relationship between the transitional Na and w that separates the aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T15:17:30Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Chen, Jingyi and Liu, Yangang and Zhang, Minghua and Peng, Yiran}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,aerosol-cloud interactions}, + pages = {2016GL067683} +} + +@article{khairoutdinov2003, + title = {Cloud Resolving Modeling of the {{ARM}} Summer 1997 {{IOP}}: Model Forumulations, Results, Uncertainties and Sensitivities}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:01:42Z}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Khairoutdinov, M. F. and Randall, D. A.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {607--625} +} + +@book{ghan1999, + title = {Shade in the Greenhouse. {{Physically}} Based Estimate of Direct and Indirect Radiative Cooling by Anthropogenic Sulfate}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + author = {Ghan, S.}, + month = may, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW atms sci colloquium +speaker from PNL} +} + +@article{froidevaux1996, + title = {Validation of {{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}} Ozone Measurements}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Froidevaux, L. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {10,017--10,060} +} + +@article{shiogama2012, + title = {Perturbed Physics Ensemble Using the {{MIROC5}} Coupled Atmosphere\textendash{}ocean {{GCM}} without Flux Corrections: Experimental Design and Results: {{Parametric}} Uncertainty of Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + shorttitle = {Perturbed Physics Ensemble Using the {{MIROC5}} Coupled Atmosphere\textendash{}ocean {{GCM}} without Flux Corrections}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-012-1441-x}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:27Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Shiogama, Hideo and Watanabe, Masahiro and Yoshimori, Masakazu and Yokohata, Tokuta and Ogura, Tomoo and Annan, James D. and Hargreaves, Julia C. and Abe, Manabu and Kamae, Youichi and O'ishi, Ryouta and Nobui, Rei and Emori, Seita and Nozawa, Toru and Abe-Ouchi, Ayako and Kimoto, Masahide}, + month = dec, + year = {2012}, + pages = {3041--3056} +} + +@article{fleming2007, + title = {A 1954 {{Color Painting}} of Weather Systems as Viewed from a Future Satellite}, + volume = {88}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-88-10-1525}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Fleming, J.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1525--7} +} + +@article{bailey2015, + title = {Precipitation Efficiency Derived from Isotope Ratios in Water Vapor Distinguishes Dynamical and Microphysical Influences on Subtropical Atmospheric Constituents}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023403}, + abstract = {With water vapor and clouds expected to effect significant feedbacks on climate, moisture transport through convective processes has important implications for future temperature change. The precipitation efficiency\textemdash{}the ratio of the rates at which precipitation and condensation form (e\,=\,P/C)\textemdash{}is useful for characterizing how much boundary layer moisture recycles through precipitation versus mixes into the free troposphere through cloud detrainment. Yet it is a difficult metric to constrain with traditional observational techniques. This analysis characterizes the precipitation efficiency of convection near the Big Island of Hawaii, USA, using a novel tracer: isotope ratios in water vapor. The synoptic circulation patterns associated with high and low precipitation efficiency are identified, and the importance of large-scale dynamics and local convective processes in regulating vertical distributions of atmospheric constituents important for climate is evaluated. The results suggest that high e days are correlated with plume-like transport originating from the relatively clean tropics, while low e days are associated with westerly transport, generated by a branching of the jet stream. Differences in transport pathway clearly modify background concentrations of water vapor and other trace gases measured at Mauna Loa Observatory; however, local convective processes appear to regulate aerosols there. Indeed, differences between observed and simulated diurnal cycles of particle number concentration indicate that precipitation scavenges aerosols and possibly facilitates new particle formation when e is high. As measurements of isotope ratios in water vapor expand across the subtropics, the techniques presented here can further our understanding of how synoptic weather, precipitation processes, and climate feedbacks interrelate.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-21T15:26:47Z}, + urldate = {2015-09-21}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Bailey, A. and Nusbaumer, J. and Noone, D.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0368 Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry,3314 Convective processes,3354 Precipitation,3364 Synoptic-scale meteorology,convective mixing,isotope ratios in water vapor,Mauna Loa Observatory,precipitation efficiency,precipitation scavenging}, + pages = {2015JD023403} +} + +@article{lott2005, + title = {The Stratospheric Version of {{LMDz}}: {{Dynamical Climatologies}}, {{Arctic Oscillation}} and {{Impact}} on the {{Surface Climate}}}, + volume = {25}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-005-0064-x}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dynamics}, + author = {Lott, F. L. and Hourdin, F. and Levan, P.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {851--868} +} + +@article{chen1997, + title = {Interannual Variability of Deep Convection over the Tropical Warm Pool}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Chen, S. S. and Jr, R. A. Houze}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {25783--25795} +} + +@article{bigg1953, + title = {The Formation of Atmospheric Ice Crystals by the Freezing of Droplets}, + volume = {79}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Bigg, E. K.}, + year = {1953}, + pages = {510--519} +} + +@article{dunkerton1978, + title = {On the Mean Meridional Mass Motions of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Dunkerton, T.}, + year = {1978}, + pages = {2324--2333} +} + +@article{ziemke2006, + title = {Tropospheric Ozone Determined from {{Aura OMI}} and {{MLS}}: {{Evaluation}} of Measurements and Comparison with the {{Global Modeling Initiative}}$\dottedsquare${{NUs Chemical Transport Model}}}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007089}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D19303}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ziemke, J. R. and Chandra, S. and Duncan, B. N. and Froidevaux, L. and Bhartia, P. K. and Levelt, P. F. and Waters, J. W.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{harriss1999, + title = {Methane: Power and the Future}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Harriss, R.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ASP seminar +Speaker from NCAR ESIG} +} + +@article{zhou2015a, + title = {The Relationship between Interannual and Long-Term Cloud Feedbacks}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL066698}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:27:28Z}, + number = {2015GL066698}, + urldate = {2015-12-14}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Zhou, Chen and Zelinka, Mark D. and Dessler, Andrew E. and Klein, Stephen A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,climate change and variability,cloud feedback,low cloud cover} +} + +@article{stohl2003, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange: {{A}} Review, and What We Have Learned from {{STACCATO}}}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002490}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stohl, A. and {others}}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{defant1958, + title = {The {{Break Down}} of {{Zonal Circulation}} during the {{Period January}} 8 to 13, 1956, the {{Characteristics}} of {{Temperature Field}} and {{Tropopause}} and Its {{Relation}} to the {{Atmospheric Field}} of {{Motion}}}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Defant, F. R. and Taba, H.}, + year = {1958}, + pages = {430--450} +} + +@article{huang2014b, + title = {Statistical Characteristics of Cloud Variability. {{Part}} 2: {{Implication}} for Parameterizations of Microphysical and Radiative Transfer Processes in Climate Models: {{Cloud}} Variability and Parameterization}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Statistical Characteristics of Cloud Variability. {{Part}} 2}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022003}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:21Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Huang, Dong and Liu, Yangang}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + pages = {10,829--10,843} +} + +@article{elvidge2001, + title = {Night-Time Lights of the World: 1994\textendash{}1995}, + volume = {56}, + shorttitle = {Night-Time Lights of the World}, + timestamp = {2016-02-02T16:45:25Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-02-02}, + journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Elvidge, Christopher D. and Imhoff, Marc L. and Baugh, Kimberly E. and Hobson, Vinita Ruth and Nelson, Ingrid and Safran, Jeff and Dietz, John B. and Tuttle, Benjamin T.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {81--99}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/XFAFQXZD/S0924271601000405.html:text/html} +} + +@article{hopcroft2015, + title = {How Well Do Simulated Last Glacial Maximum Tropical Temperatures Constrain Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity?}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL064903}, + abstract = {Previous work demonstrated a significant correlation between tropical surface air temperature and equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) in PMIP (Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project) phase 2 model simulations of the last glacial maximum (LGM). This implies that reconstructed LGM cooling in this region could provide information about the climate system ECS value. We analyze results from new simulations of the LGM performed as part of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and PMIP phase 3. These results show no consistent relationship between the LGM tropical cooling and ECS. A radiative forcing and feedback analysis shows that a number of factors are responsible for this decoupling, some of which are related to vegetation and aerosol feedbacks. While several of the processes identified are LGM specific and do not impact on elevated CO2 simulations, this analysis demonstrates one area where the newer CMIP5 models behave in a qualitatively different manner compared with the older ensemble. The results imply that so-called Earth System components such as vegetation and aerosols can have a significant impact on the climate response in LGM simulations, and this should be taken into account in future analyses.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T15:33:56Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Hopcroft, Peter O. and Valdes, Paul J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1622 Earth system modeling,1626 Global climate models,3344 Paleoclimatology,Cloud radiative effects,CMIP5,Earth System,feedbacks,LGM}, + pages = {2015GL064903} +} + +@article{dobson1956, + title = {Origin and Distribution of the Polyatomic Molecules in the Atmosphere}, + volume = {236}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A}, + author = {Dobson, G. M. B.}, + year = {1956}, + pages = {187--193} +} + +@article{fowler1996, + title = {Liquid and Ice Cloud Microphysics in the {{CSU}} General Circulation Model. {{Part I}}: {{Model}} Description and Simulated Microphysical Processes}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Fowler, L. D. and Randall, D. A. and Rutledge, S. A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {489--529} +} + +@article{schubert1993, + title = {An {{Assimilated Dataset}} for {{Earth Science Applications}}}, + volume = {74}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Schubert, S. D. and Rood, R. B. and Pfaendtner, J.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {GEOS assimilation model}, + pages = {2331--2342} +} + +@article{boe2009, + title = {Current {{GCM}}'s {{Unrealistic Negative Feedback}} in the {{Arctic}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Boe, J. and Hall, A. and Qu, X.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {4682--4695} +} + +@article{liu1996a, + title = {A Numerical Study of the Effects of Ambient Flow and Shear on Density Currents}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Liu, C. and Moncrieff, M. W.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2282--2303} +} + +@incollection{clough1980, + address = {New York, USA}, + title = {Theoretical Line Shape for {{H2O}} Vapor: Application to the Continuum}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + booktitle = {Atmospheric {{Water Vapor}}}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Clough, S. A. and Kneizys, F. X. and Davies, R. W. and Gamache, R. and Tipping, R. H.}, + editor = {Deepak, A. and Wilkerson, T. D. and Ruhnke, L. H.}, + year = {1980} +} + +@article{field2004, + title = {Simultaneous Radar and Aircraft Observations of Mixed-Phase Cloud at the 100m Scale}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Field, P. and Hogan, R. and Brown, P. and Illingworth, A. and Choularton, T. and Kaye, P. and Hirst, E. and Greenaway, R.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1877--1904} +} + +@article{muraki1999a, + title = {The {{Next}}-{{Order Corrections}} to {{Quasigeostrophic Theory}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Muraki, D. J. and Snyder, C. and Rotunno, R.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1547--1560} +} + +@book{houghton1999, + title = {{{IPCC Special Report}} on {{Aviation}} and the {{Global Atmosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge Universtiy Press}}, + editor = {Houghton, J. T. and Yihui, D.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{frohlich1998, + title = {The {{Sun}}'s {{Total Irradiance}}: {{Cycles}}, {{Trends}} and {{Related Climate Change Uncertainties}} since 1976}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, C. and Lean, J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {4377--4380} +} + +@article{yu2012, + title = {Decreasing Particle Number Concentrations in a Warming Atmosphere and Implications}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-2399-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:45Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Yu, F. and Luo, G. and Turco, R. P. and Ogren, J. A. and Yantosca, R. M.}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2399--2408} +} + +@article{hughes2016, + title = {Using {{CATS}} near-Real-Time Lidar Observations to Monitor and Constrain Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide ({{SO2}}) Forecasts}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL070119}, + abstract = {An eruption of Italian volcano Mount Etna on 3 December 2015 produced fast-moving sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate aerosol clouds that traveled across Asia and the Pacific Ocean, reaching North America in just 5\,days. The Ozone Profiler and Mapping Suite's Nadir Mapping UV spectrometer aboard the U.S. National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite observed the horizontal transport of the SO2 cloud. Vertical profiles of the colocated volcanic sulfate aerosols were observed between 11.5 and 13.5\,km by the new Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS) space-based lidar aboard the International Space Station. Backward trajectory analysis estimates the SO2 cloud altitude at 7\textendash{}12\,km. Eulerian model simulations of the SO2 cloud constrained by CATS measurements produced more accurate dispersion patterns compared to those initialized with the back trajectory height estimate. The near-real-time data processing capabilities of CATS are unique, and this work demonstrates the use of these observations to monitor and model volcanic clouds.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-07T15:57:53Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Hughes, E. J. and Yorks, J. and Krotkov, N. A. and {da Silva}, A. M. and McGill, M.}, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,4315 Monitoring; forecasting; prediction,8430 Volcanic gases,8485 Remote sensing of volcanoes,8488 Volcanic hazards and risks,aerosol,CATS,lidar,OMPS,SO2,volcanic clouds}, + pages = {2016GL070119} +} + +@article{soden1994, + title = {Evaluation of Water Vapor Distribution in General Circulation Models Using Satellite Observations}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Bretherton, F. P.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {1187--1210} +} + +@article{andrews1976, + title = {Lanetary Waves in Horizontal and Vertical Shear: The Generalized {{Eliassen}}-{{Palm}} Relation and the Mean Zonal Acceleration}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Andrews, D. G. and McIntyre, M. E.}, + year = {1976}, + pages = {2031--2048} +} + +@article{thouret2005, + title = {Tropopause Referenced Ozone Climatology and Inter-Annual Variability (1994-2003) from the {{MOZAIC}} Programme}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Thouret, V. and Camma, J.-P. and Sauvage, B. and Athier, G. and Zbinden, R. and Nalec, P. and Simon, P. and Karcher, F.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {5441--5488} +} + +@article{vomel2003, + title = {The Behavior of the {{Snow White}} Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer in Extremely Dry Conditions}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and Fujiwara, M. and Shiotani, M. and Hasebe, F. and Oltmans, S. J. and Barnes, J. E.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1560--1567} +} + +@article{lebo2011, + title = {Theoretical Basis for Convective Invigoration due to Increased Aerosol Concentration}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-5407-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:33Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Lebo, Z. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011}, + pages = {5407--5429} +} + +@article{holton2001, + title = {Horizontal Transport and Dehydration in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Holton, J. R. and Gettelman, A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2799--2802} +} + +@article{kidson2002, + title = {The {{Southern Hemisphere Evolution}} of {{ENSO}} during 1981-99}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kidson, J. W. and Renwick, J. A.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {847--862} +} + +@article{forster1997a, + title = {On Aspects of the Concept of Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Climate Dynamics}, + author = {Forster, P. M. de F. and Freckleton, R. S. and Shine, K. P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {547--560} +} + +@article{herman1999, + title = {Measurements of {{CO}} in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Chemos. Global Change Sci.}, + author = {Herman, R. L. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {83--173} +} + +@article{walker1926a, + title = {Correlation in Seasonal Variations of Weather {{VIII}}}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {Mem. Indian Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Walker, G. T.}, + year = {1926}, + pages = {75--131} +} + +@article{sherwood2003a, + title = {Convective {{Mixing}} near the {{Tropopause}}: {{Insights}} from {{Seasonal Variations}}}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {2674--2685} +} + +@article{russelliii1993, + title = {The {{Halogen Occultation Experiment}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Russell III, J. M. and Gordley, L. L. and Park, J. H. and Drayson, S. R. and Hesketh, W. D. and Cicerone, R. J. and Tuck, A. F. and Fredrick, J. E. and Harries, J. E. and Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {HALOE,UARS}, + pages = {10,777--10,797} +} + +@article{rahmes1998, + title = {Atmospheric Distributions of Soot Particles by Current and Future Aircraft Fleets and Resulting Radiative Forcing on Climate}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Rahmes, T. F. and Omar, A. H. and Wuebbles, D. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,657--31,667} +} + +@article{saleeby2016, + title = {Aerosol Effects on the Anvil Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2016JD025082}, + abstract = {Simulations of two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment were performed to examine the impact of aerosol number concentration on the vertical distributions of liquid and ice condensate and the macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties of the cirrus-anvil cloud shield. Analyses indicate that for an increase in aerosol concentration from a clean continental to a highly polluted state, there was an increase in the rime collection rate of cloud water, which led to less lofted cloud water. Aerosol-induced trends in the cloud mixing ratio profiles were, however, nonmonotonic in the mixed phase region, such that a moderate increase in aerosol concentration produced the greatest reduction in cloud water. Generally, less lofted cloud water led to less anvil ice mixing ratio but more numerous, small ice crystals within the anvil. In spite of reduced anvil ice mixing ratio, the anvil clouds exhibited greater areal coverage, increased albedo, reduced cloud top cooling, and reduced net radiative flux, which led to an aerosol-induced warming (reduced cooling) effect in these squall lines.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-03T15:09:13Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-03}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Saleeby, S. M. and {van den Heever}, S. C. and Marinescu, P. J. and Kreidenweis, S. M. and DeMott, P. J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3314 Convective processes,3355 Regional modeling,cirrus anvils,cloud modeling,MC3E,mesoscale convective systems,microphysics}, + pages = {2016JD025082} +} + +@article{lee2010b, + title = {Aerosol Effects on Ice Clouds: Can the Traditional Concept of Aerosol Indirect Effects Be Applied to Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Cirrus Clouds?}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Aerosol Effects on Ice Clouds}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-10345-2010}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:39Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Lee, S. S. and Penner, J. E.}, + month = nov, + year = {2010}, + pages = {10345--10358} +} + +@article{pincus2005a, + title = {Overlap Assumptions for Assumed Probability Distribution Function Cloud Schemes in Large-Scale Models}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D15S09}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pincus, R. and Hannay, C. and Klein, S. A. and Xu, K.-M. and Hemler, R.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{lelieveld1994, + title = {Role of {{Deep Cloud Convection}} in the {{Ozone Budget}} of the {{Troposphere}}}, + volume = {264}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Lelieveld, Jos and Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {mass flux,Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange}, + pages = {1759--1761} +} + +@article{kossin2014, + title = {Hurricane {{Wind}}\textendash{}{{Pressure Relationship}} and {{Eyewall Replacement Cycles}}}, + volume = {30}, + issn = {0882-8156}, + doi = {10.1175/WAF-D-14-00121.1}, + abstract = {The relationship between minimum central surface pressure and the maximum sustained surface wind in tropical cyclones has been studied for many years, motivated by the fact that minimum pressure is generally easier to measure, but maximum wind is a much more relevant metric when considering tropical cyclone risk and potential impacts. It is well understood that tropical cyclone wind is closely related to the radial gradient of pressure through gradient or cyclostrophic balance assumptions, and not to a single point value of the minimum pressure near the storm center. But it is often the case that the maximum wind must be inferred from this single value. To accomplish this, a number of statistical relationships have been documented, such as those used in the Dvorak technique for estimating tropical cyclone intensity from satellite imagery. Here, the relationship between tropical cyclone maximum wind and minimum pressure is explored during eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) that have been observed in North Atlantic hurricanes. It is shown that the wind\textendash{}pressure relationship (WPR) can vary substantially during an ERC and generally moves away from the statistically fitted WPR used by the Dvorak technique in that basin. The changes in WPR during an ERC can be quite different depending on the intensity of the hurricane at the start of the ERC.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-13T20:46:08Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-11-13}, + journal = {Wea. Forecasting}, + author = {Kossin, James P.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Hurricanes/typhoons,Operational forecasting}, + pages = {177--181}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QGT8DJRP/Kossin - 2014 - Hurricane Wind–Pressure Relationship and Eyewall R.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QDGUMFZS/WAF-D-14-00121.html:text/html} +} + +@article{crook2011, + title = {A Balance between Radiative Forcing and Climate Feedback in the Modeled 20th Century Temperature Response}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD015924}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:36Z}, + number = {D17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Crook, Julia A. and Forster, Piers M.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011} +} + +@techreport{dudhia1997, + address = {Oxford, UK}, + title = {{{RFM}} v3 Software User's Manual}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {ESA Doc. PO-MA-OXF-GS-0003}, + institution = {Dep. of Atmos., Oceanic and Planet. Phys., Univ. of Oxford}, + author = {Dudhia, A.}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{kunz2009, + title = {High Static Stability in the Mixing Layer above the Extratropical Tropopause}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD011840}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D16305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kunz, A. and Konopka, P. and M{\"u}ller, R. and Pan, L. L. and Schiller, C. and Rohrer, F.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{wang1998a, + title = {Global Simulation of Tropospheric {{O}}3-{{NO}}\$\_x\$-Hydrocarbon Chemistry 1. {{Model}} Formulation}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Wang, Y. and Jacob, D. J. and Logan, J. A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {10,713--10,725} +} + +@article{randel1996, + title = {Isolation of the {{Ozone QBO}} in {{SAGE II Data}} by {{Singular}}-{{Value Decomposition}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2546--2559} +} + +@article{sun1996a, + title = {Dynamic {{Ocean}}-{{Atmosphere Coupling}}: {{A Thermostat}} for the {{Tropics}}}, + volume = {272}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Sun, D. Z. and Liu, Z.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1148--1150} +} + +@article{hogan1997, + title = {Occurence Frequency of Thickness of Annual Snow Accumulation Layers at {{South Pole}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hogan, A. W. and Crow, A. J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {14,021--14,027} +} + +@article{fahey1990, + title = {A Diagnostic for Denitrification in the Winter Polar Stratospheres}, + volume = {345}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Fahey, D. W. and Solomon, S. and Kawa, S. R. and Loewenstein, M. and r Podolske, J. and Strahan, S. E. and Chan, K. R.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {698--702} +} + +@article{karion2013, + title = {Methane Emissions Estimate from Airborne Measurements over a Western {{United States}} Natural Gas Field}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50811}, + abstract = {Methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas production are not well quantified and have the potential to offset the climate benefits of natural gas over other fossil fuels. We use atmospheric measurements in a mass balance approach to estimate CH4 emissions of 55\,$\pm$\,15 \texttimes{} 103 kg h-1 from a natural gas and oil production field in Uintah County, Utah, on 1 day: 3 February 2012. This emission rate corresponds to 6.2\%\textendash{}11.7\% (1$\sigma$) of average hourly natural gas production in Uintah County in the month of February. This study demonstrates the mass balance technique as a valuable tool for estimating emissions from oil and gas production regions and illustrates the need for further atmospheric measurements to determine the representativeness of our single-day estimate and to better assess inventories of CH4 emissions.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-02-24T23:12:25Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2016-02-24}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Karion, Anna and Sweeney, Colm and P{\'e}tron, Gabrielle and Frost, Gregory and Michael Hardesty, R. and Kofler, Jonathan and Miller, Ben R. and Newberger, Tim and Wolter, Sonja and Banta, Robert and Brewer, Alan and Dlugokencky, Ed and Lang, Patricia and Montzka, Stephen A. and Schnell, Russell and Tans, Pieter and Trainer, Michael and Zamora, Robert and Conley, Stephen}, + month = aug, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry,0478 Pollution: urban; regional and global,emissions,methane,natural gas}, + pages = {4393--4397} +} + +@article{lohmann2010, + title = {Impact of Parametric Uncertainties on the Present-Day Climate and on the Anthropogenic Aerosol Effect}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-11373-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Ferrachat, S.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {11373--11383} +} + +@article{forster2000, + title = {Radiative Decay of Idealized Stratospheric Filaments in the Troposphere}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Forster, C and Wirth, V}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {10169--10184} +} + +@article{ferrier1994, + title = {A Double-Moment Multiple-Phase Four-Class Bulk Ice Scheme. {{Part I}}: {{Description}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Ferrier, B.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {249--280} +} + +@book{anderson1998, + title = {Ensemble {{Seasonal Forecasting}} at {{ECMWF}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + author = {{Anderson}}, + month = jan, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: uw colloquium +speaker from oxford} +} + +@article{negri1982, + title = {Cloud-Top Structure of Tornadic Storms on 10 {{April}} 1979 from Rapid Scan and Stereo Satellite Observations}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Negri, A. J.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {1151--1159} +} + +@article{korolev2016, + title = {Theoretical Study of Mixing in Liquid Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}} 1: {{Classical}} Concepts}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Theoretical Study of Mixing in Liquid Clouds \textendash{} {{Part}} 1}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-9235-2016}, + abstract = {The present study considers final stages of in-cloud mixing in the framework of classical concept of homogeneous and extreme inhomogeneous mixing. Simple analytical relationships between basic microphysical parameters were obtained for homogeneous and extreme inhomogeneous mixing based on the adiabatic consideration. It was demonstrated that during homogeneous mixing the functional relationships between the moments of the droplets size distribution hold only during the primary stage of mixing. Subsequent random mixing between already mixed parcels and undiluted cloud parcels breaks these relationships. However, during extreme inhomogeneous mixing the functional relationships between the microphysical parameters hold both for primary and subsequent mixing. The obtained relationships can be used to identify the type of mixing from in situ observations. The effectiveness of the developed method was demonstrated using in situ data collected in convective clouds. It was found that for the specific set of in situ measurements the interaction between cloudy and entrained environments was dominated by extreme inhomogeneous mixing.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-31T20:56:54Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2016-07-31}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Korolev, A. and Khain, A. and Pinsky, M. and French, J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2016}, + pages = {9235--9254} +} + +@article{cess2005, + title = {Water {{Vapor Feedback}} in {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {310}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Cess, R. D.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {795--796} +} + +@article{guo2014a, + title = {Multivariate {{Probability Density Functions}} with {{Dynamics}} in the {{GFDL Atmospheric General Circulation Model}}: {{Global Tests}}}, + volume = {27}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Multivariate {{Probability Density Functions}} with {{Dynamics}} in the {{GFDL Atmospheric General Circulation Model}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00347.1}, + abstract = {A unified turbulence and cloud parameterization based on multivariate probability density functions (PDFs) has been incorporated into the GFDL atmospheric general circulation model (AM3). This PDF-based parameterization not only predicts subgrid variations in vertical velocity, temperature, and total water, which bridge subgrid-scale processes (e.g., aerosol activation and cloud microphysics) and grid-scale dynamic and thermodynamic fields, but also unifies the treatment of planetary boundary layer (PBL), shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics. This parameterization is called the Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB) parameterization. With the incorporation of CLUBB in AM3, coupled with a two-moment cloud microphysical scheme, AM3\textendash{}CLUBB allows for a more physically based and self-consistent treatment of aerosol activation, cloud micro- and macrophysics, PBL, and shallow convection.The configuration and performance of AM3\textendash{}CLUBB are described. Cloud and radiation fields, as well as most basic climate features, are modeled realistically. Relative to AM3, AM3\textendash{}CLUBB improves the simulation of coastal stratocumulus, a longstanding deficiency in GFDL models, and their seasonal cycle, especially at higher horizontal resolution, but global skill scores deteriorate slightly. Through sensitivity experiments, it is shown that 1) the two-moment cloud microphysics helps relieve the deficiency of coastal stratocumulus, 2) using the CLUBB subgrid cloud water variability in the cloud microphysics has a considerable positive impact on global cloudiness, and 3) the impact of adjusting CLUBB parameters is to improve the overall agreement between model and observations.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-11T18:39:11Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-11-11}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Guo, Huan and Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Donner, Leo J. and Ginoux, Paul and Hemler, Richard S.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2087--2108}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/684FTAGJ/JCLI-D-13-00347.html:text/html} +} + +@article{giorgetta1999a, + title = {Potential Role of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange as Found in Watervapor in General Circulation Model Experiments}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Giorgetta, M. A. and Bengtsson, L.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {6003--6019} +} + +@article{warren1979, + title = {Seasonal {{Simulation}} as a {{Test}} for {{Uncertainties}} in the {{Parameterizations}} of a {{Budyko}}-{{Sellers Zonal Climate Model}}}, + volume = {36}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1377:SSAATF>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {The energy-transport parameterization of Budyko (1969), which was devised to parameterize mean annual net radiation as a function of zonally averaged surface temperature, is subjected to verification with seasonal transport data in order to evaluate its validity for climatic change experiments. It is found that Budyko's linear parameterization is able to describe the annual zonal heat transport divergence for all latitudes and also the seasonal cycle of heat transport divergence at high latitudes ($\phi$ $>$ 50$^\circ$), but has no predictive ability for the seasonal deviation from annual average in lower latitudes. The parameterization of infrared flux at the top of the atmosphere as a linear function of zonal surface temperature is tested using seasonal data for latitude zones in which the seasonal cycle of temperature has a large amplitude. The temperature coefficients for the different zones examined are found to differ from each other by as much as a factor of 2. This uncertainty, together with the uncertainty in the strength of the ice-albedo-temperature positive feedback, propagates to an uncertainty in the sensitivity of model global climate to changes in the solar constant. The reduction in solar output required by a simple climate model to generate an ice-covered earth falls roughly in the range of 2 to 21\% because of uncertainties in these two radiative coefficients alone. Uncertainty in the transport parameterization would further increase this range.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-07T02:02:13Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2016-07-07}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Warren, Stephen G. and Schneider, Stephen H.}, + month = aug, + year = {1979}, + pages = {1377--1391} +} + +@article{weinstock1994, + title = {New Fast Response Photofragment Fluorescence Hygrometer for Use on the {{NASA ER}}-2 and the {{Perseus}} Remotely Piloted Aircraft}, + volume = {65}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.}, + author = {Weinstock, E. M. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {3544--54} +} + +@article{zotero-null-3923, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T02:09:41Z} +} + +@article{vandenbroeke2009, + title = {Partitioning Recent {{Greenland}} Mass Loss}, + volume = {326}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:46:23Z}, + number = {5955}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {science}, + author = {{van den Broeke}, Michiel and Bamber, Jonathan and Ettema, Janneke and Rignot, Eric and Schrama, Ernst and {van de Berg}, Willem Jan and {van Meijgaard}, Erik and Velicogna, Isabella and Wouters, Bert}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {984--986} +} + +@article{miller2014, + title = {{{CMIP5}} Historical Simulations (1850-2012) with {{GISS ModelE2}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Adv. Modeling. Earth Sys.}, + author = {Miller, R. L. and Schmidt, G. A. and Nazarenko, L. S. and Tausnev, N. and Bauer, S. E. and Genio, A. D. Del and Kelley, M. and Lo, K. K. and Ruedy, R. and Shindell, D. T. and Aleinov, I. and Bauer, M. and Bleck, R. and Canuto, V. and Chen, Y.-H. and Cheng, Y. and Clune, T. L. and Faluvegi, G. and Hansen, J. E. and Healy, R. J. and Kiang, N. Y. and Koch, D. and Lacis, A. A. and LeGrande, A. N. and Lerner, J. and Menon, S. and Oinas, V. and Garcia-Pando, C. Perez and Perlwitz, J. P. and Puma, M. J. and Rind, D. and Romanou, A. and Russell, G. L. and Sato, M. and Sun, S. and Tsigaridis, K. and Unger, N. and Voulgarakis, A. and Yao, M.-S. and Zhang, J.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@book{houze1999, + title = {Convection over the Warm Pool in Relation to Atmospheric Kelvin-Rossby Waves}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Houze, R.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW Dyno Seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{winker2010, + title = {The {{CALIPSO Mission}}: {{A Global 3D View}} of {{Aerosols}} and {{Clouds}}}, + volume = {91}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {The {{CALIPSO Mission}}}, + doi = {10.1175/2010BAMS3009.1}, + abstract = {Aerosols and clouds have important effects on Earth's climate through their effects on the radiation budget and the cycling of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface. Limitations in our understanding of the global distribution and properties of aerosols and clouds are partly responsible for the current uncertainties in modeling the global climate system and predicting climate change. The CALIPSO satellite was developed as a joint project between NASA and the French space agency CNES to provide needed capabilities to observe aerosols and clouds from space. CALIPSO carries CALIOP, a two-wavelength, polarization-sensitive lidar, along with two passive sensors operating in the visible and thermal infrared spectral regions. CALIOP is the first lidar to provide long-term atmospheric measurements from Earth's orbit. Its profiling and polarization capabilities offer unique measurement capabilities. Launched together with the CloudSat satellite in April 2006 and now flying in formation with the A-train satellite constellation, CALIPSO is now providing information on the distribution and properties of aerosols and clouds, which is fundamental to advancing our understanding and prediction of climate. This paper provides an overview of the CALIPSO mission and instruments, the data produced, and early results.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-23T22:25:40Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-05-23}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Winker, D. M. and Pelon, J. and Coakley, J. A. and Ackerman, S. A. and Charlson, R. J. and Colarco, P. R. and Flamant, P. and Fu, Q. and Hoff, R. M. and Kittaka, C. and Kubar, T. L. and Le Treut, H. and McCormick, M. P. and M{\'e}gie, G. and Poole, L. and Powell, K. and Trepte, C. and Vaughan, M. A. and Wielicki, B. A.}, + month = mar, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1211--1229} +} + +@article{soden2002, + title = {Global {{Cooling After}} the {{Eruption}} of {{Mount Pinatubo}}: {{A Test}} of {{Climate Feedback}} by {{Water Vapor}}}, + volume = {296}, + doi = {10.1126/science.296.5568.727}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Wetherald, R. T. and Stenchikov, G. L. and Robock, A.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {727--730} +} + +@book{carr1998, + title = {Cumulus {{Momentum Fluxes}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Carr, M.}, + month = nov, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{massie2000, + title = {The {{Effect}} of the 1997 {{El Ni{\~n}o}} on the {{Distribution}} of {{Upper Tropospheric Cirrus}}}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Massie, S. and Lowe, P. and Tie, X. X. and Hervig, M. and Thomas, G. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {22,725--22,741} +} + +@book{mclandress, + title = {Thermal {{Tides}} in the {{Upper Atmosphere}}: {{WINDI}} and {{Middle Atms GCM Results}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {McLandress, C.}, + year = {30 January 97}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{pan2004, + title = {Definitions and Sharpness of the Extratropical Tropopause: {{A}} Trace Gas Perspective}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004982}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D23103}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and Randel, W. J. and Gary, B. L. and Mahoney, M. J. and Hintsa, E. J.}, + month = dec, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{gettelman2016d, + title = {Processes {{Responsible}} for {{Cloud Feedback}}}, + issn = {2198-6061}, + doi = {10.1007/s40641-016-0052-8}, + abstract = {Cloud feedback on global climate is determined by the combined action of multiple processes that have different relevance in different cloud regimes. This review lays out the framework for cloud feedback and highlights recent advances and outstanding issues. A consensus is emerging on large-scale controls on cloud feedback. Recent work has made significant progress in the understanding and observationally constraining the local response of shallow clouds. But significant uncertainties remain in microphysical mechanisms for cloud feedback. Important microphysical mechanisms include cloud phase changes, precipitation processes and even aerosol distributions. The treatment of these processes varies across climate models and may contribute to greater spread in feedbacks across models as models advance. Future work will need to try to bound the range of possible cloud microphysical feedback mechanisms and seek observational constraints on them.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-10-03T15:13:19Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-03}, + journal = {Curr Clim Change Rep}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Sherwood, S. C.}, + month = oct, + year = {2016}, + pages = {1--11} +} + +@article{wirth2000, + title = {Thermal versus Dynamical Tropopause in Upper Troposphere Balanced Flow Anomalies}, + volume = {126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Wirth, V.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {299--317} +} + +@article{curry2006, + title = {Mixing {{Politics}} and {{Science}} in {{Testing}} the {{Hypothesis}} That Greenhouse Warming Is Causing a Global Increase in Hurricane Intensity}, + volume = {87}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Curry, J. A. and Webster, P. J. and Holland, G. J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1025--1037} +} + +@article{chou2002, + title = {Comments on ``{{Tropical Convection}} and the {{Energy Balance}} at the {{Top}} of the {{Atmosphere}}''}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Chou, M. D. and Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2566--2570} +} + +@article{zhu2015, + title = {Separating Aerosol Microphysical Effects and Satellite Measurement Artifacts of the Relationships between Warm Rain Onset Height and Aerosol Optical Depth}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023547}, + abstract = {The high resolution (375\,m) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite on board the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership satellite allows retrieving relatively accurately the vertical evolution of convective cloud drop effective radius (re) with height or temperature. A tight relationship is found over SE Asia and the adjacent seas during summer between the cloud-free aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the cloud thickness required for the initiation of warm rain, as represented by the satellite-retrieved cloud droplet re of 14\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m, for a subset of conditions that minimize measurement artifacts. This cloud depth ($\Delta$T14) is parameterized as the difference between the cloud base temperature and the temperature at the height where re exceeds 14\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m (T14). For a unit increase of AOD, the height of rain initiation is increased by about 5.5\,km. The concern of data artifacts due to the increase in AOD near clouds was mitigated by selecting only scenes with cloud fraction (CF)\,$<$\,0.1. For CF\,$>$\,0.1 and $\Delta$T14\,$>$\,\textasciitilde{}20$^\circ$C, the increase of $\Delta$T14 gradually levels off with further increase of AOD, possibly because the AOD is enhanced by aerosol upward transport and detrainment through the clouds below the T14 isotherm. The bias in the retrieved re due to the different geometries of solar illumination was also quantified. It was shown that the retrievals are valid only for backscatter views or when avoiding scenes with significant amount of cloud self-shadowing. These artifacts might have contributed to past reported relationships between cloud properties and AOD.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-10T19:35:28Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-10}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Zhu, Yannian and Rosenfeld, Daniel and Yu, Xing and Li, Zhanqing}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3311 Clouds and aerosols,aerosol microphysical effects,satellite retrieval of cloud properties,warm rain onset height}, + pages = {2015JD023547} +} + +@article{seidel2006, + title = {Variability and Trends in the Global Tropopause Estimated from {{Radiosonde}} Data}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007363}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D21101}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Seidel, D. J. and Randel, W. J.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{sanchez2016, + title = {Meteorological and Aerosol Effects on Marine Cloud Microphysical Properties}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024595}, + abstract = {Meteorology and microphysics affect cloud formation, cloud droplet distributions, and shortwave reflectance. The Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los-Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol-Droplets studies provided measurements in six case studies of cloud thermodynamic properties, initial particle number distribution and composition, and cloud drop distribution. In this study, we use simulations from a chemical and microphysical aerosol-cloud parcel (ACP) model with explicit kinetic drop activation to reproduce observed cloud droplet distributions of the case studies. Four cases had subadiabatic lapse rates, resulting in fewer activated droplets, lower liquid water content, and higher cloud base height than an adiabatic lapse rate. A weighted ensemble of simulations that reflect measured variation in updraft velocity and cloud base height was used to reproduce observed droplet distributions. Simulations show that organic hygroscopicity in internally mixed cases causes small effects on cloud reflectivity (CR) ($<$0.01), except for cargo ship and smoke plumes, which increased CR by 0.02 and 0.07, respectively, owing to their high organic mass fraction. Organic hygroscopicity had larger effects on droplet concentrations for cases with higher aerosol concentrations near the critical diameter (namely, polluted cases with a modal peak near 0.1\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m). Differences in simulated droplet spectral widths (k) caused larger differences in CR than organic hygroscopicity in cases with organic mass fractions of 60\% or less for the cases shown. Finally, simulations from a numerical parameterization of cloud droplet activation suitable for general circulation models compared well with the ACP model, except under high organic mass fraction.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-02T16:40:35Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-02}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Sanchez, K. J. and Russell, L. M. and Modini, R. L. and Frossard, A. A. and Ahlm, L. and Corrigan, C. E. and Roberts, G. C. and Hawkins, L. N. and Schroder, J. C. and Bertram, A. K. and Zhao, R. and Lee, A. K. Y. and Lin, J. J. and Nenes, A. and Wang, Z. and Wonasch{\"u}tz, A. and Sorooshian, A. and Noone, K. J. and Jonsson, H. and Toom, D. and Macdonald, A. M. and Leaitch, W. R. and Seinfeld, J. H.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3311 Clouds and aerosols,aerosol,cloud reflectivity,hygroscopicity,lapse rate,spectral width}, + pages = {2015JD024595} +} + +@article{herman2003, + title = {Hydration. Dehydaration, and the Total Hydrogen Budget of the 1999/2000 Winter {{Arctic Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001257}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Herman, R. L. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {8320} +} + +@article{soden1993, + title = {Upper Tropospheric Relative Humidity from Teh {{GOES}} 6.7um Channel: {{Method}} and Climatology for {{July}} 1987}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Bretherton, F. P.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {16,669--16,688} +} + +@article{struthers2004, + title = {Past and Future Simulations of {{NO2}} from a Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model in Comparison with Observations}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Struthers, H. and Kreher, K. and Austin, J. and Schofield, R. and Bodeker, G. E. and Johnston, P. V. and Shiona, H. and Thomas, A.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {2227--2239} +} + +@book{worldmeteorologicalorganization2007, + address = {Geneva}, + series = {WMO Report 50}, + title = {Scientific {{Assessment}} of {{Ozone Depletion}}: 2006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + publisher = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{garcia2008, + title = {Acceleration of the {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson Circulation}} due to {{Increases}} in {{Greenhouse Gases}}}, + volume = {65}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JAS2712.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Garcia, R. R. and Randel, W. J.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2731--2739} +} + +@article{morales2009, + title = {Characteristic Updrafts for Computing Distribution-Averaged Cloud Droplet Number, Autoconversion Rate and Effective Radius}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Morales, R. and Nenes, A.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{grise1175, + title = {A Global Survey of Static Stability in the {{Stratosphere}} and {{Upper Tropopshere}}}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Grise, K. M. and Thompson, D. W. J. and Birner, T.}, + year = {10.1175/2009JCLI3369.1 2010}, + pages = {2275--2292} +} + +@article{popp2007, + title = {Condensed-Phase Nitric Acid in a Tropical Subvisible Cirrus Cloud}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/GL031832}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {L24812}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Popp, P. J. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{yu2004, + title = {Tropospheric Cooling and Summer Monsoon Weakening Trend over {{East Asia}}}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL021270}, + abstract = {A distinctive strong tropospheric cooling trend is found in East Asia during July and August. The cooling trend is most prominent at the upper troposphere around 300 hPa. Accompanying this summer cooling the upper-level westerly jet stream over East Asia shifts southward and the East Asian summer monsoon weakens, which results in the tendency toward increased droughts in northern China and flood in Yangtze River Valley. The observational evidences raise the possibility that the East Asian summer tropospheric cooling links to the stratosphere temperature changes and the interaction between the troposphere and stratosphere.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-18T15:49:46Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-05-18}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Yu, Rucong and Wang, Bin and Zhou, Tianjun}, + month = nov, + year = {2004}, + keywords = {1610 Atmosphere,1630 Impacts of global change,3319 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation,3354 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Precipitation,3362 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Stratosphere/troposphere interactions}, + pages = {L22212} +} + +@article{solomon2011, + title = {The {{Persistently Variable}} ``{{Background}}'' {{Stratospheric Aerosol Layer}} and {{Global Climate Change}}}, + volume = {333}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1206027}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {6044}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Solomon, S. and Daniel, J. S. and Neely, R. R. and Vernier, J. P. and Dutton, E. G. and Thomason, L. W.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {866--870} +} + +@article{hees2001, + title = {A Comparison of Deep Convective Activity during {{TOGA COARE}} as Derived from {{AVHRR}} Satellite Data and Radar Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Submitted to J. Geophys. Atms.}, + author = {van Hees, R. M. and Collins, W. D. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{potter1995, + title = {The {{Role}} of {{Monsoon Convection}} in the {{Dehydration}} of the {{Lower Tropical Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Potter, B. E. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {1034--1050} +} + +@article{brenguier2003, + title = {Cloud Microphysical and Radiative Properties for Parameterization and Satellite Monitoring of the Indirect Effect of Aerosols on Climate}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002682}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Brenguier, J.-L. and Pawlowska, H. and Schuller, L.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{gettelman2015c, + title = {Icelandic Volcanic Emissions and Climate}, + volume = {8}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2015 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo2376}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:03:59Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Gettelman, Andrew and Schmidt, Anja and Egill Kristj{\'a}nsson, J{\'o}n}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + pages = {243--243}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/BCF762Z8/Gettelman et al. - 2015 - Icelandic volcanic emissions and climate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/SVAZATCR/ngeo2376.html:text/html} +} + +@article{ambaum1997, + title = {Isentropic {{Formation}} of the {{Tropopause}}}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Ambaum, M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {555--568} +} + +@article{shenk1974, + title = {Cloud Top Height Variability of Strong Convective Cells}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology}, + author = {Shenk, W. E.}, + year = {1974}, + pages = {917--922} +} + +@article{fu1997, + title = {Multiple {{Scattering Parameterization}} in {{Thermal Infrared Radiative Transfer}}}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Liou, K. N. and Cribb, M. C. and Charlock, T. P. and Grossman, A.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2799--2812} +} + +@article{steinbrecht2001, + title = {Interannual Changes of Total Ozone and Northern Hemisphere Circulation Patterns}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Steinbrecht, W. and Claude, H. and K{\"o}hler, U. and Winkler, P.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {1191--1194} +} + +@article{verkeley1994, + title = {Tropopause {{Dynamics And Planetary Waves}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Verkeley, W. T. M.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {509--529} +} + +@article{wang1998b, + title = {Seasonal Ozone Variations in the Isentropic Layer between 330 and 380 {{K}} as Observed by {{SAGE II}}: {{Implications}} of Extratopical Cross-Tropopause Transport}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wang, P. H. and Cunnold, D. M. and Zawodny, J. M. and Pierce, R. B. and Olson, J. R. and Kent, G. S. and Skeens, K. M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {28,647--28,659} +} + +@article{irion1996, + title = {Stratospheric {{Observations}} of {{CH3D}} and {{HDO}} from {{ATMOS}} Infrared Solar Spectra: {{Enrichments}} of Deuterium in Methane and Implications for {{HD}}}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Irion, F. W. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2381--2384} +} + +@book{yoden1998, + title = {Numerical {{Experiments}} on {{2D}} Turbulence on a Rotating Sphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yoden, Shiego}, + month = mar, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Dynamics Seminar} +} + +@article{randel2000a, + title = {Interannual Variability of the Tropical Tropopause Derived from Radiosonde Data and {{NCEP}} Reanalyses}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Gaffen, D. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {15,509--15,523} +} + +@article{barry2000, + title = {A {{GCM Investigation}} into the {{Nature}} of {{Baroclinic Adjustment}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Barry, L. and Craig, G. C. and Thuburn, J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1141--1155} +} + +@article{wang2002a, + title = {Corrections of Humidity Measurement Errors from the {{Vaisala RS80}} Radiosonde: {{Application}} to {{TOGA COARE}} Data}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.}, + author = {Wang, J. and Cole, H. L. and Carlson, D. J. and Miller, E. R. and Beierle, K. and Paukkunen, A. and Laine, T. K.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {981--1002} +} + +@incollection{warren1996, + address = {New York, NY}, + title = {Antarctica}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {{Weather}} and {{Climate}}}, + publisher = {{Oxford Univ. Press}}, + author = {Warren, S G}, + editor = {Schneider, S. H.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {32--39} +} + +@article{rowland1993, + title = {President's {{Lecture}}: {{The Need}} for {{Scientific Communication}} with the {{Public}}}, + volume = {260}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Rowland, F. S.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {1571--1576} +} + +@article{zhou2016, + title = {What Controls the Low Ice Number Concentration in the Upper Troposphere?}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-12411-2016}, + abstract = {Cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause play a key role in regulating the moisture entering the stratosphere through their dehydrating effect. Low ice number concentrations (\,$<$\, 200 L-1) and high supersaturations (150\textendash{}160 \%) have been observed in these clouds. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain these low ice number concentrations, including the inhibition of homogeneous freezing by the deposition of water vapour onto pre-existing ice crystals, heterogeneous ice formation on glassy organic aerosol ice nuclei~(IN), and limiting the formation of ice number from high-frequency gravity waves. In this study, we examined the effect from three different representations of updraft velocities, the effect from pre-existing ice crystals, the effect from different water vapour deposition coefficients ($\alpha$ \,=\, 0.1 or~1), and the effect of 0.1 \% of the total secondary organic aerosol~(SOA) particles acting as IN. Model-simulated ice crystal numbers are compared against an aircraft observational dataset.Including the effect from water vapour deposition on pre-existing ice particles can effectively reduce simulated in-cloud ice number concentrations for all model setups. A larger water vapour deposition coefficient ($\alpha$ \,=\, 1) can also efficiently reduce ice number concentrations at temperatures below 205 K, but less so at higher temperatures. SOA acting as IN is most effective at reducing ice number concentrations when the effective updraft velocities are moderate (\,$\sim$\, 0.05\textendash{}0.2 m s-1). However, the effects of including SOA as IN and using ($\alpha$ \,=\, 1) are diminished when the effect from pre-existing ice is included.When a grid-resolved large-scale updraft velocity (\,$<$\, 0.1 m s-1) is used, the ice nucleation parameterization with homogeneous freezing only or with both homogeneous freezing and heterogeneous nucleation is able to generate low ice number concentrations in good agreement with observations for temperatures below 205 K as long as the pre-existing ice effect is included. For the moderate updraft velocity (\,$\sim$\, 0.05\textendash{}0.2 m s-1), simulated ice number concentrations in good agreement with observations at temperatures below 205 K can be achieved if effects from pre-existing ice, a larger water vapour deposition coefficient ($\alpha$ \,=\, 1), and SOA IN are all included. Using the sub-grid-scale turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)-based updraft velocity (\,$\sim$\, 0\textendash{}2 m s-1) always overestimates the ice number concentrations at temperatures below 205 K but compares well with observations at temperatures above 205 K when the pre-existing ice effect is included.}, + timestamp = {2016-10-05T18:49:40Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2016-10-05}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Zhou, C. and Penner, J. E. and Lin, G. and Liu, X. and Wang, M.}, + month = oct, + year = {2016}, + pages = {12411--12424} +} + +@article{oinas2001, + title = {Radiative Cooling by Stratospheric Water Vapor: Big Differences in {{GCM}} Results}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Oinas, V. and Lacis, A. A. and Rind, D. and Shindell, D. T. and Hansen, J. E.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2791--2794} +} + +@article{hoinka1993, + title = {North {{Atlantic Air Traffic Within}} the {{Lower Stratosphere}}: {{Cruising Times}} and {{Corresponding}} Emissions}, + volume = {98}, + abstract = {Study estimates cruising times and pollutant (NOx, CO, HC) and H2O emissions in the stratosphere for commercial aircraft over the north atlantic region for 1989, 1990, and 1991}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hoinka, K. P. and Reinhart, M. E. and Metz, W.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {aircraft,North Atlantic,stratosphere}, + pages = {23,113--23,131} +} + +@article{eluszkiewicz1997, + title = {Sensitivity of the Residual Circulation Diagnosed from the {{UARS}} Data to the Uncertainities in the Input Fields and to the Inclusion of Aerosols}, + volume = {54}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Eluszkiewicz, J. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1739--1757} +} + +@article{hendricks2011, + title = {Effects of Ice Nuclei on Cirrus Clouds in a Global Climate Model}, + volume = {116}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015302}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D18206}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hendricks, J. and K{\"a}rcher, B. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{intrieri2002, + title = {An Annual Cycle of {{Arctic}} Surface Cloud Forcing at {{SHEBA}}}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2000JC000439}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {8039}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Intrieri, J. M. and Fairall, C. W. and Shupe, M. D. and Persson, P. O. G. and Andreas, E. L. and Guest, P. S. and Moritz, R. E.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{mass1998a, + title = {The {{Aerosonde}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + author = {Mass, C}, + month = nov, + year = {1998}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: colloquium Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{clough1992, + title = {Line-by-Line Calculations of Atmospheric Fluxes and Cooling Rates: {{Application}} to Water Vapor}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Clough, S. and Iacono, M. and Moncet, J.-L.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {15,761--15,785} +} + +@article{boyle2015, + title = {The Parametric Sensitivity of {{CAM5}}'s {{MJO}}: {{Parametric Sensitivity}} of {{CAM5}}'s {{MJO}}}, + volume = {120}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {The Parametric Sensitivity of {{CAM5}}'s {{MJO}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022507}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:32:41Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Boyle, J. S. and Klein, S. A. and Lucas, D. D. and Ma, H.-Y. and Tannahill, J. and Xie, S.}, + month = feb, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1424--1444} +} + +@article{kristjansson2002, + title = {Studies of the Aerosol Indirect Effect from Sulfate and Black Carbon Aerosols}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000887}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kristjansson, J. E.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{lamarque2005, + title = {Response of a Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model to Changes in Aerosol Emissions: {{Global}} Impact on the Hydrologic Cycle and the Tropospheric Burdens of {{OH}}, Ozone and {{NO}}\$\_x\$}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL023419}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {L16809}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lamarque, J.-F. and Kiehl, J. T. and Hess, P. G. and Collins, W. D. and Emmons, L. K. and Ginoux, P. and Luo, C. and Tie, X. X.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{haynes1997a, + title = {Formation of the {{Mid}}-{{Latitude Tropopause Through}} the {{Action}} of {{Baroclinic Eddies}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Haynes, P.H. and Scinocca, J.F.}, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: AMS Middle Atmosphere Conference- Tacoma, WA} +} + +@article{jensen1999, + title = {High Humidities and Subvisible Cirrus near the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Read, W. G. and Mergenthaler, J. and Sandor, B. J. and Pfister, L. and Tabazadeh, A.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2347--2350} +} + +@book{colle1999, + title = {Structure of Easterly Flow in the {{Strait}} of {{Juan}} de {{Fuca}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + author = {Colle, B.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@incollection{weubbles1993, + title = {Emissions {{Scenarios Development}}: {{Report}} of the {{Emissions Scenarios Committee}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {NASA Reference Publication 1313}, + booktitle = {The {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Stratospheric Aircraft}}: {{A Third Program Report}}}, + author = {Weubbles, D. J. and {others}}, + editor = {Stolarski, R. S. and Wesoky, H. L.}, + year = {1993} +} + +@article{niu2012, + title = {Systematic Variations of Cloud Top Temperature and Precipitation Rate with Aerosols over the Global Tropics}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-8491-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:04Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Niu, Feng and Li, Zhanqing}, + month = sep, + year = {2012}, + pages = {8491--8498} +} + +@article{quack2004, + title = {Oceanic {{Bromoform}} Sources for the Tropical Atmosphere}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL020597}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {L23S05}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Quack, B. and Atlas, E. and Petrick, G. and Stroud, V. and Schauffler, S. and Wallace, D. W. R.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{ploeger2010, + title = {Impact of the Vertical Velocity Scheme on Modeling Transport in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {115}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D03301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ploeger, F. and Konopka, P. and G{\"u}nther, G. and Groo\ss{}, J.-U. and M{\"u}ller, R.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {10.1029/2009JD012023} +} + +@techreport{vedantham1994, + title = {Aircraft Emissions and the {{Global Atmosphere}}}, + abstract = {Report looks at long term scenarios for aviation emissions (CO2 and NOx) from existing subsonic fleets}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + institution = {Environmental Defense Fund}, + author = {Vedantham, A. and Oppenheimer, M.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {aircraft,stratosphere} +} + +@article{gettelman2007a, + title = {The Impact of Supersaturation in a Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Kinnison, D. E.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1629--1643} +} + +@book{nakamura1997, + title = {Lagrangian {{Mean Approach}} to {{Stratospheric Tracer Transport}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Nakamura, N.}, + month = mar, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from U Chicago +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Modified Lagrangian Mean (MLM) equivalent latitude} +} + +@article{zhange2007, + title = {Intensification of {{Pacific}} Storm Track Linked to Asian Pollution}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {Zhange, R. and Li, G. and Fan, J. and Wu, D. L. and Molina, M. J.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {5295--5299} +} + +@article{zheng2016, + title = {Assessment of Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Simulations in the {{CAM}} with {{CLUBB}} and Updated Microphysics Scheme Based on {{ARM}} Observations from the {{Azores}}}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2016JD025274}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-24T20:46:26Z}, + urldate = {2016-07-24}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Zheng, X. and Klein, S. A. and Ma, H.-Y. and Bogenschutz, P. and Gettelman, A. and Larson, V. E.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3307 Boundary layer processes,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3314 Convective processes,3337 Global climate models,ARM observations,Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals,marine boundary layer clouds,the Community Atmosphere Model}, + pages = {2016JD025274} +} + +@article{beekmann1994, + title = {Climatology of Tropospheric Ozone in Southern {{Europe}} and Its Relation to Potential Vorticity}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Beekmann, M. and Ancellet, G. and M{\'e}gie, G.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {PV}, + pages = {12,841--12,853} +} + +@article{sun1994, + title = {A {{PV View}} of the {{Zonal Mean Distribution}} of {{Temperature}} and {{Wind}} in the {{Extratropical Troposphere}}}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Sun, D. Z. and Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {757--772} +} + +@article{stevens2014, + title = {The Contribution of Plume-Scale Nucleation to Global and Regional Aerosol and {{CCN}} Concentrations: Evaluation and Sensitivity to Emissions Changes}, + volume = {14}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-14-21473-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions}, + author = {Stevens, R. G. and Pierce, J. R.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {21473--21521} +} + +@article{cerniglia1995, + title = {Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Influence of a Cutoff Low on the Distribution of Northern Hemisphere Processed Air in Late {{January}} 1992}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Cerniglia, M. C. and Rood, R. B. and Douglass, A. R.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {3D CTM - STRATAN assimilation model}, + pages = {16,431--16,443} +} + +@article{sparling1997, + title = {Diabatic Cross-Isentropic Dispersion in the Lower-Stratosphere}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Sparling, L. C. and Kettleborough, J. A. and Haynes, P. H. and McIntyre, M. E. and Rosenfield, J. E. and Schoeberl, M. R. and Newman, P. A.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {25,817--25,829} +} + +@article{douglass1997a, + title = {A Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Evolution of the Middle Latitude Ozone in the Middle Stratosphere}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Douglass, A. R. and Rood, R. B. and Kawa, S. R. and Allen, D. J.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {O3 CTM}, + pages = {19,217--19,232} +} + +@article{hou2013, + title = {The {{Global Precipitation Measurement Mission}}}, + volume = {95}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00164.1}, + abstract = {Precipitation affects many aspects of our everyday life. It is the primary source of freshwater and has significant socioeconomic impacts resulting from natural hazards such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and landslides. Fundamentally, precipitation is a critical component of the global water and energy cycle that governs the weather, climate, and ecological systems. Accurate and timely knowledge of when, where, and how much it rains or snows is essential for understanding how the Earth system functions and for improving the prediction of weather, climate, freshwater resources, and natural hazard events. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission specifically designed to set a new standard for the measurement of precipitation from space and to provide a new generation of global rainfall and snowfall observations in all parts of the world every 3 h. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) successfully launched the Core Observatory satellite on 28 February 2014 carrying advanced radar and radiometer systems to serve as a precipitation physics observatory. This will serve as a transfer standard for improving the accuracy and consistency of precipitation measurements from a constellation of research and operational satellites provided by a consortium of international partners. GPM will provide key measurements for understanding the global water and energy cycle in a changing climate as well as timely information useful for a range of regional and global societal applications such as numerical weather prediction, natural hazard monitoring, freshwater resource management, and crop forecasting.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-27T03:15:33Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-05-27}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Hou, Arthur Y. and Kakar, Ramesh K. and Neeck, Steven and Azarbarzin, Ardeshir A. and Kummerow, Christian D. and Kojima, Masahiro and Oki, Riko and Nakamura, Kenji and Iguchi, Toshio}, + month = sep, + year = {2013}, + pages = {701--722} +} + +@article{meehl2008, + title = {Effects of {{Black Carbon Aerosols}} on the {{Indian Monsoon}}}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:11Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Meehl, Gerald A. and Arblaster, Julie M. and Collins, William D.}, + month = jun, + year = {2008}, + pages = {2869--2882} +} + +@article{randall2003, + title = {Breaking the Cloud Parameterization Deadlock}, + volume = {84}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, + author = {Randall, DR and Khairoutdinov, M. and Arakawa, A. and Grabowski, W.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1547--1564} +} + +@article{klimont2013, + title = {The Last Decade of Global Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide: 2000\textendash{}2011 Emissions}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1748-9326}, + shorttitle = {The Last Decade of Global Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:36:12Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, + author = {Klimont, Z and Smith, S J and Cofala, J}, + month = mar, + year = {2013}, + pages = {014003} +} + +@article{lubin2006, + title = {A Climatologically Significant Aerosol Longwave Indirect Effect in the {{Arctic}}}, + volume = {436}, + doi = {10.1038/nature04449}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Lubin, D. and Vogelmann, A. M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {453--456} +} + +@article{jr2000, + title = {Convection over the {{Pacific}} Warm Pool in Relation to the Atmospheric {{Kelvin}}\textendash{}{{Rossby}} Wave}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Jr, R. A. Houze and Chen, S. S. and Kingsmill, D. E. and Serra, Y. and Yuter, S. E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3058--3089} +} + +@article{schwartzkopf1999, + title = {Radiative Effects of {{CH}}4, {{N}}2{{O}}, Halocarbons and the Foreign-Broadened {{H}}2{{O}} Continuum: {{A GCM}} Experiment}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schwartzkopf, M. D. and Ramaswamy, V.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {9467--9488} +} + +@article{cess1989, + title = {Interpretation of {{Cloud}}-{{Climate Feedback}} as {{Produced}} by 14 {{Atmospheric General Circulation Models}}}, + volume = {245}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Cess, R. D. and {others}}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {513--516} +} + +@article{koren2010a, + title = {The Invigoration of Deep Convective Clouds over the {{Atlantic}}: Aerosol Effect, Meteorology or Retrieval Artifact?}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-8855-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Koren, I. and Feingold, G. and Remer, L. A.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {8855--8872} +} + +@article{gille1996, + title = {Revised {{Reference Model}} for {{Nitric Acid}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {9/10}, + journal = {Advances in Space Research}, + author = {Gille, J. C. and Bailey, P. L. and Craig, C. A.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {HNO3}, + pages = {125--138} +} + +@article{trenberth2002a, + title = {Changes in {{Tropical Clouds}} and {{Radiation}}}, + volume = {296}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2095a} +} + +@article{sherwood2014a, + title = {Spread in Model Climate Sensitivity Traced to Atmospheric Convective Mixing}, + volume = {505}, + issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687}, + doi = {10.1038/nature12829}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:18Z}, + number = {7481}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Sherwood, Steven C. and Bony, Sandrine and Dufresne, Jean-Louis}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {37--42} +} + +@article{murakami2015, + title = {Simulation and {{Prediction}} of {{Category}} 4 and 5 {{Hurricanes}} in the {{High}}-{{Resolution GFDL HiFLOR Coupled Climate Model}}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0216.1}, + abstract = {A new high-resolution Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled model [the High-Resolution Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) model (HiFLOR)] has been developed and used to investigate potential skill in simulation and prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) activity. HiFLOR comprises high-resolution (\textasciitilde{}25-km mesh) atmosphere and land components and a more moderate-resolution (\textasciitilde{}100-km mesh) sea ice and ocean component. HiFLOR was developed from FLOR by decreasing the horizontal grid spacing of the atmospheric component from 50 to 25 km, while leaving most of the subgrid-scale physical parameterizations unchanged. Compared with FLOR, HiFLOR yields a more realistic simulation of the structure, global distribution, and seasonal and interannual variations of TCs, as well as a comparable simulation of storm-induced cold wakes and TC-genesis modulation induced by the Madden\textendash{}Julian oscillation (MJO). Moreover, HiFLOR is able to simulate and predict extremely intense TCs (Saffir\textendash{}Simpson hurricane categories 4 and 5) and their interannual variations, which represents the first time a global coupled model has been able to simulate such extremely intense TCs in a multicentury simulation, sea surface temperature restoring simulations, and retrospective seasonal predictions.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-09T23:25:57Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-12-09}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Murakami, Hiroyuki and Vecchi, Gabriel A. and Underwood, Seth and Delworth, Thomas L. and Wittenberg, Andrew T. and Anderson, Whit G. and Chen, Jan-Huey and Gudgel, Richard G. and Harris, Lucas M. and Lin, Shian-Jiann and Zeng, Fanrong}, + month = aug, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Atm/Ocean Structure/Phenomena,Climate models,Climate prediction,Forecasting,Hindcasts,Models and modeling,tropical cyclones}, + pages = {9058--9079} +} + +@article{boville2003, + title = {Heating and {{Kinetic Energy Dissipation}} in the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Boville, B. A. and Bretherton, C. S.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {3877--3887} +} + +@article{flatoy1996, + title = {Three-Dimensional Model Studies of the Effect of {{NOx}} Emissions from Aircraft on Ozone in the Upper Troposphere over {{Europe}} and the {{North Atlantic}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Flat\o{}y, F. and Hov, \O{}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {nitrogen NOx}, + pages = {1401--1422} +} + +@article{roche1996, + title = {Validation of {{CH}}4 and {{N}}2{{O}} Measurements by the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer Instrument on the {{Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite}}.}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Roche, A. E. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {9679--9710} +} + +@article{stephens2010, + title = {Dreary State of Precipitation in Global Models}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014532}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D24211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stephens, G. L. and L'Ecuyer, T. and Forbes, R. and Gettelman, A. and Golaz, J.-C. and Bodas-Salcedo, A. and Suzuki, K. and Gabriel, P. and Haynes, J.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{webb2015, + title = {The Impact of Parametrized Convection on Cloud Feedback}, + volume = {373}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2015 The Authors.. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.}, + issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2014.0414}, + abstract = {We investigate the sensitivity of cloud feedbacks to the use of convective parametrizations by repeating the CMIP5/CFMIP-2 AMIP/AMIP + 4K uniform sea surface temperature perturbation experiments with 10 climate models which have had their convective parametrizations turned off. Previous studies have suggested that differences between parametrized convection schemes are a leading source of inter-model spread in cloud feedbacks. We find however that `ConvOff' models with convection switched off have a similar overall range of cloud feedbacks compared with the standard configurations. Furthermore, applying a simple bias correction method to allow for differences in present-day global cloud radiative effects substantially reduces the differences between the cloud feedbacks with and without parametrized convection in the individual models. We conclude that, while parametrized convection influences the strength of the cloud feedbacks substantially in some models, other processes must also contribute substantially to the overall inter-model spread. The positive shortwave cloud feedbacks seen in the models in subtropical regimes associated with shallow clouds are still present in the ConvOff experiments. Inter-model spread in shortwave cloud feedback increases slightly in regimes associated with trade cumulus in the ConvOff experiments but is quite similar in the most stable subtropical regimes associated with stratocumulus clouds. Inter-model spread in longwave cloud feedbacks in strongly precipitating regions of the tropics is substantially reduced in the ConvOff experiments however, indicating a considerable local contribution from differences in the details of convective parametrizations. In both standard and ConvOff experiments, models with less mid-level cloud and less moist static energy near the top of the boundary layer tend to have more positive tropical cloud feedbacks. The role of non-convective processes in contributing to inter-model spread in cloud feedback is discussed.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-06T07:22:34Z}, + number = {2054}, + urldate = {2015-10-06}, + journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A}, + author = {Webb, Mark J. and Lock, Adrian P. and Bretherton, Christopher S. and Bony, Sandrine and Cole, Jason N. S. and Idelkadi, Abderrahmane and Kang, Sarah M. and Koshiro, Tsuyoshi and Kawai, Hideaki and Ogura, Tomoo and Roehrig, Romain and Shin, Yechul and Mauritsen, Thorsten and Sherwood, Steven C. and Vial, Jessica and Watanabe, Masahiro and Woelfle, Matthew D. and Zhao, Ming}, + month = nov, + year = {2015}, + pages = {20140414} +} + +@article{appenzeller1996a, + title = {Fragmentation of Stratospheric {{Intrustions}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D1}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Appenzeller, C. and Davies, H. C. and Norton, W. A.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {tropopause folds}, + pages = {1435--1456} +} + +@book{holton1998, + title = {Gravity {{Waves}} in the {{Mesosphere}} Generated by Tropospheric Convection}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + month = may, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Dyno seminar} +} + +@article{davis2013, + title = {Seasonal to Multidecadal Variability of the Width of Hte Tropical Belt}, + volume = {118}, + doi = {10.1002/jrgd.50610}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Davis, N. A. and Birner, T.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {7773--7787} +} + +@article{bekki1992, + title = {Two-{{Dimensional Assessment}} of the {{Impact}} of {{Aircraft Sulphur Emissions}} on the {{Stratospheric Sulphate Aerosol Layer}}}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Bekki, S. and Pyle, J. A.}, + year = {1992}, + keywords = {sulfur}, + pages = {15,839--15,847} +} + +@article{pickering1998, + title = {Vertical Distributions of Lightning {{NO}}\$\_x\$ for Use in Regional and Global Chemical Transport Models}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pickering, K.E. and Wang, Y. and Tao, W. K. and Price, C. and Mueller, J.F.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,203--31,216} +} + +@article{tsuda1992, + title = {A {{Preliminary Report}} on {{Radiosonde Observations}} of the {{Equatorial Atmosphere Dynamics}} over {{Indonesia}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {J. Geomag. Geoelectr.}, + author = {Tsuda, T. and Murayama, Y. and Wiryosumarto, H. and Harijono, S. W. B. and Kato, S. and Fukao, S. and Karmini, M. and Mangan, C. M. and Saraspriya, S. and Suripto, A.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {1041--1055} +} + +@article{sausen1997, + title = {Climatic Impact of Aircraft Induced Ozone Changes}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Sausen, R. and Feneberg, B. and Ponater, M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {1203--1206} +} + +@phdthesis{sobel1998, + title = {Quantitative {{Diagnostics}} of {{Stratospheric Mixing}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, + author = {Sobel, A. H.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@book{lo1996, + title = {Zonal {{Flow Vacillation}}: {{Wave}}-{{Mean Flow Interaction}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Lo, Fiona}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{dessler2002, + title = {The Effect of Deep, Tropical Convection on the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {10.1029/2001JD000511} +} + +@article{rignot2014, + title = {Widespread, Rapid Grounding Line Retreat of {{Pine Island}}, {{Thwaites}}, {{Smith}}, and {{Kohler}} Glaciers, {{West Antarctica}}, from 1992 to 2011}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL060140}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:15Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Rignot, E. and Mouginot, J. and Morlighem, M. and Seroussi, H. and Scheuchl, B.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3502--3509} +} + +@article{d.ehhalt1963, + title = {Deuterium and {{Oxygen}} 18 in {{Rain Water}}}, + volume = {68}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {D. Ehhalt, K. Knott, J. F. Nagel and Vogel, J. C.}, + year = {1963}, + pages = {3775--3780} +} + +@incollection{fahey1999, + title = {Aviation {{Produced Aerosols}} and {{Cloudiness}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + booktitle = {{{IPCC Special Report}} on {{Aviation}} and the {{Global Atmosphere}}}, + publisher = {{Cambridge Universtiy Press}}, + author = {Fahey, D. W. and Schumann, U.}, + editor = {Houghton, J. T. and Yihui, D.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{wennberg1995, + title = {In {{Situ Measurements}} of {{OH}} and {{HO2}} in the {{Upper Tropopsphere}} and {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wennberg, P. O. and {others}}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {hox}, + pages = {3413--20} +} + +@article{field2006, + title = {Some Ice Nucleation Characteristics of {{Asian}} and {{Saharan}} Desert Dust}, + volume = {6}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-6-2991-2006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Field, P. R. and M{\"o}hler, O. and Connolly, P. and Kramer, M. and Cotton, R. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Saathoff, H. and Schnaiter, M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {2991--3006} +} + +@article{maslin2010, + title = {Gas Hydrates: Past and Future Geohazard?}, + volume = {368}, + issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962}, + shorttitle = {Gas Hydrates}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2010.0065}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-11T19:55:54Z}, + number = {1919}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, + author = {Maslin, M. and Owen, M. and Betts, R. and Day, S. and Dunkley Jones, T. and Ridgwell, A.}, + month = may, + year = {2010}, + pages = {2369--2393} +} + +@article{klein1993, + title = {The {{Seasonal Cycle}} of {{Low Stratiform Clouds}}.}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Klein, S. A. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {1587--1606} +} + +@article{vuille2003a, + title = {Modeling {{del18O}} in Precipitation over the Tropical {{Americas}}: 2. {{Simulation}} of the Stable Isotope Signal in {{Andean}} Ice Cores}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD002039}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Vuille, M. and Bradley, R. S. and Healy, R. and Werner, M. and Hardy, D. R. and Thompson, L. G. and Keimig, F.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{driscoll1998, + title = {A {{Short Circuit}} in {{Thermohaline Circulation}}: {{A Cause}} for {{Northern Hemisphere Glaciation}} ?}, + volume = {282}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Driscoll, N. W. and Haug, G. H.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {436--438} +} + +@article{fusina2007, + title = {Impact of Ice Supersaturation Regions and Thin Cirrus on Radiation in the Midlatitudes}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008449}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D24S14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fusina, F. and Spichtinger, P. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{anderson2005, + title = {An ``{{A}}-{{Train}}'' {{Strategy}} for {{Quantifying Direct Climate Forcing}} by {{Anthropogenic Aerosols}}}, + volume = {86}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Anderson, T. L. and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1795--1809} +} + +@article{bretherton2015, + title = {Insights into Low-Latitude Cloud Feedbacks from High-Resolution Models}, + volume = {373}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2015 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.}, + issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2014.0415}, + abstract = {Cloud feedbacks are a leading source of uncertainty in the climate sensitivity simulated by global climate models (GCMs). Low-latitude boundary-layer and cumulus cloud regimes are particularly problematic, because they are sustained by tight interactions between clouds and unresolved turbulent circulations. Turbulence-resolving models better simulate such cloud regimes and support the GCM consensus that they contribute to positive global cloud feedbacks. Large-eddy simulations using sub-100 m grid spacings over small computational domains elucidate marine boundary-layer cloud response to greenhouse warming. Four observationally supported mechanisms contribute: `thermodynamic' cloudiness reduction from warming of the atmosphere\textendash{}ocean column, `radiative' cloudiness reduction from CO2- and H2O-induced increase in atmospheric emissivity aloft, `stability-induced' cloud increase from increased lower tropospheric stratification, and `dynamical' cloudiness increase from reduced subsidence. The cloudiness reduction mechanisms typically dominate, giving positive shortwave cloud feedback. Cloud-resolving models with horizontal grid spacings of a few kilometres illuminate how cumulonimbus cloud systems affect climate feedbacks. Limited-area simulations and superparameterized GCMs show upward shift and slight reduction of cloud cover in a warmer climate, implying positive cloud feedbacks. A global cloud-resolving model suggests tropical cirrus increases in a warmer climate, producing positive longwave cloud feedback, but results are sensitive to subgrid turbulence and ice microphysics schemes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-06T10:46:31Z}, + number = {2054}, + urldate = {2015-10-06}, + journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A}, + author = {Bretherton, Christopher S.}, + month = nov, + year = {2015}, + pages = {20140415} +} + +@article{mclandress2009, + title = {Simulated {{Anthropogenic Changes}} in the {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson Circulation}}, {{Including Its Exension}} to {{High Latitudes}}}, + volume = {22}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI2679.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {McLandress, C. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1516--1540} +} + +@article{chou1999a, + title = {Parameterization for {{Cloud Longwave Scattering}} for {{Use}} in {{Atmospheric Models}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Chou, M. D. and Lee, K.-T. and Tsay, S.-C. and Fu, Q.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {159--169} +} + +@article{xie2015, + title = {Scale-Aware Parameterization of Liquid Cloud Inhomogeneity and Its Impact on Simulated Climate in {{CESM}}}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023565}, + abstract = {Using long-term radar-based ground measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, we derive the inhomogeneity of cloud liquid water as represented by the shape parameter of a gamma distribution. The relationship between the inhomogeneity and the model grid size as well as atmospheric condition is presented. A larger grid scale and more unstable atmosphere are associated with larger inhomogeneity that is described by a smaller shape parameter. This relationship is implemented as a scale-aware parameterization of the liquid cloud inhomogeneity in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) in which the shape parameter impacts the cloud microphysical processes. When used in the default CESM1 with the finite-volume dynamic core where a constant liquid inhomogeneity parameter was assumed, it reduces the cloud inhomogeneity in high latitudes and increases it in low latitudes. This is due to both the smaller (larger) grid size in high (low) latitudes in the longitude-latitude grid setting of CESM and the more stable (unstable) atmosphere. The single-column model and general circulation model sensitivity experiments show that the new parameterization increases the cloud liquid water path in polar regions and decreases it in low latitudes. An advantage of the parameterization is that it can recognize the spatial resolutions of the CESM without special tuning of the cloud water inhomogeneity parameter.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-24T22:49:01Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-24}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Xie, Xin and Zhang, Minghua}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,gamma shape parameter,scale-aware parameterization,subgrid variability}, + pages = {2015JD023565} +} + +@incollection{jaffe1992, + address = {San Diego, CA}, + title = {The {{Nitrogen Cycle}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + booktitle = {Global {{Biogeochemical Cycles}}}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Jaffe, D. A.}, + editor = {Bucher, S. S. and {others}}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {263--284} +} + +@article{su2006, + title = {Nhanced Positive Water Vapor Feedback Associated with Tropical Deep Convection: {{New}} Evidence from {{Aura MLS}}}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL025505}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {L05709}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Su, H. and Read, W. G. and Jiang, J. H. and Waters, J. W. and Wu, D. L. and Fetzer, E. J.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{jacobson2003a, + title = {Relationship of Intracloud Lightning Radiofrequency Power to Lightning Storm Height, as Observed by the {{FORTE}} Satellite}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002956}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jacobson, A. R.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{wimmers2003, + title = {Signatures of Tropopause Folding in Satellite Imagery}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001358}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wimmers, A. J. and Moody, J. L. and Browell, E. V. and Hair, J. W. and Grant, W. B. and Butler, C. F. and Fenn, M. A. and Schmidt, C. C. and Li, J. and Ridley, B. A.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {8360} +} + +@article{suhre1997, + title = {Ozone-Rich Transients in the Upper Equatorial {{Atlantic}} Troposphere}, + volume = {388}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Suhre, K. and Cammas, J.-P. and Nedelec, P. abd Rosset, R. and Marenco, A. and Smit, H. G. J.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {MOZAIC aircraft measurements O3}, + pages = {661--663} +} + +@article{minnis2013, + title = {Linear Contrail and Contrail Cirrus Properties Determined from Satellite Data}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50569}, + abstract = {The properties of contrail cirrus clouds are retrieved through analysis of Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data for 21 cases of spreading linear contrails. For these cases, contrail cirrus enhanced the linear contrail coverage by factors of 2.4\textendash{}7.6 depending on the contrail mask sensitivity. In dense air traffic areas, linear contrail detection sensitivity is apparently reduced when older contrails overlap and thus is likely diminished during the afternoon. The mean optical depths and effective particle sizes of the contrail cirrus were 2\textendash{}3 times and 20\% greater, respectively, than the corresponding values retrieved for the adjacent linear contrails. When contrails form below, in, or above existing cirrus clouds, the column cloud optical depth is increased and particle size is decreased. Thus, even without increased cirrus coverage, contrails will affect the radiation balance. These results should be valuable for refining model characterizations of contrail cirrus needed to fully assess the climate impacts of contrails.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-22T16:50:51Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-12-22}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Minnis, Patrick and Bedka, Sarah T. and Duda, David P. and Bedka, Kristopher M. and Chee, Thad and Ayers, J. Kirk and Palikonda, Rabindra and Spangenberg, Douglas A. and Khlopenkov, Konstantin V. and Boeke, Robyn}, + month = jun, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {1640 Remote sensing,3305 Climate change and variability,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3360 Remote sensing,Clouds,contrail cirrus,contrails,optical depth}, + pages = {3220--3226}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EJZFTAS9/Minnis et al. - 2013 - Linear contrail and contrail cirrus properties det.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/7KNPZ26X/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{austin2003, + title = {Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model Simulation for the Period 1980 to 2020: Ozone Depletion and the Start of Ozone Recovery}, + volume = {129}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Austin, J. and Butchart, N.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {3,225--3,249} +} + +@article{gettelman2006a, + title = {The {{Global Distribution}} of {{Supersaturation}} in the {{Upper Troposphere}}}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Fetzer, E. J. and Irion, F. W. and Eldering, A.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {6089--6103} +} + +@article{schoberl1998, + title = {A {{Lagrangian Estimate}} of {{Aircraft Effluent Lifetime}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Schoberl, M. R. and Jackman, C. H. and Rosenfield, J. E.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {10,817--10,825} +} + +@article{williamson2015, + title = {Energy Considerations in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM}})}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000448}, + abstract = {An error in the energy formulation in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is identified and corrected. Ten year AMIP simulations are compared using the correct and incorrect energy formulations. Statistics of selected primary variables all indicate physically insignificant differences between the simulations, comparable to differences with simulations initialized with rounding sized perturbations. The two simulations are so similar mainly because of an inconsistency in the application of the incorrect energy formulation in the original CAM. CAM used the erroneous energy form to determine the states passed between the parameterizations, but used a form related to the correct formulation for the state passed from the parameterizations to the dynamical core. If the incorrect form is also used to determine the state passed to the dynamical core the simulations are significantly different. In addition, CAM uses the incorrect form for the global energy fixer, but that seems to be less important. The difference of the magnitude of the fixers using the correct and incorrect energy definitions is very small.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-28T18:13:09Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-11-28}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Williamson, David L. and Olson, Jerry G. and Hannay, C{\'e}cile and Toniazzo, Thomas and Taylor, Mark and Yudin, Valery}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0545 Modeling,0550 Model verification and validation,1626 Global climate models,climate model,energy conservation}, + pages = {1178--1188}, + file = {williamson2015.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/williamson2015.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{hogan1975, + title = {Summer {{Ice Crystal Precipitation}} at the {{South Pole}}}, + volume = {14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {J. Applied Met.}, + author = {Hogan, A. W.}, + year = {1975}, + pages = {246--249} +} + +@article{kokkola2009, + title = {Aerosol Microphysics Modules in the Framework of the {{ECHAM5}} Climate Model \– Intercomparison under Stratospheric Conditions}, + volume = {2}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-2-97-2009}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Kokkola, H. and Hommel, R. and Kazil, J. and Niemeier, U. and Partanen, A.-I. and Feichter, J. and Timmreck, C.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {97--112} +} + +@article{dethof1999, + title = {A Mechanism for Moistening the Lower Stratosphere Involving the {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon}, + volume = {125}, + copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 1999 Royal Meteorological Society}, + issn = {1477-870X}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.1999.49712555602}, + abstract = {This study employs European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) re-analysis data and the contour advection technique to investigate the water vapour distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Water vapour is the primary greenhouse gas and understanding the processes which determine its distribution and transport is crucial. Of special interest is the exchange of water vapour across the tropopause. This study considers how the Asian summer monsoon affects the moisture budget of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The region of the Asian summer monsoon is identified as a significant moisture source for the upper troposphere outside the deep tropics. Monsoon convection moistens the region of the upper-level monsoon anticyclone which is located close to the dynamical tropopause, where isentropes cross from the troposphere into the stratosphere. An isentropic analysis reveals that transport from the troposphere into the stratosphere in this region is normally prevented by the strong potential-vorticity gradients around the tropopause. However, midlatitude synoptic disturbances occasionally interact with the monsoon anticyclone and pull filaments of tropospheric air from its northern flank. These filaments, characterized by high values of humidity and low values of potential vorticity, can extend far north and transport moisture irreversibly into the northern hemisphere lower stratosphere. MOZAIC (Measurement of OZone by Airbus In-service airCraft) data are used as an independent data source to validate the results obtained from the ECMWF analyses.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-18T16:57:39Z}, + number = {556}, + urldate = {2015-05-18}, + journal = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Dethof, A. and O'Neill, A. and Slingo, J. M. and Smit, H. G. J.}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + keywords = {Contour advection,Troposphere-stratosphere exchange,Water vapour}, + pages = {1079--1106} +} + +@article{kumjian2014, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Raindrop Collisional Processes}} on the {{Polarimetric Radar Variables}}}, + volume = {71}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-13-0357.1}, + abstract = {The impact of the collisional warm-rain microphysical processes on the polarimetric radar variables is quantified using a coupled microphysics\textendash{}electromagnetic scattering model. A one-dimensional bin-microphysical rain shaft model that resolves explicitly the evolution of the drop size distribution (DSD) under the influence of collisional coalescence and breakup, drop settling, and aerodynamic breakup is coupled with electromagnetic scattering calculations that simulate vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables: reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP. The polarimetric radar fingerprint of each individual microphysical process is quantified as a function of the shape of the initial DSD and for different values of nominal rainfall rate. Results indicate that individual microphysical processes (collisional processes, evaporation) display a distinctive signature and evolve within specific areas of ZH\textendash{}ZDR and ZDR\textendash{}KDP space. Furthermore, a comparison of the resulting simulated vertical profiles of the polarimetric variables with radar and disdrometer observations suggests that bin-microphysical parameterizations of drop breakup most frequently used are overly aggressive for the largest rainfall rates, resulting in very ``tropical'' DSDs heavily skewed toward smaller drops.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-17T22:22:48Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2016-11-17}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Kumjian, Matthew R. and Prat, Olivier P.}, + month = apr, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3052--3067}, + file = {Kumjian et al2014.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Kumjian et al2014.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/B4P56B3D/JAS-D-13-0357.html:text/html} +} + +@article{english2015, + title = {Arctic {{Radiative Fluxes}}: {{Present}}-{{Day Biases}} and {{Future Projections}} in {{CMIP5 Models}}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Arctic {{Radiative Fluxes}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00801.1}, + abstract = {Radiative fluxes are critical for understanding the energy budget of the Arctic region, where the climate has been changing rapidly and is projected to continue to change. This work investigates causes of present-day biases and future projections of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) Arctic radiative fluxes in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Compared to Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled (CERES-EBAF), CMIP5 net TOA downward shortwave (SW) flux biases are larger than outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) biases. The primary contributions to modeled TOA SW flux biases are biases in cloud amount and snow cover extent compared to the GCM-Oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product (CALIPSO-GOCCP) and the newly developed Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) dataset, respectively (with most models predicting insufficient cloud amount and snow cover in the Arctic), and biases with sea ice albedo. Future projections (2081\textendash{}90) with representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) simulations suggest increasing net TOA downward SW fluxes (+8 W m-2) over the Arctic basin due to a decrease of surface albedo from melting snow and ice, and increasing OLR (+6 W m-2) due to an increase in surface temperatures. The largest contribution to future Arctic net TOA downward SW flux increases is declining sea ice area, followed by declining snow cover area on land, reductions to sea ice albedo, and reductions to snow albedo on land. Cloud amount is not projected to change significantly. These results suggest the importance of accurately representing both the surface area and albedos of sea ice and snow cover as well as cloud amount in order to accurately represent TOA radiative fluxes for the present-day climate and future projections.}, + timestamp = {2015-09-30T02:17:59Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-09-30}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {English, Jason M. and Gettelman, Andrew and Henderson, Gina R.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Arctic,Climate models,Model evaluation/performance,Radiative fluxes,Shortwave radiation,Snow cover}, + pages = {6019--6038} +} + +@inproceedings{mcintyre1992, + series = {Enrico Fermi CXV Course}, + title = {Atmospheric {{Dynamics}}: {{Some Fundamentals}}, with {{Observational Implications}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + booktitle = {The {{Use}} of {{EOS}} for {{Studies}} of {{Atmospheric Physics}}}, + publisher = {{North-Holland}}, + author = {McIntyre, M. E.}, + editor = {Visconti, J. C. and Gille, G.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {313--386} +} + +@article{thouret1998, + title = {Ozone Climatologies at 9-12 Km Altitude as Seen by the {{MOZAIC}} Airborne Program between {{September}} 1994 and {{August}} 1996}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thouret, V. and Marenco, A. and N{\'e}d{\'e}lec, P. and Grouhel, C.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25,653--25,679} +} + +@article{marcolli2007, + title = {Efficiency of Immersion Mode Ice Nucleation on Surrogates of Mineral Dust}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Marcolli, C. and Gedamke, S. and Peter, T. and Zobrist, B.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {5081--5091} +} + +@article{stuber2007, + title = {The Impact of Diurnal Variations of Air traf$\dottedsquare${{N}}\^c on Contrail Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Stuber, N. and Forster, P.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {3153--3162} +} + +@article{rollins2016, + title = {A Laser-Induced Fluorescence Instrument for Aircraft Measurements of Sulfur Dioxide in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1867-8548}, + doi = {10.5194/amt-9-4601-2016}, + abstract = {This work describes the development and testing of a new instrument for in situ measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on airborne platforms in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT\textendash{}LS). The instrument is based on the laser-induced fluorescence technique and uses the fifth harmonic of a tunable fiber-amplified semiconductor diode laser system at 1084.5 nm to excite SO2 at 216.9 nm. Sensitivity and background checks are achieved in flight by additions of SO2 calibration gas and zero air, respectively. Aircraft demonstration was performed during the NASA Volcano-Plume Investigation Readiness and Gas-Phase and Aerosol Sulfur (VIRGAS) experiment, which was a series of flights using the NASA WB-57F during October 2015 based at Ellington Field and Harlingen, Texas. During these flights, the instrument successfully measured SO2 in the UT\textendash{}LS at background (non-volcanic) conditions with a precision of 2 ppt at 10 s and an overall uncertainty determined primarily by instrument drifts of $\pm$(16 \% + 0.9 ppt).}, + timestamp = {2016-11-30T20:52:28Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-11-30}, + journal = {Atmos. Meas. Tech.}, + author = {Rollins, A. W. and Thornberry, T. D. and Ciciora, S. J. and McLaughlin, R. J. and Watts, L. A. and Hanisco, T. F. and Baumann, E. and Giorgetta, F. R. and Bui, T. V. and Fahey, D. W. and Gao, R.-S.}, + month = sep, + year = {2016}, + pages = {4601--4613}, + file = {rollins2016.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/rollins2016.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{myers2016, + title = {Reducing the Uncertainty in Subtropical Cloud Feedback}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL067416}, + abstract = {Large uncertainty remains on how subtropical clouds will respond to anthropogenic climate change and therefore whether they will act as a positive feedback that amplifies global warming or negative feedback that dampens global warming by altering Earth's energy budget. Here we reduce this uncertainty using an observationally constrained formulation of the response of subtropical clouds to greenhouse forcing. The observed interannual sensitivity of cloud solar reflection to varying meteorological conditions suggests that increasing sea surface temperature and atmospheric stability in the future climate will have largely canceling effects on subtropical cloudiness, overall leading to a weak positive shortwave cloud feedback (0.4\,$\pm$\,0.9\,W\,m-2\,K-1). The uncertainty of this observationally based approximation of the cloud feedback is narrower than the intermodel spread of the feedback produced by climate models. Subtropical cloud changes will therefore complement positive cloud feedbacks identified by previous work, suggesting that future global cloud changes will amplify global warming.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T15:18:11Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Myers, Timothy A. and Norris, Joel R.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3307 Boundary layer processes,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,Clouds,feedbacks}, + pages = {2015GL067416} +} + +@article{schoeberl1992, + title = {The {{Structure}} of the {{Polar Vortex}}}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {Journal of Geophyscial Research}, + author = {Schoeberl, M. R. and Lait, L. R. and Newman, P. A. and Rosenfield, J. E.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {7859--7882} +} + +@article{davis2012a, + title = {A {{Multidiagnostic Intercomparison}} of {{Tropical}}-{{Width Time Series Using Reanalyses}} and {{Satellite Observations}}}, + volume = {25}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00127.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:48Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Davis, Sean M. and Rosenlof, Karen H.}, + month = feb, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1061--1078} +} + +@article{liu2007a, + title = {Inclusion of Ice Microphysics in the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Model}} Version 3 ({{CAM3}})}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-10-23T19:43:16Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Liu, X. and Penner, J. E. and Wang, M.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4526--4547} +} + +@article{folkins1996a, + title = {Ozone and Potential Vorticity at the Subtropical Tropopause Break}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (submitted)}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Appenzeller, C.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {airplane flights STE} +} + +@article{horinouchi2000, + title = {Synoptic-Scale {{Rossby}} Waves and Geographic Distribution of Lateral Transport Routes between the Tropics and the Extratropics in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Horinouchi, T. and Sassi, F. and Boville, B. A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {26,579--26,592} +} + +@article{rap2010, + title = {Parameterization of Contrails in the {{UK Met Office Climate Model}}}, + volume = {115}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD012443}, + abstract = {Persistent contrails are believed to currently have a relatively small but significant positive radiative forcing on climate. With air travel predicted to continue its rapid growth over the coming years, the contrail warming effect on climate is expected to increase. Nevertheless, there remains a high level of uncertainty in the current estimates of contrail radiative forcing. Contrail formation depends mostly on the aircraft flying in cold and moist enough air masses. Most studies to date have relied on simple parameterizations using averaged meteorological conditions. In this paper we take into account the short-term variability in background cloudiness by developing an on-line contrail parameterization for the UK Met Office climate model. With this parameterization, we estimate that for the air traffic of year 2002 the global mean annual linear contrail coverage was approximately 0.11\%. Assuming a global mean contrail optical depth of 0.2 or smaller and assuming hexagonal ice crystals, the corresponding contrail radiative forcing was calculated to be less than 10 mW m-2 in all-sky conditions. We find that the natural cloud masking effect on contrails may be significantly higher than previously believed. This new result is explained by the fact that contrails seem to preferentially form in cloudy conditions, which ameliorates their overall climate impact by approximately 40\%.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-22T17:02:56Z}, + number = {D10}, + urldate = {2015-12-22}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Rap, A. and Forster, P. M. and Jones, A. and Boucher, O. and Haywood, J. M. and Bellouin, N. and De Leon, R. R.}, + month = may, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1610 Atmosphere,1626 Global climate models,climate model,contrails,Parameterization}, + pages = {D10205}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/MZGVWVD9/Rap et al. - 2010 - Parameterization of contrails in the UK Met Office.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/RVBWUVSF/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{tam2016, + title = {Volcanic Air Pollution over the {{Island}} of {{Hawai}}'i: {{Emissions}}, Dispersal, and Composition. {{Association}} with Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function in {{Hawai}}'i {{Island}} School Children}, + volume = {92\textendash{}93}, + issn = {0160-4120}, + shorttitle = {Volcanic Air Pollution over the {{Island}} of {{Hawai}}'i}, + doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.025}, + abstract = {Background +Kilauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai'i has erupted continuously since 1983, releasing approximately 300\textendash{}12000 metric tons per day of sulfur dioxide (SO2). SO2 interacts with water vapor to produce an acidic haze known locally as ``vog''. The combination of wind speed and direction, inversion layer height, and local terrain lead to heterogeneous and variable distribution of vog over the island, allowing study of respiratory effects associated with chronic vog exposure. +Objectives +We characterized the distribution and composition of vog over the Island of Hawai'i, and tested the hypotheses that chronic vog exposure (SO2 and acid) is associated with increased asthma prevalence, respiratory symptoms, and reduced pulmonary function in Hawai'i Island schoolchildren. +Methods +We compiled data of volcanic emissions, wind speed, and wind direction over Hawai'i Island since 1992. Community-based researchers then measured 2- to 4-week integrated concentrations of SO2 and fine particulate mass and acidity in 4 exposure zones, from 2002 to 2005, when volcanic SO2 emissions averaged 1600 metric tons per day. Concurrently, community researchers recruited schoolchildren in the 4th and 5th grades of 25 schools in the 4 vog exposure zones, to assess determinants of lung health, respiratory symptoms, and asthma prevalence. +Results +Environmental data suggested 4 different vog exposure zones with SO2, PM2.5, and particulate acid concentrations (mean $\pm$ s.d.) as follows: 1) Low (0.3 $\pm$ 0.2 ppb, 2.5 $\pm$ 1.2 $\mu$g/m3, 0.6 $\pm$ 1.1 nmol H +/m3), 2) Intermittent (1.6 $\pm$ 1.8 ppb, 2.8 $\pm$ 1.5 $\mu$g/m3, 4.0 $\pm$ 6.6 nmol H +/m3), 3) Frequent (10.1 $\pm$ 5.2 ppb, 4.8 $\pm$ 1.9 $\mu$g/m3, 4.3 $\pm$ 6.7 nmol H +/m3), and 4) Acid (1.2 $\pm$ 0.4 ppb, 7.2 $\pm$ 2.3 $\mu$g/m3, 25.3 $\pm$ 17.9 nmol H +/m3). Participants (1957) in the 4 zones differed in race, prematurity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, presence of mold in the home, and physician-diagnosed asthma. Multivariable analysis showed an association between Acid vog exposure and cough and strongly suggested an association with FEV1/FVC \< 0.8, but not with diagnosis of asthma, or chronic persistent wheeze or bronchitis in the last 12 months. Conclusions: Hawai'i Island's volcanic air pollution can be very acidic, but contains few co-contaminants originating from anthropogenic sources of air pollution. Chronic exposure to acid vog is associated with increased cough and possibly with reduced FEV1/FVC, but not with asthma or bronchitis. Further study is needed to better understand how volcanic air pollution interacts with host and environmental factors to affect respiratory symptoms, lung function, and lung growth, and to determine acute effects of episodes of increased emissions.}, + timestamp = {2016-10-10T03:49:58Z}, + urldate = {2016-10-10}, + journal = {Environment International}, + author = {Tam, Elizabeth and Miike, Rei and Labrenz, Susan and Sutton, A. Jeff and Elias, Tamar and Davis, James and Chen, Yi-Leng and Tantisira, Kelan and Dockery, Douglas and Avol, Edward}, + month = jul, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {aerosol,Asthma,FEV1,FVC,Humidity,Particulate matter,Spirometry,sulfate,Sulfur dioxide,Sulfuric acid,Wind}, + pages = {543--552} +} + +@article{cesana2015, + title = {Multimodel Evaluation of Cloud Phase Transition Using Satellite and Reanalysis Data}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022932}, + abstract = {We take advantage of climate simulations from two multimodel experiments to characterize and evaluate the cloud phase partitioning in 16 general circulation models (GCMs), specifically the vertical structure of the transition between liquid and ice in clouds. We base our analysis on the ratio of ice condensates to the total condensates (phase ratio, PR). Its transition at 90\% (PR90) and its links with other relevant variables are evaluated using the GCM-Oriented Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation Cloud Product climatology, reanalysis data, and other satellite observations. In 13 of 16 models, the PR90 transition height occurs too low (6\,km to 8.4\,km) and at temperatures too warm (-13.9$^\circ$C to -32.5$^\circ$C) compared to observations (8.6\,km, -33.7$^\circ$C); features consistent with a lack of supercooled liquid with respect to ice above 6.5\,km. However, this bias would be slightly reduced by using the lidar simulator. In convective regimes (more humid air and precipitation), the observed cloud phase transition occurs at a warmer temperature than for subsidence regimes (less humid air and precipitation). Only few models manage to roughly replicate the observed correlations with humidity (5/16), vertical velocity (5/16), and precipitation (4/16); 3/16 perform well for all these parameters (MPI-ESM, NCAR-CAM5, and NCHU). Using an observation-based Clausius-Clapeyron phase diagram, we illustrate that the Bergeron-Findeisen process is a necessary condition for models to represent the observed features. Finally, the best models are those that include more complex microphysics.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-17T14:19:52Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Cesana, G. and Waliser, D. E. and Jiang, X. and Li, J.-L. F.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3337 Global climate models,3360 Remote sensing,CALIPSO,cloud phase,evaluation,GCMs,multimodel,satellite}, + pages = {2014JD022932} +} + +@article{miloshevich2004, + title = {Development and Validation of a Time-Lag Correction for {{Vaisala}} Radiosonde Humidity Measurements}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.}, + author = {Miloshevich, L. M. and Paukkunen, A. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Oltmans, S. J.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1305--1327} +} + +@book{welch1996, + title = {Non-{{Linear Baroclinic Adjustment}} and {{Wavenumber Selection}} (a Simple Case)}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + author = {{Welch}}, + month = may, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW-AMath +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms Sci} +} + +@article{fabian1997, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Aviation}} upon the {{Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth}, + author = {Fabian, P. and K{\"a}rcher, B.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {503--598} +} + +@article{dim2011, + title = {The Recent State of the Climate: {{Driving}} Components of Cloud-Type Variability}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + shorttitle = {The Recent State of the Climate}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014559}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:00Z}, + number = {D11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Dim, J. R. and Murakami, H. and Nakajima, T. Y. and Nordell, B. and Heidinger, A. K. and Takamura, T.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{rodwell2001, + title = {Subtropical {{Anticyclones}} and {{Summer Monsoons}}}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3192:SAASM>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {Abstract The summer subtropical circulation in the lower troposphere is characterized by continental monsoon rains and anticyclones over the oceans. In winter, the subtropical circulation is more strongly dominated by the zonally averaged flow and its interactions with orography. Here, the mechanics of the summer and winter lower-tropospheric subtropical circulation are explored through the use of a primitive equation model and comparison with observations. By prescribing in the model the heatings associated with several of the world's monsoons, it is confirmed that the equatorward portion of each subtropical anticyclone may be viewed as the Kelvin wave response to the monsoon heating over the continent to the west. A poleward-flowing low-level jet into a monsoon (such as the Great Plains jet) is required for Sverdrup vorticity balance. This jet effectively closes off the subtropical anticyclone to the east and also transports moisture into the monsoon region. The low-level jet into North America induced by its monsoon heating is augmented by a remote response to the Asian monsoon heating. The Rossby wave response to the west of subtropical monsoon heating, interacting with the midlatitude westerlies, produces a region of adiabatic descent. It is demonstrated here that a local ``diabatic enhancement'' can lead to a strengthening of the descent. Longitudinal mountain chains act to block the westerly flow and also tend to produce descent in this region. Below the descent, Sverdrup vorticity balance implies equatorward flow that closes off the subtropical anticyclone to the west and induces cool upwelling in the ocean through Ekman transport. Feedbacks, involving, for example, sea surface temperatures, may further enhance the descent in these regions. The conclusion is that the Mediterranean-type climates of regions such as California and Chile may be induced remotely by the monsoon to the east. Hence it can be argued that the subtropical circulation in summer comprises a set of weakly interacting monsoon systems, each involving monsoon rains, a low-level poleward jet, a subtropical anticyclone to the east, and descent and equatorward flow to the west. In winter, it is demonstrated how the nonlinear interaction between the strong zonal-mean circulation, associated with the winter ``Hadley cell,'' and the mountains can define many of the large-scale features of the subtropical circulation. The blocking effect of the longitudinal mountain chains is shown to be very important. Subsequent diabatic effects, such as a local diabatic enhancement, would appear to be essential for producing the observed amplitude of these features.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-12T02:34:17Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-05-12}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Rodwell, M. J. and Hoskins, B. J.}, + month = aug, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3192--3211} +} + +@article{curry2012, + title = {Assessment of Some Parameterizations of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Cloud and Climate Models}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-1151-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:39Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Curry, J. A. and Khvorostyanov, V. I.}, + month = jan, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1151--1172} +} + +@article{li1995, + title = {The Variable Effects of Clouds on Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation}, + volume = {376}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Li, Z.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {cloud forcing feedback Cess hypothesis ramanathan}, + pages = {486--90} +} + +@article{assman1902, + title = {Uber Die {{Existenz}} Eines W{\"a}rmeren {{Lufttromes}} in Der {{H{\"o}he}} von 10 Bis 15km}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Sitzber. K{\"o}nigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin}, + author = {Assman, R.}, + year = {1902}, + pages = {495--504} +} + +@article{nielsen2007, + title = {Solid {{Particles}} in the Tropical Lowermost Stratosphere}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Nielsen, J. K. and Larsen, N. and Cairo, F. and DiDonfrancsesco, D. and Rosen, J. M. and Durry, G. and Held, G. and Pommereau, J. P.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {685--695} +} + +@article{olsen2008, + title = {{{HIRDLS}} Observations and Simulation of a Lower Stratospheric Intrusion of Tropical Air to High Latitudes}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL035514}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Olsen, M. A. and Douglass, A. R. and Newman, P. A. and Gille, J. C. and Nardi, B. and Yudin, V. A. and Kinnison, D. E. and Khosravi, R.}, + month = nov, + year = {2008}, + pages = {21813--+} +} + +@article{lohmann1999a, + title = {Correction to ``{{Prediction}} of the Number of Cloud Droplets in the {{ECHAM GCM}}''}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D20}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J. and Chuang, C. C. and Penner, J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {24,557--25,563} +} + +@article{hohenegger2009a, + title = {The Soil Moisture-Precipitation Feedback in Simulations with Explicit and Parameterized Convection}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:34:34Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Hohenegger, Cathy and Brockhaus, Peter and Bretherton, Christopher S. and Sch{\"a}r, Christoph}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {5003--5020} +} + +@article{wang2010a, + title = {The Multi-Scale Aerosol-Climate Model {{PNNL}}-{{MMF}}: Model Description and Evaluation}, + volume = {3}, + doi = {10.5194/gmdd-3-1625-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {gmdd}, + author = {Wang, M. and Ghan, S. and Easter, R. and Ovchinnikov, M. and Liu, X. and Kassianov, E. and Qian, Y. and Gustafson, W. and Larson, V. E. and Schanen, D. P. and Khairoutdinov, M. and Morrison, H.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1625--1695} +} + +@book{gelaro1997, + title = {Sensitivity {{Analysis}}- {{Singular Vectors}} and {{Adaptave Observations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Gelaro, R.}, + month = may, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from NRL +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@incollection{flato2013, + title = {Evaluation of {{Climate Models}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + booktitle = {Climate {{Change}} 2013: {{The Physical Science Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Fifth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + publisher = {{Cambridge Universtiy Press}}, + author = {Flato, G. and Marotzke, J. and Abiodun, B. and Braconnot, P. and Chou, S. C. and Collins, W. and Cox, P. and Driouech, F. and Emori, S. and Eyring, V. and Forest, C. and Gleckler, P. and Guilyardi, E. and Jakob, C. and Kattsov, V. and Reason, C. and Rummukainen, M.}, + editor = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S. K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P. M.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{larson2002, + title = {Small-{{Scale}} and {{Mesoscale Variability}} in {{Cloudy Boundary Layers}}: {{Joint Probability Density Functions}}}, + volume = {59}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {Small-{{Scale}} and {{Mesoscale Variability}} in {{Cloudy Boundary Layers}}}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3519:SSAMVI>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {The joint probability density function (PDF) of vertical velocity and conserved scalars is important for at least two reasons. First, the shape of the joint PDF determines the buoyancy flux in partly cloudy layers. Second, the PDF provides a wealth of information about subgrid variability and hence can serve as the foundation of a boundary layer cloud and turbulence parameterization. This paper analyzes PDFs of stratocumulus, cumulus, and clear boundary layers obtained from both aircraft observations and large eddy simulations. The data are used to fit five families of PDFs: a double delta function, a single Gaussian, and three PDF families based on the sum of two Gaussians. Overall, the double Gaussian, that is binormal, PDFs perform better than the single Gaussian or double delta function PDFs. In cumulus layers with low cloud fraction, the improvement occurs because typical PDFs are highly skewed, and it is crucial to accurately represent the tail of the distribution, which is where cloud occurs. Since the double delta function has been shown in prior work to be the PDF underlying mass-flux schemes, the data analysis herein hints that mass-flux simulations may be improved upon by using a parameterization built upon a more realistic PDF.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-07T18:45:15Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2016-11-07}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Larson, Vincent E. and Golaz, Jean-Christophe and Cotton, William R.}, + month = dec, + year = {2002}, + pages = {3519--3539}, + file = {larson2002.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/larson2002.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@book{jaffe1997a, + title = {Transport of {{Asian Pollutants}} to the {{Pacific}}: {{Obs}} and Results from {{Global CTM}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + author = {Jaffe, D.}, + month = oct, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW Bothell +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@techreport{barrett2010, + title = {Guidance on the Use of {{AEDT Gridded Aircraft Emissions}} in {{Atmospheric Models}}, Version 2.0}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + institution = {Federal Aviation Administration}, + author = {Barrett, S. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{highwood1998, + title = {The {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {124}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {549}, + journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Highwood, E. J. and Hoskins, B. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1579--1604} +} + +@article{folkins2002b, + title = {Tropical Ozone as an Indicator of Deep Convection}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Braun, C. and Thompson, A. M. and Witte, J.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {10.1029/2001JD001178} +} + +@article{fedorov2000, + title = {Is {{El}}-{{Ni{\~n}o Changing}}?}, + volume = {288}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Fedorov, A. V. and Philander, S. G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1997--2002} +} + +@article{trenberth2001a, + title = {Indicies of {{El Ni{\~n}o}} Evolution}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Climate}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Stepaniak, D. P.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{fujiwara1998, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange of Ozone Associated with the Equatorial {{Kelvin}} Wave as Observed with Ozonesondes and Rawinsondes}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Kita, K. and Ogawa, T.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {19,173--19,182} +} + +@article{jensen2012, + title = {Physical Processes Controlling Ice Concentrations in Cold Cirrus near the Tropical Tropopause}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Jensen, EJ and Pfister, L. and Bui, T.P.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D11205} +} + +@book{arakawa1975, + series = {GARP Publications}, + title = {The {{Physical Basis}} of {{Climate}} and {{Climate Modeling}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {16}, + publisher = {{ICSU/WMO}}, + author = {Arakawa, A.}, + year = {1975} +} + +@book{webster, + title = {Dynamical {{Constraints}} on {{Tropical Motions}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + author = {Webster, P. J.}, + year = {1 December}, + note = {Speaker from Boulder +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{poulida1996, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Complex 1. {{Observations}}}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Poulida, O. and Dickerson, R. R. and Heymsfield, A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {6823--6836} +} + +@article{storelvmo2008, + title = {Modeling of the {{Wegener}}-{{Bergeron}}-{{Findeisen}} Process: {{Implications}} for Aerosol Indirect Effects}, + volume = {3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Environmental Res. Lett.}, + author = {Storelvmo, T. and Kristjansson, J. E. and Lohmann, U. and Iversen, T. and Kirkevag, A. and Seland, O.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {45001--45010} +} + +@article{zhou2000, + title = {Tropical Cold Point Tropopause Characteristics Derived from {{ECMWF}} Reanalyses and Soundings}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Climate}, + author = {Zhou, X. and Geller, M. A. and Zhang, M.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@techreport{dameris1997, + title = {Impact of Aircraft {{NOx}} Emissions on Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone. {{Part III}}: Model Results}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {79}, + institution = {DLR, Institut f{\"u}r Physik der Atmosph{\"a}re}, + author = {Dameris, M. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + note = {submitted to atmospheric environment may 1997} +} + +@article{sherwood2015a, + title = {Atmospheric Changes through 2012 as Shown by Iteratively Homogenized Radiosonde Temperature and Wind Data ({{IUKv2}})}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1748-9326}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054007}, + abstract = {We present an updated version of the radiosonde dataset homogenized by Iterative Universal Kriging (IUKv2), now extended through February 2013, following the method used in the original version (Sherwood et al 2008 Robust tropospheric warming revealed by iteratively homogenized radiosonde data J. Clim. 21 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2320.1] 5336\textendash{}52 ). This method, in effect, performs a multiple linear regression of the data onto a structural model that includes both natural variability, trends, and time-changing instrument biases, thereby avoiding estimation biases inherent in traditional homogenization methods. One modification now enables homogenized winds to be provided for the first time. This, and several other small modifications made to the original method sometimes affect results at individual stations, but do not strongly affect broad-scale temperature trends. Temperature trends in the updated data show three noteworthy features. First, tropical warming is equally strong over both the 1959\textendash{}2012 and 1979\textendash{}2012 periods, increasing smoothly and almost moist-adiabatically from the surface (where it is roughly 0.14 K/decade) to 300 hPa (where it is about 0.25 K/decade over both periods), a pattern very close to that in climate model predictions. This contradicts suggestions that atmospheric warming has slowed in recent decades or that it has not kept up with that at the surface. Second, as shown in previous studies, tropospheric warming does not reach quite as high in the tropics and subtropics as predicted in typical models. Third, cooling has slackened in the stratosphere such that linear trends since 1979 are about half as strong as reported earlier for shorter periods. Wind trends over the period 1979\textendash{}2012 confirm a strengthening, lifting and poleward shift of both subtropical westerly jets; the Northern one shows more displacement and the southern more intensification, but these details appear sensitive to the time period analysed. There is also a trend toward more easterly winds in the middle and upper troposphere of the deep tropics.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-27T03:55:52Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-07-27}, + journal = {Environ. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Sherwood, Steven C. and Nishant, Nidhi}, + year = {2015}, + pages = {054007} +} + +@article{michibata2015, + title = {Evaluation of Autoconversion Schemes in a Single Model Framework with Satellite Observations}, + volume = {120}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023818}, + abstract = {We examined the performance of autoconversion (mass transfer from cloud water to rainwater by the coalescence of cloud droplets) schemes in warm rain, which are commonly used in general circulation models. To exclude biases in the different treatment of the aerosol-cloud-precipitation-radiation interaction other than that of the autoconversion process, sensitivity experiments were conducted within a single model framework using an aerosol-climate model, MIROC-SPRINTARS. The liquid water path (LWP) and cloud optical thickness have a particularly high sensitivity to the autoconversion schemes, and their sensitivity is of the same magnitude as model biases. In addition, the ratio of accretion to autoconversion (Acc/Aut ratio), a key parameter in the examination of the balance of microphysical conversion processes, also has a high sensitivity globally depending on the scheme used. Although the Acc/Aut ratio monotonically increases with increasing LWP, significantly lower ratio is observed in Kessler-type schemes. Compared to satellite observations, a poor representation of cloud macrophysical structure and optically thicker low cloud are found in simulations with any autoconversion scheme. As a result of the cloud-radiation interaction, the difference in the global mean net cloud radiative forcing (NetCRF) among the schemes reaches 10 Wm-2. The discrepancy between the observed and simulated NetCRF is especially large with a high LWP. The potential uncertainty in the parameterization of the autoconversion process is nonnegligible, and no formulation significantly improves the bias in the cloud radiative effect yet. This means that more fundamental errors are still left in other processes of the model.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-26T14:17:38Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-10-26}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Michibata, Takuro and Takemura, Toshihiko}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,1622 Earth system modeling,1626 Global climate models,3354 Precipitation,accretion,autoconversion,climate model,cloud physics,cloud-precipitation-radiation interaction}, + pages = {2015JD023818} +} + +@book{held1998a, + title = {Hadley {{Cell}} and {{Poleward}} Heat Transport in the Tropical Atmosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Held, I.}, + month = apr, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW atms sci Colloquium +speaker from princeton} +} + +@article{zhang1996a, + title = {Relationship between {{Cloud Radiative Forcing}} and {{Sea Surface Temperatures}} over the {{Entire Tropical Oceans}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Zhang, M. H. and Cess, R. D. and Xie, S. C.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1374--1384} +} + +@article{hsiang2011, + title = {Civil Conflicts Are Associated with the Global Climate}, + volume = {476}, + issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687}, + doi = {10.1038/nature10311}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:15Z}, + number = {7361}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Hsiang, Solomon M. and Meng, Kyle C. and Cane, Mark A.}, + month = aug, + year = {2011}, + pages = {438--441} +} + +@article{fusco2003, + title = {Analysis of 1970\textendash{}1995 Trends in Tropospheric Ozone at {{Northern Hemisphere}} Midlatitudes with the {{GEOS}}-{{CHEM}} Model}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002742}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {4449}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fusco, A. C. and Logan, J. A.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{knollenberg1993, + title = {Measurements of High Number Densities of Ice Crystals in the Tops of Tropical Cumulonimbus}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Knollenberg, R. G. and Kelly, K. and Wilson, J. C.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {8639--8664} +} + +@article{salby1991, + title = {Analysis of {{Global Cloud Imagery}} from {{Multiple Satellites}}}, + volume = {72}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Salby, M. L. and Hendon, H. H. and Woodberry, K. and Tanaka, K.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {467--480} +} + +@article{hein2001, + title = {Results of an Interactively Coupled Atmospheric Chemistry-General Circulation Model: {{Comparison}} with Observations}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {435-457}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {Hein, R. and {others}}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{wright2011, + title = {The Influence of Summertime Convection over {{Southeast Asia}} on Water Vapor in the Tropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015416}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:39Z}, + number = {D12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Wright, J. S. and Fu, R. and Fueglistaler, S. and Liu, Y. S. and Zhang, Y.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{gregory2016, + title = {Variation in Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Parameters during the Historical Period}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL068406}, + abstract = {We investigate the climate feedback parameter $\alpha$ (W m-2 K-1) during the historical period (since 1871) in experiments using the HadGEM2 and HadCM3 atmosphere general circulation models (AGCMs) with constant preindustrial atmospheric composition and time-dependent observational sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice boundary conditions. In both AGCMs, for the historical period as a whole, the effective climate sensitivity is $\sim$2~K ($\alpha\simeq$1.7~W m-2 K-1), and $\alpha$ shows substantial decadal variation caused by the patterns of SST change. Both models agree with the AGCMs of the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project in showing a considerably smaller effective climate sensitivity of $\sim$1.5~K ($\alpha$ = 2.3 $\pm$ 0.7~W m-2 K-1), given the time-dependent changes in sea surface conditions observed during 1979\textendash{}2008, than the corresponding coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) give under constant quadrupled CO2 concentration. These findings help to relieve the apparent contradiction between the larger values of effective climate sensitivity diagnosed from AOGCMs and the smaller values inferred from historical climate change.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-25T17:21:53Z}, + urldate = {2016-04-25}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Gregory, J. M. and Andrews, T.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {1620 Climate dynamics,3305 Climate change and variability,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3337 Global climate models,AGCM,AMIP,climate feedback,climate sensitivity,climate variability,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {2016GL068406} +} + +@article{homeyer2010, + title = {Extratropical Tropopause Transition Layer Characteristics from High Resolution Sounding Data}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013664}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D13108}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Homeyer, C. R. and Bowman, K. P. and Pan, L. L.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@book{emanuel, + title = {Tropical {{Convection}}- {{CAPE}}, {{CISK}} and {{Organization}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {Emanuel, Kerry}, + year = {9 Feb 96}, + note = {Speaker from MIT +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{anthes2008, + title = {The {{COSMIC}}/{{FORMOSAT}}-3 Mission: {{Early}} Results}, + volume = {89}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Anthes, R. A. and {others}}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {313--333} +} + +@article{ghan1997a, + title = {Application of Cloud Microphysics to {{NCAR}} Community Climate Moodel}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Leung, L. R. and Hu, Q.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {16507--16528} +} + +@article{gutzler1996, + title = {Low-Frequency Ocean\textendash{}atmosphere Variability across the Tropical Western {{Pacific}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {19}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Gutzler, D. S.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2773--2785} +} + +@article{eyring2016, + title = {Overview of the {{Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase}} 6 ({{CMIP6}}) Experimental Design and Organization}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016}, + abstract = {By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1)~a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850\textendash{}near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2)~common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3)~an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: \textendash{} How does the Earth system respond to forcing? \textendash{} What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? \textendash{} How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21~CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-08T00:13:09Z}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2016-07-08}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Eyring, V. and Bony, S. and Meehl, G. A. and Senior, C. A. and Stevens, B. and Stouffer, R. J. and Taylor, K. E.}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + pages = {1937--1958} +} + +@article{ansmann2009, + title = {Evolution of the Ice Phase in Tropical Altocumulus: {{SAMUM}} Lidar Observations over {{Cape Verde}}}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD011659}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D17208}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ansmann, A. and Tesche, M. and Seifert, P. and Althausen, D. and Engelmann, R. and Furntke, J. and Wandinger, U. and Mattis, I. and M{\"u}ller, D.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{maloney, + title = {Water {{Vapor}} Signals Associated with the Madden Julian Oscillation ({{MJO}})}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + author = {Maloney, E}, + year = {16 Jan 97}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{ramaswamy1989, + title = {Solar {{Absorption}} by {{Cirrus Clouds}} and the {{Maintenance}} of the {{Tropical Upper Troposphere Thermal Structure}}}, + volume = {46}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Ramaswamy, V. and Ramanathan, V.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {2293--2310} +} + +@book{yoden1998a, + title = {Low Frequency Variability in a Barotropic Model with Zonal Asymmetry}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yoden, Shiego}, + month = mar, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: Colloquium UW}, + keywords = {error growth,forecast skill,lyapunov exponents} +} + +@book{michelsen1999a, + title = {Understanding the Effects of Transport and Chemistry in Polar Vorticies}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + author = {Michelsen, H. A.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Speaker from AER (CA) +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms} +} + +@article{wood2007a, + title = {Cancellation of {{Aerosol Indirect Effects}} in {{Marine Stratocumulus}} through {{Cloud Thinning}}}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wood, R.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {2657--2669} +} + +@article{hudson2006, + title = {The Total Ozone Field Separated into Metorological Regimes \textendash{} {{Part II}}: {{Northern Hemisphere}} and Mid-Latitude Total Ozone Trends}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hudson, R. D. and Andrade, M. F. and Follette, M. B. and Frolov, A. D.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {5183--5191} +} + +@article{roca2000, + title = {Scale Dependence of Monsoonal Convective Systems over the {{Indian}} Ocean}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Roca, R. and Ramanathan, V.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1286--1298} +} + +@article{vomel1997, + title = {Dehydration and Sedimentation of Ice Particles in the {{Arctic}} Stratospheric Vortex}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {V{\"o}mel, H. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {795--798} +} + +@article{francis2005, + title = {Clues to Variability in {{Arctic}} Minimum Sea Ice Extent}, + volume = {32}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {L21501}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Francis, J. A. and Hunter, E. and Key, J. R. and Wang, X.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {10.1029/2005GL024376} +} + +@article{wiacek2010, + title = {The Potential Influence of {{Asian}} and {{African}} Mineral Dust on Ice, Mixed -Phase and Liquid Water Clouds}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-8649-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Wiacek, A. and Peter, T. and Lohmann, U.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {8649--8667} +} + +@article{grandpre2000, + title = {Ozone Climatology Using Interactive Chemistry: Results from the {{Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {de Grandpr{\'e}, J. and Beagley, S. R. and Fomichev, V. I. and Griffioen, E. and McConnell, J. C. and Medvedev, A. S. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {26475--26491} +} + +@article{naiman2011, + title = {Large Eddy Simulations of Contrail Development: {{Sensitivity}} to Initial and Ambient Conditions over First Twenty Minutes}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + shorttitle = {Large Eddy Simulations of Contrail Development}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD015806}, + abstract = {A three-dimensional large-eddy simulation with size-resolved ice microphysics was used to model persistent contrails and compute their optical depth and area coverage. Eleven cases were run with various levels of vertical wind shear, aircraft type, relative humidity, ice nuclei effective emission index, and atmospheric stability and were analyzed with respect to their fluid dynamics and ice bulk properties. The effects of these properties on optical depth and contrail width were also compared between cases. Ice properties, optical depths, and contrail widths were consistent with limited observational field studies. For the conditions considered, contrail peak optical depth after twenty minutes simulation time ranged from 0.15 to 0.87, while contrail width ranged from 450 m to over 3 km. Optical depth and contrail width varied most strongly with vertical shear. For a 4-engine aircraft and 130\% ambient relative humidity with respect to ice, a moderate shear of 0.005 s-1 reduced the peak optical depth by 79\% and increased the width by 450\% after twenty minutes compared to a zero shear case. In cases with no vertical shear, optical depth was also sensitive to aircraft type, humidity, and effective emission index, but variations in width with these parameters were small. In these cases, larger aircraft, higher humidity, and higher emission indices resulted in optical depths ranging from 20\% to 50\% larger than baseline cases. Atmospheric stability variations qualitatively changed the fluid dynamical development of the contrail, but differences in optical depth and contrail width were small.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-23T15:58:32Z}, + number = {D21}, + urldate = {2016-11-23}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Naiman, A. D. and Lele, S. K. and Jacobson, M. Z.}, + month = nov, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {0319 Cloud optics,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3323 Large eddy simulation,aviation,climate,cloud physics,contrails,LES}, + pages = {D21208}, + file = {naiman2011.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/naiman2011.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@book{charlson1995, + title = {Volcanos and {{Climate}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + author = {Charlson, R. J.}, + month = jan, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {pinatubo,sulfur aersols} +} + +@article{ghan2013a, + title = {Technical {{Note}}: {{Estimating}} Aerosol Effects on Cloud Radiative Forcing}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Technical {{Note}}}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-9971-2013}, + abstract = {Estimating anthropogenic aerosol effects on the planetary energy balance through the aerosol influence on clouds using the difference in cloud radiative forcing from simulations with and without anthropogenic emissions produces estimates that are positively biased. A more representative method is suggested using the difference in cloud radiative forcing calculated as a diagnostic with aerosol scattering and absorption neglected. The method also yields an aerosol radiative forcing decomposition that includes a term quantifying the impact of changes in surface albedo. The method requires only two additional diagnostic calculations: the whole-sky and clear-sky top-of-atmosphere radiative flux with aerosol scattering and absorption neglected.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:03:07Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Ghan, S. J.}, + month = oct, + year = {2013}, + pages = {9971--9974}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9RXIDH34/Ghan - 2013 - Technical Note Estimating aerosol effects on clou.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FFVF5EFG/2013.html:text/html} +} + +@article{wood2000a, + title = {Relationships between {{Total Water}}, {{Condensed Water}}, and {{Cloud Fraction}} in {{Stratiform Clouds Examined Using Aircraft Data}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Wood, R. and Field, P. R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1888--1905} +} + +@article{mcelroy1996, + title = {Evidence for an Additional Source of Atmospheric {{N2O}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {preprint}, + author = {McElroy, M. B. and Jones, D. B. A.}, + year = {1996} +} + +@book{leovy1996a, + title = {Galeilo {{Results}}: {{Jovian Atmosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Leovy, C}, + month = may, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW-Atms Sci +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms Sci} +} + +@article{mastenbrook1968, + title = {Water Vapor Distribution in the Stratosphere and High Troposphere}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Mastenbrook, H. J.}, + year = {1968}, + pages = {299--311} +} + +@article{kochanski1955, + title = {Cross Sections of the Mean Zonal Flow and Temperature along {{80W}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {J. Meteorology}, + author = {Kochanski, A.}, + year = {1955}, + pages = {95--106} +} + +@article{qu2014, + title = {On the Spread of Changes in Marine Low Cloud Cover in Climate Model Simulations of the 21st Century}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-013-1945-z}, + abstract = {In 36 climate change simulations associated with phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), changes in marine low cloud cover (LCC) exhibit a large spread, and may be either positive or negative. Here we develop a heuristic model to understand the source of the spread. The model's premise is that simulated LCC changes can be interpreted as a linear combination of contributions from factors shaping the clouds' large-scale environment. We focus primarily on two factors\textemdash{}the strength of the inversion capping the atmospheric boundary layer (measured by the estimated inversion strength, EIS) and sea surface temperature (SST). For a given global model, the respective contributions of EIS and SST are computed. This is done by multiplying (1) the current-climate's sensitivity of LCC to EIS or SST variations, by (2) the climate-change signal in EIS or SST. The remaining LCC changes are then attributed to changes in greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations, and other environmental factors. The heuristic model is remarkably skillful. Its SST term dominates, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the intermodel variance of LCC changes in CMIP3 models, and about half in CMIP5 models. Of the two factors governing the SST term (the SST increase and the sensitivity of LCC to SST perturbations), the SST sensitivity drives the spread in the SST term and hence the spread in the overall LCC changes. This sensitivity varies a great deal from model to model and is strongly linked to the types of cloud and boundary layer parameterizations used in the models. EIS and SST sensitivities are also estimated using observational cloud and meteorological data. The observed sensitivities are generally consistent with the majority of models as well as expectations from prior research. Based on the observed sensitivities and the relative magnitudes of simulated EIS and SST changes (which we argue are also physically reasonable), the heuristic model predicts LCC will decrease over the 21st-century. However, to place a strong constraint, for example on the magnitude of the LCC decrease, will require longer observational records and a careful assessment of other environmental factors producing LCC changes. Meanwhile, addressing biases in simulated EIS and SST sensitivities will clearly be an important step towards reducing intermodel spread in simulated LCC changes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-06-29T02:19:11Z}, + number = {9-10}, + urldate = {2016-06-29}, + journal = {Clim Dyn}, + author = {Qu, Xin and Hall, Alex and Klein, Stephen A. and Caldwell, Peter M.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {2603--2626} +} + +@article{roelofs1997, + title = {A Three-Dimensional Chemistry/General Circulation Model Simulation of Anthropogenically Derived Ozone in the Troposphere and Its Radiative Climate Forcing}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Roelofs, G. J. and Lelieveld, J. and {van Dorland}, R.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {23,389--23,401} +} + +@article{hendon1993, + title = {The {{Diurnal Cycle}} of {{Tropical Convection}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hendon, H. H. and Woodberry, K.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {16,623--16,637} +} + +@article{tung2002a, + title = {Convective {{Momentum}} Transport Observed during the {{TOGA COARE IOP}}. {{Part I}}: {{General Features}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Tung, W. W. and Yanai, M.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1857--1871} +} + +@article{paparella1997, + title = {A Lagrangian Study of the {{Antarctic}} Polar Vortex}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Paparella, F. and Babiano, A. and Basdevant, C. and Porvenzale, A. and Tanga, P.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {ECMWF assimilation,isentropic trajectory model}, + pages = {6765--6773} +} + +@article{pelly2003, + title = {A {{New Perspective}} on {{Blocking}}}, + volume = {60}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Pelly, J. L. and Hoskins, B. J.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {743--755} +} + +@article{tuck2008, + title = {On Geoengineering with Sulfate Aerosols in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {90}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-008-9411-3}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Tuck, A. F. and Donaldson, D. J. and Hitchman, M. H. and Richard, E. C. and Tervahattu, H. and Vaida, V. and Wilson, J. C.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {315--331} +} + +@article{shibata2008a, + title = {Long-Term Variations and Trends in the Simulation of the Middle Atmosphere 1980-2004 by the Chemistry-Climate Model of the {{Meteorological Research Institute}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Ann. Geophysicae}, + author = {Shibata, K. and Deushi, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1299--1326} +} + +@article{plumb1982, + title = {A Model of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on an Equatorial Beta Plane}, + volume = {108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Plumb, R. A. and Bell, R. C.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {335--352} +} + +@article{hatsushika2001, + title = {Interannual Variations of Temperature and Vertical Motion at the Tropical Tropopause Associated with {{ENSO}}}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hatsushika, H. and Yamazaki, K.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {2891--2894} +} + +@article{mcgranahan2007, + title = {The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risks of Climate Change and Human Settlements in Low Elevation Coastal Zones}, + volume = {19}, + issn = {0956-2478, 1746-0301}, + shorttitle = {The Rising Tide}, + doi = {10.1177/0956247807076960}, + abstract = {Settlements in coastal lowlands are especially vulnerable to risks resulting from climate change, yet these lowlands are densely settled and growing rapidly. In this paper, we undertake the first global review of the population and urban settlement patterns in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ), defined here as the contiguous area along the coast that is less than 10 metres above sea level. Overall, this zone covers 2 per cent of the world's land area but contains 10 per cent of the world's population and 13 per cent of the world's urban population. A disproportionate number of the countries with a large share of their population in this zone are small island countries, but most of the countries with large populations in the zone are large countries with heavily populated delta regions. On average, the Least Developed Countries have a higher share of their population living in the zone (14 per cent) than do OECD countries (10 per cent), with even greater disparities in the urban shares (21 per cent compared to 11 per cent). Almost two-thirds of urban settlements with populations greater than 5 million fall, at least partly, in the zone. In some countries (most notably China), urbanization is driving a movement in population towards the coast. Reducing the risk of disasters related to climate change in coastal settlements will require a combination of mitigation, migration and settlement modification.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-01T19:45:02Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-05-01}, + journal = {Environment and Urbanization}, + author = {McGranahan, Gordon and Balk, Deborah and Anderson, Bridget}, + month = jan, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Climate Change,coastal,global,hazards,population distribution,urbanization}, + pages = {17--37}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EI69NX9U/McGranahan et al. - 2007 - The rising tide assessing the risks of climate ch.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/SX9JZXC5/17.html:text/html} +} + +@article{trenberth2010, + title = {Relationships between Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation: {{SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND TOA RADIATION}}}, + volume = {37}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Relationships between Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL042314}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:14Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Trenberth, Kevin E. and Fasullo, John T. and O'Dell, Chris and Wong, Takmeng}, + month = feb, + year = {2010}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{zipf1998, + title = {Evidence for {{New Sources}} of {{NOx}} in the {{Lower Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {279}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Zipf, E. C. and Prasad, S. S.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {211--213} +} + +@article{garny2013, + title = {Dynamic Variability of the {{Asian}} Monsoon Anticyclone Observed in Potential Vorticity and Correlations with Tracer Distributions}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD020908}, + abstract = {The Asian summer monsoon is associated with strong upward transport of tropospheric source gases and isolation of air within the upper tropospheric anticyclone, with a high degree of dynamical variability. Here we study the anticyclone in terms of potential vorticity (PV) as derived from reanalysis data. The strength of the anticyclone, as measured by low PV area, varies on subseasonal time scales (periods of \,30\textendash{}40 days), driven by variability in convection. The convective forcing of low PV areas is associated with heating in the middle troposphere and divergent motion in the upper troposphere, and we find that upper level divergence is a good predictor of the anticyclone strength. Low PV air is often observed to propagate from the forcing region to the west, and occasionally to the east. Carbon monoxide (CO) measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder is used to study the covariability of chemical tracers with the anticyclone strength and location. Concentrations of CO maximize within the upper tropospheric anticyclone, and enhanced CO is well correlated with the spatial distribution of low PV. Time variations of CO concentrations in the upper troposphere (around 360 K) are not strongly correlated with anticyclone strength, probably because CO transport also involves coupling with surface CO sources (unlike PV). Temporal correlations with PV are stronger for CO at higher levels (380\textendash{}400 K), suggesting that advective upward transport is important for tracer evolution at these levels.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-18T20:44:38Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-05-18}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Garny, H. and Randel, W. J.}, + month = dec, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0341 Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry,0368 Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry,3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions,Asian monsoon anticyclone,PV diagnostics,tracer transport}, + pages = {13,421--13,433} +} + +@article{oltmans1995, + title = {Increase in Lower Stratospheric Water Vapour at a Mid-Latitude {{Northern Hemisphere}} Site from 1981 to 1994}, + volume = {374}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {9 march}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Oltmans, S. J. and Hofmann, D. J.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {stratosphere,water vapor}, + pages = {146--149} +} + +@article{sherwood2002, + title = {Aerosols and {{Ice Particle Size}} in {{Tropical Cumulonimbus}}}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1051--1063} +} + +@article{solomon1996, + title = {The Role of Aerosol Variations in Anthropogenic Ozone Depletion at Northern Midlatitudes}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Solomon, S. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {ozone nox clox}, + pages = {6713--6727} +} + +@article{thayer-calder2015, + title = {A Unified Parameterization of Clouds and Turbulence Using {{CLUBB}} and Subcolumns in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-8-3801-2015}, + abstract = {Most global climate models parameterize separate cloud types using separate parameterizations. This approach has several disadvantages, including obscure interactions between parameterizations and inaccurate triggering of cumulus parameterizations. + Alternatively, a unified cloud parameterization uses one equation set to represent all cloud types. Such cloud types include stratiform liquid and ice cloud, shallow convective cloud, and deep convective cloud. Vital to the success of a unified parameterization is a general interface between clouds and microphysics. One such interface involves drawing Monte Carlo samples of subgrid variability of temperature, water vapor, cloud liquid, and cloud ice, and feeding the sample points into a microphysics scheme. + This study evaluates a unified cloud parameterization and a Monte Carlo microphysics interface that has been implemented in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5.3. Model computational expense is estimated, and sensitivity to the number of subcolumns is investigated. Results describing the mean climate and tropical variability from global simulations are presented. The new model shows a degradation in precipitation skill but improvements in shortwave cloud forcing, liquid water path, long-wave cloud forcing, precipitable water, and tropical wave simulation.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-01T14:34:57Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-12-01}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Thayer-Calder, K. and Gettelman, A. and Craig, C. and Goldhaber, S. and Bogenschutz, P. A. and Chen, C.-C. and Morrison, H. and H{\"o}ft, J. and Raut, E. and Griffin, B. M. and Weber, J. K. and Larson, V. E. and Wyant, M. C. and Wang, M. and Guo, Z. and Ghan, S. J.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + pages = {3801--3821} +} + +@article{foster2000, + title = {El {{Ni{\~n}o}}, Water Vapor, and the {{Global Positioning System}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Foster, J. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2697--2700} +} + +@book{gill1982, + address = {San Diego, Calif.}, + title = {Atmosphere-{{Ocean Dynamics}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + publisher = {{Academic}}, + author = {Gill, A. E.}, + year = {1982} +} + +@article{merkel2009, + title = {On the Relationship of Polar Mesospheric Cloud Ice Water Content, Particle Radius and Mesospheric Temperature and Its Use in Multi-Dimensional Models}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Merkel, A. W. and Marsh, D. R. and Gettelman, A. and Jensen, E. J.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {8889--8901} +} + +@book{epifanio1999, + title = {Mesoscale Vorticies in the Lee of Mountains: A Reinterpretation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + author = {Epifanio, C.}, + month = feb, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{bichet2011, + title = {Global Precipitation Response to Changing Forcings since 1870}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-9961-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:00Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Bichet, A. and Wild, M. and Folini, D. and Sch{\"a}r, C.}, + month = sep, + year = {2011}, + pages = {9961--9970} +} + +@article{webster2005, + title = {Changes in {{Tropical Cyclone Number}}, {{Duration}}, and {{Intensity}} in a {{Warming Environment}}}, + volume = {309}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1116448}, + abstract = {We examined the number of tropical cyclones and cyclone days as well as tropical cyclone intensity over the past 35 years, in an environment of increasing sea surface temperature. A large increase was seen in the number and proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 and 5. The largest increase occurred in the North Pacific, Indian, and Southwest Pacific Oceans, and the smallest percentage increase occurred in the North Atlantic Ocean. These increases have taken place while the number of cyclones and cyclone days has decreased in all basins except the North Atlantic during the past decade.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-18T20:49:59Z}, + number = {5742}, + urldate = {2015-09-18}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Webster, P. J. and Holland, G. J. and Curry, J. A. and Chang, H.-R.}, + month = sep, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1844--1846}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/9S849CBE/Webster et al. - 2005 - Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/DDBVQAQV/1844.html:text/html}, + pmid = {16166514} +} + +@article{medeiros2011, + title = {Revealing Differences in {{GCM}} Representations of Low Clouds}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-009-0694-5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Medeiros, B. and Stevens, B.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {385--399} +} + +@article{rozanov2005, + title = {Assessment of the Ozone and Temperature Variability during 1979$\dottedsquare${{NP1993}} with the Chemistry-Climate Model {{SOCOL}}}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Adv. Space. Res.}, + author = {Rozanov, E. and Schraner, M. and Schnadt, C. and Egorova, T. and Wild, M. and Ohmura, A. and Zubov, V. and Schmutz, W. and Peter, Th}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1375--1384} +} + +@article{siegenthaler1993, + title = {Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Ocean}, + volume = {365}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:15:11Z}, + number = {6442}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Siegenthaler, U. and Sarmiento, J. L.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {119--125} +} + +@article{pincus2000, + title = {Unresolved Spatial Variability and Microphysical Process Rates in Large Scale Models}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pincus, R. and Klein, S. A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {27,059--27,065} +} + +@article{mahadevan2010, + title = {Influence of Feedback on the Stochastic Evolution of Simple Climate Systems}, + volume = {466}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {2116}, + journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science}, + author = {Mahadevan, L. and Deutch, J.M.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {993--1003} +} + +@article{saffioti2015, + title = {Contributions of Atmospheric Circulation Variability and Data Coverage Bias to the Warming Hiatus}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL063091}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:33Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Saffioti, Claudio and Fischer, Erich M. and Knutti, Reto}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@book{peter1998, + title = {Lee {{Waves}} and {{Arctic Ozone Chemistry}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Peter, Thomas}, + month = jul, + year = {1998}, + note = {Speaker from Max Plank (Mainz) moving to Zurich +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Ozone Depetion Chemistry} +} + +@article{fu2006, + title = {Short Circuit of Water Vapor and Polluted Air to the Global Stratosphere by Convective Transport over the {{Tibetan Plateau}}}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {Fu, R. and Hu, Y. and Wright, J. S. and Jiang, J. H. and Dickenson, R. E. and Chen, M. and Filipiak, M. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W. and Wu, D. L.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {5664--5669} +} + +@article{kummer2014, + title = {The Impact of Forcing Efficacy on the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {00948276}, + doi = {10.1002/2014GL060046}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:21Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Kummer, J. R. and Dessler, A. E.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3565--3568} +} + +@article{emanuel2007, + title = {Environmental {{Factors Affecting Tropical Cyclone Power Dissipation}}}, + volume = {20}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI1571.1}, + abstract = {Revised estimates of kinetic energy production by tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and western North Pacific are presented. These show considerable variability on interannual-to-multidecadal time scales. In the Atlantic, variability on time scales of a few years and more is strongly correlated with tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature, while in the western North Pacific, this correlation, while still present, is considerably weaker. Using a combination of basic theory and empirical statistical analysis, it is shown that much of the variability in both ocean basins can be explained by variations in potential intensity, low-level vorticity, and vertical wind shear. Potential intensity variations are in turn factored into components related to variations in net surface radiation, thermodynamic efficiency, and average surface wind speed. In the Atlantic, potential intensity, low-level vorticity, and vertical wind shear strongly covary and are also highly correlated with sea surface temperature, at least during the period in which reanalysis products are considered reliable. In the Pacific, the three factors are not strongly correlated. The relative contributions of the three factors are quantified, and implications for future trends and variability of tropical cyclone activity are discussed.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T17:03:36Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Emanuel, Kerry}, + month = nov, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Sea surface temperature,tropical cyclones,Vorticity,Wind shear}, + pages = {5497--5509}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4E66VRK8/Emanuel - 2007 - Environmental Factors Affecting Tropical Cyclone P.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/XINFMEEA/2007JCLI1571.html:text/html} +} + +@article{vavrus2007, + title = {An Improved Parameterization for Simulating {{Arctic}} Cloud Amount in the {{CCSM3}} Climate Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Climate}, + author = {Vavrus, S. and Waliser, D.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{morgenstern2010, + title = {Review of the Formulation of Present-Generation Stratospheric Chemistry-Climate Models and Associated External Forcings}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013728}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D00M02}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Morgenstern, O. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{abbatt2006, + title = {Solid {{Ammonium Sulfate Aerosols}} as {{Ice Nuclei}}: {{A}} Pathway for {{Cirrus Cloud Formation}}}, + volume = {313}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1129726}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:07Z}, + number = {5794}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Abbatt, J. P. D. and Benz, S. and Cziczo, D. J. and Kanji, Z. and Lohmann, U. and M{\"o}hler, O.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1770--1773} +} + +@article{soden1996, + title = {An Assessment of {{Satellite}} and {{Radiosonde Climatologies}} of {{Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Lazante, J. R.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1235--1250} +} + +@article{kay2016, + title = {Evaluating and Improving Cloud Phase in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} Version 5 Using Spaceborne Lidar Observations}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024699}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-18T21:06:35Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-02}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Kay, Jennifer E. and Bourdages, Line and Miller, Nathaniel B. and Morrison, Ariel and Yettella, Vineel and Chepfer, Helene and Eaton, Brian}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3337 Global climate models,climate model,cloud phase,Greenland,Southern Ocean,supercooled liquid clouds}, + pages = {2015JD024699} +} + +@article{lohmann2010a, + title = {Total Aerosol Effect: Radiative Forcing or Radiative Flux Perturbation}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:36:34Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Rotstayn, L. and Storelvmo, T. and Jones, A. and Menon, S. and Quaas, J. and Ekman, A. M. L. and Koch, D. and Ruedy, R.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {3235--3246} +} + +@article{whiteman2005, + title = {Analysis of {{Raman}} Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements from the {{AWEX}}-{{G}} Field Campaign and Its Relation to {{Aqua}} Validation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Whiteman, D. N. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{reid1985, + title = {Interannual {{Variations}} in the {{Height}} of the {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {90}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Reid, G. C. and Gage, K. S.}, + year = {1985}, + pages = {5629--5635} +} + +@article{sengupta2003, + title = {Importance of Accurate Liquid Water Path for Estimation of Solar Radiation in Warm Boundary Layer Clouds: {{An}} Observational Study}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Sengupta, M. and Clothiaux, E. E. and Ackerman, T. P. and Kato, S. and Min, Q.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {2997--3009} +} + +@article{zhao2012a, + title = {Toward Understanding of Differences in Current Cloud Retrievals of {{ARM}} Ground-Based Measurements}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Zhao, C. and Xie, S. and Klein, S.A. and Protat, A. and Shupe, M.D. and McFarlane, S.A. and Comstock, J.M. and Delano{\"e}, J. and Deng, M. and Dunn, M. and {others}}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D10206} +} + +@article{hoffmann1998, + title = {Water Isotope Module of the {{ECHAM}} Atmospheric General Circulation Model: {{A}} Study on Timescales from Days to Several Years}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D14}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hoffmann, G. and Werner, M. and Heimann, M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {16,871--16,896} +} + +@article{held1982, + title = {On the {{Height}} of the {{Tropopause}} and the {{Static Stability}} of the {{Troposphere}}}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Held, I. M.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {412--417} +} + +@article{fujiwara2010, + title = {Seasonal to Decadal Variations of Water Vapor in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere Observed with Balloon-Borne Cryogenic Frost Point Hygrometers}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and {others}}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{susskind2006, + title = {Accuracy of Geophysical Parameters Derived from {{AIRS}}/{{AMSU}} as a {{Function}} of Fractional Cloud Cover}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006272}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D09S17}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Susskind, J. and Barnet, C. and Blaisdell, J. and Iredell, L. and Keita, F. and Kouvaris, L. and Molnar, G. and Chahine, M.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@book{worldmeteorologicalorganization1986, + address = {Geneva}, + series = {Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report 16}, + title = {Atmospheric {{Ozone}}: 1985}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + publisher = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + year = {1986} +} + +@article{eyring2007, + title = {Multi-Model Projections of Stratospheric Ozone in the 21st Century}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD008332}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Eyring, V. and {others}}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{stenchikov1997, + title = {Reply}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Stenchikov, G. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + note = {see vonnegut97 for comment}, + pages = {23,589--23,590} +} + +@article{tsushima2006, + title = {Importance of the Mixed-Phase Cloud Distribution in the Control Climate for Assessing the Response of Clouds to Carbon Dioxide Increase: A Multi-Model Study}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-006-0127-7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Tsushima, Y. and Emori, S. and Ogura, T. and Kimoto, M. and Webb, M. J. and Williams, K. D. and Ringer, M. A. and Soden, B. J. and Li, B. and Andronova, N.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {113--126} +} + +@article{roche1993, + title = {The {{Cyrogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer}} ({{CLAES}}) on {{UARS}}: {{Experiment Description}} and {{Performance}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Roche, A.E. and {others}}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {CLAES,UARS}, + pages = {10,763--10,775} +} + +@article{annan2011, + title = {On the Observational Assessment of Climate Model Performance: {{OBSERVATIONAL ASSESSMENT}}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {On the Observational Assessment of Climate Model Performance}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL049812}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:31:42Z}, + number = {24}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Annan, J. D. and Hargreaves, J. C. and Tachiiri, K.}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{veliconga2006a, + title = {Acceleration of {{Greenland}} Ice Mass Loss in Spring 2004}, + volume = {443}, + doi = {10.1038/nature05168}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Veliconga, I. and Wahr, J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {329--331} +} + +@article{naud2004, + title = {Assesment of {{MISR}} and {{MODIS}} Cloud Top Heights through Intercomparison with a Back-Scattering Lidar at {{SIRTA}}}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL018976}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {L04114}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Naud, C. and Muller, J. P. and Haeffelin, M. and Morille, Y. and Delaval, A.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{intrieri2002a, + title = {An Annual Cycle of {{Arctic}} Cloud Characteristics Observed by Radar and Lidar at {{SHEBA}}}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2000JC000423}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {C10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Intrieri, J. M. and Shupe, M. D. and Uttal, T. and McCarty, B. J.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{milbrandt2005, + title = {A {{Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization}}. {{Part I}}: {{Analysis}} of the {{Role}} of the {{Spectral Shape Parameter}}}, + volume = {62}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {A {{Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS3534.1}, + abstract = {With increasing computer power, explicit microphysics schemes are becoming increasingly important in atmospheric models. Many schemes have followed the approach of Kessler in which one moment of the hydrometeor size distribution, proportional to the mass content, is predicted. More recently, the two-moment method has been introduced in which both the mass and the total number concentration of the hydrometeor categories are independently predicted. In bulk schemes, the size spectrum of each hydrometeor category is often described by a three-parameter gamma distribution function, N(D) = N0D$\alpha$e-$\lambda$D. Two-moment schemes generally treat N0 and $\lambda$ as prognostic parameters while holding $\alpha$ constant. In this paper, the role of the spectral shape parameter, $\alpha$, is investigated by examining its effects on sedimentation and microphysical growth rates. An approach is introduced for a two-moment scheme where $\alpha$ is allowed to vary diagnostically as a function of the mean-mass diameter. Comparisons are made between calculations using various bulk approaches\textemdash{}a one-moment, a two-moment, and a three-moment method\textemdash{}and an analytic bin model. It is found that the size-sorting mechanism, which exists in a bulk scheme when different fall velocities are applied to advect the different predicted moments, is significantly different amongst the schemes. The shape parameter plays an important role in determining the rate of size sorting. Likewise, instantaneous growth rates related to the moments are shown to be significantly affected by this parameter.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T16:54:37Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Milbrandt, J. A. and Yau, M. K.}, + month = sep, + year = {2005}, + pages = {3051--3064}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EA5R6NT5/Milbrandt and Yau - 2005 - A Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization. .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/WM3DAX9J/JAS3534.html:text/html} +} + +@article{hudson2011, + title = {Estimating the Global Radiative Impact of the Sea Ice\textendash{}albedo Feedback in the {{Arctic}}}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2011JD015804}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:27Z}, + number = {D16}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Hudson, Stephen R.}, + month = aug, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{flocke1999, + title = {An Examination of Chemistry and Transport Processes in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere Using Observations of Lon-Lived and Short-Lived Compounds Obtained during {{STRAT}} and {{POLARIS}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Flocke, F. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {26,625--26,642} +} + +@article{kiehl1999, + title = {Climate Forcing due to Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kiehl, J. T. and Schneider, T. L. and Portmann, R. W. and Soloman, S.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {31,239--31,254} +} + +@article{bates2001a, + title = {Variability of Upper-Tropospheric Humidity 1979-1998}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bates, J. J. and Jackson, D. L. and Br{\'e}on, F.-M. and Bergen, Z. D.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {32,271--32,281} +} + +@article{sanderson2010, + title = {Climate Feedbacks Determined Using Radiative Kernels in a Multi-Thousand Member Ensemble of {{AOGCMs}}}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-009-0661-1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Sanderson, B. M. and Shell, K. M. and Ingram, W.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1219--1236} +} + +@article{schulte1996, + title = {In-Flight Measurements of Cruise Altitude Nitric Oxide Emission Indicies of Commercial Jet Aircraft}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Schulte, P. and Schlager, H.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {reactive nitrogen NOx}, + pages = {165--168} +} + +@book{webster1997, + title = {Is the {{Monsoon Predicable}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + author = {Webster, P. J.}, + month = mar, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from U Colorado +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{lefevre1998, + title = {The 1997 {{Arctic}} Ozone Depletion Quantified from Three-Dimensional Model Simulations}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lef{\`e}vre, F. and Figarol, F. and Carslaw, K. S. and Peter, T.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2425--2428} +} + +@techreport{chou1999b, + title = {A Solar Radiation Parameterization for Atmospheric Studies}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {NASA/TM-1999-104606, Vol 15}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Chou, M.D. and Suarez, M. J.}, + year = {1999}, + note = {40pp.} +} + +@article{turner2003, + title = {Dry Bias and Variability in {{Vaisala RS80}}-{{H}} Radiosondes: {{The ARM}} Experience}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.}, + author = {Turner, D. D. and Lesht, B. M. and Clough, S. A. and Liljegren, J. C. and Revercomb, H. E. and Tobin, D. C.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {117--132} +} + +@article{gettelman2015a, + title = {Advanced {{Two}}-{{Moment Bulk Microphysics}} for {{Global Models}}. {{Part II}}: {{Global Model Solutions}} and {{Aerosol}}\textendash{}{{Cloud Interactions}}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Advanced {{Two}}-{{Moment Bulk Microphysics}} for {{Global Models}}. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00103.1}, + abstract = {AbstractA modified microphysics scheme is implemented in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5). The new scheme features prognostic precipitation. The coupling between the microphysics and the rest of the model is modified to make it more flexible. Single-column tests show the new microphysics can simulate a constrained drizzling stratocumulus case. Substepping the cloud condensation (macrophysics) within a time step improves single-column results. Simulations of mixed-phase cases are strongly sensitive to ice nucleation. The new microphysics alters process rates in both single-column and global simulations, even at low (200 km) horizontal resolution. Thus, prognostic precipitation can be important, even in low-resolution simulations where advection of precipitation is not important. Accretion dominates as liquid water path increases in agreement with cloud-resolving model simulations and estimates from observations. The new microphysics with prognostic precipitation increases the ratio of accretion over autoconversion. The change in process rates appears to significantly reduce aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions and indirect radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosols by up to 33\% (depending on substepping) to below 1 W m-2 of cooling between simulations with preindustrial (1850) and present-day (2000) aerosol emissions.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:05:48Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. and Santos, S. and Bogenschutz, P. and Caldwell, P. M.}, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Aerosols,Climate models,Cloud microphysics,Cloud parameterizations,Cloud radiative effects}, + pages = {1288--1307}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/RTZUUT4H/Gettelman et al. - 2014 - Advanced Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics for Global M.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/E5I63Z8V/JCLI-D-14-00103.html:text/html} +} + +@article{selkirk1993, + title = {The {{Tropopause Cold Trap}} in the {{Australian Monsoon During STEP}}/{{AMEX}} 1987}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Selkirk, H. B.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {8591--8610} +} + +@article{hervig2001, + title = {Observations of Nitic Acid Clouds near the Tropical Tropopause}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Hervig, M. E.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{mahlstein2012a, + title = {Perceptible Changes in Regional Precipitation in a Future Climate}, + volume = {39}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL050738}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {L05701}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Mahlstein, I. and Portman, R. W. and Daniel, J. S. and Solomon, S. and Knutti, R.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{taylor2011a, + title = {Geographical {{Distribution}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} in the {{NCAR CCSM3}}.0}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3788.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Taylor, P. C. and Ellingson, R. G. and Cai, M.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {2737--2753} +} + +@article{shindell1999a, + title = {Simulation of Recent Northern Winter Climate Trends by Greenhouse-Gas Forcing}, + volume = {399}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Shindell, D. T. and Miller, R. L. and Schmidt, G. A. and Pandolfo, L.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {452--454} +} + +@article{noone2007, + title = {The Influence of Midlatitude and Tropical Overturning Circulation on the Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Water Vapor and {{Antarctic}} Precipitation}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Noone, D.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{uttal2002, + title = {Surface Heat Budget of the {{Arctic}} Ocean}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Uttal, T. and {others}}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {255--275} +} + +@incollection{woods1988, + title = {Characteristics of {{Aerosols}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + booktitle = {Aerosols and {{Climate}}}, + publisher = {{A. Deepack}}, + author = {Woods, D. C. and Chuan, R. L.}, + editor = {Hobbs, P. V. and McCormick, M. P.}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {277--286} +} + +@article{griffith2001, + title = {Vertical Profiles of Nitrous Oxide Isotopomer Fractionation Measured in the Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Griffith, D. W. T. and Toon, G. B. and Sen, B. and Blavier, J.-F. and Toth, R. A.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@article{rosenlof1995, + title = {Seasonal Cycle of the Residual Mean Meridional Circulation in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {mass flux,TEM Streamfunction}, + pages = {5173--5191} +} + +@article{massie2000a, + title = {Chlorine Activation during the Early 1995-1996 {{Arctic}} Winter}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Massie, S. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {7111--7131} +} + +@book{hobbs1996, + title = {Emissions from {{Biomass Burning}} in {{Brazil}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + author = {Hobbs, P. V.}, + year = {15 Noc 1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{danielsen1977, + title = {Project {{Duststorm}} Report: Ozone Transport, in Situ Measurements and Meteorological Analyses of Tropopause Folding}, + volume = {82}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Danielsen, E. F. and Mohnen, V. A.}, + year = {1977}, + pages = {5867--5877} +} + +@article{fu2002, + title = {Tropical Cirrus and Water Vapor: An Effective {{Earth}} Infrared Iris Feedback?}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Baker, M. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {21--37} +} + +@article{cicerone1988, + title = {Biogeochemical {{Aspects}} of {{Atmospheric Methane}}}, + volume = {2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles}, + author = {Cicerone, RJ}, + year = {1988}, + pages = {299--327} +} + +@article{mahowald2002, + title = {Stratospheric Transport in a 3-Dimensional Isentropic Coordinate Model}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001313}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mahowald, N. M. and Plumb, R. Alan and Rasch, P. J. and del Corral, J. and Sassi, F. and Heres, W.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{gettelman2012a, + title = {Climate {{Impacts}} of {{Ice Nucleation}}}, + volume = {117}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD017950}, + timestamp = {2015-07-17T14:39:49Z}, + number = {D20201}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Liu, X. and Barahona, D. and Lohmann, U. and Chen, C. C.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@book{andrews1987, + address = {New York}, + title = {Middle {{Atmosphere Dynamics}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + author = {Andrews, D.G. and Holton, J.R. and Leovy, C.B.}, + year = {1987} +} + +@book{emanuel1994a, + address = {New York}, + title = {Atmospheric {{Convection}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, + author = {Emanuel, K. A.}, + year = {1994} +} + +@article{roe2007, + title = {Why Is Climate Sensitivity so Unpredictable?}, + volume = {318}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {5850}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Roe, G.H. and Baker, M.B.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {629--632} +} + +@article{stohl2000, + title = {A One-Year {{Lagrangian}} ``climatology'' of Airstreams in the Northern Hemisphere Tropopshere and Lowermost Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Stohl, A.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{tselioudis2016, + title = {Midlatitude Cloud Shifts, Their Primary Link to the {{Hadley}} Cell, and Their Diverse Radiative Effects}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL068242}, + abstract = {We investigate the interannual relationship among clouds, their radiative effects, and two key indices of the atmospheric circulation: the latitudinal positions of the Hadley cell edge and the midlatitude jet. From reanalysis data and satellite observations, we find a clear and consistent relationship between the width of the Hadley cell and the high cloud field, statistically significant in nearly all regions and seasons. In contrast, shifts of the midlatitude jet correlate significantly with high cloud shifts only in the North Atlantic region during the winter season. While in that region and season poleward high cloud shifts are associated with shortwave radiative warming, over the Southern Oceans during all seasons they are associated with shortwave radiative cooling. Finally, a trend analysis reveals that poleward high cloud shifts observed over the 1983\textendash{}2009 period are more likely related to Hadley cell expansion, rather than poleward shifts of the midlatitude jets.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-05-09T14:58:02Z}, + urldate = {2016-05-09}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Tselioudis, George and Lipat, Bernard R. and Konsta, Dimitra and Grise, Kevin M. and Polvani, Lorenzo M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3319 General circulation,climate,Clouds,dynamics,Radiation}, + pages = {2016GL068242} +} + +@article{ehret1999, + title = {Low Stratospheric Water Vapor Measured by an Airborne {{DIAL}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ehret, G. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {31,351--31,359} +} + +@article{graham1995, + title = {Simulation of {{Recent Global Temperature Trends}}}, + volume = {267}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Graham, N. E.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {666--671} +} + +@article{borken-kleefeld2010, + title = {Specific {{Climate Impact}} of {{Passenger}} and {{Freight Transport}}}, + volume = {44}, + doi = {10.1021/es9039693}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, + author = {Borken-Kleefeld, J. and Bernsten, T. and Fuglestvedt, J.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {5700--5706} +} + +@article{polvani1999, + title = {The Three-Dimensional Structure of Breaking {{Rossby}} Waves in the Polar Wintertime Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Submitted to Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Polvani, L. M. and Saravanan, R.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{baldwin1997, + title = {Biennial, {{Quasi}}-Biennial and {{Decadal Oscillations}} of {{Potential Vorticity}} in the {{Northern Hemisphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {JGR (submitted)}, + author = {Baldwin, M. P. and Dunkerton, T. J.}, + year = {1997} +} + +@incollection{schmitt1997, + series = {Report 97-04}, + title = {Emissions from Aviation and Their Development over Time}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + booktitle = {Final {{Report}} on the {{BMBF Verbundprogram}}: {{Schadstoffe}} in Der {{Luftfhart}}}, + publisher = {{DLR Mitteilung}}, + author = {Schmitt, A. and Brunner, B.}, + editor = {Schumann, U. and {others}}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{lebsock2013, + title = {Microphysical Implications of Cloud-Precipitation Covariance Derived from Satellite Remote Sensing}, + volume = {118}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50347}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lebsock, Matthew and Morrison, Hugh and Gettelman, Andrew}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {6521--6533} +} + +@article{kroll2015, + title = {Atmospheric {{Evolution}} of {{Sulfur Emissions}} from {{K\i$\overline$lauea}}: {{Real}}-{{Time Measurements}} of {{Oxidation}}, {{Dilution}}, and {{Neutralization}} within a {{Volcanic Plume}}}, + volume = {49}, + issn = {0013-936X}, + shorttitle = {Atmospheric {{Evolution}} of {{Sulfur Emissions}} from {{K\i$\overline$lauea}}}, + doi = {10.1021/es506119x}, + abstract = {The high atmospheric concentrations of toxic gases, particulate matter, and acids in the areas immediately surrounding volcanoes can have negative impacts on human and ecological health. To better understand the atmospheric fate of volcanogenic emissions in the near field (in the first few hours after emission), we have carried out real-time measurements of key chemical components of the volcanic plume from K??lauea on the Island of Hawai?i. Measurements were made at two locations, one ?3 km north-northeast of the vent and the other 31 km to the southwest, with sampling at each site spanning a range of meteorological conditions and volcanic influence. Instrumentation included a sulfur dioxide monitor and an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, allowing for a measurement of the partitioning between the two major sulfur species (gas-phase SO2 and particulate sulfate) every 5 min. During trade wind conditions, which sent the plume toward the southwest site, sulfur partitioning exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, indicating photochemical oxidation of SO2 to sulfate; this enabled the quantitative determination of plume age (5 h) and instantaneous SO2 oxidation rate (2.4 ? 10?6 s?1 at solar noon). Under stagnant conditions near the crater, the extent of SO2 oxidation was substantially higher, suggesting faster oxidation. The particles within the plume were extremely acidic, with pH values (controlled largely by ambient relative humidity) as low as ?0.8 and strong acidity (controlled largely by absolute sulfate levels) up to 2200 nmol/m3. The high variability of sulfur partitioning and particle composition underscores the chemically dynamic nature of volcanic plumes, which may have important implications for human and ecological health.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T20:51:51Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, + author = {Kroll, Jesse H. and Cross, Eben S. and Hunter, James F. and Pai, Sidhant and Wallace, Lisa M. M. and Croteau, Philip L. and Jayne, John T. and Worsnop, Douglas R. and Heald, Colette L. and Murphy, Jennifer G. and Frankel, Sheila L.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + pages = {4129--4137}, + file = {ACS Full Text PDF w/ Links:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/VZX42U8T/Kroll et al. - 2015 - Atmospheric Evolution of Sulfur Emissions from Kı̅.pdf:application/pdf;ACS Full Text Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/AFH8BIAJ/es506119x.html:text/html} +} + +@article{bowman1995, + title = {Rossby {{Wave Phase Speeds}} and {{Mixing Barriers}} in the {{Stratosphere}}, {{Part1}}: {{Observations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {JAS (submitted)}, + author = {Bowman, K.P.}, + year = {1995} +} + +@article{ghan2001a, + title = {A Physically Based Estimate of Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosol}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:08:05Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Ghan, S. J. and Easter, R. C. and Chapman, E. G. and Abdul-Razzak, A. and Zhang, Y. and Leung, L. R. and Laulainen, N. S. and Saylor, R. D. and Zaveri, R. A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {5279--5294} +} + +@article{proffitt2003, + title = {Seasonally Averaged Ozone and Nitrous Oxide in the {{Northern Hemisphere}} Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002657}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {4110}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Proffitt, M. H. and Aikin, K. and Tuck, A. F. and Margitan, J. J. and Webster, C. R. and Toon, G. C. and Elkins, J. W.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{hakim1999, + title = {Tropopause Dynamics beyond Quasigeostrophy}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + author = {Hakim, G.}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{oppenheimer1998, + title = {Global Warming and the Stability of the {{West Antarctic Ice Sheet}}}, + volume = {393}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Oppenheimer, M.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {325--331} +} + +@article{vincent2000, + title = {Gravity Waves in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere: {{An}} Observational Study of Seasonal and Interannual Variability}, + volume = {105}, + doi = {10.1029/2000JD900196}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Vincent, R. A. and Alexander, M. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {17971--17982} +} + +@article{noone2004, + title = {Sea Ice Control of Water Isotope Transport to {{Antarctica}} and Implications for Ice Core Interpretation}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004228}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D18}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Noone, D. and Simmonds, I.}, + month = apr, + year = {2004}, + pages = {7105--+} +} + +@article{skelton1996, + title = {The {{Sky}}'s the Limit?}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {Summer 1996}, + journal = {Amicus Journal}, + author = {Skelton, R}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {Aircraft airport politics}, + pages = {31--35} +} + +@article{myhre2009, + title = {Consistency between {{Satellite}}-{{Derived}} and {{Modeled Estimates}} of the {{Direct Aerosol Effect}}}, + volume = {325}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1174461}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Myhre, G.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {187--190} +} + +@article{jaffe1997b, + title = {A Global Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model 2. {{Nitrogen}} Oxides and Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Results}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Jaffe, D. A. and Berntsen, T. K. and Isaksen, I. S. A.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21,281--21,296} +} + +@article{murphy1994, + title = {An Estimate of the Flux of Stratospheric Reactive Nitrogen and Ozone into the Troposphere}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Murphy, D. M. and Fahey, D. W.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {Lifetime,N2O Mass Flux,NOx,NOy,O3}, + pages = {5325--5332} +} + +@article{moustaoui1999, + title = {Analysis of {{Gravity Waves}} during the {{POLINAT Experiment}} and {{Some Consequences}} for {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Moustaoui, M. and Teitelbaum, H. and {vanVelthoven}, P. F. J. and Kelder, H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1019--1030} +} + +@book{bishop1997, + title = {Surface {{Solar Irradiance}} from {{ISCCP}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + author = {{Bishop}}, + month = mar, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from U Victoria} +} + +@article{doll2000, + title = {Night-Time Imagery as a Tool for Global Mapping of Socioeconomic Parameters and Greenhouse Gas Emissions}, + volume = {29}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {AMBIO: a Journal of the Human Environment}, + author = {Doll, C.N.H. and Muller, J.P. and Elvidge, C.D.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {157--162} +} + +@article{adams1997, + title = {The {{North American Monsoon}}}, + volume = {78}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Adams, D. K. and Comrie, A. C.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2197--2213} +} + +@article{polvani2007, + title = {Transport and Mixing of Chemical Air Masses in Idealized Baroclinic Lifecycles}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008555}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D23102}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Polvani, L. M. and Esler, J. G.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@book{leovy1998, + title = {History of {{Water}} on {{Mars}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + author = {Leovy, C.}, + month = mar, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: Seminar- UW +Speaker from UW} +} + +@article{piani2005, + title = {Constraints on Climate Change from a Multi-Thousand Member Ensemble of Simulations}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL024452}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {L23825}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Piani, C. and Fraame, D. J. and Stainforth, D. A. and Allen, M. R.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{stolarski1992, + title = {Measured {{Trends}} in {{Stratospheric Ozone}}}, + volume = {256}, + abstract = {Good summary of data of ozone depletion. Global in scope}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {17 April 1992}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Stolarski, R. and {others}}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {342--349} +} + +@book{gillett1998, + title = {Modelled and {{Observed Variability}} in {{Atmospheric Vertical Temeprature Structure}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + author = {Gillett, N.}, + month = dec, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: JISAO Special Seminar +speaker from oxford} +} + +@article{gettelman2005, + title = {Simulations of Water Isotope Abundances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere and Implications for Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004812}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Webster, C. R.}, + month = sep, + year = {2005}, + pages = {17301--+} +} + +@article{zhang2005a, + title = {On the Diurnal Cycle and Susceptibility to Aerosol Concentration in a Stratocumulus-Topped Mixed Layer}, + volume = {131}, + copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2005 Royal Meteorological Society}, + issn = {1477-870X}, + doi = {10.1256/qj.04.103}, + abstract = {Mixed-layer theory is used to study the diurnal cycle of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and its susceptibility to perturbations in atmospheric aerosol concentration. Our results show that the diurnal evolution of cloud thickness is sensitive to the entrainment effisciency. For high entrainment efficiencies, the cloud base tends to descend at a faster rate than the cloud top; this difference in descent rates leads to cloud thickening during the daytime, which is inconsistent with observations. For low entrainment efficiencies, variations in cloud-top height dominate in the cloud-thickness evolution, while cloud-base height remains almost constant; this behaviour is in better agreement with available data. We explain these effects through a consideration of the equilibrium state of cloud boundaries and their adjustment time-scales. Liquid-water path and cloud albedo are both sensitive to the entrainment efficiency; still, the susceptibility of cloud albedo to droplet number density dominates the entrainment effects. This result has significant implications for climate-sensitivity studies: it suggests that estimates of aerosol indirect effects from stratocumulus clouds will not be particularly sensitive to the way entrainment is represented in large-scale models. Copyright \textcopyright{} 2005 Royal Meteorological Society}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-21T20:10:23Z}, + number = {608}, + urldate = {2015-10-21}, + journal = {Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Zhang, Yunyan and Stevens, Bjorn and Ghil, Michael}, + month = apr, + year = {2005}, + keywords = {aerosol indirect effect,Cloud albedo,Entrainment}, + pages = {1567--1583} +} + +@article{graf2004, + title = {The {{Complex Interaaction}} of {{Aerosols}} and {{Clouds}}}, + volume = {303}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Graf, H.-F.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1309--1311} +} + +@article{koster2004, + title = {Regions of {{Strong Coupling Between Soil Moisture}} and {{Precipitation}}}, + volume = {305}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1100217}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:38Z}, + number = {5687}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Koster, R. D.}, + month = aug, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1138--1140} +} + +@article{knutti2008, + title = {The Equilibrium Sensitivity of the {{Earth}}'s Temperature to Radiation Changes}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience}, + author = {Knutti, R. and Hegerl, G.C.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {735--743} +} + +@article{godunov1959, + title = {A Difference Scheme for Numerical Computation of Discontinuous Solutions of Equations in Fluid Dynamics}, + volume = {47}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Math. Sb.}, + author = {Godunov, S. K.}, + year = {1959}, + note = {Also: Cornell Aero. Lab. translation}, + pages = {271} +} + +@article{randel1991, + title = {Phase {{Speed Spectra}} of {{Transient Eddy Fluxes}} and {{Critical Layer Absorption}}}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Held, I. M.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {688--697} +} + +@article{waugh2000, + title = {Intrusions into {{Tropospheric Equatorial Westerly Ducts}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {to be submitted}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Polvani, L. M.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{plumb1996, + title = {A ``tropical Pipe'' Model of Stratospheric Transport}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {3957--3972} +} + +@article{fu2007a, + title = {A {{New Parameterization}} of an {{Asymmetry Factor}} of {{Cirrus Clouds}} for {{Climate Models}}}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Fu, Q.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4140--4150} +} + +@article{johnson1996, + title = {Tropical {{Inversions}} near the 0\$\^$\backslash$circ\${{C Level}}}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Johnson, R. H. and Ciesielski, P. E. and Hart, K. A.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {1838--1855} +} + +@article{prenni2007, + title = {Can Ice-Nucleating Aerosols Effect {{Arctic}} Seasonal Climate?}, + volume = {88}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Prenni, A. J. and Harrington, J. Y. and Tjernstrom, M. and DeMott, P. J. and Avramov, A. and Long, C. N. and Kreidenweis, S. M. and Olsson, P. Q. and Verlinde, J.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {541--550} +} + +@article{heymsfield2001, + title = {Microphyics of {{INDOEX}} Clean and Polluted Trade Cumulus Clouds}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:28:57Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and McFarquhar, G. M.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {28,653--28,673} +} + +@article{goff1946, + title = {Low-Pressure Properties of Water from -{{160F}} to {{212F}}}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {Trans. Am. Soc. Heat. Vent. Eng.}, + author = {Goff, J. A. and Gratch, S.}, + year = {1946}, + pages = {95--121} +} + +@article{furtado2015, + title = {A {{Physically Based Subgrid Parameterization}} for the {{Production}} and {{Maintenance}} of {{Mixed}}-{{Phase Clouds}} in a {{General Circulation Model}}}, + volume = {73}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-15-0021.1}, + abstract = {A physically based method for parameterizing the role of subgrid-scale turbulence in the production and maintenance of supercooled liquid water and mixed-phase clouds is presented. The approach used is to simplify the dynamics of supersaturation fluctuations to a stochastic differential equation that can be solved analytically, giving increments to the prognostic liquid cloud fraction and liquid water content fields in a general circulation model (GCM). Elsewhere, it has been demonstrated that the approach captures the properties of decameter-resolution large-eddy simulations of a turbulent mixed-phase environment. In this paper, it is shown that it can be implemented in a GCM, and the effects that this has on Southern Ocean biases and on Arctic stratus are investigated.}, + timestamp = {2016-07-04T02:44:19Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-07-04}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Furtado, K. and Field, P. R. and Boutle, I. A. and Morcrette, C. J. and Wilkinson, J. M.}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + pages = {279--291} +} + +@article{zhang1993, + title = {On the {{Annual Cycle}} in {{Highest}}, {{Coldest Clouds}} in the {{Tropics}}}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Zhang, C.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {1987--1990} +} + +@article{zhang1994, + title = {Diagnostic Study of Climate Feedback Processes in Atmospheric General Circulation Models}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zhang, M. H. and Hack, J. J. and Kiehl, J. T.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {5525--5537} +} + +@article{mauritsen2011, + title = {An {{Arctic CCN}}-Limited Cloud-Aerosol Regime}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-165-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:45Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Mauritsen, T. and Sedlar, J. and Tjernstr{\"o}m, M. and Leck, C. and Martin, M. and Shupe, M. and Sjogren, S. and Sierau, B. and Persson, P. O. G. and Brooks, I. M. and Swietlicki, E.}, + month = jan, + year = {2011}, + pages = {165--173} +} + +@techreport{lister1998, + address = {http://www.dera.gov.uk/aviation-emissions-databank.htm}, + title = {{{ICAO Aircraft Engine Emissions Databank}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + institution = {DERA}, + author = {Lister, D. H.}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{pierrehumbert1998a, + title = {Evidence for {{Control}} of {{Atlantic Subtropical Humidity}} by {{Large Scale Advection}}}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Pierrehumbert, R. T. and Roca, R.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {4537--4540} +} + +@article{reed2015a, + title = {An Analysis of Long-Term Relationships among Count Statistics and Metrics of Synthetic Tropical Cyclones Downscaled from {{CMIP5}} Models}, + volume = {120}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023357}, + abstract = {In a changing climate, the impact of tropical cyclones on the United States Atlantic and Gulf Coasts will be affected both by how intense and how frequent these storms become. The observational record of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Basin is too short (A.D. 1851 to present) to allow for accurate assessment of low-frequency variability in storm activity. In order to overcome the limitations of the short observational record, we downscale four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models to generate synthetic tropical cyclone data sets for the Atlantic Basin that span the interval of A.D. 850\textendash{}2005. Using these long-term synthetic tropical cyclone data sets, we investigate the relationship between power dissipation and ocean temperature metrics, as well as the relationship between basin-wide and landfalling tropical cyclone count statistics over the past millennium. Contrary to previous studies, we find only a very weak relationship between power dissipation and main development region sea surface temperature in the Atlantic Basin. Consistent with previous studies, we find that basin-wide and landfalling tropical cyclone counts are significantly correlated with one another, lending further support for the use of paleohurricane landfall records to infer long-term basin-wide tropical cyclone trends.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-06T17:03:56Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-11-06}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Reed, Andra J. and Mann, Michael E. and Emanuel, Kerry A. and Titley, David W.}, + month = aug, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1616 Climate variability,1630 Impacts of global change,3372 Tropical cyclones,3374 Tropical meteorology,basin-wide counts,landfalling counts,paleohurricane records,power dissipation index,Sea surface temperature,tropical cyclones}, + pages = {2015JD023357}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EF9D8I3F/Reed et al. - 2015 - An analysis of long-term relationships among count.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/ZG59EZEP/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{field2005, + title = {Parameterization of Ice-Particle Size Distributions for Mid-Latitude Stratiform Cloud}, + volume = {131}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Field, P. R. and Hogan, R. J. and Brown, R. A. and Illingworth, A. J. and Choularton, T. W. and Cotton, R. J.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1997--2017} +} + +@article{bigg1953a, + title = {The Supercooling of Water}, + volume = {66}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {Proc. Phys. Soc. B}, + author = {Bigg, E. K.}, + year = {1953}, + pages = {688--694} +} + +@incollection{khalil1993, + address = {New York}, + series = {NATO ASI Series I}, + title = {Methane {{Sinks}} and {{Distribution}}}, + volume = {13}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + booktitle = {Atmospheric {{Methane}}: {{Sources}}, {{Sinks}} and {{Role}} in {{Global Change}}}, + publisher = {{Springer Verlag}}, + author = {Khalil, M. A. K and {others}}, + year = {1993} +} + +@article{collins2002, + title = {An Updated Parameterization for Infrared Emission and Absorption by Water Vapor in the {{National Center}} for {{Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D22}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Collins, W. D. and Hackney, J. K. and Edwards, D. P.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {17}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001365} +} + +@article{gasso2008, + title = {Satellite Observations of the Impact of Weak Volcanic Activity on Marine Clouds}, + volume = {113}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009106}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:33:14Z}, + number = {D14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Gass{\'o}, Santiago}, + month = apr, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{jonko2012a, + title = {Climate {{Feedbacks}} in {{CCSM3}} under {{Changing CO2 Forcing}}. {{Part I}}: {{Adapting}} the {{Linear Radiative Kernel Technique}} to {{Feedback Calculations}} for a {{Broad Range}} of {{Forcings}}}, + volume = {25}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Climate {{Feedbacks}} in {{CCSM3}} under {{Changing CO2 Forcing}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00524.1}, + abstract = {AbstractClimate feedbacks vary strongly among climate models and continue to represent a major source of uncertainty in estimates of the response of climate to anthropogenic forcings. One method to evaluate feedbacks in global climate models is the radiative kernel technique, which is well suited for model intercomparison studies because of its computational efficiency. However, the usefulness of this technique is predicated on the assumption of linearity between top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes and feedback variables, limiting its application to simulations of small climate perturbations, where nonlinearities can be neglected. This paper presents an extension of the utility of this linear technique to large forcings, using global climate model simulations forced with CO2 concentrations ranging from 2 to 8 times present-day values. Radiative kernels depend on the model's radiative transfer algorithm and climate base state. For large warming, kernels based on the present-day climate significantly underestimate longwave TOA flux changes and somewhat overestimate shortwave TOA flux changes. These biases translate to inaccurate feedback estimates. It is shown that a combination of present-day kernels and kernels computed using a large forcing climate base state leads to significant improvement in the approximation of TOA flux changes and increased reliability of feedback estimates. While using present-day kernels results in a climate sensitivity that remains constant, using the new kernels shows that sensitivity increases significantly with each successive doubling of CO2 concentrations.}, + timestamp = {2015-08-21T20:43:27Z}, + number = {15}, + urldate = {2015-08-21}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Jonko, Alexandra K. and Shell, Karen M. and Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {climate sensitivity}, + pages = {5260--5272} +} + +@article{elkins1993, + title = {Decrease in the Growth Rates of Atmospheric Chloroflourocarbons 11 and 12}, + volume = {364}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {26 August 1993}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Elkins, JW}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {CFC-12 CFC-11}, + pages = {780--783} +} + +@article{gettelman2000a, + title = {Direct Diagnoses of {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Sobel, A. H.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3--16} +} + +@article{chiu2012, + title = {Cloud Droplet Size and Liquid Water Path Retrievals from Zenith Radiance Measurements: Examples from the {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program}} and the {{Aerosol Robotic Network}}}, + volume = {12}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Cloud Droplet Size and Liquid Water Path Retrievals from Zenith Radiance Measurements}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-12-10313-2012}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:21Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Chiu, J. C. and Marshak, A. and Huang, C.-H. and V{\'a}rnai, T. and Hogan, R. J. and Giles, D. M. and Holben, B. N. and O'Connor, E. J. and Knyazikhin, Y. and Wiscombe, W. J.}, + month = nov, + year = {2012}, + pages = {10313--10329} +} + +@article{flohn1989, + title = {Changed of Tropical Sea-Air Interaction Processes over a 30-Year Period}, + volume = {338}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Flohn, H. and Kapala, A.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {244--246} +} + +@inproceedings{duda, + title = {An Interhemispheric Comparison of Cirrus Cloud Properties Using {{MODIS}} and {{GOES}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + author = {Duda, D. P. and Minnis, P. and Jr, W. L. Smith and Mack, S. S. and Ayers, J. K. and Gayet, J.-F. and Auriol, F. and Strom, J. and Minikin, A. and Petzold, A. and Schumann, U.} +} + +@article{mcculloch2003, + title = {Releases of Refrigerant Gases ({{CFC}}-12, {{HCFC}}-22 and {{HFC}}-134a) to the Atmosphere}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-28T22:03:38Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2015-04-28}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {McCulloch, Archie and Midgley, Pauline M. and Ashford, Paul}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {889--902}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/P8TWZKDD/S1352231002009755.html:text/html} +} + +@article{delgenio1996, + title = {A Prognostic Cloud Water Parameterization for Climate Models}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {DelGenio, A. D. and Yao, M.-S. and Kovari, W. and Lo, K. K.-W.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {270--304} +} + +@book{latif1999, + title = {{{ENSO Teleconnections}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {Latif, M.}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: JISAO seminar +speaker from Max Plank Hamburg?} +} + +@article{jouzel1984, + title = {Deuterium and {{Oxygen}}-18 in {{Precipitation}}: {{Modeling}} of the {{Isotopic Effects During Snow Formation}}}, + volume = {89}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jouzel, J. and Merlivat, L.}, + year = {1984}, + pages = {11,749--11,757} +} + +@incollection{webster1983, + address = {San Diego, Calif.}, + title = {Large-Scale Structure of the Tropical Atmosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + booktitle = {Large-{{Scale Dynamical Processes}} in the {{Atmosphere}}}, + publisher = {{Academic}}, + author = {Webster, P. J.}, + editor = {Hoskins, B. and Pearce, R.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {235--275} +} + +@article{mendelsohn1994, + title = {Framework for Integrated Assessments of Global Warming Impacts}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Mendelsohn, R. and Rosenberg, N. J.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {15--44} +} + +@article{hegglin2004, + title = {Tracing Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport within a Mid-Latitude Deep Convective System.}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hegglin, M. I. and {others}}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {741--756} +} + +@article{weaver2000, + title = {Lamination {{Frequencies}} as a Diagnostic for Horizontal Mixing in a {{3D}} Transport Model}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Weaver, C. J. and Douglass, A. R. and Rood, R. B.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {247--261} +} + +@article{lau2006a, + title = {Observed Relationships between Aerosol and {{Asian}} Monsoon Rainfall, and Circulation}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL027546}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {L21810}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lau, K.-M. and Kim, K.-M.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{mohr1999, + title = {The Contribution to Tropical Rainfall with Respect to Convective System Type, Size and Intensity Estimated from the 85-{{GHz}} Ice-Scattering Signature}, + volume = {38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {J. Applied. Met.}, + author = {Mohr, K. I. and Famigilietti, J. S. and Zipser, E. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {596--606} +} + +@article{jakob2010, + title = {Accelerating Progress in Global Atmospheric Model Development through Improved Parameterizations}, + volume = {91}, + doi = {10.1175/2010BAMS2898.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Jakob, C.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {869--875} +} + +@article{reid1981, + title = {On the {{Annual Variation}} in {{Height}} of the {{Tropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {38}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Reid, G. C. and Gage, K. S.}, + year = {1981}, + keywords = {tropopause height}, + pages = {1928--1938} +} + +@book{nelson1996, + title = {Sublimation and Growth of {{Atmospheric Ice Particles}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Nelson, J}, + month = may, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from NCAR +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{smith2001, + title = {Radiative Forcing due to Stratospheric Water Vapour}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Smith, C. A. and Haigh, J. D. and Toumi, R.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {179--1182} +} + +@book{schneider2001, + title = {Dynamical Constraints on the Thermal Stratification and the Height of the Tropopause in the Extratropics}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + author = {Schneider, T.}, + month = apr, + year = {2001}, + note = {Published: SPARC Tropopause workshop +filed by name} +} + +@article{crook2011a, + title = {Spatial {{Patterns}} of {{Modeled Climate Feedback}} and {{Contributions}} to {{Temperature Response}} and {{Polar Amplification}}}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/2011JCLI3863.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:32:33Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Crook, Julia A. and Forster, Piers M. and Stuber, Nicola}, + month = jul, + year = {2011}, + pages = {3575--3592} +} + +@book{pawson1995a, + title = {Climatology of the {{Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere}} from {{Subjective Analysis}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + author = {Pawson, Steven}, + month = nov, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from FU-Berlin +Published: Seminar- JISAO-UW}, + keywords = {PSC Ozone loss Potential} +} + +@article{inamdar1998, + title = {Tropical and Global Scale Interactions among Water Vapor, Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect, and Surface Temperature}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Inamdar, A. K. and Ramanathan, V.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {32,177--32,194} +} + +@article{lee2013, + title = {Aerosol Effects on the Cloud-Field Properties of Tropical Convective Clouds}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-6713-2013}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:42Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Lee, S.-S. and Feingold, G.}, + month = jul, + year = {2013}, + pages = {6713--6726} +} + +@article{sutton2002, + title = {Global Estimates of Market and Non-Market Values Derived from Nighttime Satellite Imagery, Land Cover, and Ecosystem Service Valuation}, + volume = {41}, + timestamp = {2016-02-02T16:53:30Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-02-02}, + journal = {Ecological Economics}, + author = {Sutton, Paul C. and Costanza, Robert}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {509--527}, + file = {[PDF] from pdx.edu:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/4GP67TNS/Sutton and Costanza - 2002 - Global estimates of market and non-market values d.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/RKP5PM3U/S0921800902000976.html:text/html} +} + +@article{ponater2002, + title = {Contrails in a Comprehensive Global Climate Model: {{Parameterization}} and Radiative Forcing Results}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000429}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D13}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ponater, M. and Marquart, S. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {4164} +} + +@article{randel1999a, + title = {Trends in the {{Vertical Distribution}} of {{Ozone}}}, + volume = {285}, + doi = {10.1126/science.285.5434.1689}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:37:47Z}, + number = {5434}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Randel, William J. and Stolarski, Richard S. and Cunnold, Derek M. and Logan, Jennifer A. and Newchurch, M. J. and Zawodny, Joseph M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1689--1692} +} + +@article{barahona2008, + title = {Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation in Large-Scale Models: {{Homogeneous}} Nucleation}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009355}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D11211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Barahona, D. and Nenes, A.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{forbes2015, + title = {Reducing Systematic Errors in Cold-Air Outbreaks}, + timestamp = {2016-07-05T00:22:55Z}, + number = {146}, + journal = {ECMWF Newsletter}, + author = {Forbes, R. and Greer, A and Loniz, K. and Ahlgrimm, Maike}, + year = {2015}, + pages = {17--22} +} + +@article{lovejoy2008, + title = {Do Stable Atmospheric Layers Exist?}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2007GL032122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {L01802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lovejoy, S. and Tuck, A. F. and Hovde, S. J. and Schertzer, D.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@book{bitz1997, + title = {Model of {{Natural Variability}} of {{Sea Ice}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + author = {Bitz, Ceci}, + month = jun, + year = {1997}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{abdul-razzak2002, + title = {A Parameterization of Aerosol Activation 3. {{Sectional Representation}}}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD000483}, + timestamp = {2015-11-04T15:52:27Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res}, + author = {Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {AAC 1--1 -- AAC 1--6} +} + +@article{tanaka1991, + title = {Assimilation of Global Cloud Imagery from Multiple Satellites}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology}, + author = {Tanaka, K. and Woodberry, K. and Hendon, H. and Salby, M.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {613--626} +} + +@article{han1998, + title = {Global {{Survey}} of the {{Relationships}} of {{Cloud Albedo}} and {{Liquid Water Path}} with {{Droplet Size Using ISCCP}}}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Han, Q. and Rossow, W. B. and Chou, J. and Welch, R. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1516--1528} +} + +@article{palmer2008, + title = {Toward {{Seamless Prediction}}: {{Calibration}} of {{Climate Change Projections Using Seasonal Forecasts}}}, + volume = {89}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-89-4-459}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Palmer, T. N. and Doblas-Reyes, F. J. and Weisheimer, A. and Rodwell, M. HJ}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {459--470} +} + +@article{gettelman2006, + title = {A Climatology of Upper Tropospheric Relative Humidity from the {{Atmospheric Infrared Sounder}} and Implications for Climate}, + volume = {19}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Collins, W. D. and Fetzer, E. J. and Irion, F. W. and Eldering, A. and Duffy, P. B. and Bala, G.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {6104--6121} +} + +@book{glaisher1871, + title = {Travels in the {{Air}}}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-10-28T17:37:50Z}, + author = {GLAISHER, JAMES}, + year = {1871} +} + +@article{flentje2005, + title = {Water Vapor Heterogeneity Related to Tropopause Folds over the {{North Atlantic}} Revealed by Airborne Water Vapor Differential Absoprtion Lidar}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004957}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {D03115}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Flentje, H. and Dornbrack, A. and Ehret, G. and Fix, A. and Kiemle, C. and Poberaj, G. and Wirth, M.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{jackson2001a, + title = {Transport in the {{Low}}-{{Latitude Tropopause Zone Diagnosed Using Particle Trajectories}}}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Jackson, D. R. and Methven, J. and Pope, V. D.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {173--192} +} + +@article{perkins2007, + title = {Evaluation of the {{AR4 Climate Models}}' {{Simulated Daily Maximum Temperature}}, {{Minimum Temperature}}, and {{Precipitation}} over {{Australia Using Probability Density Functions}}}, + volume = {20}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI4253.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:51Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Perkins, S. E. and Pitman, A. J. and Holbrook, N. J. and McAneney, J.}, + month = sep, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4356--4376} +} + +@article{kahn2015, + title = {Pixel-Scale Assessment and Uncertainty Analysis of {{AIRS}} and {{MODIS}} Ice Cloud Optical Thickness and Effective Radius}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD023950}, + abstract = {Comparisons of collocated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ice cloud optical thickness ($\tau$) and effective radius (re) retrievals and their uncertainty estimates are described at the pixel scale. While an estimated 27\% of all AIRS fields of view contain ice cloud, only 7\% contain spatially uniform ice according to the MODIS 1\,km optical property phase mask. The ice cloud comparisons are partitioned by horizontal variability in cloud amount, cloud top thermodynamic phase, vertical layering of clouds, and other parameters. The magnitudes of $\tau$ and re and their relative uncertainties are compared for a wide variety of pixel-scale cloud complexity. The correlations of $\tau$ and re between the two instruments are strong functions of horizontal cloud heterogeneity and vertical cloud structure, with the highest correlations found in single-layer, horizontally homogeneous clouds over the low-latitude tropical oceans. While the $\tau$ comparisons are essentially unbiased for homogeneous ice cloud with variability that depends on scene complexity, a bias of 5\textendash{}10\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m remains in re within the most homogeneous scenes identified, consistent with known radiative transfer differences in the visible and infrared bands. The AIRS and MODIS uncertainty estimates reflect the wide variety of cloud complexity, with greater magnitudes in scenes with larger horizontal variability. The AIRS averaging kernels suggest scene-dependent information content that is consistent with infrared sensitivity to ice clouds. The AIRS-normalized $\chi$2 radiance fits suggest that accounting for horizontal cloud variability is likely to improve the AIRS ice cloud retrievals.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-30T16:06:44Z}, + urldate = {2015-11-30}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Kahn, B. H. and Schreier, M. M. and Yue, Q. and Fetzer, E. J. and Irion, F. W. and Platnick, S. and Wang, C. and Nasiri, S. L. and L'Ecuyer, T. S.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0319 Cloud optics,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3359 Radiative processes,3360 Remote sensing,AIRS,Clouds,ice,MODIS}, + pages = {2015JD023950} +} + +@techreport{wallace1970, + title = {Time-Longitude Section of Tropical Cloudiness, {{December}} 1966\textendash{}{{November}} 1970}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {NESC 56}, + institution = {ESSA}, + author = {Wallace, J. M.}, + year = {1970} +} + +@article{bailey1996, + title = {Comparison of Cyrogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer ({{CLAES}}) Ozone Observations with Correlative Measurements}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bailey, P. L. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {9737--9756} +} + +@article{gettelman2000, + title = {Simulations of Water Vapor in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Douglass, A. R. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {9003--9023} +} + +@article{wu1997a, + title = {Atmospheric Layers Measured from the {{NASA DC}}-8 during {{PEM}}-{{West B}} and Comparison with {{PEM}}-{{West A}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wu, Z. and Newell, R. E. and Zhu, Y. and Anderson, B. E. and Browell, E. V. and Gregory, G. L. and Sachse, G. W. and J. E. Collins, Jr.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {28,353--28,365} +} + +@article{rotstayn2009a, + title = {Cloud {{Droplet Spectral Dispersion}} and the {{Indirect Aerosol Effect}}: {{Comparison}} of Two {{Treatments}} in a {{GCM}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Rotstayn, L. D. and Liu, Y.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{hulme1999, + title = {Relative Impacts of Human-Induced Climate Change and Natural Climate Variability}, + volume = {397}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Hulme, M. and Barrow, E. M. and Arnell, N. W. and Harrison, P. A. and Johns, T. C. and Downing, T. E.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {688--691} +} + +@techreport{ciap1975, + title = {Climatic {{Impact Assessment Program}}, {{Final Report}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {DOT-TST-75-51}, + institution = {Deparment of Transportation}, + author = {{CIAP}}, + year = {1975} +} + +@article{gettelman2002b, + title = {The Distribution and Influence of Convection in the Tropical Tropopause Region}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001048}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Salby, M. L. and Sassi, F.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{thomas2004, + title = {Accelerated {{Sea}}-{{Level Rise}} from {{West Antarctica}}}, + volume = {306}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {science}, + author = {Thomas, R. and {others}}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {255--258} +} + +@book{pandya, + title = {Gravity {{Waves}} and {{Circulation}} of {{Squall Lines}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + author = {Pandya, Rajul}, + year = {30 march}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {buoyancy,gravity waves,squall lines} +} + +@article{murane2004, + title = {Climate {{Research}} and {{Reinsurance}}}, + volume = {85}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-85-5-697}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Murane, R. J.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {697--707} +} + +@article{kerr2006, + title = {Rivers in the Sky Are Flodding the World with Tropical Waters}, + volume = {313}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Kerr, R. A.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {435} +} + +@article{mearns2012, + title = {The {{North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program}}: {{Overview}} of {{Phase I Results}}}, + volume = {93}, + issn = {0003-0007}, + shorttitle = {The {{North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program}}}, + doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00223.1}, + abstract = {The North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) is an international effort designed to investigate the uncertainties in regional-scale projections of future climate and produce highresolution climate change scenarios using multiple regional climate models (RCMs) nested within atmosphere\textendash{}ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) forced with the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario, with a common domain covering the conterminous United States, northern Mexico, and most of Canada. The program also includes an evaluation component (phase I) wherein the participating RCMs, with a grid spacing of 50 km, are nested within 25 years of National Centers for Environmental Prediction\textendash{}Department of Energy (NCEP\textendash{}DOE) Reanalysis II. This paper provides an overview of evaluations of the phase I domain-wide simulations focusing on monthly and seasonal temperature and precipitation, as well as more detailed investigation of four subregions. The overall quality of the simulations is determined, comparing the model performances with each other as well as with other regional model evaluations over North America. The metrics used herein do differentiate among the models but, as found in previous studies, it is not possible to determine a ``best'' model among them. The ensemble average of the six models does not perform best for all measures, as has been reported in a number of global climate model studies. The subset ensemble of the two models using spectral nudging is more often successful for domain-wide root-mean-square error (RMSE), especially for temperature. This evaluation phase of NARCCAP will inform later program elements concerning differentially weighting the models for use in producing robust regional probabilities of future climate change.}, + timestamp = {2016-08-27T14:09:45Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2016-08-27}, + journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, + author = {Mearns, Linda O. and Arritt, Ray and Biner, S{\'e}bastien and Bukovsky, Melissa S. and McGinnis, Seth and Sain, Stephan and Caya, Daniel and Correia, James and Flory, Dave and Gutowski, William and Takle, Eugene S. and Jones, Richard and Leung, Ruby and Moufouma-Okia, Wilfran and McDaniel, Larry and Nunes, Ana M. B. and Qian, Yun and Roads, John and Sloan, Lisa and Snyder, Mark}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1337--1362} +} + +@book{steenberg1995, + title = {Real Time Mesoscale Modelling. {{Friend}} and {{Folly}}.}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + author = {Steenberg, Jim}, + month = oct, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW (now at U Utah) +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {MM5} +} + +@article{hood1995, + title = {Lower Stratospheric Starionary Waves and the Longitude Dependence of Ozone Trends in Winter}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Hood, L. L. and Zaff, D. A.}, + year = {1995}, + note = {troopause height, trends}, + pages = {25,791--25,800} +} + +@article{lin1983, + title = {Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {J. Appl. Meteor.}, + author = {Lin, Y. L. and Farley, R. D. and Orville, H. D.}, + year = {1983}, + pages = {1065--1089} +} + +@article{jacobson1999, + title = {{{FORTE Observations}} of Lightning Radio-Frequency Signatures: {{Capabilities}} and Basic Results}, + volume = {34}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Radio Science}, + author = {Jacobson, A. R. and Knox, S. O. and Franz, R. and Enemark, D. C.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {337--354} +} + +@article{langford1999, + title = {Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange at the Subtropical Jet: Contribution to the Tropospheric Ozone Budget at Midlatitudes}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Langford, A. O.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2449--2452} +} + +@article{haynes1991, + title = {On the ``downward Control'' of Extratropical Diabatic Circulations by Eddy-Induced Mean Zonal Forces}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Haynes, P. H. and Marks, C. J. and McIntyre, M. E. and Shepherd, T. G. and Shine, K. P.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {651--679} +} + +@article{lefevre1994, + title = {Chemistry of the 1991-1992 Stratospheric Winter: {{Three}} Dimensional Model Simulations}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lefevre, F. and Brasseur, G. P. and Folkins, I. and Smith, A. K. and Simon, P.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {8183--8195} +} + +@article{lauritzen2007, + title = {A Stability Analysis of Finite-Volume Advection Schemes Permitting Long Time Steps}, + volume = {135}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Lauritzen, Peter Hjort}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {2658--2673} +} + +@book{bitz1995, + title = {Natural {{Low Frequency Variability}} in the {{Arctic}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + author = {Bitz, Ceci}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from UW}, + keywords = {arctic,low frequency variability} +} + +@article{eyring2008, + title = {Overview of the {{New CCMVal Reference}} and {{Sensitivity Simulations}} in {{Support}} of {{Upcoming Ozone}} and {{Climate Assessments}} and the {{Planned SPARC CCMVal Assessment}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {30}, + journal = {SPARC Newsletter}, + author = {Eyring, V. and Chipperfield, M. P. and Giorgetta, M. A. and Kinnison, D. E. and Manzini, E. and Matthes, K. and Newman, P. A. and Pawson, S. and Shepherd, T. G. and Waugh, and D. W.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {20--26} +} + +@article{gao2014, + title = {{{OH}} in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Its Relationships to Solar Radiation and Reactive Nitrogen}, + doi = {10.1007/s10874-014-9280-2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Chem.}, + author = {Gao, R. S. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Fahey, D. W. and Wennberg, P. O. and Hintsa, E. J. and Hanisco, T. F.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{johnson2015, + title = {Evaluating Uncertainty in Convective Cloud Microphysics Using Statistical Emulation}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000383}, + abstract = {The microphysical properties of convective clouds determine their radiative effects on climate, the amount and intensity of precipitation as well as dynamical features. Realistic simulation of these cloud properties presents a major challenge. In particular, because models are complex and slow to run, we have little understanding of how the considerable uncertainties in parameterized processes feed through to uncertainty in the cloud responses. Here we use statistical emulation to enable a Monte Carlo sampling of a convective cloud model to quantify the sensitivity of 12 cloud properties to aerosol concentrations and nine model parameters representing the main microphysical processes. We examine the response of liquid and ice-phase hydrometeor concentrations, precipitation, and cloud dynamics for a deep convective cloud in a continental environment. Across all cloud responses, the concentration of the Aitken and accumulation aerosol modes and the collection efficiency of droplets by graupel particles have the most influence on the uncertainty. However, except at very high aerosol concentrations, uncertainties in precipitation intensity and amount are affected more by interactions between drops and graupel than by large variations in aerosol. The uncertainties in ice crystal mass and number are controlled primarily by the shape of the crystals, ice nucleation rates, and aerosol concentrations. Overall, although aerosol particle concentrations are an important factor in deep convective clouds, uncertainties in several processes significantly affect the reliability of complex microphysical models. The results suggest that our understanding of aerosol-cloud interaction could be greatly advanced by extending the emulator approach to models of cloud systems.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-23T16:23:08Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-06-23}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Johnson, J. S. and Cui, Z. and Lee, L. A. and Gosling, J. P. and Blyth, A. M. and Carslaw, K. S.}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3275 Uncertainty quantification,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3314 Convective processes,3354 Precipitation,cloud,convection,emulation,microphysics,precipitation,uncertainty}, + pages = {162--187} +} + +@article{somerville1984, + title = {Cloud Optical Thickness Feedbacks in the {{CO2}} Climate Problem}, + volume = {89}, + issn = {2156-2202}, + doi = {10.1029/JD089iD06p09668}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-25T05:50:35Z}, + number = {D6}, + urldate = {2016-07-25}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Somerville, Richard C. J. and Remer, Lorraine A.}, + month = oct, + year = {1984}, + keywords = {3309 Meteorology: Climatology,3319 Meteorology: General circulation,3354 Meteorology: H2O in the atmosphere (humidity; clouds; and precipitation)}, + pages = {9668--9672} +} + +@article{voigt2010, + title = {In-Situ Observations of Young Contrails $<${{E2}}$><$80$><$93$>$ Overview and Selec Ted Results from the {{CONCERT}} Campaign}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-9039-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Voigt, C. and {others}}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {9039--9056} +} + +@article{randel2007b, + title = {The Extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer: {{Global}} Observations with {{GPS}} Data, and a Radiative Forcing Mechanism}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F. and Forster, P.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {4489--4496} +} + +@article{wirth1996, + title = {Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics of an Upper Tropospheric {{PV}} Anomaly in Two Idealized High Resolution Models and Related Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange}, + volume = {69}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Contributions to Atmospheric Physics}, + author = {Wirth, V.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {333--347} +} + +@article{della-marta2010, + title = {Improved {{Estimates}} of the {{European Winter Windstorm Climate}} and the {{Risk}} of {{Reinsurance Loss Using Climate Model Data}}}, + volume = {49}, + issn = {1558-8424}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAMC2133.1}, + abstract = {Current estimates of the European windstorm climate and their associated losses are often hampered by either relatively short, coarse resolution or inhomogeneous datasets. This study tries to overcome some of these shortcomings by estimating the European windstorm climate using dynamical seasonal-to-decadal (s2d) climate forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The current s2d models have limited predictive skill of European storminess, making the ensemble forecasts ergodic samples on which to build pseudoclimates of 310\textendash{}396 yr in length. Extended winter (October\textendash{}April) windstorm climatologies are created using scalar extreme wind indices considering only data above a high threshold. The method identifies up to 2363 windstorms in s2d data and up to 380 windstorms in the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Classical extreme value analysis (EVA) techniques are used to determine the windstorm climatologies. Differences between the ERA-40 and s2d windstorm climatologies require the application of calibration techniques to result in meaningful comparisons. Using a combined dynamical\textendash{}statistical sampling technique, the largest influence on ERA-40 return period (RP) uncertainties is the sampling variability associated with only 45 seasons of storms. However, both maximum likelihood (ML) and L-moments (LM) methods of fitting a generalized Pareto distribution result in biased parameters and biased RP at sample sizes typically obtained from 45 seasons of reanalysis data. The authors correct the bias in the ML and LM methods and find that the ML-based ERA-40 climatology overestimates the RP of windstorms with RPs between 10 and 300 yr and underestimates the RP of windstorms with RPs greater than 300 yr. A 50-yr event in ERA-40 is approximately a 40-yr event after bias correction. Biases in the LM method result in higher RPs after bias correction although they are small when compared with those of the ML method. The climatologies are linked to the Swiss Reinsurance Company (Swiss Re) European windstorm loss model. New estimates of the risk of loss are compared with those from historical and stochastically generated windstorm fields used by Swiss Re. The resulting loss-frequency relationship matches well with the two independently modeled estimates and clearly demonstrates the added value by using alternative data and methods, as proposed in this study, to estimate the RP of high RP losses.}, + timestamp = {2016-02-02T16:50:27Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-02-02}, + journal = {J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.}, + author = {Della-Marta, Paul M. and Liniger, Mark A. and Appenzeller, Christof and Bresch, David N. and K{\"o}llner-Heck, Pamela and Muccione, Veruska}, + month = oct, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Climate models,Europe,Model comparison,Wind,Winter/cool season}, + pages = {2092--2120}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/2H3WIJ9X/Della-Marta et al. - 2010 - Improved Estimates of the European Winter Windstor.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/TRFSS9FT/2010JAMC2133.html:text/html} +} + +@article{hintsa1998a, + title = {Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport in the Lowermost Stratosphere from Measurements of {{H}}2{{O}}, {{CO}}2, {{N}}2{{O}} and {{O}}3}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hintsa, E. J. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2655--2658} +} + +@article{solomon2010a, + title = {Persistence of Climate Changes due to a Range of Greenhouse Gases}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {pnas}, + author = {Solomon, S. and Daniel, J. S. and Sanford, T. J. and Murphy, D. M. and Plattner, G. K. and Knutti, R. and Friedlingstein, P.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{newell1997a, + title = {Western {{Pacific}} Tropospheric Ozone and Potential Vorticity: {{Implications}} for {{Asian}} Pollution}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Newell, R. E. and Browell, E. V. and Davis, D. D. and Liu, S. C.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2733--2736} +} + +@article{lohmann2009, + title = {Sensitivity Studies of Different Aerosol Indirect Effects in Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and Hoose, C.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {8917--8934} +} + +@article{hohne2010, + title = {Contributions of Individual Countries' Emissions to Climate Change and Their Uncertainty}, + volume = {106}, + issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480}, + doi = {10.1007/s10584-010-9930-6}, + abstract = {We have compiled historical greenhouse gas emissions and their uncertainties on country and sector level and assessed their contribution to cumulative emissions and to global average temperature increase in the past and for a the future emission scenario. We find that uncertainty in historical contribution estimates differs between countries due to different shares of greenhouse gases and time development of emissions. Although historical emissions in the distant past are very uncertain, their influence on countries' or sectors' contributions to temperature increase is relatively small in most cases, because these results are dominated by recent (high) emissions. For relative contributions to cumulative emissions and temperature rise, the uncertainty introduced by unknown historical emissions is larger than the uncertainty introduced by the use of different climate models. The choice of different parameters in the calculation of relative contributions is most relevant for countries that are different from the world average in greenhouse gas mix and timing of emissions. The choice of the indicator (cumulative GWP weighted emissions or temperature increase) is very important for a few countries (altering contributions up to a factor of 2) and could be considered small for most countries (in the order of 10\%). The choice of the year, from which to start accounting for emissions (e.g. 1750 or 1990), is important for many countries, up to a factor of 2.2 and on average of around 1.3. Including or excluding land-use change and forestry or non-CO2 gases changes relative contributions dramatically for a third of the countries (by a factor of 5 to a factor of 90). Industrialised countries started to increase CO2 emissions from energy use much earlier. Developing countries' emissions from land-use change and forestry as well as of CH4 and N2O were substantial before their emissions from energy use.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-15T18:18:23Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-03-15}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {H{\"o}hne, Niklas and Blum, Helcio and Fuglestvedt, Jan and Skeie, Ragnhild Bieltvedt and Kurosawa, Atsushi and Hu, Guoquan and Lowe, Jason and Gohar, Laila and Matthews, Ben and de Salles, Ana Claudia Nioac and Ellermann, Christian}, + month = sep, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Meteorology/Climatology}, + pages = {359--391}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/I75EC28E/Höhne et al. - 2010 - Contributions of individual countries’ emissions t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QTG5CDF4/s10584-010-9930-6.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gregory2004, + title = {A New Method for Diagnosing Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {31}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL018747}, + timestamp = {2016-02-17T21:10:46Z}, + number = {L03205}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Gregory, J. M. and Ingram, W. J. and Palmer, M. A. and Jones, G. S. and Stott, P. A. and Thorpe, R. B. and Lowe, J. A. and Johns, T. C. and Williams, K. D.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{vonglasgow2004, + title = {Impact of Reactive Bromine Chemistry on the Troposphere}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {acpd}, + author = {{vonGlasgow}, R. and {vonKuhlmann}, R. and Lawrence, M. G. and Platt, U. and Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {4877--4913} +} + +@article{schuck2010, + title = {Greenhouse Gas Relationships in the {{Indian}} Summer Monsoon Plume Measure D by the {{CARIBIC}} Passenger Aircraft}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-3965-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {8}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Schuck, T. J. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and Baker, A. K. and Slemr, F. and {von Velthoven}, P. F. J. and Zahn, A.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {3965--3984} +} + +@article{krajewski2000, + title = {Initial Validation of the {{Global Precipitation Climatology Project}} Monthly Rainfall over the {{United States}}}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology}, + author = {Krajewski, Witold F and Ciach, Grzegorz J and McCollum, Jeffrey R and Bacotiu, Ciprian}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1071--1086} +} + +@article{sherwood2002a, + title = {A Microphysical Connection among Biomass Burning, Cumulus Clouds, and Stratospheric Moisture}, + volume = {295}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1272--1275} +} + +@article{hartmann2002b, + title = {No {{Evidence}} for {{Iris}}}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Hartmann, D. L. and Michelsen, M. L.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {249--254} +} + +@article{kerr2000a, + title = {The Sun Again Intrudes on Earth's Decadal Climate Change}, + volume = {288}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Kerr, R. A.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1986} +} + +@article{shell2013, + title = {Consistent {{Differences}} in {{Climate Feedbacks}} between {{Atmosphere}}\textendash{}{{Ocean GCMs}} and {{Atmospheric GCMs}} with {{Slab}}-{{Ocean Models}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:38:14Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Shell, Karen M.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {4264--4281} +} + +@article{rignot2006a, + title = {Changes in the {{Velocity Structure}} of the {{Greenland Ice Sheet}}}, + volume = {311}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Rignot, E. and Kanagaratnam, P.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {986--990} +} + +@article{ridal2002a, + title = {Isotopic Ratios of Water Vapor and Methane in the Stratosphere: {{Comparison}} between {{ATMOS}} Measurements and a One-Dimensional Model}, + volume = {107}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ridal, M.}, + year = {2002}, + note = {10.1029/2001JD000708} +} + +@article{appenzeller1992, + title = {Structure of Stratospheric Intrusions into the Troposphere}, + volume = {358}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Appenzeller, Christof and Davies, H. C.}, + month = aug, + year = {1992}, + pages = {570--572} +} + +@article{zhai2015, + title = {Long-Term Cloud Change Imprinted in Seasonal Cloud Variation: {{More}} Evidence of High Climate Sensitivity}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {Long-Term Cloud Change Imprinted in Seasonal Cloud Variation}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL065911}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T04:27:14Z}, + number = {2015GL065911}, + urldate = {2015-10-26}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Zhai, Chengxing and Jiang, Jonathan H. and Su, Hui}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3307 Boundary layer processes,3309 Climatology,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3337 Global climate models,boundary layer cloud feedback,climate sensitivity,global warming response,long-term climate change,marine boundary layer cloud,seasonal variation} +} + +@article{waugh2000a, + title = {Climatology of {{Intrusions}} into the {{Tropical Upper Troposphere}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Polvani, L. M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3857--3860} +} + +@article{guo2014, + title = {A Sensitivity Analysis of Cloud Properties to {{CLUBB}} Parameters in the Single-Column {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{SCAM5}})}, + volume = {6}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2014. The Authors., This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000315}, + abstract = {In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of simulated shallow cumulus and stratocumulus to selected tunable parameters of Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB) in the single-column version of Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (SCAM5). A quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling approach is adopted to effectively explore the high-dimensional parameter space and a generalized linear model is adopted to study the responses of simulated cloud fields to tunable parameters. One stratocumulus and two shallow cumulus cases are configured at both coarse and fine vertical resolutions in this study. Our results show that most of the variance in simulated cloud fields can be explained by a small number of tunable parameters. The parameters related to Newtonian and buoyancy-damping terms of total water flux are found to be the most influential parameters for stratocumulus. For shallow cumulus, the most influential parameters are those related to skewness of vertical velocity, reflecting the strong coupling between cloud properties and dynamics in this regime. The influential parameters in the stratocumulus case are sensitive to the vertical resolution while little sensitivity is found for the shallow cumulus cases, as eddy mixing length (or dissipation time scale) plays a more important role and depends more strongly on the vertical resolution in stratocumulus than in shallow convections. The influential parameters remain almost unchanged when the number of tunable parameters increases from 16 to 35. This study improves understanding of the CLUBB behavior associated with parameter uncertainties and provides valuable insights for other high-order turbulence closure schemes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-07-12T22:57:20Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-07-12}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Guo, Zhun and Wang, Minghuai and Qian, Yun and Larson, Vincent E. and Ghan, Steven and Ovchinnikov, Mikhail and Bogenschutz, Peter A. and Zhao, Chun and Lin, Guang and Zhou, Tianjun}, + month = sep, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3275 Uncertainty quantification,3307 Boundary layer processes,boundary layer,Community Atmosphere Model,generalized linear model,quasi-Monte Carlo sampling,sensitivity analyses,shallow convection,skewness,stratocumulus}, + pages = {829--858} +} + +@article{weber2012, + title = {Incorporating the Subgrid-Scale Variability of Clouds in the Autoconversion Parameterization Using a {{PDF}}-Scheme: {{AUTOCONVERSION OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER}}}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {Incorporating the Subgrid-Scale Variability of Clouds in the Autoconversion Parameterization Using a {{PDF}}-Scheme}, + doi = {10.1029/2012MS000156}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:40:33Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Weber, T. and Quaas, J.}, + month = apr, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{mizuta2012, + title = {Intensification of Extratropical Cyclones Associated with the Polar Jet Change in the {{CMIP5}} Global Warming Projections}, + volume = {39}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL053032}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {L19707}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Mizuta, Ryo}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{shimizu2000, + title = {Variations in Tropical Tropopause Observed with Radiosondes in {{Indonesia}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Shimizu, A. and Tsuda, T.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2541--2544} +} + +@article{lovelock1992, + title = {A {{Numerical Model}} for {{Biodiversity}}}, + volume = {338}, + issn = {0962-8436, 1471-2970}, + doi = {10.1098/rstb.1992.0156}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:47Z}, + number = {1286}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, + author = {Lovelock, J. E.}, + month = dec, + year = {1992}, + pages = {383--391} +} + +@article{hoinka1999, + title = {Temperature, {{Humidity}} and {{Wind}} at the {{Global Tropopause}}}, + volume = {127}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Hoinka, K. P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2248--2265} +} + +@article{nakamura1997a, + title = {A {{Note}} on {{Modified Rotational}} and {{Divergent Eddy Fluxes}} and {{Their Application}} to {{Blocking Diagnoses}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {submitted to Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, + author = {Nakamura, M}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{jensen1994, + title = {Microphysical Modeling of Cirrus 1. {{Comparison}} with 1986 {{FIRE IFO Measurements}}}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Toon, O. B. and Westphal, D. L. and Kinne, S. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {10,421--10,442} +} + +@article{griffin2016, + title = {A New Subgrid-Scale Representation of Hydrometeor Fields Using a~Multivariate {{PDF}}}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1991-9603}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-9-2031-2016}, + abstract = {The subgrid-scale representation of hydrometeor fields is important for calculating microphysical process rates. In order to represent subgrid-scale variability, the Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) parameterization uses a multivariate probability density function (PDF). In addition to vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture fields, the PDF includes hydrometeor fields. Previously, hydrometeor fields were assumed to follow a multivariate single lognormal distribution. Now, in order to better represent the distribution of hydrometeors, two new multivariate PDFs are formulated and introduced.The new PDFs represent hydrometeors using either a delta-lognormal or a delta-double-lognormal shape. The two new PDF distributions, plus the previous single lognormal shape, are compared to histograms of data taken from large-eddy simulations (LESs) of a precipitating cumulus case, a drizzling stratocumulus case, and a deep convective case. Finally, the warm microphysical process rates produced by the different hydrometeor PDFs are compared to the same process rates produced by the LES.}, + timestamp = {2016-11-17T22:05:50Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2016-11-17}, + journal = {Geosci. Model Dev.}, + author = {Griffin, B. M. and Larson, V. E.}, + month = jun, + year = {2016}, + pages = {2031--2053}, + file = {Griffin et al2016.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Griffin et al2016.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{park2014b, + title = {A {{Unified Convection Scheme}} ({{UNICON}}). {{Part II}}: {{Simulation}}}, + volume = {71}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {A {{Unified Convection Scheme}} ({{UNICON}}). {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-13-0234.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:56Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Park, Sungsu}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3931--3973} +} + +@article{gray1999, + title = {Interannual Variability of Trace Gases in the Subtropical Winter Stratosphere}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Gray, L. J. and III, J. M. Russell}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {977--993} +} + +@article{broeke2006, + title = {Snowfall in Coastal {{West Antarctica}} Much Greater than Previously Assumed}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL025239}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {L02595}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {van den Broeke, M. and van de Berg, W. J. and van Meijgaard, E.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{herman1998, + title = {Tropical Entrainment Timescales Inferred from Stratospheric {{N}}20 and {{CH}}4 Observations}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Herman, R. L. and Scott, D. C. and Webster, C. R. and May, R. D. and Moyer, E. J. and Salawitch, R. J. and Yung, Y. L. and Toon, G. C. and Sen, B. and Margitan, J. J. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Michelsen, H. A. and Elkins, J. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2781--2784} +} + +@article{palmer2014a, + title = {More Reliable Forecasts with Less Precise Computations: A Fast-Track Route to Cloud-Resolved Weather and Climate Simulators?}, + volume = {372}, + issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962}, + shorttitle = {More Reliable Forecasts with Less Precise Computations}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2013.0391}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:33Z}, + number = {2018}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, + author = {Palmer, T. N.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {20130391--20130391} +} + +@article{mitchell2000, + title = {Parameterization of the {{Mie}} Extinction and Absorption Coefficients for Water Clouds}, + volume = {57}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Mitchell, D. L.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {1311--1326} +} + +@article{bergman1994, + title = {Equatorial Wave Activity Derived from Fluctuations in Observed Convection}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Bergman, J. W. and Salby, M. L.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {3791--3806} +} + +@article{haynes2000, + title = {Effective Diffusivity as a Diagnostic of Atmospheric Transport 2. {{Troposphere}} and Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {105}, + doi = {10.1029/2000JD900092}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Haynes, P. and Shuckburgh, E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {22795--22810} +} + +@article{bowman2007, + title = {Observations of Fine-Scale Transport Structure in the Upper Tropopsphere from the {{High}}-Performance {{Instrumented Airborne Platform}} for {{Environmental Research}}}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008685}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D18111}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bowman, K. P. and Pan, L. L. and Campos, T. and Gao, R.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{qu2015, + title = {Positive Tropical Marine Low-Cloud Cover Feedback Inferred from Cloud-Controlling Factors}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL065627}, + abstract = {Differences in simulations of tropical marine low-cloud cover (LCC) feedback are sources of significant spread in temperature responses of climate models to anthropogenic forcing. Here we show that in models the feedback is mainly driven by three large-scale changes\textemdash{}a strengthening tropical inversion, increasing surface latent heat flux, and an increasing vertical moisture gradient. Variations in the LCC response to these changes alone account for most of the spread in model-projected 21st century LCC changes. A methodology is devised to constrain the LCC response observationally using sea surface temperature (SST) as a surrogate for the latent heat flux and moisture gradient. In models where the current climate's LCC sensitivities to inversion strength and SST variations are consistent with observed, LCC decreases systematically, which would increase absorption of solar radiation. These results support a positive LCC feedback. Correcting biases in the sensitivities will be an important step toward more credible simulation of cloud feedbacks.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T02:22:10Z}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Qu, Xin and Hall, Alex and Klein, Stephen A. and DeAngelis, Anthony M.}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1626 Global climate models,3305 Climate change and variability,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,cover,Feedback,low-cloud}, + pages = {2015GL065627} +} + +@article{dubey1997, + title = {Rate Parameter Uncertainity Effects in Assessing Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Supersonic Aircraft}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dubey, M. K. and Smith, G. P. and Hartley, W. S. and Kinnison, D. E. and Connell, P. S.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {2737--2740} +} + +@article{gultepe2004, + title = {Aircraft Observations of Cloud Droplet Number Concentration: {{Implications}} for Climate Studies}, + volume = {130}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Gultepe, I. and Isaac, G. A.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {2377--2390} +} + +@article{minnis2003, + title = {Contrail {{Frequency}} over the {{United States}} from {{Surface Observations}}}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Minnis, P. and Ayers, J. K. and Nordeen, M. L. and Weaver, S. P.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {3447--3462} +} + +@article{gettelman2010, + title = {Global {{Simulations}} of {{Ice}} Nucleation and {{Ice Supersaturation}} with an {{Improved Cloud Scheme}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2009JD013797}, + timestamp = {2015-10-28T22:58:33Z}, + number = {D18216}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Liu, X. and Ghan, S. J. and Morrison, H. and Park, S. and Conley, A. J. and Klein, S. A. and Boyle, J. and Mitchell, D. L. and Li, J.-L. F.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{ma2010, + title = {Constraints on Interactions between Aerosols and Clouds on a Global Scale from a Combination of {{MODIS}}-{{CERES}} Satellite Data and Climate Simulations}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-9851-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Ma, X. and {von Salzen}, K. and Cole, J.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {9851--9861} +} + +@book{slingo1995, + title = {Tropical {{Interseasonal Oscillation}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + author = {Slingo, J.}, + month = sep, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from Reading +Published: Seminar- DAMTP, Cambridge, UK}, + keywords = {GCM experiments.,MJO Madden Julian Oscillation} +} + +@article{gettelman2011, + title = {The {{Extratropical Upper Troposphere}} and {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {49}, + doi = {10.1029/2011RG000355}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:18Z}, + number = {RG3003}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Hoor, P. and Pan, L. L. and Randel, W. J. and Hegglin, M. I. and Birner, T.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{williams2013, + title = {The {{Transpose}}-{{AMIP II}} Experiment and Its Application to the Understanding of {{Southern Ocean}} Cloud Biases in Climate Models}, + volume = {26}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00429.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Williams, KD and Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro and D{\'e}qu{\'e}, Michel and Fermepin, Solange and Medeiros, B and Watanabe, M and Jakob, Christian and Klein, SA and Senior, CA and Williamson, DL}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3258--3274} +} + +@article{sherwood1996a, + title = {Maintenance of the {{Free}}-{{Tropospheric Tropical Water Vapor Distribution}}, {{Part I}}, {{Clear Regime Budget}}}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2903--2918} +} + +@article{shibata2005, + title = {Development of an {{MRI}} Chemical Transport Model for the Study of Stratospheric Chemistry}, + volume = {55}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {Papers in Met. and Geophys.}, + author = {Shibata, K. and Deushi, M. and Sekiyama, T. T. and Yoshimura, H.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {75--119} +} + +@article{lamarque1996, + title = {Cross-{{Tropopause}} Mixing of Ozone through Gravity Wave Breaking: {{Observation}} and Modeling}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D17}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lamarque, Jean-Francois and Langford, A. O. and Proffitt, M. H.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {22,969--22,976} +} + +@article{holton1995b, + title = {Stratosphere\textendash{}{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + volume = {33}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Holton, J. R. and Haynes, P. H. and Douglass, A. R. and Rood, R. B. and Pfister, L.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {exchange,Strosphere,troposphere}, + pages = {403--439} +} + +@article{pawlowska2006, + title = {Observations of the Width of Cloud Droplet Spectra in Stratocumulus}, + volume = {33}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL026841}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Pawlowska, H. and Grabowski, W. W. and Brenguier, J.-L.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{appenzeller2007, + title = {The Big Thaw}, + volume = {211}, + timestamp = {2015-04-29T03:54:25Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-04-29}, + journal = {National Geographic}, + author = {Appenzeller, Tim}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {56--71} +} + +@article{reed1969, + title = {The {{Annual Temperature Variation}} in the {{Lower Tropical Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Reed, R. J. and Vlcek, C. L.}, + year = {1969}, + pages = {163--167} +} + +@article{wehner2014, + title = {The Effect of Horizontal Resolution on Simulation Quality in the {{Community Atmospheric Model}}, {{CAM5}}.1}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2013MS000276}, + abstract = {We present an analysis of version 5.1 of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM5.1) at a high horizontal resolution. Intercomparison of this global model at approximately 0.25$^\circ$, 1$^\circ$, and 2$^\circ$ is presented for extreme daily precipitation as well as for a suite of seasonal mean fields. In general, extreme precipitation amounts are larger in high resolution than in lower-resolution configurations. In many but not all locations and/or seasons, extreme daily precipitation rates in the high-resolution configuration are higher and more realistic. The high-resolution configuration produces tropical cyclones up to category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale and a comparison to observations reveals both realistic and unrealistic model behavior. In the absence of extensive model tuning at high resolution, simulation of many of the mean fields analyzed in this study is degraded compared to the tuned lower-resolution public released version of the model.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-18T21:32:27Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-09-18}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Wehner, Michael F. and Reed, Kevin A. and Li, Fuyu and {Prabhat} and Bacmeister, Julio and Chen, Cheng-Ta and Paciorek, Christopher and Gleckler, Peter J. and Sperber, Kenneth R. and Collins, William D. and Gettelman, Andrew and Jablonowski, Christiane}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {1610 Atmosphere,1626 Global climate models,1906 Computational models; algorithms,1932 High-performance computing,1952 Modeling,extreme precipitation,global atmospheric modeling,high resolution,tropical cyclones}, + pages = {980--997}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/Q9JG8J4F/Wehner et al. - 2014 - The effect of horizontal resolution on simulation .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/6ZKWFHTQ/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{johnson1992, + title = {Impact of Aircraft and Surface Emissions of Nitorgen Oxides on Tropospheric Ozone and Global Warming}, + volume = {355}, + abstract = {Estimation of the effect of aircraft emissions on ozone and their direct and indirect radiative effects}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Johnson, Colin and Henshaw, J. and McInnes, G.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {69--71} +} + +@article{lohmann2004, + title = {Sensitivity Studies of Cirrus Clouds Formed by Heterogeneous Freezing in Teh {{ECHAM GCM}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004443}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {D16204}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lohmann, U. and K{\"a}rcher, B. and Hendricks, J.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{zhang2006, + title = {Response of Water Vapor and Clouds to {{El Nino}} Warming in Three {{National Center}} for {{Atmospheric Research}} Atmospheric Models}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006700}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D17103}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zhang, T. and Sun, D.-Z.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{mcintyre1984, + title = {The `surf Zone' in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {46}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics}, + author = {McIntyre, M. E. and Palmer, T. N.}, + year = {1984}, + pages = {825--849} +} + +@article{schutgens2014, + title = {A Pathway Analysis of Global Aerosol Processes}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-11657-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:03Z}, + number = {21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Schutgens, N. A. J. and Stier, P.}, + month = nov, + year = {2014}, + pages = {11657--11686} +} + +@article{wong2010, + title = {Parametric Studies of Contrail Ice Particle Formation}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Wong, H.-W. and Miake-Lye, R. C.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {3261--3272} +} + +@article{ray2004, + title = {Evidence of the {{Effect}} of {{Summertime Midlatitude Convection}} on the {{Subtropical Lower Stratosphere}} from {{CRYSTAL}}-{{FACE Tracer Measurements}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004655}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D18304}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ray, E. A. and {others}}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{xie2000, + title = {Impact of the Convection Triggering Function on Single-Column Model Simulations}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Xie, S. and Zhang, M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {14,983--14,996} +} + +@article{shaw2009, + title = {Role of the Upper Ocean in the Energy Budget of {{Arctic}} Sea Ice during {{SHEBA}}}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JC004991}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {C06012}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Shaw, W. J. and Stanton, T. P. and McPhee, M. G. and Morison, J. H. and Martinson, D. G.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{gettelman2015b, + title = {Advanced {{Two}}-{{Moment Bulk Microphysics}} for {{Global Models}}. {{Part I}}: {{Off}}-{{Line Tests}} and {{Comparison}} with {{Other Schemes}}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + shorttitle = {Advanced {{Two}}-{{Moment Bulk Microphysics}} for {{Global Models}}. {{Part I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00102.1}, + abstract = {AbstractPrognostic precipitation is added to a cloud microphysical scheme for global climate models. Results indicate very similar performance to other commonly used mesoscale schemes in an offline driver for idealized warm rain cases, better than the previous version of the global model microphysics scheme with diagnostic precipitation. In the mixed phase regime, there is significantly more water and less ice, which may address a common bias seen with the scheme in climate simulations in the Arctic. For steady forcing cases, the scheme has limited sensitivity to time step out to the \textasciitilde{}15-min time steps typical of global models. The scheme is similar to other schemes with moderate sensitivity to vertical resolution. The limited time step sensitivity bodes well for use of the scheme in multiscale models from the mesoscale to the large scale. The scheme is sensitive to idealized perturbations of cloud drop and crystal number. Precipitation decreases and condensate increases with increasing drop number, indicating substantial decreases in precipitation efficiency. The sensitivity is less than with the previous version of the scheme for low drop number concentrations (Nc $<$ 100 cm-3). Ice condensate increases with ice number, with large decreases in liquid condensate as well for a mixed phase case. As expected with prognostic precipitation, accretion is stronger than with diagnostic precipitation and the accretion to autoconversion ratio increases faster with liquid water path (LWP), in better agreement with idealized models and earlier studies than the previous version.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:06:34Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H.}, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Climate models,Cloud microphysics,Cloud parameterizations}, + pages = {1268--1287}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/6F7498K5/Gettelman and Morrison - 2014 - Advanced Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics for Global M.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/2QUPX37T/JCLI-D-14-00102.html:text/html} +} + +@article{buehler2005, + title = {A Simple Method to Relate Microwave Radiances to Upper Tropospheric Humidity}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Buehler, S. and John, V. O.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {D02110} +} + +@article{baldwin2000, + title = {The {{Quasi}}-{{Biennial Oscillation}}}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Baldwin, M. P. and Gray, L. J. and Hamilton, K. and Haynes, P. H. and Randel, W. J. and Holton, J. R. and Alexander, M. J. and Hirota, I. and Horinouchi, T. and Jones, D. B. A. and Kinnersley, J. S. and Marquardt, C. and Sato, K. and Takahashi, M.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {179--229} +} + +@article{kay2006, + title = {Microphysical and Dynamical Controls on Cirrus Cloud Optical Depth Distributions}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D24205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kay, J. E. and Baker, M. and Hegg, D.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {10.1029/2005JD006916} +} + +@article{gaffen1999, + title = {Radiosonde {{Observations}} and {{Their Use}} in {{SPARC}}-{{Related Investigations}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {SPARC Newsletter}, + author = {Gaffen, D. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {17--21} +} + +@article{mote1996a, + title = {An Atmospheric Tape Recorder: {{The}} Imprint of Tropical Tropopause Temperatures on Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {3989--4006} +} + +@article{barker1996a, + title = {A Parameterization for Computing Grid-Averaged Solar Fluxes for Inhomogenous Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. {{Part I}}: {{Methodology}} and Homgenous Biases}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Barker, H.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2289--2303} +} + +@article{forster2002, + title = {Assessing the Climate Impact of Trends in Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {29}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Forster, P. M. de F. and Shine, K. P.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {10.1029/2001GL013909} +} + +@article{park2005, + title = {Estimation of the {{Surface Heat Flux Response}} to {{Se Surface Temperature Anomalies}} over the {{Global Oceans}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Park, S. and Deser, C. and Alexander, M. A.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {4582--4599} +} + +@article{mitchell1996, + title = {Modeling Cirrus Clouds. {{Part II}}: {{Treatment}} of Radiative Properties}, + volume = {53}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Mitchell, D. L. and Macke, A. and Liu, Y.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2697--2988} +} + +@article{zhao2012b, + title = {{{TC}}-Permitting {{GCM}} Simulations of Hurricane Frequency Response to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies Projected for the Late-Twenty-First Century}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-11-23T23:10:19Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-11-23}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Zhao, Ming and Held, Isaac M.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {2995--3009}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/GHWX4TK9/JCLI-D-11-00313.html:text/html} +} + +@book{jaegle1999, + title = {Anthropogenic Influence on the Chemistry of the Upper Troposphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + author = {Jaegl{\'e}, L.}, + month = mar, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci Seminar +speaker from Harvard} +} + +@article{broecker1999, + title = {A {{Possible}} 20th-{{Century}} Slowdown of Southern Ocean Deep Water Formation}, + volume = {286}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:29:55Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Broecker, W. and Sutherland, S. and Peng, T.-H.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1132--1135} +} + +@article{lebsock2008, + title = {Multisensor Satellite Observations of Aerosol Effects on Warm Clouds}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD009876}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D15205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lebsock, M. D. and Stephens, G. L. and Kummerow, C.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{michelsen2000, + title = {Features and Trends in {{ATMOS}} Version 3 Water Vapor and Methane Measurements}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Michelsen, H. A. and {others}}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {22,713--22,724} +} + +@article{kasibhatla1993a, + title = {{{NOy}} from Sub-Sonic Aircraft Emissions: A Global Three-Dimensional Model Study}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kasibhatla, P. S.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {nitrogen NOX GFDL CTM}, + pages = {1707--1710} +} + +@article{knutson2010, + title = {Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change}, + volume = {3}, + copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2010 Nature Publishing Group}, + issn = {1752-0894}, + doi = {10.1038/ngeo779}, + abstract = {Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have changed or will change in a warming climate \textemdash{} and if so, how \textemdash{} has been the subject of considerable investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude fluctuations in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones greatly complicate both the detection of long-term trends and their attribution to rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Trend detection is further impeded by substantial limitations in the availability and quality of global historical records of tropical cyclones. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether past changes in tropical cyclone activity have exceeded the variability expected from natural causes. However, future projections based on theory and high-resolution dynamical models consistently indicate that greenhouse warming will cause the globally averaged intensity of tropical cyclones to shift towards stronger storms, with intensity increases of 2\textendash{}11\% by 2100. Existing modelling studies also consistently project decreases in the globally averaged frequency of tropical cyclones, by 6\textendash{}34\%. Balanced against this, higher resolution modelling studies typically project substantial increases in the frequency of the most intense cyclones, and increases of the order of 20\% in the precipitation rate within 100 km of the storm centre. For all cyclone parameters, projected changes for individual basins show large variations between different modelling studies.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-09-18T20:51:30Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-09-18}, + journal = {Nature Geosci}, + author = {Knutson, Thomas R. and McBride, John L. and Chan, Johnny and Emanuel, Kerry and Holland, Greg and Landsea, Chris and Held, Isaac and Kossin, James P. and Srivastava, A. K. and Sugi, Masato}, + month = mar, + year = {2010}, + pages = {157--163}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/7WDMSSHP/Knutson et al. - 2010 - Tropical cyclones and climate change.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/3HFGGBX3/ngeo779.html:text/html} +} + +@book{michelsen1996a, + title = {Role of {{Aerosol Mediated Reactions}} in {{Ozone Depletion}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}} above {{200K Temperature}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + author = {Michelsen, H. A.}, + month = oct, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from Harvard +Published: Seminar- UW-Chem} +} + +@article{mote2006, + title = {Variability of Clouds and Water Vapor in Low Latitudes: {{View}} from {{Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiameter}} ({{MODIS}})}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {D16101}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and Frey, R.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {10.1029/2005JD006791} +} + +@article{zuidema2008, + title = {Water Vapor, Cloud Liquid Water Paths and Rain Rates over Northern High Latitude Open Seas}, + volume = {113}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD009040}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {D05205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zuidema, P. and Joyce, R.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{prein2015, + title = {A Review on Regional Convection-Permitting Climate Modeling: {{Demonstrations}}, Prospects, and Challenges}, + issn = {1944-9208}, + shorttitle = {A Review on Regional Convection-Permitting Climate Modeling}, + doi = {10.1002/2014RG000475}, + abstract = {Regional climate modeling using convection-permitting models (CPMs; horizontal grid spacing $<$4\,km) emerges as a promising framework to provide more reliable climate information on regional to local scales compared to traditionally used large-scale models (LSMs; horizontal grid spacing $>$10\,km). CPMs no longer rely on convection parameterization schemes, which had been identified as a major source of errors and uncertainties in LSMs. Moreover, CPMs allow for a more accurate representation of surface and orography fields. The drawback of CPMs is the high demand on computational resources. For this reason, first CPM climate simulations only appeared a decade ago. In this study, we aim to provide a common basis for CPM climate simulations by giving a holistic review of the topic. The most important components in CPMs such as physical parameterizations and dynamical formulations are discussed critically. An overview of weaknesses and an outlook on required future developments is provided. Most importantly, this review presents the consolidated outcome of studies that addressed the added value of CPM climate simulations compared to LSMs. Improvements are evident mostly for climate statistics related to deep convection, mountainous regions, or extreme events. The climate change signals of CPM simulations suggest an increase in flash floods, changes in hail storm characteristics, and reductions in the snowpack over mountains. In conclusion, CPMs are a very promising tool for future climate research. However, coordinated modeling programs are crucially needed to advance parameterizations of unresolved physics and to assess the full potential of CPMs.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-06-02T22:07:43Z}, + urldate = {2015-06-02}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Prein, Andreas F. and Langhans, Wolfgang and Fosser, Giorgia and Ferrone, Andrew and Ban, Nikolina and Goergen, Klaus and Keller, Michael and T{\"o}lle, Merja and Gutjahr, Oliver and Feser, Frauke and Brisson, Erwan and Kollet, Stefan and Schmidli, Juerg and {van Lipzig}, Nicole P. M. and Leung, Ruby}, + month = may, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3314 Convective processes,3354 Precipitation,3355 Regional modeling,4313 Extreme events,4321 Climate impact,added value,climate,cloud resolving,convection-permitting modeling,high resolution,nonhydrostatic modeling}, + pages = {2014RG000475}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/QI3QJMQZ/Prein et al. - 2015 - A review on regional convection-permitting climate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/84GFPNRI/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{duan2009, + title = {Influence of Aerosol on Regional Precipitation in {{North China}}}, + volume = {54}, + issn = {1001-6538, 1861-9541}, + doi = {10.1007/s11434-008-0447-6}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:50:59Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Chinese Science Bulletin}, + author = {Duan, Jing and Mao, JieTai}, + month = feb, + year = {2009}, + pages = {474--483} +} + +@article{zobrist2006, + title = {Oxalic Acid as a Heterogeneous Ice Nucleus in the Upper Troposphere and Its Indirect Aerosol Effect}, + volume = {6}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-6-3115-2006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Zobrist, B. and Marcolli, C. and Koop, T. and Luo, B. P. and Murphy, D. M. and Lohmann, U. and Zardini, A. A. and Krieger, U. K. and Corti, T. and Cziczo, D. J. and Fueglistaler, S. and Hudson, P. K. and Thomson, D. S. and Peter, T.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {3115--3129} +} + +@article{scott2002, + title = {Wave {{Breaking}} and {{Mixing}} at the {{Subtropical Tropopause}}}, + volume = {59}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Scott, R. K. and Cammas, J. P.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2347--2361} +} + +@article{grandey2010a, + title = {A Critical Look at Spatial Scale Choices in Satellite-Based Aerosol Indirect Effect Studies}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-11459-2010}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:48Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Grandey, B. S. and Stier, P.}, + month = dec, + year = {2010}, + pages = {11459--11470} +} + +@book{garreau1997, + title = {Midlatitude {{Air}} Incursions over {{South America}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Garreau, R.}, + month = apr, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{bakkensen2016, + title = {Risk and {{Adaptation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Global Hurricane Damages}} and {{Fatalities}}}, + volume = {3}, + issn = {2333-5955}, + shorttitle = {Risk and {{Adaptation}}}, + doi = {10.1086/685908}, + abstract = {We examine whether countries adapt to hurricanes. A spatially refined global tropical cyclone data set is created to test for adaptation. We find evidence of adaptation in most of the world by examining the effects of income, population density, and storm frequency on damage and fatalities. In contrast, there is no evidence of adaptation to damage in the United States, leading to a damage function which is 14 times higher than other developed (OECD) countries.}, + timestamp = {2016-08-10T00:19:10Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2016-08-10}, + journal = {Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists}, + author = {Bakkensen, Laura A. and Mendelsohn, Robert O.}, + month = jul, + year = {2016}, + pages = {555--587} +} + +@book{renwick1995, + title = {Predicability of 500mb {{Heights}} in the {{Northern Hemisphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + author = {Renwick, Jim}, + month = apr, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW (New Zealand) +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {ECMWF model,forecasting} +} + +@article{miake-lye1998, + title = {{{SO}}\$\_x\$ Oxidation and Volatile Aerosol in Aircraft Exhaust Plumes Depend on Fuel Sulfur Content}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Miake-Lye, R. C. and {others}}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1677--1680} +} + +@article{zender2003, + title = {The Mineral {{Dust Entrainment And Deposition}} ({{DEAD}}) Model: {{Description}} and 1990's Dust Climatology}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002775}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Zender, C. S. and Bian, H. and Newman, D.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{stimpfle1994, + title = {The Response of {{ClO}} Radical Concentrations to Variations in {{NO2 Radical}} Concentrations in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Stimpfle, R. M. and {others}}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2543--2546} +} + +@article{santer1995, + title = {Ocean Variability and Its Influence on the Detectability of Greenhouse Warming Signals}, + volume = {100}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:42Z}, + number = {C6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978\textendash{}2012)}, + author = {Santer, Benjamin D. and Mikolajewicz, Uwe and Br{\"u}ggemann, Wolfgang and Cubasch, Ulrich and Hasselmann, Klaus and H{\"o}ck, Heinke and Maier-Reimer, Ernst and Wigley, Tom ML}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {10693--10725} +} + +@article{reid2000, + title = {On the Changing Abundance of Ozone Minima at Northern Midlatitudes}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D10}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Reid, S. J. and Tuck, A. F. and Kiladis, G.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {12,169--12,180} +} + +@article{rignot2002, + title = {Mass {{Balance}} of {{Polar Ice Sheets}}}, + volume = {297}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Rignot, E. and Thomas, R. H.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1502--1506} +} + +@techreport{danielsen1964, + title = {Project {{Springfield Report}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + institution = {Defense Technical Information Center}, + author = {Danielsen, E. P.}, + year = {1964} +} + +@article{nishant2016, + title = {Radiative Driving of Shallow Return Flows from the {{ITCZ}}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000606}, + abstract = {The tropical overturning circulation over the central-east Pacific not only extends through the troposphere but also includes a shallow component outflowing from the ITCZ near the planetary boundary layer (PBL) top, the Shallow Meridional Circulation (SMC). Idealized simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which qualitatively reproduce this two-component circulation, are used to investigate the mechanism driving the SMC by altering model parameterization schemes (PBL, cumulus and radiation), the solar heating rate, and the SST gradient. A radiative-driving model for subsidence is tested and found to quantitatively predict the altitude and strength of the SMC in all experiments. This includes experiments with a changed SST gradient, in which the changes in temperature profile and clouds near PBL top in the subsiding region altered radiative cooling so as to make the SMC vary in proportion to the SST gradient. These results indicate that the SMC is strongly controlled by radiative cooling rather than independently by SST patterns or convective processes, at least in this model setup. Experiments with altered solar heating of the atmosphere affected the strength of the SMC strongly, while changes in cumulus parameterization had a weaker effect. Parameterization changes influenced the SMC mainly by altering shallow cloud amount and humidity in subsidence regions, but vertical gradients of temperature also affect the radiative driving of the SMC in at least one case. The results highlight that atmospheric radiative heating is of prime importance for determining the character of deep and shallow overturning.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-08-02T02:36:55Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-08-02}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Nishant, N. and Sherwood, S. C. and Geoffroy, O.}, + month = jun, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3319 General circulation,3359 Radiative processes,3373 Tropical dynamics,radiative driving,shallow clouds,shallow overturning circulation}, + pages = {831--842} +} + +@misc{ghua-sapir2015, + title = {{{EM}}-{{DAT}}: {{International}} Disaster Database}, + timestamp = {2016-08-24T19:30:34Z}, + publisher = {{Catholic University of Louvain}}, + author = {Ghua-Sapir, D. and Below, R. and Hoyois, P.}, + year = {2015} +} + +@article{adler1986, + title = {Thunderstorm {{Cloud Top Dynamics}} as {{Inferred}} from {{Satellite Observations}} and a {{Cloud Top Parcel Model}}}, + volume = {43}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Adler, R. F. and Mack, R. A.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {1945--1960} +} + +@article{zahn2003, + title = {New {{Directions}}: {{A}} Chemical Tropopause Defined}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Env.}, + author = {Zahn, A. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {439--440} +} + +@article{tie2005, + title = {Assessment of the Global Impact of Aerosols on Tropopshic Ozidants}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005359}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D03204}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tie, X. X. and Madronich, S. and Walters, S. and Edwards, D. P. and Ginoux, P. and Mahowald, N. and Zhang, R. Y. and Lou, C. and Brasseur, G.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{devasthale2010, + title = {A Climatological Perspective of Deep Convection Penetrating the {{TTL}} during the {{Indian}} Summer Monsoon from the {{AVHRR}} and {{MODIS}} Instruments}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-4573-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Devasthale, A. and Fueglistaler, S.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {4573--4582} +} + +@article{jiang2010, + title = {Effect of {{Aerosol}} on the {{Susceptibility}} and {{Efficiency}} of {{Precipitation}} in {{Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds}}}, + volume = {67}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:02:14Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Jiang, H. and Feingold, G. and Sorooshian, A.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {3526--3540} +} + +@article{kelly1993, + title = {Water {{Vapor}} and {{Cloud Water Measurements}} over {{Darwin}} during Th {{STEP}} 1987 {{Tropical Mission}}}, + volume = {98}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kelly, K. K. and Proffitt, M. H. and Chan, K. R. and Loewenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R. and Strahan, S. E. and Wilson, J. C. and Kley, D.}, + year = {1993}, + pages = {8713--8723} +} + +@article{coffey2006, + title = {Observations of Upper Tropospheric/Lower Stratospheric Water Vapor and Its Isotopes}, + volume = {111}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD006093}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D14313}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Coffey, M. T. and Hannigan, J. W. and Goldman, A.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{trenberth2014, + title = {Earth's {{Energy Imbalance}}}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00294.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Fasullo, J. T. and Balmaseda, M.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {3129--3144} +} + +@article{zelinka2016, + title = {Insights from a Refined Decomposition of Cloud Feedbacks}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2016GL069917}, + abstract = {Decomposing cloud feedback into components due to changes in several gross cloud properties provides valuable insights into its physical causes. Here we present a refined decomposition that separately considers changes in free tropospheric and low cloud properties, better connecting feedbacks to individual governing processes and avoiding ambiguities present in a commonly used decomposition. It reveals that three net cloud feedback components are robustly nonzero: positive feedbacks from increasing free tropospheric cloud altitude and decreasing low cloud cover and a negative feedback from increasing low cloud optical depth. Low cloud amount feedback is the dominant contributor to spread in net cloud feedback but its anticorrelation with other components damps overall spread. The ensemble mean free tropospheric cloud altitude feedback is roughly 60\% as large as the standard cloud altitude feedback because it avoids aliasing in low cloud reductions. Implications for the ``null hypothesis'' climate sensitivity from well-understood and robustly simulated feedbacks are discussed.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-09-15T15:08:46Z}, + urldate = {2016-09-15}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Zelinka, Mark D. and Zhou, Chen and Klein, Stephen A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {3305 Climate change and variability,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3337 Global climate models,3359 Radiative processes,cloud feedback,CMIP,radiative kernel}, + pages = {2016GL069917}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/6U585IRF/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{rauber1991, + title = {An Explanation for the Existence of Supercooled Water at the Top of Cold Clouds}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:01:52Z}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {Journal of the atmospheric sciences}, + author = {Rauber, Robert M. and Tokay, Ali}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1005--1023} +} + +@article{lamarque1999, + title = {Three-Dimensional Model Study of the the Influence of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange and Its Distribution on Tropospheric Chemistry}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D21}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Lamarque, J.-F. and Hess, P. G. and Tie, X. X.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {26,363--26,372} +} + +@article{shibata2005a, + title = {Partitioning between Resolved Wave Forcing and Unresolved Gravity Wave Forcing to the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation as Revealed with a Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2005GL022885}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Shibata, K. and Deushi, M.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{engstrom2015, + title = {The Nonlinear Relationship between Albedo and Cloud Fraction on near-Global, Monthly Mean Scale in Observations and in the {{CMIP5}} Model Ensemble}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL066275}, + abstract = {We study the relation between monthly mean albedo and cloud fraction over ocean, 60$^\circ$S\textendash{}60$^\circ$N. Satellite observations indicate that these clouds all fall on the same near-exponential curve, with a monotonic distribution over the ranges of cloud fractions and albedo. Using these observational data as a reference, we examine the degree to which 26 climate models capture this feature of the near-global marine cloud population. Models show a general increase in albedo with increasing cloud fraction, but none of them display a relation that is as well defined as that characterizing the observations. Models typically display larger albedo variability at a given cloud fraction, larger sensitivity in albedo to changes in cloud fraction, and lower cloud fractions. Several models also show branched distributions, contrasting with the smooth observational relation. In the models the present-day cloud scenes are more reflective than the preindustrial, demonstrating the simulated impact of anthropogenic aerosols on planetary albedo.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-11-16T22:01:06Z}, + urldate = {2015-11-16}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Engstr{\"o}m, A. and a.-M. Bender, F. and Charlson, R. J. and Wood, R.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {1610 Atmosphere,1627 Coupled models of the climate system,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3337 Global climate models,Albedo,Cloud Fraction,CMIP5}, + pages = {2015GL066275} +} + +@article{meehl2013, + title = {Climate {{Change Projections}} in {{CESM1}}({{CAM5}}) {{Compared}} to {{CCSM4}}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00572.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:34:38Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Meehl, Gerald A. and Washington, Warren M. and Arblaster, Julie M. and Hu, Aixue and Teng, Haiyan and Kay, Jennifer E. and Gettelman, Andrew and Lawrence, David M. and Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Strand, Warren G.}, + month = sep, + year = {2013}, + pages = {6287--6308} +} + +@article{cess1990, + title = {Intercomparison and {{Interpretation}} of {{Climate Feedback Processes}} in 19 {{Atmospheric General Circulation Models}}}, + volume = {95}, + timestamp = {2016-05-14T04:15:55Z}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res}, + author = {Cess, R. D. and {others}}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {16,601--16,615} +} + +@article{coy1997, + title = {The {{Characteristics}} of {{Stratospheric Winds}} and {{Temperatures Produced}} by {{Data Assimilation}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Coy, L. and Swinbank, R.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {ASM,GEOS,UKMO}, + pages = {25,763--25,781} +} + +@article{han1998a, + title = {Global Variation of Column Droplet Concentration in Low-Level Clouds}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Han, Q. and Rossow, W. B. and Chou, J. and Welch, R. W.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1419--1422} +} + +@article{danielsen1982a, + title = {Statistics of Cold Cumulonimbus Anvils Based on Enhanced Infrared Photographs}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Danielsen, E. F.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {601--604} +} + +@article{ehhalt1974a, + title = {The Atmospheric Cycle of Methane}, + volume = {26}, + abstract = {General discussion of the cycle of atmospheric methane. tropospheric measurements and early (1974) estimates of sources and sinks. Some discussion of chemistry}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {1-2}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Ehhalt, D. H.}, + year = {1974}, + keywords = {chemistry,sinks,sources,stratosphere,troposphere}, + pages = {58--70} +} + +@article{birner2011, + title = {Residual Circulation Trajectories and Transit Times into the Extratropical Lowermost Stratosphere}, + volume = {11}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd\%001311\%0013817\%00132011}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Birner, T. and B{\"o}nisch, H.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {817--827} +} + +@article{hoor2010, + title = {Transport Timescales and Tracer Properties in the Extratropical {{UTLS}}}, + volume = {10}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hoor, P. and Wernli, H. and Hegglin, M. I. and Boenisch, H.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {7929--7944} +} + +@article{stephens1978a, + title = {Radiation {{Profiles}} in {{Extended Water Clouds}}. {{I}}: {{Theory}}}, + volume = {35}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + shorttitle = {Radiation {{Profiles}} in {{Extended Water Clouds}}. {{I}}}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2111:RPIEWC>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {A detailed multiple-scattering model has been employed to investigate the sensitivity of radiation profiles and flux divergences to changes in macrostructure and microstructure of basic water cloud types. The study has been performed on a range of cloud types including variable distributions of liquid water content (LWC) and drop-size distributions. Total shortwave heating rates vary from 1 to 5$^\circ$C h-1 and are larger in higher clouds. IR cooling rates in the upper regions of cloud also increase with increasing elevation and are dominated by the atmospheric window contribution. Thus the typical instrument discriminating the IR radiation between 7 and 14,$\mu$m will measure almost the entire IR radiative cooling or heating of low-level water clouds. Both shortwave heating and IR cooling within cloud layers are primarily dependent on LWC and its vertical distribution and are more or less independent of drop-size distribution. Cloud albedo does vary with drop-size distribution but is virtually independent of LWC distribution for fixed total water.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-22T22:36:45Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2016-05-22}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Stephens, G. L.}, + month = nov, + year = {1978}, + pages = {2111--2122} +} + +@article{haynes1990, + title = {On the Conservation and Impermeability Theorems for Potential Vorticity}, + volume = {47}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2021:OTCAIT>2.0.CO;2}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Haynes, P. H. and McIntyre, M. E.}, + month = aug, + year = {1990}, + pages = {2021--2031} +} + +@article{jacobson2013, + title = {The Effects of Aircraft on Climate and Pollution. {{Part II}}: 20-Year Impacts of Exhaust from All Commercial Aircraft Worldwide Treated Individually at the Subgrid Scale}, + volume = {165}, + issn = {1364-5498}, + shorttitle = {The Effects of Aircraft on Climate and Pollution. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1039/C3FD00034F}, + abstract = {This study examines the 20-year impacts of emissions from all commercial aircraft flights worldwide on climate, cloudiness, and atmospheric composition. Aircraft emissions from each individual flight worldwide were modeled to evolve from the subgrid to grid scale with the global model described and evaluated in Part I of this study. Simulations with and without aircraft emissions were run for 20 years. Aircraft emissions were found to be responsible for $\sim$6\% of Arctic surface global warming to date, $\sim$1.3\% of total surface global warming, and $\sim$4\% of global upper tropospheric warming. Arctic warming due to aircraft slightly decreased Arctic sea ice area. Longer simulations should result in more warming due to the further increase in CO2. Aircraft increased atmospheric stability below cruise altitude and decreased it above cruise altitude. The increase in stability decreased cumulus convection in favor of increased stratiform cloudiness. Aircraft increased total cloud fraction on average. Aircraft increased surface and upper tropospheric ozone by $\sim$0.4\% and $\sim$2.5\%, respectively and surface and upper-tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by $\sim$0.1\% and $\sim$5\%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased tropospheric OH, decreasing column CO and CH4 by $\sim$1.7\% and $\sim$0.9\%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased human mortality worldwide by $\sim$620 (-240 to 4770) deaths per year, with half due to ozone and the rest to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5).}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-08-01T00:34:31Z}, + number = {0}, + urldate = {2016-08-01}, + journal = {Faraday Discuss.}, + author = {Jacobson, M. Z. and Wilkerson, J. T. and Naiman, A. D. and Lele, S. K.}, + month = dec, + year = {2013}, + pages = {369--382} +} + +@article{kumer1993, + title = {{{CLAES CH}}4, {{N}}2{{O}} and {{CF}}2{{Cl}}2 ({{F12}}) {{Global Data}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Kumer, J. B.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {CLAES data,UARS}, + pages = {1239--1242} +} + +@article{seol1998, + title = {{{QBO}} and {{Pinatubo}} Signals in the Mass Flux at 100 {{hPa}} and Stratospheric Circulation}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Seol, D.-I. and Yamazaki, K.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1641--1644} +} + +@article{liao1997, + title = {Local Upper Tropospheric/Lower Stratospheric Clear-Sky Water Vapor and Tropospheric Deep Convection}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {D16}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Liao, X. and Rind, D.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {19,543--19,557} +} + +@article{gryspeerdt2014, + title = {Satellite Observations of Cloud Regime Development: The Role of Aerosol Processes}, + volume = {14}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-1141-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Gryspeerdt, E. and Stier, P. and Partridge, D. G.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1141--1158} +} + +@article{jouzel1991, + title = {Simulations of the {{HDO}} and {{H218O Atmospheric Cycles}} Using the {{NASA GISS General Circulation Model}}: {{Sensitivity Experiments}} for {{Present Day Conditions}}}, + volume = {96}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jouzel, J. and Koster, R. D. and Suozzo, R. J. and Russell, G. L. and White, J. W. C. and Broecker, W. S.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {7495--7507} +} + +@article{gregory2008, + title = {Tropospheric {{Adjustment}} Induces a Cloud Component in {{CO}}2 {{Forcing}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI1834.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Gregory, J. and Webb, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {58--71} +} + +@book{wallace1998, + title = {Interpretation of {{Recent Temperature Trends}} in the {{Northern Hemisphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + author = {Wallace, J. M.}, + month = apr, + year = {1998}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW Colloquium} +} + +@article{knollenberg1982, + title = {Measurements of the {{Aerosol}} and {{Ice}} Crystal Populations in Tropical Stratospheric Cumulonimbus Anvils}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Knollenberg, R. G. and Dascher, A. J. and Huffman, D.}, + year = {1982}, + pages = {613--616} +} + +@article{manzini2003, + title = {A New Interactive Chemistry Climate Model. 2: {{Sensitivity}} of the Middle Atmosphere to Ozone Depletion and Increase in Greenhouse Gases: Implications for Recent Stratospheric Cooling,}, + volume = {108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {4429}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Manzini, E. and Steil, B. and Br{\"u}hl, C. and Giorgetta, M. A. and Kr{\"u}ger, K.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{rind1990, + title = {Climate Change and the Middle Atmosphere. {{Part I}}: {{The}} Doubled {{CO}}2 Climate}, + volume = {47}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Rind, D. and Suozzo, R. and Balachandran, N. K. and Prather, M. J.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {475--494} +} + +@article{emmons2003, + title = {Budget of Tropospheric Ozone during {{TOPSE}} from Two Chemical Transport Models}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002665}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Emmons, L. K. and {others}}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {8372} +} + +@article{waugh1997a, + title = {Three-Dimensional Simulations of Long-Lived Tracers Using Winds from {{MACCM2}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and {others}}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {21493--21514} +} + +@article{hoinka1997, + title = {The Tropopause: Discovery, Definition and Demarcation}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {Meteorol. Zeitschrift}, + author = {Hoinka, K. P.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {281--303} +} + +@article{seneviratne2010, + title = {Investigating Soil Moisture\textendash{}climate Interactions in a Changing Climate: {{A}} Review}, + volume = {99}, + issn = {00128252}, + shorttitle = {Investigating Soil Moisture\textendash{}climate Interactions in a Changing Climate}, + doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:28:05Z}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Earth-Science Reviews}, + author = {Seneviratne, Sonia I. and Corti, Thierry and Davin, Edouard L. and Hirschi, Martin and Jaeger, Eric B. and Lehner, Irene and Orlowsky, Boris and Teuling, Adriaan J.}, + month = may, + year = {2010}, + pages = {125--161} +} + +@article{crawford2011, + title = {Studies of Propane Flame Soot Acting as Heterogeneous Ice Nuclei in Conjunction with Single Particle Soot Photometer Measurements}, + volume = {11}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-11-9549-2011}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Crawford, I. and {others}}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{nakajima2000, + title = {Modeling of the Radiative Processes in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model}, + volume = {39}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {Applied Optics}, + author = {Nakajima, T. and Tsukamoto, M. and Tsushima, Y. and Numaguti, A. and Kimura, T.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {4869--4878} +} + +@article{schumann2010, + title = {Effective {{Radius}} of {{Ice Particles}} in {{Cirrus}} and {{Contrails}}}, + volume = {68}, + issn = {0022-4928}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JAS3562.1}, + abstract = {Abstract This paper discusses the ratio C between the volume mean radius and the effective radius of ice particles in cirrus and contrails. The volume mean radius is proportional to the third root of the ratio between ice water content and number of ice particles, and the effective radius measures the ratio between ice particle volume and projected cross-sectional area. For given ice water content and number concentration of ice particles, the optical depth scales linearly with C. Hence, C is an important input parameter for radiative forcing estimates. The ratio C in general depends strongly on the particle size distribution (PSD) and on the particle habits. For constant habits, C can be factored into a PSD and a habit factor. The PSD factor is generally less than one, while the habit factor is larger than one for convex or concave ice particles with random orientation. The value of C may get very small for power-law PSDs with exponent n between -4 and 0, which is often observed. For such PSDs, most of the particle volume is controlled by a few large particles, while most of the cross-sectional area is controlled by the many small particles. A new particle habit mix for contrail cirrus including small droxtal-shape particles is suggested. For measured cirrus and contrails, the dependence of C on volume mean particle radius, ambient humidity, and contrail age is determined. For cirrus, C varies typically between 0.4 and 1.1. In contrails, C = 0.7 $\pm$ 0.3, with uncertainty ranges increasing with the volume radius and contrail age. For the small particles in young contrails, the extinction efficiency in the solar range deviates considerably from the geometric optics limit.}, + timestamp = {2015-05-04T20:17:00Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-05-04}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Schumann, U. and Mayer, B. and Gierens, K. and Unterstrasser, S. and Jessberger, P. and Petzold, A. and Voigt, C. and Gayet, J-F.}, + month = sep, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Cirrus clouds,Cloud microphysics,Contrails/chemtrails,Ice particles}, + pages = {300--321} +} + +@article{fujiwara2000a, + title = {The Role of the Equatorial {{Kelvin}} Wave in {{Stratosphere}}-Troposphere Exchange in a General Circulation Model}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + journal = {Submitted to J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Takajashi, M.}, + year = {2000} +} + +@article{crutzen2006, + title = {Albedo Enhancements by Stratospheric Sulfur Injec- Tions: {{A}} Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma? {{An}} Editorial Essay}, + volume = {77}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Clim. Change}, + author = {Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {211--219} +} + +@book{braun, + title = {Interaction of Cold Fronts with Coastal Orography}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + author = {Braun, S.}, + year = {20 Feb 97}, + note = {Speaker from NCAR +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{posselt2009, + title = {Sensitivity of the Total Anthropogenic Aerosol Effect to the Treatment of Rain in a Global Climate Model}, + volume = {36}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Posselt, Rebekka and Lohmann, Ulrike}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {L02805} +} + +@book{bantzer, + title = {Zonal {{Mean Aspects}} of the {{MJO}} from {{MSU}} Data}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + author = {Bantzer, Christian}, + year = {12 oct}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from UW-JISAO} +} + +@book{barsugli1998, + title = {Blame It on {{El Nino}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + author = {Barsugli, J.}, + month = mar, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Atmos Dyno Seminar +speaker from CIRES} +} + +@article{bryan2011, + title = {Sensitivity of a {{Simulated Squall Line}} to {{Horizontal Resolution}} and {{Parameterization}} of {{Microphysics}}}, + volume = {140}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-11-00046.1}, + abstract = {Idealized simulations of the 15 May 2009 squall line from the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) are evaluated in this study. Four different microphysical setups are used, with either single-moment (1M) or double-moment (2M) microphysics, and either hail or graupel as the dense (rimed) ice species. Three different horizontal grid spacings are used: $\Delta$x = 4, 1, or 0.25 km (with identical vertical grids). Overall, results show that simulated squall lines are sensitive to both microphysical setup and horizontal resolution, although some quantities (i.e., surface rainfall) are more sensitive to $\Delta$x in this study. Simulations with larger $\Delta$x are slower to develop, produce more precipitation, and have higher cloud tops, all of which are attributable to larger convective cells that do not entrain midlevel air. The highest-resolution simulations have substantially more cloud water evaporation, which is partly attributable to the development of resolved turbulence. For a given $\Delta$x, the 1M simulations produce less rain, more intense cold pools, and do not have trailing stratiform precipitation at the surface, owing to excessive rainwater evaporation. The simulations with graupel as the dense ice species have unrealistically wide convective regions. Comparison against analyses from VORTEX2 data shows that the 2M setup with hail and $\Delta$x = 0.25 km produces the most realistic simulation because (i) this simulation produces realistic distributions of reflectivity associated with convective, transition, and trailing stratiform regions, (ii) the cold pool properties are reasonably close to analyses from VORTEX2, and (iii) relative humidity in the cold pool is closest to observations.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-01T21:13:33Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-06-01}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Bryan, George H. and Morrison, Hugh}, + month = jul, + year = {2011}, + pages = {202--225} +} + +@article{grell2014, + title = {A Scale and Aerosol Aware Stochastic Convective Parameterization for Weather and Air Quality Modeling}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014}, + abstract = {A convective parameterization is described and evaluated that may be used in high resolution non-hydrostatic mesoscale models as well as in modeling system with unstructured varying grid resolutions and for convection aware simulations. This scheme is based on a stochastic approach originally implemented by Grell and Devenyi (2002). Two approaches are tested on resolutions ranging from 20 km to 5 km. One approach is based on spreading subsidence to neighboring grid points, the other one on a recently introduced method by Arakawa et al. (2011). Results from model intercomparisons, as well as verification with observations indicate that both the spreading of the subsidence and Arakawa's approach work well for the highest resolution runs. Because of its simplicity and its capability for an automatic smooth transition as the resolution is increased, Arakawa's approach may be preferred. Additionally, interactions with aerosols have been implemented through a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) dependent autoconversion of cloud water to rain as well as an aerosol dependent evaporation of cloud drops. Initial tests with this newly implemented aerosol approach show plausible results with a decrease in predicted precipitation in some areas, caused by the changed autoconversion mechanism. This change also causes a significant increase of cloud water and ice detrainment near the cloud tops. Some areas also experience an increase of precipitation, most likely caused by strengthened downdrafts.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-03T17:49:20Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-06-03}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Grell, G. A. and Freitas, S. R.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {5233--5250} +} + +@article{westervelt2015, + title = {Radiative Forcing and Climate Response to Projected 21st Century Aerosol Decreases}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-15-12681-2015}, + abstract = {It is widely expected that global emissions of atmospheric aerosols and their precursors will decrease strongly throughout the remainder of the 21st century, due to emission reduction policies enacted to protect human health. For instance, global emissions of aerosols and their precursors are projected to decrease by as much as 80 \% by the year 2100, according to the four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The removal of aerosols will cause unintended climate consequences, including an unmasking of global warming from long-lived greenhouse gases. We use the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Climate Model version 3 (GFDL CM3) to simulate future climate over the 21st century with and without the aerosol emission changes projected by each of the RCPs in order to isolate the radiative forcing and climate response resulting from the aerosol reductions. We find that the projected global radiative forcing and climate response due to aerosol decreases do not vary significantly across the four RCPs by 2100, although there is some mid-century variation, especially in cloud droplet effective radius, that closely follows the RCP emissions and energy consumption projections. Up to 1 W m-2 of radiative forcing may be unmasked globally from 2005 to 2100 due to reductions in aerosol and precursor emissions, leading to average global temperature increases up to 1 K and global precipitation rate increases up to 0.09 mm day-1. However, when using a version of CM3 with reduced present-day aerosol radiative forcing (-1.0 W m-2), the global temperature increase for RCP8.5 is about 0.5 K, with similar magnitude decreases in other climate response parameters as well. Regionally and locally, climate impacts can be much larger than the global mean, with a 2.1 K warming projected over China, Japan, and Korea due to the reduced aerosol emissions in RCP8.5, as well as nearly a 0.2 mm day-1 precipitation increase, a 7 g m-2 LWP decrease, and a 2 $\mu$m increase in cloud droplet effective radius. Future aerosol decreases could be responsible for 30\textendash{}40 \% of total climate warming (or 10\textendash{}20 \% with weaker aerosol forcing) by 2100 in East Asia, even under the high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP8.5). The expected unmasking of global warming caused by aerosol reductions will require more aggressive greenhouse gas mitigation policies than anticipated in order to meet desired climate targets.}, + timestamp = {2015-11-16T19:33:53Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-11-16}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Westervelt, D. M. and Horowitz, L. W. and Naik, V. and Golaz, J.-C. and Mauzerall, D. L.}, + month = nov, + year = {2015}, + pages = {12681--12703} +} + +@article{sausen1998, + title = {A Diagnostic Study of the Present and Future Coverage by Contrails {{Part I}}: {{Present}} Day Climate}, + volume = {61}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {Theo. Appl. Climatol.}, + author = {Sausen, R. and Gierens, K. and Ponater, M. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {127--141} +} + +@article{pielke2002, + title = {The Influence of Land-Use Change and Landscape Dynamics on the Climate System: Relevance to Climate-Change Policy beyond the Radiative Effect of Greenhouse Gases}, + volume = {360}, + issn = {1364-503X, 1471-2962}, + shorttitle = {The Influence of Land-Use Change and Landscape Dynamics on the Climate System}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2002.1027}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:59Z}, + number = {1797}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, + author = {Pielke, R. A. and Marland, G. and Betts, R. A. and Chase, T. N. and Eastman, J. L. and Niles, J. O. and Niyogi, D. d. S. and Running, S. W.}, + month = aug, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1705--1719} +} + +@article{lewellen2014a, + title = {Persistent {{Contrails}} and {{Contrail Cirrus}}. {{Part II}}: {{Full Lifetime Behavior}}}, + volume = {71}, + issn = {0022-4928, 1520-0469}, + shorttitle = {Persistent {{Contrails}} and {{Contrail Cirrus}}. {{Part II}}}, + doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-13-0317.1}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:54Z}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Lewellen, D. C.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {4420--4438} +} + +@article{folkins2003, + title = {Tropical Rainfall and {{Boundary Layer Mosit Entropy}}}, + volume = {16}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Folkins, I. and Braun, C.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1807--1820} +} + +@article{waugh2002a, + title = {Transit Time Distributions in {{Lake Issyk}}-{{Kul}}}, + volume = {29}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Waugh, D. W. and Vollmer, M. K. and Weiss, R. F. and N.Haine, T. W. and Hall, T. M.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@book{yuter1997, + title = {Tropical {{Eastern Pacific Process Study}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yuter, Sandy}, + month = dec, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{massie2006, + title = {Aerosol Indirect Effects as a Function of Cloud Top Pressure}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007383}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D06202}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Massie, S. T. and Heymsfield, A. and Schmitt, C. and Muller, D. and Seifert, P.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{kooperman2012, + title = {Constraining the Influence of Natural Variability to Improve Estimates of Global Aerosol Indirect Effects in a Nudged Version of the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} 5}, + volume = {117}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD018588}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:36:22Z}, + number = {D23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Kooperman, Gabriel J. and Pritchard, Michael S. and Ghan, Steven J. and Wang, Minghuai and Somerville, Richard C. J. and Russell, Lynn M.}, + month = dec, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{waibel1999, + title = {Highly Elevated Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in the Upper Troposphere and Lowermost Stratosphere at Northern Midlatitudes during the {{STREAM II}} Summer Campaign in 1994}, + volume = {1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {Chemosphere}, + author = {Waibel, A. E. and Fischer, H. and Wienhold, F. G. and Siegmund, P. C. and Lee, B. and Stram, J. and Lelieveld, J. and Crutzen, P. J.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {233--248} +} + +@article{jouzel1987a, + title = {Simulations of the {{HDO}} and {{H218O Atmospheric Cycles}} Using the {{NASA GISS General Circulation Model}}: {{The Seasonal Cycle}} for {{Present Day Conditions}}}, + volume = {92}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jouzel, J. and Russell, G. L. and Suozzo, R. J. and Koster, R. D. and White, J. W. C. and Broecker, W. S.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {14739--14760} +} + +@article{butchart2010, + title = {Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations of 21st Century Stratospheric Climate and Circulation Changes}, + volume = {23}, + doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3404.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Butchart, N. and {others}}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {5349--5374} +} + +@article{sodemann2009, + title = {Asymmetries in the Moisture Origin of {{Antarctic Precipitation}}}, + volume = {36}, + doi = {10.1029/2009GL040242}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {L22803}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Sodemann, H. and Stohl, A.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@book{nance1995, + title = {Trapped {{Mountain Lee Waves}}}, + abstract = {Importance of Non-linearity in examining trapped mountain lee waves.}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + author = {Nance, Louisa}, + month = may, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Nonlinearity,Topography} +} + +@article{noone2002a, + title = {Associations between {{d18O}} of {{Water}} and {{Climate Parameters}} in a {{Simulation}} of {{Atmospheric Circulation}} for 1979-95}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Noone, D. and Simmonds, I.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {3150--3169} +} + +@article{larson2005, + title = {Supplying {{Local Microphysics Parameterizations}} with {{Information}} about {{Subgrid Variability}}: {{Latin Hypercube Sampling}}}, + volume = {62}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Larson, V. E. and Golaz, J.-C. and Jiang, H. and Cotton, W. R.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {4010--4026} +} + +@article{li2005, + title = {Comparisons of {{EOS MLS Cloud Ice Measurements}} with {{ECMWF}} and {{GCM Simulations}}: {{Initial Results}}}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {L18710}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Li, J-L and {others}}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {10.1029/2005GL023788} +} + +@article{jensen1994a, + title = {Microphysical Modeling of Cirrus 2. {{Sensitivity}} Studies}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Toon, O. B. and Westphal, D. L. and Kinne, S. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {10,443--10,454} +} + +@article{mulmenstadt2015, + title = {Frequency of Occurrence of Rain from Liquid-, Mixed-, and Ice-Phase Clouds Derived from {{A}}-{{Train}} Satellite Retrievals}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL064604}, + abstract = {A climatology of thermodynamic phase of precipitating cloud is presented derived from global\textemdash{}land and ocean\textemdash, retrievals from Cloudsat, CALIPSO, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Like precipitation rate, precipitation frequency is dominated by warm rain, defined as rain produced via the liquid phase only, over the tropical oceans outside the Intertropical Convergence Zone and by cold rain, produced via the ice phase, over the midlatitude oceans and continents. Warm rain is very infrequent over the continents, with significant warm rain found only in onshore flow in the tropics, and over India, China, and Indochina. Comparison of the properties of precipitating and nonprecipitating warm clouds shows that the scarcity of warm rain over land can be explained by smaller effective radii in continental clouds that delay the onset of precipitation. The results highlight the importance of ice-phase processes for the global hydrological cycle and may lead to an improved parameterization of precipitation in general circulation models.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-08-10T19:36:33Z}, + urldate = {2015-08-10}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {M{\"u}lmenst{\"a}dt, Johannes and Sourdeval, O. and Delano{\"e}, J. and Quaas, J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3309 Climatology,3354 Precipitation,3360 Remote sensing,cloud thermodynamic phase,precipitation,remote sensing}, + pages = {2015GL064604} +} + +@article{gordon2014, + title = {Low-Cloud Optical Depth Feedback in Climate Models: {{Optical Depth Feedback}}}, + volume = {119}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Low-Cloud Optical Depth Feedback in Climate Models}, + doi = {10.1002/2013JD021052}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:33:42Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Gordon, Neil D. and Klein, Stephen A.}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + pages = {6052--6065} +} + +@book{zuercher, + title = {Baroclinic {{Lifecycles}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + author = {Zuercher, Peter}, + year = {7 December}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {Barotropic Shear,EP Flux} +} + +@article{oltmans2000, + title = {The Increase in Stratospheric Water Vapor from Balloon-Borne, Frostpoint Hygrometer Measurements at {{Washington}}, {{D}}.{{C}}. and {{Boulder}}, {{Colorado}}}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Oltmans, S. J. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Hofmann, D. J. and Rosenlof, K. H. and Kley, D.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {3453--3456} +} + +@article{shibata2007, + title = {Tropical Cirrus Clouds near Cold Point Tropopause under Ice Supersaturated Conditions Observed by Lidar and Balloon-Borne Cryogenic Frost Point Hygrometer}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD007361}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {D03210}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Shibata, T. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Hamdi, S. and Kaloka, S. and Hasebe, F. and Fujiwara, M. and Shiotani, M.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{randel2006a, + title = {Deep Convective Influence on the {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon Anticyclone and Associated Tracer Variability Observed with {{Atmospheric Infrared Sounder}} ({{AIRS}})}, + volume = {111}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W.J. and Park, M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {D12314} +} + +@article{karcher2008, + title = {A Cirrus Cloud Scheme for General Circulation Models}, + volume = {134}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.301}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {K{\"a}rcher, B. and Burkhardt, U.}, + month = jul, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1439--1461} +} + +@techreport{lorenz1956, + title = {Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Statistical Weather Predicition}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {1}, + institution = {Dept of Metorology, Massachusettes Institute of Technology}, + author = {Lorenz, E. N.}, + year = {1956} +} + +@article{kurokawa2005, + title = {Effects of Atmospheric Sphericity on Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics over {{Antarctica}}}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D21305}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Kurokawa, J. and Akiyoshi, H. and Nagashima, T. and Masunaga, H. and Nakajima, T. and Takahashi, M. and Nakane, H.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{randel2005, + title = {Kelvin Wave Variability near the Equatorial Tropopause Observed in {{GPS}} Radio Occultation Measurements}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005006}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Randel, W. J. and Wu, F.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {D03102} +} + +@article{hintsa1994, + title = {{{SPADE H}}2{{O}} Measurements and the Seasonal Cycle of Stratospheric Water Vapor}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hintsa, E. J. and Weinstock, E. M. and Dessler, A. E. and Anderson, J. G. and Lowenstein, M. and Podolske, J. R.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {2559--2562} +} + +@book{salathe1999, + title = {Transport of Water Vapor in the Upper Tropical Troposphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + author = {Salath{\'e}, E. P.}, + month = apr, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: UW Atms Sci Colloquium +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{zarzycki2015, + title = {Effects of {{Localized Grid Refinement}} on the {{General Circulation}} and {{Climatology}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00599.1}, + abstract = {Using the spectral element (SE) dynamical core within the National Center for Atmospheric Research\textendash{}Department of Energy Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), a regionally refined nest at 0.25$^\circ$ (\textasciitilde{}28 km) horizontal resolution located over the North Atlantic is embedded within a global 1$^\circ$ (\textasciitilde{}111 km) grid. A 23-yr simulation using Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) protocols and default CAM, version 5, physics is compared to an identically forced run using the global 1$^\circ$ (\textasciitilde{}111 km) grid without refinement. The addition of a refined patch over the Atlantic basin does not noticeably affect the global circulation. In the area where the refinement is located, large-scale precipitation increases with the higher resolution. This increase is partly offset by a decrease in precipitation resulting from convective parameterizations, although total precipitation is also slightly higher at finer resolutions. Equatorial waves are not significantly impacted when traversing multiple grid spacings. Despite the grid transition region bisecting northern Africa, local zonal jets and African easterly wave activity are highly similar in both simulations. The frequency of extreme precipitation events increases with resolution, although this increase is restricted to the refined patch. Topography is better resolved in the nest as a result of finer grid spacing. The spatial patterns of variables with strong orographic forcing (such as precipitation, cloud, and precipitable water) are improved with local refinement. Additionally, dynamical features, such as wind patterns, associated with steep terrain are improved in the variable-resolution simulation when compared to the uniform coarser run.}, + timestamp = {2016-08-25T16:24:07Z}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2016-08-25}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Zarzycki, Colin M. and Jablonowski, Christiane and Thatcher, Diana R. and Taylor, Mark A.}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + pages = {2777--2803}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/FJEVGCSQ/JCLI-D-14-00599.html:text/html} +} + +@article{giangrande2016, + title = {Insights into Riming and Aggregation Processes as Revealed by Aircraft, Radar, and Disdrometer Observations for a 27 {{April}} 2011 Widespread Precipitation Event}, + volume = {121}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024537}, + abstract = {This study presents aircraft spiral ascent and descent observations intercepting a transition to riming processes during widespread stratiform precipitation. The sequence is documented using collocated scanning and profiling radar, including longer-wavelength dual polarization measurements and shorter-wavelength Doppler spectra. Riming regions are supported using aircraft measurements recording elevated liquid water concentrations, spherical particle shapes, and saturation with respect to water. Profiling cloud radar observations indicate riming regions during the event as having increasing particle fall speeds, rapid time-height changes, and bimodalities in Doppler spectra. These particular riming signatures are coupled to scanning dual polarization radar observations of higher differential reflectivity (ZDR) aloft. Reduced melting layer enhancements and delayed radar bright-band signatures in the column are also observed during riming periods, most notably with the profiling radar observations. The bimodal cloud radar Doppler spectra captured near riming zones indicate two time-height spectral ice peaks, one rimed particle peak, and one peak associated with pristine ice needle generation and/or growth between -4$^\circ$C and -7$^\circ$C also sampled by aircraft probes. This pristine needle population gives a partial explanation for the enhanced ZDR we observe near this rimed particle region. The riming signatures aloft and radar measurements within the melting level are weakly lag correlated (r\textasciitilde{}0.6) with smaller median drop sizes at the surface, as compared with later times when aggregation of larger particle sizes was believed dominant.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-17T22:22:01Z}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2016-11-17}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Giangrande, Scott E. and Toto, Tami and Bansemer, Aaron and Kumjian, Matthew R. and Mishra, Subhashree and Ryzhkov, Alexander V.}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,aggregation,aircraft,disdrometer,precipitation,radar,riming}, + pages = {2015JD024537}, + file = {Giangrande et al2016.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Giangrande et al2016.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/VTZKSKUN/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@techreport{selkirk1989, + title = {Diagnostic {{Studies}} in {{Relation}} to the {{NASA Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange Project}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + institution = {NASA}, + author = {Selkirk, H. B. and Newell, R. E.}, + month = nov, + year = {1989} +} + +@article{soden2000, + title = {The Diurnal Cycle of Convection, Clouds, and Water Vapor in the Tropical Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Soden, B. J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {2173--2176} +} + +@article{solomon2009, + title = {Investigation of {{Microphysical Paramerizations}} of {{Snow}} and {{Ice}} in {{Arctic Clouds}} during {{M}}-{{PACE}} through {{Model}}-{{Observation Comparisons}}}, + volume = {137}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Solomon, A. and Morrison, H. and Persson, O. and Shupe, M. D. and Bao, J. W.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {3110--3128} +} + +@article{alcala2002, + title = {Observations of Deep Convection in the Tropics Using the {{Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission}} ({{TRMM}}) Precipitation Radar}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002457}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D24}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Alcala, C. M. and Dessler, A. E.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {4792} +} + +@article{corti2006, + title = {The Impact of Cirrus Clouds on Tropical Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Transport}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Corti, T. and Luo, B. P. and Fu, Q. and V{\"o}mel, H. and Peter, T.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1725--1747} +} + +@article{dobson1946, + title = {The Meteorology of the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {185}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A}, + author = {Dobson, G. M. B. and Brewer, A. W. and Cwilong, B.}, + year = {1946}, + pages = {144--175} +} + +@article{moody1999, + title = {Remotely {{Sensed}} Specific Humidity: {{Development}} of a Derived Product from the {{GOES Imaer Channel}} 3}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Moody, J. L. and Wimmers, A. J. and Davenport, J. C.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {59--62} +} + +@incollection{holton1995c, + address = {Brussels}, + title = {Stratosphere-{{Troposphere Exchange}} and Its Role in the Budget of Tropospheric Ozone}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + booktitle = {{{NATO Advanced Research Workshop}} on {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Exchange}}}, + publisher = {{NATO}}, + author = {Holton, J. R. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {Ozone Mass Flux,Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange} +} + +@book{rotman, + title = {Solar {{Influence}} on {{Climate}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + author = {Rotman, G.}, + year = {2 February}, + note = {Published: NCAR/ASP seminar +speaker from CU,LASP} +} + +@article{tobin1999, + title = {Downwelling Spectral Radiance Observations at the {{SHEBA}} Ice Station: {{Water}} Vapor Continuum Measurements from 17 to 26 $M$m}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Tobin, D.C. and Best, F. A. and Brown, P. D. and Clough, S. A. and Dedecker, R. G. and Ellingson, R. G. and Garcia, R. K. and Howell, H. B. and Knuteson, R. O. and Mlawer, E. J. and Revercomb, H. E. and Short, J. F. and van Delst, P. F. W. and Walden, V. P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {2081--2092} +} + +@book{meteorologicaloffice1918, + edition = {4th Edition}, + title = {Meteorlogical {{Glossary}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + publisher = {{United Kingdom Meteorological Office}}, + author = {{Meteorological Office}}, + year = {1918} +} + +@article{cerniglia1999, + title = {Seasonal {{Variability}} of {{Middle Latitude Ozone}} in the {{Lowermost Stratosphere Derived}} from {{Probability Distribution Functions}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + journal = {to be submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Cerniglia, M. C. and Douglass, A. R. and Rood, R. B. and Sparling, L. C. and Nielsen, J. E.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{walden1996, + title = {Comment on ''{{Recent}} Changes in the {{North American Arctic}} Boundary Layer in Winter'' by {{R}}.{{S}}. {{Bradley}} et Al.}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D3}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Walden, V. P. and Mahesh, A. and Warren, S.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {7127--7134} +} + +@techreport{neale2010, + address = {Boulder, CO, USA}, + title = {Description of the {{NCAR Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM5}}.0)}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {NCAR/TN-486+STR}, + institution = {National Center for Atmospheric Research}, + author = {Neale, Richard B. and Chen, C. C. and Gettelman, A. and Lauritzen, P. H. and Park, S. and Williamson, D. L. and Conley, A. J. and Garcia, R. and Kinnison, D. and Lamarque, J. F. and Marsh, D. and Mills, M. and Smith, A. K. and Tilmes, S. and Vitt, F. and Cameron-Smith, P. and Collins, W. D. and Iacono, M. J. and Easter, R. C. and Ghan, S. J. and Liu, X. and Rasch, P. J. and Taylor, M. A.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{bregman1997, + title = {Ozone Depletion in the Late Winter Lower {{Arctic}} Stratosphere: {{Observations}} and Model Results}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D9}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Bregman, A. and van den Broek, M. and Carslaw, K. S. and Muller, R. and Peter, T. and Scheele, M. P. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {10,815--10,828} +} + +@article{trenberth2009, + title = {Earth's {{Global Energy Budget}}}, + volume = {90}, + doi = {10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Fasullo, J. T. and Kiehl, J. T.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {311--323} +} + +@article{bjerknes1969a, + title = {Atmospheric {{Teleconnections}} from the {{Equatorial Pacific}}}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.}, + author = {Bjerknes, J.}, + year = {1969}, + pages = {163--172} +} + +@article{avallone1997, + title = {Trancer-Tracer Correlations: {{Three}}-Dimensional Model Simulations and Comparisons to Observations}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D15}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Avallone, L. M. and Prather, M. J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {19,233--19,246} +} + +@article{schmidtt2014, + title = {Observational Quantification of the Separation of Simple and Complex Atmospheric Ice Particles}, + volume = {41}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058781}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Schmidtt, C. G. and Heymsfield, A. J.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{lorenz1963, + title = {Deterministic {{Nonperiodic Flow}}}, + volume = {20}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {March 1963}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Lorenz, E. N.}, + year = {1963}, + keywords = {Chaos,linear differential equations,strange attractors}, + pages = {130--142} +} + +@article{morrison2010, + title = {Comparison of {{Two}}-{{Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes}} in {{Idealized Supercell Thunderstorm Simulations}}}, + volume = {139}, + issn = {0027-0644}, + doi = {10.1175/2010MWR3433.1}, + abstract = {Idealized three-dimensional supercell simulations were performed using the two-moment bulk microphysics schemes of Morrison and Milbrandt\textendash{}Yau in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Despite general similarities in these schemes, the simulations were found to produce distinct differences in storm structure, precipitation, and cold pool strength. In particular, the Morrison scheme produced much higher surface precipitation rates and a stronger cold pool, especially in the early stages of storm development. A series of sensitivity experiments was conducted to identify the primary differences between the two schemes that resulted in the large discrepancies in the simulations.Different approaches in treating graupel and hail were found to be responsible for many of the key differences between the baseline simulations. The inclusion of hail in the baseline simulation using the Milbrant\textendash{}Yau scheme with two rimed-ice categories (graupel and hail) had little impact, and therefore resulted in a much different storm than the baseline run with the single-category (hail) Morrison scheme. With graupel as the choice of the single rimed-ice category, the simulated storms had considerably more frozen condensate in the anvil region, a weaker cold pool, and reduced surface precipitation compared to the runs with only hail, whose higher terminal fall velocity inhibited lofting. The cold pool strength was also found to be sensitive to the parameterization of raindrop breakup, particularly for the Morrison scheme, because of the effects on the drop size distributions and the corresponding evaporative cooling rates. The use of a more aggressive implicit treatment of drop breakup in the baseline Morrison scheme, by limiting the mean\textendash{}mass raindrop diameter to a maximum of 0.9 mm, opposed the tendency of this scheme to otherwise produce large mean drop sizes and a weaker cold pool compared to the hail-only run using the Milbrandt\textendash{}Yau scheme.}, + timestamp = {2016-06-01T21:12:58Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-06-01}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Morrison, Hugh and Milbrandt, Jason}, + month = dec, + year = {2010}, + pages = {1103--1130} +} + +@article{giorgi2003, + title = {Indirect vs. Direct Effects of Anthropogenic Sulfate on the Climate of {{East Asia}} as Simulated with a Regional Coupled Climate-Chemistry/Aerosol Model}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:02Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Giorgi, Filippo and Bi, Xungqiang and Qian, Yun}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {345--376} +} + +@article{jess2011, + title = {A Statistical Subgrid-Scale Algorithm for Precipitation Formation in Stratiform Clouds in the {{ECHAM5}} Single Column Model}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1680-7375}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-11-9335-2011}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:35:40Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions}, + author = {Jess, S. and Spichtinger, P. and Lohmann, U.}, + month = mar, + year = {2011}, + pages = {9335--9374} +} + +@article{sheyko2015, + title = {Quantifying Sensitivities of Ice Crystal Number and Sources of Ice Crystal Number Variability in {{CAM}} 5.1 Using the Adjoint of a Physically Based Cirrus Formation Parameterization}, + issn = {2169897X}, + doi = {10.1002/2014JD022457}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:21Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Sheyko, B. A. and Sullivan, S. C. and Morales, R. and Capps, S. L. and Barahona, D. and Shi, X. and Liu, X. and Nenes, A.}, + month = mar, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{mccoy2015, + title = {Observations of a Substantial Cloud Aerosol Indirect Effect during the 2014\textendash{}2015 {{B{\'a}r\dh{}arbunga}}-{{Vei\dh{}iv{\"o}tn}} Fissure Eruption in {{Iceland}}}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL067070}, + abstract = {The B{\'a}r\dh{}arbunga-Vei\dh{}iv{\"o}tn fissure eruption lasted from August 31, 2014 until February 28, 2015, during which its sulfur emissions dwarfed anthropogenic emissions from Europe. This natural experiment offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the aerosol indirect effect and the effect of effusive volcanic eruptions on climate. During the eruption cloud droplet effective radius (re) over the region surrounding Iceland was at the lowest value in the 14-year MODIS data record during September and October of 2014. The change in reflected solar radiation due to increased cloud reflectivity during September and October is estimated to exceed 2 Wm-2 over the region surrounding Iceland, with increases of 1 Wm-2 extending as far south as the Azores. The strength of the aerosol indirect effect diagnosed here reaffirms the ability of volcanic aerosols to affect cloud properties and ultimately the planetary albedo.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-08T16:58:27Z}, + urldate = {2015-12-08}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {McCoy, Daniel T. and Hartmann, Dennis L.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,0370 Volcanic effects,0480 Remote sensing,aerosol,climate sensitivity,cloud,Iceland,Indirect effect,Natural Aerosols}, + pages = {2015GL067070}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/PI59X4XX/McCoy and Hartmann - 2015 - Observations of a substantial cloud aerosol indire.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/HV96AW4S/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{mapes2011, + title = {Parameterizing {{Convective Organization}} to {{Escape}} the {{Entrainment Dilemma}}}, + volume = {3}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1029/2011MS000042}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:36Z}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Mapes, Brian and Neale, Richard}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@inproceedings{crook1997, + title = {Simulation of Convective Storms over the {{Tiwi Islands}} and Comparison with Observations from {{MCTEX}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + booktitle = {Ninth {{Annual BMRC Modelling Workshop}}}, + publisher = {{Bureau of Meteorology Report \#64}}, + author = {Crook, A. N.}, + editor = {Meighen, P. J. and Jasper, J. D.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {7--10} +} + +@article{salzmann2010, + title = {Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics in the {{GFDL AM3 GCM}}: Description, Evaluation, and Sensitivity Tests}, + volume = {10}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-8037-2010}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {16}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Salzmann, M. and Ming, Y. and Golaz, J.-C. and Ginoux, P. A. and Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A. and Kr{\"a}mer, M. and Donner, L. J.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {8037--8064} +} + +@article{iii2002, + title = {Recent Change in the Connection from the Asian Monsoon to {{ENSO}}}, + volume = {15}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {III, J. L. Kinter and Miyakoda, K. and Yang, S.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1203--1215} +} + +@article{dai2008, + title = {Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Rain-Snow Phase Transition over Land and Ocean}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL033295}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D12802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Dai, A.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{li2013a, + title = {The Signature of the Stratospheric {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson}} Circulation in Tropospheric Clouds: {{BDC AND CLOUDS}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {The Signature of the Stratospheric {{Brewer}}-{{Dobson}} Circulation in Tropospheric Clouds}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50339}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:35:57Z}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Li, Ying and Thompson, David W.J.}, + month = may, + year = {2013}, + pages = {3486--3494} +} + +@article{collins2002a, + title = {Simulation of Aerosol Distributions and Radiative Forcing for {{INDOEX}}: {{Regional Climate Impacts}}}, + volume = {107}, + doi = {10.1029/2001JD001365}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {4664}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Collins, W. D. and Rasch, P. J. and Eaton, B. E. and Fillmore, D. W. and Kiehl, J. T. and Beck, T. C. and Zender, C. S.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{yulaeva1994, + title = {On the Cause of the Annual Cycle in Tropical Lower-Stratospheric Temperatures}, + volume = {51}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Yulaeva, E. and Holton, J. R. and Wallace, J. M.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {169--174} +} + +@article{seneviratne2012, + title = {Climate Science: {{Historical}} Drought Trends Revisited}, + volume = {491}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + number = {7424}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Seneviratne, Sonia I}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {338--339} +} + +@article{nakamura1997b, + title = {Eddy {{Concentration Potential}} and {{Its Application}} on {{Lower Stratospheric Tropical}}/{{Midlatitude Transport Diagnosis}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {submitted to Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Nakamura, M. and Hartley, D. E.}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{zhang2014, + title = {Investigating Ice Nucleation in Cirrus Clouds with an Aerosol-Enabled {{Multiscale Modeling Framework}}}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {19422466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000343}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:12Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Zhang, Chengzhu and Wang, Minghuai and Morrison, Hugh and Somerville, Richard C. J. and Zhang, Kai and Liu, Xiaohong and Li, Jui-Lin F.}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {998--1015} +} + +@book{holton1996, + title = {Model of {{Zonal Wind Forcing}} in the {{Equitorial Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + month = apr, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW-Atms Sci +Published: Seminar- UW-Atms Sci} +} + +@phdthesis{strom1993, + title = {Numerical and {{Airborne Experimental Studies}} of {{Aerosol}} and {{Cloud Properties}} in the {{Troposphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + school = {Stockholm University}, + author = {Str{\"o}m, J.}, + year = {1993}, + keywords = {cirrus clouds,CVI} +} + +@article{laube2008, + title = {Contribution of Very Short-Lived Organic Substances to Stratospheric Chlorine and Bromine in the Tropics \textendash{} a Case Study}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Laube, J. C. and Engel, A. and B{\"o}nish, H. and M{\"o}bius, T. and Worton, D. R. and Sturges, W. T. and Grunow, K. and Schmidt, U.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {7325--7334} +} + +@article{ehhalt2007, + title = {On the Use of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons for the Determination of Age Spectra in the Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {112}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D12208}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ehhalt, D. H. and Rohrer, F. and Blake, D. R. and Kinnison, D. E. and Konopka, P.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {10.1029/2006JD007686} +} + +@article{hudson2004, + title = {Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Response of Radiosondes at Low Temperatures}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.}, + author = {Hudson, S. R. and Town, M. S. and Walden, V. P. and Warren, S. G.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {825--836} +} + +@article{gettelman2013b, + title = {Microphysical Process Rates and Global Aerosol\textendash{}cloud Interactions}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-13-9855-2013}, + abstract = {Cloud microphysical process rates control the amount of condensed water in clouds and impact the susceptibility of precipitation to cloud-drop number and aerosols. The relative importance of different microphysical processes in a climate model is analyzed, and the autoconversion and accretion processes are found to be critical to the condensate budget in most regions. A simple steady-state model of warm rain formation is used to illustrate that the diagnostic rain formulations typical of climate models may result in excessive contributions from autoconversion, compared to observations and large eddy simulation models with explicit bin-resolved microphysics and rain formation processes. The behavior does not appear to be caused by the bulk process rate formulations themselves, because the steady-state model with the same bulk accretion and autoconversion has reduced contributions from autoconversion. Sensitivity tests are conducted to analyze how perturbations to the precipitation microphysics for stratiform clouds impact process rates, precipitation susceptibility and aerosol\textendash{}cloud interactions (ACI). With similar liquid water path, corrections for the diagnostic rain assumptions in the GCM based on the steady-state model to boost accretion indicate that the radiative effects of ACI may decrease by 20\% in the GCM. Links between process rates, susceptibility and ACI are not always clear in the GCM. Better representation of the precipitation process, for example by prognosticating precipitation mass and number, may help better constrain these effects in global models with bulk microphysics schemes.}, + timestamp = {2015-07-16T18:04:50Z}, + number = {19}, + urldate = {2015-07-16}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Morrison, H. and Terai, C. R. and Wood, R.}, + month = oct, + year = {2013}, + pages = {9855--9867}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/8RIMQXI3/Gettelman et al. - 2013 - Microphysical process rates and global aerosol–clo.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/5VUWZI6D/2013.html:text/html} +} + +@article{shi2015, + title = {Effects of Pre-Existing Ice Crystals on Cirrus Clouds and Comparison between Different Ice Nucleation Parameterizations with the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM5}})}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-15-1503-2015}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:24Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Shi, X. and Liu, X. and Zhang, K.}, + month = feb, + year = {2015}, + pages = {1503--1520} +} + +@book{kushnir1998, + title = {Decadal Variability in the {{Pacific}} Basin}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + author = {{Kushnir}}, + month = apr, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW seminar +speaker from Lamont} +} + +@article{hurst1999, + title = {Closure of the Total Hyrdogen Budget of the {{Northern Hemisphere}} Extratropical Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {D7}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hurst, D. F. and Dutton, G. S. and Romashkin, P. A$>$ and Wamsley, P. R. and Moore, F. L. and Elkins, J. W. and Hintsa, E. J. and Weinstock, E. M.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {8191--8200} +} + +@article{nuijens2015, + title = {The Behavior of Trade-Wind Cloudiness in Observations and Models: {{The}} Major Cloud Components and Their Variability: {{Observed}} and Modeled Trade-Wind Clouds}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {The Behavior of Trade-Wind Cloudiness in Observations and Models}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000390}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-27T15:20:26Z}, + urldate = {2015-04-27}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Nuijens, Louise and Medeiros, Brian and Sandu, Irina and Ahlgrimm, Maike}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@book{klonecki1999a, + title = {Plans for {{HANK}} Regional Model in {{TOPSE}} Campaign}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Klonecki, A.}, + month = nov, + year = {1999}, + note = {Published: ACD seminar +speaker from NCAR ASP} +} + +@article{bjerknes1937, + title = {Investigations of {{Selected European Cyclones}} by Means of {{Serial Ascents}}}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Geofysiske Publikasjoner}, + author = {Bjerknes, J. and Palm{\'e}n, E.}, + year = {1937} +} + +@article{walker1932, + title = {World {{Weather V}}}, + volume = {4}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc.}, + author = {Walker, G. T. and Bliss, E. W.}, + year = {1932}, + pages = {53--84} +} + +@article{ogura2008, + title = {Towards {{Understanding Cloud Response}} in {{Atmospheric GCMs}}: {{The Use}} of {{Tendency Diagnostics}}}, + volume = {86}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Ogura, T. and Emori, S. and Webb, M. J. and Tsushima, Y. and Yokohata, T. and Abe-Ouchi, A. and Kimoto, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {69--79} +} + +@article{blankenship2001, + title = {{{SSM}}/{{T}}-2 Measurements of Regional Changes in Three-Dimensional Water Vapor Fields during {{ENSO}} Events}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Blankenship, C. B. and Wilheit, T. T.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {5239--5254} +} + +@article{galewsky2011, + title = {Surface Measurements of Upper Tropspheric Water Vapor Isotopic Composition on the {{Chajnator Plateau}}, {{Chile}}}, + volume = {38}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL048557}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {L17803}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Galewsky, J. and Rella, C. and Sharp, Z. and Samuels, K. and Ward, D.}, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{fu2006a, + title = {Enhanced {{Mid}}-{{Latitude Tropospheric Warming}} in {{Satellite Measurements}}}, + volume = {312}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Fu, Q. and Johanson, C. M. and Wallace, J. M. and Reichler, T.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1179} +} + +@article{trenberth2010a, + title = {Simulation of {{Present}}-{{Day}} and {{Twenty}}-{{First}}-{{Century Energy Budgets}} of the {{Southern Oceans}}}, + volume = {23}, + doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI3152.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Fasullo, J. T.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {440--454} +} + +@article{neale2008, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Convection}} on {{ENSO}}: {{From}} a {{Delayed Oscillator}} to a {{Series}} of {{Events}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2008JCLI2244.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Neale, R. B. and Richter, J. H. and Jochum, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5904--+} +} + +@article{gaffen1994, + title = {Temporal Inhomogeneities in Radiosonde Temperature Records}, + volume = {99}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Gaffen, D. J.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {3667--3676} +} + +@article{jensen2011, + title = {Impact of Radiative Heating, Wind Shear, Temperature Variability, and Microphysical Processes on the Structure and Evolution of Thin Cirrus in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {116}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD015417}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:45Z}, + number = {D12}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Jensen, E. J. and Pfister, L. and Toon, O. B.}, + month = jun, + year = {2011} +} + +@article{dessler2009, + title = {A {{Matter}} of {{Humidity}}}, + volume = {323}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Sherwood, S. C.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1020} +} + +@article{santer2004, + title = {Identification of Anthropogenic Climate Change Using a Second-Generation Reanalysis}, + volume = {109}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD005075}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:45Z}, + number = {D21}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Santer, Benjamin D.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{santer2000a, + title = {Statistical Significance of Trend Differences in Layer-Average Temperature Time Series}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Santer, B.D. and {T.M.L.Wigley} and Boyle, J. S. and Gaffen, D. J. and Hnilo, J. J. and Nychka, D. and Parker, D. E. and Taylor, K. E.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {7337--7356} +} + +@article{lin1998, + title = {Diabatic Subsidence in the Subtropical Upper Troposphere Derived from {{SAGE II}} Measurements}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:26Z}, + number = {22}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lin, W. Y. and Zhang, M. H. and Geller, M. A.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {4181--4184} +} + +@article{zhao2016a, + title = {Exploring the Impacts of Physics and Resolution on Aqua-Planet Simulations from a Nonhydrostatic Global Variable-Resolution Modeling Framework}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2016MS000727}, + abstract = {The nonhydrostatic Model for Prediction Across Scales (NH-MPAS) provides a global framework to achieve high resolution using regional mesh refinement. Previous studies using the hydrostatic version of MPAS (H-MPAS) with the physics parameterizations of Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4) found notable resolution-dependent behaviors. This study revisits the resolution sensitivity using NH-MPAS with both CAM4 and CAM5 physics. A series of aqua-planet simulations at global quasiuniform resolutions and global variable resolution with a regional mesh refinement over the tropics are analyzed, with a primary focus on the distinct characteristics of NH-MPAS in simulating precipitation, clouds, and large-scale circulation features compared to H-MPAS-CAM4. The resolution sensitivity of total precipitation and column integrated moisture in NH-MPAS is smaller than that in H-MPAS-CAM4. This contributes importantly to the reduced resolution sensitivity of large-scale circulation features such as the intertropical convergence zone and Hadley circulation in NH-MPAS compared to H-MPAS. In addition, NH-MPAS shows almost no resolution sensitivity in the simulated westerly jet, in contrast to the obvious poleward shift in H-MPAS with increasing resolution, which is partly explained by differences in the hyperdiffusion coefficients used in the two models that influence wave activity. With the reduced resolution sensitivity, simulations in the refined region of the NH-MPAS global variable resolution configuration exhibit zonally symmetric features that are more comparable to the quasiuniform high-resolution simulations than those from H-MPAS that displays zonal asymmetry in simulations inside the refined region. Overall, NH-MPAS with CAM5 physics shows less resolution sensitivity compared to CAM4.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-07T15:59:51Z}, + urldate = {2016-11-07}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Zhao, Chun and Leung, L. Ruby and Park, Sang-Hun and Hagos, Samson and Lu, Jian and Sakaguchi, Koichi and Yoon, Jinho and Harrop, Bryce E. and Skamarock, William and Duda, Michael G.}, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0429 Climate dynamics,0550 Model verification and validation,1626 Global climate models,CAM4,CAM5,MPAS,nonhydrostatic,resolution sensitivity}, + pages = {n/a--n/a}, + file = {zhao.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGwork/papers/zotero_incoming/zhao.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@book{yukimoto, + title = {Model of Interdecadal Variability in the {{Pacific}} Simulated in {{MRI}} Coupled {{GCM}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {{Yukimoto}}, + year = {8 April 991999}, + note = {Published: UW dyno seminar +speaker from Met Research Inst of Japan} +} + +@article{grise2013, + title = {The Ozone Hole Indirect Effect: {{Cloud}}-Radiative Anomalies Accompanying the Poleward Shift of the Eddy-Driven Jet in the {{Southern Hemisphere}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + shorttitle = {The Ozone Hole Indirect Effect}, + doi = {10.1002/grl.50675}, + abstract = {This study quantifies the response of the clouds and the radiative budget of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) to the poleward shift in the tropospheric circulation induced by the development of the Antarctic ozone hole. Single forcing climate model integrations, in which only stratospheric ozone depletion is specified, indicate that (1) high-level and midlevel clouds closely follow the poleward shift in the SH midlatitude jet and that (2) low-level clouds decrease across most of the Southern Ocean. Similar cloud anomalies are found in satellite observations during periods when the jet is anomalously poleward. The hemispheric annual mean radiation response to the cloud anomalies is calculated to be approximately +0.25 W m-2, arising largely from the reduction of the total cloud fraction at SH midlatitudes during austral summer. While these dynamically induced cloud and radiation anomalies are considerable and are supported by observational evidence, quantitative uncertainties remain from model biases in mean-state cloud-radiative processes.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-07-06T02:03:06Z}, + number = {14}, + urldate = {2016-07-06}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Grise, Kevin M. and Polvani, Lorenzo M. and Tselioudis, George and Wu, Yutian and Zelinka, Mark D.}, + month = jul, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions,cloud-radiative processes,ozone hole}, + pages = {3688--3692} +} + +@article{burkhardt2011, + title = {Global Radiative Forcing from Contrail Cirrus}, + volume = {1}, + issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798}, + doi = {10.1038/nclimate1068}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:30:04Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Nature Climate Change}, + author = {Burkhardt, Ulrike and K{\"a}rcher, Bernd}, + month = mar, + year = {2011}, + pages = {54--58} +} + +@book{worldmeteorologicalorganization2003, + address = {Geneva}, + series = {WMO Report 47}, + title = {Scientific {{Assessment}} of {{Ozone Depletion}}: 2002}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + publisher = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + author = {{World Meteorological Organization}}, + year = {2003} +} + +@book{holton1997, + title = {Tracer {{Lamination}} in the {{Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Holton, J. R.}, + month = jan, + year = {1997}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{grise2014a, + title = {Southern {{Hemisphere Cloud}}\textendash{}{{Dynamics Biases}} in {{CMIP5 Models}} and {{Their Implications}} for {{Climate Projections}}}, + volume = {27}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00113.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {15}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Grise, K. M. and Polvani, L. M.}, + year = {2014} +} + +@article{baran2009, + title = {Testing an Ensemble Model of Cirrus Ice Crystals Using Midlatitude in Situ Estimates of Ice Water Content, Volume Extinction Coefficent and the Total Solar Optical Depth}, + volume = {110}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + journal = {J. Quant. Spect. and Rad. Transfer}, + author = {Baran, A. J. and Connolly, P. J. and Lee, C.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {1579--1598} +} + +@article{lohmann2006a, + title = {Sensitivity Studies of the Importance of Dust Ice Nuclei for the Indirect Aerosol Effect on Stratiform Mixed-Phase Clouds}, + volume = {63}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:36:06Z}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, + author = {Lohmann, Ulrike and Diehl, K.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {968--982} +} + +@article{sun1995, + title = {Humidity\textendash{}{{Temperature Relationships}} in the {{Tropical Troposphere}}}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Sun, D. Z. and Oort, A. H.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {1974--1987} +} + +@article{schumann1996b, + title = {Comments on ``{{A Reexamination}} of the {{Formation}} of {{Exhaust Condensation Trails}} by {{Jet Aircraft}}''}, + volume = {35}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Schumann, U.}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {2283--2284} +} + +@article{dobson1929, + title = {Measurements of the {{Amount}} of {{Ozone}} in the {{Earth}}'s {{Atmosphere}} and Its Relation to Other {{Geophysical Conditions Part III}}}, + volume = {122}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A}, + author = {Dobson, G. M. B. and Harrison, D. N. and Lawrence, J.}, + year = {1929}, + pages = {456--486} +} + +@article{hudson2005, + title = {A {{Look}} at the {{Surface}}-{{Base Temperature Inversion}} on the {{Antarctic Plateau}}}, + volume = {18}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Hudson, S. R. and Brandt, R. E.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1673--1696} +} + +@book{fletcher1962, + title = {Physics of {{Rain Clouds}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + author = {Fletcher, N. H.}, + year = {1962} +} + +@inproceedings{ellsaesser1975, + title = {Water Vapor Budget of the Stratosphere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + booktitle = {Third {{Conference}} on {{CIAP}}, {{February}} 1974}, + publisher = {{U.S. Department of Transportation}}, + author = {Ellsaesser, H. W.}, + year = {1975}, + pages = {273--283} +} + +@article{fan2012, + title = {Inferring Ice Formation Processes from Global-Scale Black Carbon Profiles Observed in the Remote Atmosphere and Model Simulations}, + volume = {117}, + doi = {10.1029/2012JD018126}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + number = {D233205}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fan, S.-M. and {others}}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{hurrell2010, + title = {A {{New Sea Surface Temperature}} and {{Sea Ice Boundary Dataset}} for the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Hurrell, J. W. and Hack, J. J. and Shea, D. and Caron, J. M. and Rosinski, J.}, + year = {2010}, + pages = {5145--5153} +} + +@article{field2007b, + title = {Shattering and Particle Inter-Arrival Times Measured by Optical Array Probes in Ice Clouds}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.}, + author = {Field, P. R. and Heymsfield, A. J. and Bansemer, A.}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1357--1371} +} + +@article{morrison2006, + title = {Intercomparison of Bulk Cloud Microphysics Schemes in Mesoscale Simulations of Springtime {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phsae Stratiform Clouds}, + volume = {134}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.}, + author = {Morrison, H. and Pinto, J. O.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {1880--1900} +} + +@article{perlwitz2001, + title = {Troposphere-Stratosphere Dynamic Coupling under Strong and Weak Polar Vortex Conditions}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Perlwitz, J. and Graf, H.-F.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {271--274} +} + +@article{cooper2005, + title = {Direct Transport of Midlatitude Stratospheric Ozone into the Lower Troposphere and Marine Boundary Layer of the Tropical {{Pacific Ocean}}}, + volume = {110}, + doi = {10.1029/2005JD005783}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {D23310}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Cooper, O. R. and {others}}, + year = {2005} +} + +@article{hoor2004, + title = {Seasonality and Extent of Extratropical {{TST}} Derived from in-Situ {{CO}} Measurements during {{SPURT}}}, + volume = {4}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-4-1427-2004}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hoor, P. and Gurk, C. and Brunner, D. and Hegglin, M. I. and Wernli, H. and Fischer, H.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1427--1442} +} + +@article{helten1998, + title = {Calibration and Performance of Automatic Compact Instrumentation for the Measurement of Relative Humidity from Passenger Aircraft}, + volume = {103}, + doi = {10.1029/98JD00536}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Helten, M. and Smit, H. G. J. and Str{\"a}ter, W. and Kley, D. and Nedelec, P. and Z{\"o}ger, M. and Busen, R.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {25643--25652} +} + +@article{bony2004, + title = {On Dynamic and Thermodynamic Components of Cloud Changes}, + volume = {22}, + doi = {10.1007/s00382-003-0369-6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Bony, S. and Dufresne, J. L. and Treut, H. Le and Morcrette, J. J. and Senior, C.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {71--86} +} + +@article{reichler2003, + title = {Determination of the {{Tropopause Height}} from Gridded Data}, + volume = {30}, + doi = {10.1029/2003GL018240}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {2042}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Reichler, T. and Dameris, M. and Sausen, R.}, + year = {2003} +} + +@techreport{gaffen1996, + address = {Silver Spring, MD}, + title = {A Digitized Metadata Set of Global Upper-Air Station Histories}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-211}, + institution = {NOAA Air Resources Lab}, + author = {Gaffen, D. J.}, + year = {1996} +} + +@article{zuidema2008a, + title = {Shortwave {{Radiative Impacts}} from {{Aerosol}} Effects on {{Marine Shallow Cumuli}}}, + volume = {65}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:45Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Zuidema, P. and Xue, H. and Feingold, G.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {1979--1990} +} + +@article{kushner1999, + title = {Potential {{Vorticity Thickness Fluxes}} and {{Wave}}-{{Mean Flow Interaction}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {7}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Kushner, P. and Held, I.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {948--958} +} + +@article{forster1999, + title = {Stratospheric Water Vapour Changes as a Possible Contributor to Observed Stratospheric Cooling}, + volume = {26}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:16Z}, + number = {21}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Forster, P. M. de F. and Shine, K. P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {3309--3312} +} + +@article{maloney1998, + title = {Frictional {{Moisture Convergence}} in a {{Composite Life Cycle}} of the {{Madden}}-{{Julian Oscillation}}}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Maloney, E. D. and Hartmann, D. L.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2387--2403} +} + +@article{soden2004, + title = {An Analysis of Satellite, Radiosonde, and Lidar Observations of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from the {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement}} Program}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003828}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Turner, D. D. and Lesht, B. M. and Miloshevich, L. M.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{hegglin2007, + title = {O{\textsubscript{3}}-{{N}}{\textsubscript{2}}{{O}} Correlations from the {{Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment}}: {{Revisiting}} a Diagnostic of Transport and Chemistry in the Stratosphere}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2006JD008281}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + number = {D19301}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Hegglin, M. I. and Shepherd, T. G.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{rosenlof2003, + title = {How {{Water Enters}} the {{Stratosphere}}}, + volume = {302}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:35Z}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Rosenlof, K. H.}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {1691--1692} +} + +@article{teitelbaum2000, + title = {An Alternative Mechanism Explaining the Hygropause Formation in Tropical Regions}, + volume = {27}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Teitelbaum, H. and Moustaoui, M. and Basdevant, C. and Holton, J. R.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {221--224} +} + +@book{wyant, + title = {Modeling Study of the Stratocumulus to Trade Cumulus Transition ({{PhD}} Defense)}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Wyant, M}, + year = {10 Jan 97}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{redaelli1994, + title = {{{UARS MLS O}}3 Soundings Compared with Lidar Measurements Using the Conservative Cordinates Reconstruction Technique}, + volume = {21}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {14}, + journal = {Geophyscial Research Letters}, + author = {Redaelli, G.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {Ozone soundings}, + pages = {1535--1538} +} + +@article{yoshimori2011, + title = {Dependency of {{Feedbacks}} on {{Forcing}} and {{Climate State}} in {{Physics Parameter Ensembles}}}, + volume = {24}, + doi = {10.1175/2011JCLI3954.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Yoshimori, M. and Hargreaves, J. C. and Annan, J. D. and Yokohata, T. and Ouchi, A. A.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {6440--6455} +} + +@article{guo2015, + title = {Parametric Behaviors of {{CLUBB}} in Simulations of Low Clouds in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}} ({{CAM}})}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000405}, + abstract = {In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of simulated low clouds to 14 selected tunable parameters of Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB), a higher-order closure (HOC) scheme, and four parameters of the Zhang-McFarlane (ZM) deep convection scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). A Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling approach is adopted to effectively explore the high-dimensional parameter space and a generalized linear model is applied to study the responses of simulated cloud fields to tunable parameters. Our results show that the variance in simulated low-cloud properties (cloud fraction and liquid water path) can be explained by the selected tunable parameters in two different ways: macrophysics itself and its interaction with microphysics. First, the parameters related to dynamic and thermodynamic turbulent structure and double Gaussian closure are found to be the most influential parameters for simulating low clouds. The spatial distributions of the parameter contributions show clear cloud-regime dependence. Second, because of the coupling between cloud macrophysics and cloud microphysics, the coefficient of the dissipation term in the total water variance equation is influential. This parameter affects the variance of in-cloud cloud water, which further influences microphysical process rates, such as autoconversion, and eventually low-cloud fraction. This study improves understanding of HOC behavior associated with parameter uncertainties and provides valuable insights for the interaction of macrophysics and microphysics.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-07-06T15:34:39Z}, + urldate = {2015-07-06}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Guo, Zhun and Wang, Minghuai and Qian, Yun and Larson, Vincent E. and Ghan, Steven and Ovchinnikov, Mikhail and A. Bogenschutz, Peter and Gettelman, Andrew and Zhou, Tianjun}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0321 Cloud/radiation interaction,3310 Clouds and cloud feedbacks,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3336 Numerical approximations and analyses,CLUBB,higher-order closure,shallow convection,stratocumulus}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{akiyoshi2004, + title = {Ozone Perturbations in the {{Arctic}} Summer Lower Stratosphere as a Reflection of {{NOx}} Chemistry and Planetary Scale Wave Activity}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD003632}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + number = {D03304}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Akiyoshi, H. and Sugita, T. and Kanzawa, H. and Kawamoto, N.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{mcinerney2011, + title = {The {{Paleocene}}-{{Eocene Thermal Maximum}}: {{A Perturbation}} of {{Carbon Cycle}}, {{Climate}}, and {{Biosphere}} with {{Implications}} for the {{Future}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {0084-6597, 1545-4495}, + shorttitle = {The {{Paleocene}}-{{Eocene Thermal Maximum}}}, + doi = {10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:27:56Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences}, + author = {McInerney, Francesca A. and Wing, Scott L.}, + month = may, + year = {2011}, + pages = {489--516} +} + +@article{manktelow2007, + title = {Regional and Global Trends in Sulfate Aerosol since the 1980s}, + volume = {34}, + doi = {10.1029/2006GL028668}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {L14803}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Manktelow, P. T. and Mann, G. W. and Carslaw, K. S. and Spracklen, D. V. and Chipperfield, M. P.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{massie2004, + title = {Total {{Ozone Mapping Spectrometer}} ({{TOMS}}) Observations of Increases in {{Asian}} Aerosol in Winter from 1979 to 2000}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2004JD004620}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D18211}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Massie, S. T. and Torres, O. and Smith, S. J.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{ridal2001a, + title = {A One-Dimensional Simulation of the Water Vapor Isotope {{HDO}} in the Tropical Stratosphere}, + volume = {106}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Ridal, M. and Jonsson, A. and Werner, M. and Murtaugh, D. P.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {32,283--32,294} +} + +@article{locatelli1974, + title = {Fall Speeds and Masses of Solid Precipitation Particles}, + volume = {79}, + issn = {0148-0227}, + doi = {10.1029/JC079i015p02185}, + abstract = {Measurements have been made of the fall speeds and masses of a large number of different types of solid precipitation particles. Particular attention is paid to the effects of riming and aggregation on the fall speeds and masses. Empirical expressions are given for the relationships between fall speeds and maximum dimensions and between masses and maximum dimensions for the particles studied. The results are compared with other experimental observations when they exist.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-18T19:22:44Z}, + urldate = {2015-12-18}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, + author = {Locatelli, John D. and Hobbs, Peter V.}, + month = may, + year = {1974}, + keywords = {and precipitation),Clouds,Hydrology: Glaciology,Hydrology: Precipitation,Hydrology: Snow and ice,Meteorology: H2O in the atmosphere (humidity}, + pages = {2185--2197} +} + +@article{stone2000, + title = {Spatial Distributions of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Measurements from the {{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}}}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Stone, E. M. and Pan, L. and Sandor, B. J. and Read, W. G. and Waters, J. W.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {12,149--12,161} +} + +@article{pumphrey1999, + title = {Validation of a New Prototype Water Vapor Retrieval for the {{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}}}, + volume = {104}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pumphrey, H. C.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {9399--9412} +} + +@article{parson1997, + title = {Integrated {{Assessment Models}} of {{Global Climate Change}}}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + journal = {Annual Review of Energy and the Environment}, + author = {Parson, E. A. and Fisher-Vanden, K.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {589--628} +} + +@article{gryspeerdt2014a, + title = {Links between Satellite-Retrieved Aerosol and Precipitation}, + volume = {14}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-9677-2014}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:19Z}, + number = {18}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Gryspeerdt, E. and Stier, P. and Partridge, D. G.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {9677--9694} +} + +@article{beck1992, + title = {The Effect of Aircraft Emission on Tropospheric Ozone in the Northern Hemisphere}, + volume = {26A}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Beck, J. P. and Reeves, C. E. and de Leeuw, F. A. A. M. and Penkett, S. A.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {17--29} +} + +@article{yulaeva1994a, + title = {The Signature of {{ENSO}} in Global Temperature and Precipitation Fields Derived from the {{Microwave Sounding Unit}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Yulaeva, E. and Wallace, J. M.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {1719--1736} +} + +@article{takahashi2002, + series = {The Southern Ocean I: Climatic Changes in the Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean}, + title = {Global Sea\textendash{}air {{CO2}} Flux Based on Climatological Surface Ocean {{pCO2}}, and Seasonal Biological and Temperature Effects}, + volume = {49}, + issn = {0967-0645}, + doi = {10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6}, + abstract = {Based on about 940,000 measurements of surface-water pCO2 obtained since the International Geophysical Year of 1956\textendash{}59, the climatological, monthly distribution of pCO2 in the global surface waters representing mean non-El Ni{\~n}o conditions has been obtained with a spatial resolution of 4$^\circ$\texttimes{}5$^\circ$ for a reference year 1995. The monthly and annual net sea\textendash{}air CO2 flux has been computed using the NCEP/NCAR 41-year mean monthly wind speeds. An annual net uptake flux of CO2 by the global oceans has been estimated to be 2.2 (+22\% or -19\%) Pg C yr-1 using the (wind speed)2 dependence of the CO2 gas transfer velocity of Wanninkhof (J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 7373). The errors associated with the wind-speed variation have been estimated using one standard deviation (about$\pm$2 m s-1) from the mean monthly wind speed observed over each 4$^\circ$\texttimes{}5$^\circ$ pixel area of the global oceans. The new global uptake flux obtained with the Wanninkhof (wind speed)2 dependence is compared with those obtained previously using a smaller number of measurements, about 250,000 and 550,000, respectively, and are found to be consistent within$\pm$0.2 Pg C yr-1. This estimate for the global ocean uptake flux is consistent with the values of 2.0$\pm$0.6 Pg C yr-1 estimated on the basis of the observed changes in the atmospheric CO2 and oxygen concentrations during the 1990s (Nature 381 (1996) 218; Science 287 (2000) 2467). However, if the (wind speed)3 dependence of Wanninkhof and McGillis (Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 1889) is used instead, the annual ocean uptake as well as the sensitivity to wind-speed variability is increased by about 70\%. + +A zone between 40$^\circ$ and 60$^\circ$ latitudes in both the northern and southern hemispheres is found to be a major sink for atmospheric CO2. In these areas, poleward-flowing warm waters meet and mix with the cold subpolar waters rich in nutrients. The pCO2 in the surface water is decreased by the cooling effect on warm waters and by the biological drawdown of pCO2 in subpolar waters. High wind speeds over these low pCO2 waters increase the CO2 uptake rate by the ocean waters. + +The pCO2 in surface waters of the global oceans varies seasonally over a wide range of about 60\% above and below the current atmospheric pCO2 level of about 360 $\mu$atm. A global map showing the seasonal amplitude of surface-water pCO2 is presented. The effect of biological utilization of CO2 is differentiated from that of seasonal temperature changes using seasonal temperature data. The seasonal amplitude of surface-water pCO2 in high-latitude waters located poleward of about 40$^\circ$ latitude and in the equatorial zone is dominated by the biology effect, whereas that in the temperate gyre regions is dominated by the temperature effect. These effects are about 6 months out of phase. Accordingly, along the boundaries between these two regimes, they tend to cancel each other, forming a zone of small pCO2 amplitude. In the oligotrophic waters of the northern and southern temperate gyres, the biology effect is about 35 $\mu$atm on average. This is consistent with the biological export flux estimated by Laws et al. (Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 14 (2000) 1231). Small areas such as the northwestern Arabian Sea and the eastern equatorial Pacific, where seasonal upwelling occurs, exhibit intense seasonal changes in pCO2 due to the biological drawdown of CO2.}, + timestamp = {2015-04-25T21:17:45Z}, + number = {9\textendash{}10}, + urldate = {2015-04-25}, + journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography}, + author = {Takahashi, Taro and Sutherland, Stewart C. and Sweeney, Colm and Poisson, Alain and Metzl, Nicolas and Tilbrook, Bronte and Bates, Nicolas and Wanninkhof, Rik and Feely, Richard A. and Sabine, Christopher and Olafsson, Jon and Nojiri, Yukihiro}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1601--1622} +} + +@article{wallace1992, + title = {Singular Value Decomposition of Wintertime Sea Surface Temperature and 500-Mb Height Anomalies}, + volume = {5}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Wallace, J. M. and Smith, C. and Bretherton, C. S.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {561--576} +} + +@article{karol1994, + title = {Small- and Medium-Scale Effects of High-Flying Aircraft Exhausts on the Atmospehric Composition}, + volume = {12}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, + author = {Karol, I. L.}, + year = {1994}, + pages = {979--985} +} + +@article{dessler2007, + title = {Effects of Convective Ice Lofting on {{H2O}} and {{HDO}} in the Tropical Tropopause Layer}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008609}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:14Z}, + number = {D18309}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Dessler, A. E. and Hanisco, T. F. and Fueglistaler, S.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{minnis1990a, + title = {The 27\textendash{}28 {{October}} 1986 {{FIRE IFO Cirrus Case Study}}: {{Cloud Parameter Fields Derived}} from {{Satellite Data}}}, + volume = {118}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:29Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Minnis, P. and Heck, P. W. and Harrison, E. F.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {2426--2446} +} + +@article{irvine2015, + title = {Ice Supersaturation and the Potential for Contrail Formation in a Changing Climate}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {2190-4987}, + doi = {10.5194/esd-6-555-2015}, + abstract = {Ice supersaturation (ISS) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is important for the formation of cirrus clouds and long-lived contrails. Cold ISS (CISS) regions (taken here to be ice-supersaturated regions with temperature below 233 K) are most relevant for contrail formation. We analyse projected changes to the 250 hPa distribution and frequency of CISS regions over the 21st century using data from the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 simulations for a selection of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. The models show a global-mean, annual-mean decrease in CISS frequency by about one-third, from 11 to 7\% by the end of the 21st century, relative to the present-day period 1979\textendash{}2005. Changes are analysed in further detail for three subregions where air traffic is already high and increasing (Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes) or expected to increase (tropics and Northern Hemisphere polar regions). The largest change is seen in the tropics, where a reduction of around 9 percentage points in CISS frequency by the end of the century is driven by the strong warming of the upper troposphere. In the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes the multi-model-mean change is an increase in CISS frequency of 1 percentage point; however the sign of the change is dependent not only on the model but also on latitude and season. In the Northern Hemisphere polar regions there is an increase in CISS frequency of 5 percentage points in the annual mean. These results suggest that, over the 21st century, climate change may have large impacts on the potential for contrail formation; actual changes to contrail cover will also depend on changes to the volume of air traffic, aircraft technology and flight routing.}, + timestamp = {2016-02-08T23:13:17Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2016-02-08}, + journal = {Earth Syst. Dynam.}, + author = {Irvine, E. A. and Shine, K. P.}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + pages = {555--568} +} + +@techreport{sausen1997a, + address = {Oberpfaffenhofen}, + title = {A Diagnostic Study of the Global Coverage by Contrails {{Part I}}: {{Present}} Day Climate}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {89}, + institution = {DLR Institut f{\"u}r Physik der Atmosph{\"a}re}, + author = {Sausen, R. and Gierens, K. and Schumann, U.}, + year = {1997} +} + +@book{baughcum1994, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Stratospheric {{Emissions Effects Database Development}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:09Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Contractor Report 4592}}, + author = {Baughcum, S. L. and Henderson, S. C. and Hertel, P. S. Maggiora, D. R. and Oncina, C. A.}, + month = jul, + year = {1994} +} + +@article{langford1998, + title = {Dissipation and Mixing of a Small-Scale Stratospheric Intrusion in the Upper Troposphere}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + number = {D23}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Langford, A. O. and Reid, S. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {31,265--31,276} +} + +@article{nam2014, + title = {Evaluation of Boundary Layer Cloud Parameterizations in the {{ECHAM5}} General Circulation Model Using {{CALIPSO}} and {{CloudSat}} Satellite Data: {{Research Article}}}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {19422466}, + shorttitle = {Evaluation of Boundary Layer Cloud Parameterizations in the {{ECHAM5}} General Circulation Model Using {{CALIPSO}} and {{CloudSat}} Satellite Data}, + doi = {10.1002/2013MS000277}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:37:15Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Nam, Christine C. W. and Quaas, Johannes and Neggers, Roel and Siegenthaler-Le Drian, Colombe and Isotta, Francesco}, + month = jun, + year = {2014}, + pages = {300--314} +} + +@article{suzuki2008a, + title = {Global Identification of Warm Cloud Microphysical Processes with Combined Use of {{A}}-{{Train}} Observations}, + volume = {35}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL033590}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {L08805}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Suzuki, K. and Stephens, G. L.}, + year = {2008} +} + +@article{yumimoto2009, + title = {An Elevated Large-Scale Dust Veil from the {{Taklimakan Desert}}: {{Intercontinental}} Transport and Three-Dimensional Structure as Captured by {{CALIPSO}} and Regional and Global Models}, + volume = {9}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Yumimoto, K. and Eguchi, K. and Uno, I. and Takemura, T. and Liu, Z. and Shimizu, A. and Sugimoto, N.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {8545--8558} +} + +@article{hees2000, + title = {Retrieving Cloud Top Structure from Infrared Satellite Data}, + volume = {105}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {van Hees, R. M. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {2000}, + pages = {15,663--15,671} +} + +@article{waters1999, + title = {The {{UARS}} and {{EOS Microwave Limb Sounder}} ({{MLS}}) {{Experiments}}}, + volume = {56}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Waters, J. W. and {others}}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {194--218} +} + +@article{mote1997, + title = {Vertical Velocity, Vertical Diffusion and Dilution by Midlatitude Air in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:30Z}, + number = {D8}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res.}, + author = {Mote, P. W. and Dunkerton, T. J. and McIntyre, M. E. and Ray, E. A. and Haynes, P. H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {8651--8666} +} + +@article{sorooshian2013, + title = {A Satellite Perspective on Cloud Water to Rain Water Conversion Rates and Relationships with Environmental Conditions}, + volume = {118}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50523}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Sorooshian, Armin and Wang, Zhen and Feingold, Graham and L'Ecuyer, Tristan S}, + year = {2013} +} + +@techreport{brewer1960, + address = {Cambridge, MA}, + type = {Planetary Circulations Project}, + title = {The Transfer of Atmospheric Ozone into the Tropopshere}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + institution = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept of Meteorology}, + author = {Brewer, A. W.}, + month = may, + year = {1960} +} + +@article{hanlon2013, + title = {Detection and Prediction of Mean and Extreme {{European}} Summer Temperatures with a Multimodel Ensemble: {{DETECTION AND PREDICTION OF HOT EXTREMES}}}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {2169897X}, + shorttitle = {Detection and Prediction of Mean and Extreme {{European}} Summer Temperatures with a Multimodel Ensemble}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50703}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:34:00Z}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, + author = {Hanlon, H. M. and Morak, S. and Hegerl, G. C.}, + month = sep, + year = {2013}, + pages = {9631--9641} +} + +@article{kang2008, + title = {The Response of the {{ITCZ}} to Extratropical Thermal Forcing: {{Idealized Slab}}-{{Ocean Experiments}} with a {{GCM}}}, + volume = {21}, + doi = {10.1175/2007JCLI2146.1}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kang, S. M. and Held, I. M. and Frierson, D. M. W. and Zhao, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {3521--3532} +} + +@article{ackerman2004, + title = {The Impact of Humidity above Stratiform Clouds on Indirect Aerosol Climate Forcing}, + volume = {432}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:08Z}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Ackerman, A. S. and Kirkpatrick, M. P. and Stevens, D. E. and Toon, O. B.}, + year = {2004}, + pages = {1014--1017} +} + +@article{trenberth2002b, + title = {The Need for a Systems Approach to Climate Observations}, + volume = {83}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {11}, + journal = {bams}, + author = {Trenberth, K. E. and Karl, T. R. and Spence, T. W.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1593--1602} +} + +@article{thorsen2015, + title = {{{CALIPSO}}-Inferred Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects: {{Bias}} Estimates Using Ground-Based {{Raman}} Lidars}, + issn = {2169-8996}, + shorttitle = {{{CALIPSO}}-Inferred Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects}, + doi = {10.1002/2015JD024095}, + abstract = {Observational constraints on the change in the radiative energy budget caused by the presence of aerosols, i.e., the aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE), have recently been made using observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite (CALIPSO). CALIPSO observations have the potential to provide improved global estimates of aerosol DRE compared to passive sensor-derived estimates due to CALIPSO's ability to perform vertically resolved aerosol retrievals over all surface types and over cloud. In this study, uncertainties in CALIPSO-inferred aerosol DRE are estimated using multiple years of observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Raman lidars at midlatitude and tropical sites. We find that CALIPSO is unable to detect all radiatively significant aerosol, resulting in an underestimate in the magnitude of the aerosol DRE by 30\textendash{}50\% at the two ARM sites. The undetected aerosol is likely the consequence of random noise in CALIPSO measurements and therefore will affect global observations as well. This suggests that the global aerosol DRE inferred from CALIPSO observations are likely too weak. Also examined is the impact of the ratio of extinction-to-backscatter (i.e., the lidar ratio) whose value CALIPSO retrievals must assume to obtain the aerosol extinction profile. It is shown that if CALIPSO can reproduce the climatological value of the lidar ratio at a given location, then the aerosol DRE there can be accurately calculated (within about 3\%).}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-12-21T17:28:11Z}, + urldate = {2015-12-21}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.}, + author = {Thorsen, Tyler J. and Fu, Qiang}, + month = jan, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,3309 Climatology,3359 Radiative processes,3360 Remote sensing,aerosol,CALIPSO,lidar,radiative effect,Raman}, + pages = {2015JD024095} +} + +@article{heymsfield2007a, + title = {Refinements to the Ice Particle Mass Dimensional and Terminal Velocity Relationships for Ice Clouds: {{Part I}}: {{Temperature}} Dependence}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {in press J. Atmos. Sci.}, + author = {Heymsfield, A. J. and Banssemer, A.}, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{bolin1973, + title = {A Note on the Concepts of Age Distribution and Transit Time in Natural Reservoirs}, + volume = {XXV}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Bolin, Bert and Rhode, H.}, + year = {1973}, + keywords = {geohcemical cycles,residence time,transit time,turnover time}, + pages = {58--62} +} + +@book{stolarski1995a, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + title = {Scientific {{Assessment}} of the {{Atmospheric Effects}} of {{Stratospheric Aircraft}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + publisher = {{NASA Reference Publication 1381}}, + author = {Stolarski, R. S. and Baughcum, S. L. and Brune, W. H. and Douglass, A. R. and Fahey, D. W. and Friedl, R. R. and Liu, S. C. and Plumb, R. A. and Poole, L. R. and Wesoky, H. L. and Worsnop, and D. R.}, + month = nov, + year = {1995} +} + +@article{watanabe2012, + title = {Using a {{Multiphysics Ensemble}} for {{Exploring Diversity}} in {{Cloud Shortwave Feedback}} in {{GCMs}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + journal = {in press, J. Clim.}, + author = {Watanabe, M. and Shiogama, H. and Yokohata, T. and Kamae, Y. and Yoshimori, M. and Ogura, T. and Annan, J. D. and Hargreaves, J. C. and Emori, S. and Kimoto, M.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{wentz1997, + title = {A Well-Calibrated Ocean Algorithm for {{SSM}}/{{I}}}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {C4}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wentz, F. J.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {8703--8718} +} + +@article{koren2014, + title = {From Aerosol-Limited to Invigoration of Warm Convective Clouds}, + volume = {344}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1252595}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {6188}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Koren, I. and Dagan, G. and Altaratz, O.}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1143--1146} +} + +@article{khain2015, + title = {Representation of Microphysical Processes in Cloud-Resolving Models: {{Spectral}} (Bin) Microphysics versus Bulk Parameterization}, + issn = {1944-9208}, + shorttitle = {Representation of Microphysical Processes in Cloud-Resolving Models}, + doi = {10.1002/2014RG000468}, + abstract = {Most atmospheric motions of different spatial scales and precipitation are closely related to phase transitions in clouds. The continuously increasing resolution of large-scale and mesoscale atmospheric models makes it feasible to treat the evolution of individual clouds. The explicit treatment of clouds requires the simulation of cloud microphysics. Two main approaches describing cloud microphysical properties and processes have been developed in the past four and a half decades: bulk microphysics parameterization and spectral (bin) microphysics (SBM). The development and utilization of both represent an important step forward in cloud modeling. This study presents a detailed survey of the physical basis and the applications of both bulk microphysics parameterization and SBM. The results obtained from simulations of a wide range of atmospheric phenomena, from tropical cyclones through Arctic clouds using these two approaches are compared. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as lines of future development for these methods are discussed.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-24T20:25:28Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-24}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Khain, A. P. and Beheng, K. D. and Heymsfield, A. and Korolev, A. and Krichak, S. O. and Levin, Z. and Pinsky, M. and Phillips, V. and Prabhakaran, T. and Teller, A. and {van den Heever}, S. C. and Yano, J.-I.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {0320 Cloud physics and chemistry,3311 Clouds and aerosols,3314 Convective processes,3333 Model calibration,3365 Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization,bulk parameterization,Cloud microphysics,cloud-resolving models,numerical modeling,spectral bin microphysics}, + pages = {2014RG000468} +} + +@book{wood1995, + title = {Soil {{Moisture}}: {{Theory}}, {{Field Experiments}}, {{Modeling}} and {{Analysis}}}, + abstract = {Discussion of remote sension of soil moisuter with recent results}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Wood, Eric F.}, + month = mar, + year = {1995}, + note = {Speaker from Princeton +Published: Seminar- UW (Civil Engineering)} +} + +@article{reed2015, + title = {Impact of the Dynamical Core on the Direct Simulation of Tropical Cyclones in a High-Resolution Global Model}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1002/2015GL063974}, + abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the dynamical core on the simulation of tropical cyclone (TC) frequency, distribution, and intensity. The dynamical core, the central fluid flow component of any general circulation model (GCM), is often overlooked in the analysis of a model's ability to simulate TCs compared to the impact of more commonly documented components (e.g., physical parameterizations). The Community Atmosphere Model version 5 is configured with multiple dynamics packages. This analysis demonstrates that the dynamical core has a significant impact on storm intensity and frequency, even in the presence of similar large-scale environments. In particular, the spectral element core produces stronger TCs and more hurricanes than the finite-volume core using very similar parameterization packages despite the latter having a slightly more favorable TC environment. The results suggest that more detailed investigations into the impact of the GCM dynamical core on TC climatology are needed to fully understand these uncertainties.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-05-18T15:14:21Z}, + urldate = {2015-05-18}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Reed, K. A. and Bacmeister, J. T. and Rosenbloom, N. A. and Wehner, M. F. and Bates, S. C. and Lauritzen, P. H. and Truesdale, J. E. and Hannay, C.}, + month = apr, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {3337 Global climate models,3373 Tropical dynamics,dynamical core,global model,tropical cyclone}, + pages = {2015GL063974} +} + +@book{oberhuber, + title = {{{ECHAM4}}/{{OPYC3 Climate Experiments}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + author = {{Oberhuber}}, + year = {18 feb 97}, + note = {Speaker from German Climate Center Hamburg +Published: Seminar- UW-APL} +} + +@article{twomey1959b, + title = {The Nuclei of Natural Cloud Formation Part {{II}}: {{The}} Supersaturation in Natural Clouds and the Variation of Cloud Droplet Concentration}, + volume = {43}, + shorttitle = {The Nuclei of Natural Cloud Formation Part {{II}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:35:11Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geofisica pura e applicata}, + author = {Twomey, S.}, + year = {1959}, + pages = {243--249} +} + +@article{huang2016a, + title = {An Evaluation of the Variable-Resolution {{CESM}} for Modeling {{California}}'s Climate}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000559}, + abstract = {In this paper, the recently developed variable-resolution option within the Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM) is assessed for long-term regional climate modeling of California at 0.25$^\circ$ ($\sim$28 km) and 0.125$^\circ$ ($\sim$14 km) horizontal resolutions. The mean climatology of near-surface temperature and precipitation is analyzed and contrasted with reanalysis, gridded observational data sets, and a traditional regional climate model (RCM)\textemdash{}the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Statistical metrics for model evaluation and tests for differential significance have been extensively applied. With only prescribed sea surface temperatures, VR-CESM tended to produce a warmer summer (by about 1\textendash{}3$^\circ$C) and overestimated overall winter precipitation (about 25\%\textendash{}35\%) compared to reference data sets. Increasing resolution from 0.25$^\circ$ to 0.125$^\circ$ did not produce a statistically significant improvement in the model results. By comparison, the analogous WRF climatology (constrained laterally and at the sea surface by ERA-Interim reanalysis) was $\sim$1\textendash{}3$^\circ$C colder than the reference data sets, underestimated precipitation by $\sim$20\%\textendash{}30\% at 27 km resolution, and overestimated precipitation by $\sim$65\textendash{}85\% at 9 km. Overall, VR-CESM produced comparable statistical biases to WRF in key climatological quantities. This assessment highlights the value of variable-resolution global climate models (VRGCMs) in capturing fine-scale atmospheric processes, projecting future regional climate, and addressing the computational expense of uniform-resolution global climate models.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-08-19T16:28:17Z}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-08-19}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Huang, Xingying and Rhoades, Alan M. and Ullrich, Paul A. and Zarzycki, Colin M.}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0550 Model verification and validation,1637 Regional climate change,3355 Regional modeling,regional climate modeling}, + pages = {345--369}, + file = {Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/8R2E49AF/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{gettelman2012, + title = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Climate Feedbacks}} in the {{Community Atmosphere Model}}}, + volume = {25}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00197.1}, + timestamp = {2015-10-28T22:59:00Z}, + number = {5}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Kay, J. E. and Shell, K. M.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1453--1469} +} + +@article{hoskins1995, + title = {A {{Model}} of the {{Asian Summer Monsoon}}. {{Part I}}: {{The Global Scale}}}, + volume = {52}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {9}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Hoskins, B. J. and Rodwell, M. J.}, + year = {1995}, + note = {part 2 is rodwell95}, + pages = {1329--1340} +} + +@article{spichtinger2002, + title = {The Statistical Distribution Law of Relative Humidity in the Global Tropopause Region}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, + author = {Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. and Read, W.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {83--88} +} + +@article{iacono2003, + title = {Evaluation of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor in the {{NCAR Commuity Climate Model}} ({{CCM3}}) Using Modeled and Observed {{HIRS}} Radiances}, + volume = {108}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002539}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:22Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Iacono, M. J. and Delamere, J. S. and Mlawer, E. J. and Clough, S. A.}, + year = {2003}, + note = {4037} +} + +@book{council1997a, + series = {Compass Series}, + title = {An {{Interim Assessment}} of {{AEAP}}'s {{Emissions Characterization}} and {{Near}}-{{Field Interactions Elements}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + publisher = {{National Academy Press}}, + author = {Council, National Research}, + year = {1997} +} + +@article{schmidt2010, + title = {Observational Characteristics of the Tropopause Inversion Layer Derived from {{CHAMP}}/{{GRACE}} Radio Occultations and {{MOZAIC}} Aircraft Data}, + volume = {115}, + doi = {10.1029/2010JD014284}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {D24304}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Schmidt, T. and Cammas, J.-P. and Smit, H. G. J. and Heise, S. and Wickert, J. and Hasler, A.}, + year = {2010} +} + +@article{xu1989, + title = {Is the Tropical Atmosphere Conditionally Unstable?}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + journal = {mwr}, + author = {Xu, K. and Emanuel, K. A.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {1471--1479} +} + +@article{seo2002, + title = {Lagrangian Estimate of Global Stratosphere-Troposphere Mass Exchange}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002441}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Seo, K.-H. and Bowman, K.}, + year = {2002} +} + +@article{davies2005, + title = {A New Dynamical Core for the {{Met Office}}'s Global and Regional Modelling of the Atmosphere}, + volume = {131}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Davies, T. M. and Cullen, J. P. and Malcom, A. J. and Mawson, M. H. and Staniforth, A. and White, A. A. and Wood, N.}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {1759--1782} +} + +@article{gettelman2002, + title = {A {{Climatology}} of the {{Tropical Tropopause Layer}}}, + volume = {80}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {4B}, + journal = {J. Met. Soc. Japan}, + author = {Gettelman, A. and Forster, P. M. F.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {911--924} +} + +@article{kirk-davidoff1999a, + title = {An {{Energy Balance Model Based}} on {{Potential Vorticity Homogenization}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {submitted to Journal of Climate}, + author = {Kirk-Davidoff, D. B. and Lindzen, R. S.}, + year = {1999} +} + +@article{lane2001, + title = {Numerical Modeling of a Gravity Wave Generation by Deep Tropical Convection}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:25Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Lane, T. P. and Reeder, M. J. and Clark, T. L.}, + year = {2001} +} + +@unpublished{garcia1999a, + title = {The Influence of Dynamics on the Seasonal Variation of Watervapor in the Middle Atmosphere: Modeling and {{UARS}}/{{MLS}} Observations}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + author = {Garcia, R. R. and Pumphery, H. C.}, + year = {1999}, + note = {to be submitted?} +} + +@article{chen2016, + title = {Simulated 2050 Aviation Radiative Forcing from Contrails and Aerosols}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-16-7317-2016}, + timestamp = {2016-07-11T21:27:07Z}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2016-06-17}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.}, + author = {Chen, C.-C. and Gettelman, A.}, + month = jun, + year = {2016}, + pages = {7317--7333} +} + +@article{webb2012, + title = {Origins of Differences in Climate Sensitivity, Forcing and Feedback in Climate Models}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {Clim. Dyn.}, + author = {Webb, M. J. and Lambert, F. Hugo and Gregory, J. M.}, + year = {2012} +} + +@article{wilson1999, + title = {A Microphysically Based Precipitation Scheme for the {{UK Meteorological Office Unified Model}}}, + volume = {125}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Wilson, D. R. and Ballard, S. P.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {1607--1636} +} + +@article{randall2013, + title = {Beyond {{Deadlock}}}, + volume = {40}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL057998}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Randall, D. A.}, + year = {2013} +} + +@article{smith2014, + title = {Two Hundred Fifty Years of Aerosols and Climate: The End of the Age of Aerosols}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + shorttitle = {Two Hundred Fifty Years of Aerosols and Climate}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-14-537-2014}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:39:33Z}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Smith, S. J. and Bond, T. C.}, + month = jan, + year = {2014}, + pages = {537--549} +} + +@article{stevens2009, + title = {Untangling Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Precipitation in a Buffered System}, + volume = {461}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:39Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {607--613} +} + +@article{wigley1998, + title = {The {{Kyoto Protocol}}: {{CO}}2, {{CH}}4 and Climate Implications}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {13}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Wigley, T. M. L.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {2285--2288} +} + +@article{park2009a, + title = {Transport Pathways of Carbon Monoxide in the {{Asian}} Summer Monsoon Diagnosed from {{Model}} of {{Ozone}} and {{Related Tracers}} ({{MOZART}})}, + volume = {114}, + doi = {10.1029/2008JD010621}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {D08303}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Park, M. and Randel, W. J. and Emmons, L. K. and Livesey, N. J.}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{crutzen1991a, + title = {The Changing Photochemistry of the Troposphere}, + volume = {43AB}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Tellus}, + author = {Crutzen, P. J. and Zimmermann, P. H.}, + year = {1991}, + keywords = {O3 nitrogen,OH hydroxyl,ozone}, + pages = {136--151} +} + +@book{horinouchi1998, + title = {Rossby {{Waves}} in the {{Low Latitude Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + author = {Horinouchi, T.}, + month = nov, + year = {1998}, + note = {Published: UW Dyno Seminar +speaker from UW} +} + +@article{hassler2008, + title = {Technical {{Note}}: {{A}} New Global Database of Trace Gases and Aerosols from Multiple Sources of High Vertical Resolution Measurements}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {Hassler, B. and Bodeker, G. E. and Dameris, M.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {5403--5421} +} + +@article{popovic2001, + title = {Eddy {{Shedding}} from the {{Upper}}-{{Tropospheric Asian Monsoon Anti}}-{{Cyclone}}}, + volume = {58}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:32Z}, + number = {1}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Popovic, J. M. and Plumb, R. A.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {93--104} +} + +@article{tompkins2007, + title = {Ice Supersaturation in the {{ECMWF}} Forecast System}, + volume = {133}, + doi = {10.1002/qj.14}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Tompkins, A. M. and Gierens, K. and R{\"a}del, G.}, + month = jan, + year = {2007}, + pages = {53--63} +} + +@article{ebert1992a, + title = {A Parameterization of Cloud Optical Properties for Climate Models}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2016-05-20T23:29:14Z}, + journal = {J. Geophys. Res}, + author = {Ebert, E. E. and Curry, J. A.}, + year = {1992}, + pages = {3831--3836} +} + +@article{price1997, + title = {{{NOx}} from Lightning 2. {{Constraints}} from the Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Price, C. and Penner, J. and Prather, M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {5943--5951} +} + +@article{colman2013, + title = {Surface Albedo Feedbacks from Climate Variability and Change}, + volume = {118}, + doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50230}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Colman, R. A.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {1--8} +} + +@article{chandra1998, + title = {Effects of 1997\textendash{}1998 {{El Ni{\~n}o}} on Tropospheric Ozone and Water Vapor}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Chandra, S. and Ziemke, J. R. and Min, W. and Read, W. G.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {3867--3870} +} + +@article{meijer1997, + title = {The Effects of the Conversion of Nitrogen Oxides in Aircraft Exhaust Plumes in Global Models}, + volume = {24}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {23}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Meijer, E. W. and {van Velthoven}, P. F. J. and Wauben, W. M. F. and Beck, J. P. and Velders, G.J.M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {3013--3016} +} + +@book{yuter1996, + title = {Characteristics of {{Precipitating Tropical Convection}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:44Z}, + author = {Yuter, Sandy}, + month = mar, + year = {1996}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW}, + keywords = {convective stratiform TOGA COARE CAPE} +} + +@article{jockel2006, + title = {The Atmospheric Chemistry General Circulation Model {{ECHAM}}/{{MESSy1}}: Consistent Simulation of Ozone from the Surface to the Mesosphere}, + volume = {6}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + number = {5067-5104}, + journal = {acp}, + author = {J{\"o}ckel, P. and {others}}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{marenco1998, + title = {Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by {{Airbus}} in-Service Aircraft: {{The MOZAIC}} Airborne Program, {{An}} Overview}, + volume = {103}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:28Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Marenco, A. and {others}}, + year = {1998} +} + +@article{weisenstein1992, + title = {The {{Chlorine Budget}} of the {{Present Day Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {97}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {D2}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Weisenstein, D. K.}, + year = {1992}, + keywords = {CFC's Ozone Depletion}, + pages = {2547--2559} +} + +@article{wang2003, + title = {Moisture Plumes above Thunderstorm Anvils and Their Contribition to Cross-Tropopause Transport of Water Vapor in Midlatitudes}, + volume = {108}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:42Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Wang, P. K.}, + year = {2003}, + doi = {10.1029/2002JD002581} +} + +@article{browell1996, + title = {Ozone and Aerosol Distributions and Air Mass Characteristics over the {{South Atlantic Basin}} during the Burning Season}, + volume = {101}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:11Z}, + number = {D19}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Browell, E. V. and {others}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {24,043--24,068} +} + +@book{shaw1930, + title = {Manual of {{Meteorology}}, Vol {{III}}: {{The Physical Processes}} of {{Weather}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:37Z}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + author = {Shaw, N.}, + year = {1930} +} + +@article{hartmann2002a, + title = {An Important Constraint on Tropical Cloud - Climate Feedback}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2002GL015835}, + abstract = {Tropical convective anvil clouds detrain preferentially near 200 hPa. It is argued here that this occurs because clear-sky radiative cooling decreases rapidly near 200 hPa. This rapid decline of clear-sky longwave cooling occurs because radiative emission from water vapor becomes inefficient above 200 hPa. The emission from water vapor becomes less important than the emission from CO2 because the saturation vapor pressure is so very low at the temperatures above 200 hPa. This suggests that the temperature at the detrainment level, and consequently the emission temperature of tropical anvil clouds, will remain constant during climate change. This constraint has very important implications for the potential role of tropical convective clouds in climate feedback, since it means that the emission temperatures of tropical anvil clouds and upper tropospheric water vapor are essentially independent of the surface temperature, so long as the tropopause is colder than the temperature where emission from water vapor becomes relatively small.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-07T05:54:55Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2016-03-07}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Hartmann, Dennis L. and Larson, Kristin}, + month = oct, + year = {2002}, + keywords = {1620 Climate dynamics,3314 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Convective processes,3354 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Precipitation,3359 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes,3374 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Tropical meteorology}, + pages = {1951} +} + +@article{garcia1987, + title = {On the {{Mean Meridional Circulation}} of the {{Middle Atmosphere}}}, + volume = {44}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {24}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Garcia, Rolando R.}, + year = {1987}, + pages = {3599--3609} +} + +@article{wauben1997, + title = {A {{3D Chemistry Transport Model Study}} of {{Changes}} in {{Atmospheric Ozone}} due to {{Aircraft NO}}\$\_x\$ Emissions}, + volume = {31}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:43Z}, + number = {12}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + author = {Wauben, W. M. F and van Velthoven, P. F. J. and Kelder, H.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {O3}, + pages = {1819--1836} +} + +@article{armour2013, + title = {Time-{{Varying Climate Sensitivity}} from {{Regional Feedbacks}}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0894-8755}, + doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00544.1}, + abstract = {The sensitivity of global climate with respect to forcing is generally described in terms of the global climate feedback\textemdash{}the global radiative response per degree of global annual mean surface temperature change. While the global climate feedback is often assumed to be constant, its value\textemdash{}diagnosed from global climate models\textemdash{}shows substantial time variation under transient warming. Here a reformulation of the global climate feedback in terms of its contributions from regional climate feedbacks is proposed, providing a clear physical insight into this behavior. Using (i) a state-of-the-art global climate model and (ii) a low-order energy balance model, it is shown that the global climate feedback is fundamentally linked to the geographic pattern of regional climate feedbacks and the geographic pattern of surface warming at any given time. Time variation of the global climate feedback arises naturally when the pattern of surface warming evolves, actuating feedbacks of different strengths in different regions. This result has substantial implications for the ability to constrain future climate changes from observations of past and present climate states. The regional climate feedbacks formulation also reveals fundamental biases in a widely used method for diagnosing climate sensitivity, feedbacks, and radiative forcing\textemdash{}the regression of the global top-of-atmosphere radiation flux on global surface temperature. Further, it suggests a clear mechanism for the ``efficacies'' of both ocean heat uptake and radiative forcing.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-23T21:53:37Z}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2015-12-23}, + journal = {J. Climate}, + author = {Armour, Kyle C. and Bitz, Cecilia M. and Roe, Gerard H.}, + month = jul, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Climate Change,Climate models,Climate prediction,climate sensitivity,Feedback,Forcing}, + pages = {4518--4534} +} + +@article{fujiwara2012, + title = {Wave Activity in the Tropical Tropopause Layer in Seven Reanalysis and Four Chemistry Climate Model Data Sets}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:17Z}, + number = {D12}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Fujiwara, M. and Suzuki, J. and Gettelman, A. and Hegglin, MI and Akiyoshi, H. and Shibata, K.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {D12105} +} + +@article{holloway2007, + title = {The {{Convective Cold Top}} and {{Quasi Equilibrium}}}, + volume = {64}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Holloway, C. E. and Neelin, J. David}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {1467--1487} +} + +@article{cotton1986, + title = {Numerical Simulation of the Effects of Varying Ice Crystal Nucleation Rates and Aggregation Processes on Orographic Snowfall}, + volume = {25}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {J. Appl. Meteor.}, + author = {Cotton, W. R. and Tripoli, G. J. and Rauber, R. M. and Mulvihill, E. A.}, + year = {1986}, + pages = {1658--1680} +} + +@article{zhang2010, + title = {A Decadal Regional and Global Trend Analysis of the Aerosol Optical Depth Using a Data-Assimilation Grade over-Water {{MODIS}} and {{Level}} 2 {{MISR}} Aerosol Products}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {1680-7324}, + doi = {10.5194/acp-10-10949-2010}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:51:26Z}, + number = {22}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, + author = {Zhang, J. and Reid, J. S.}, + month = nov, + year = {2010}, + pages = {10949--10963} +} + +@article{ebel1996, + title = {Stratosphere-{{Troposphere Exchange}} and Its Impact on the Structre of the {{Lower}} Stratosphere}, + volume = {48}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:15Z}, + journal = {Journal of Geomagnitism and Geoelectricity}, + author = {Ebel, A. and Elbern, H. and Hendricks, J. and Meyer, R.}, + year = {1996}, + keywords = {wei(87) dignostic}, + pages = {135--144} +} + +@article{campbell2002, + title = {Full-{{Time}}, {{Eye}}-{{Safe Cloud}} and {{Aerosol Lidar Observation}} at {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Sites}}: {{Instruments}} and {{Data Processing}}}, + volume = {19}, + issn = {0739-0572}, + shorttitle = {Full-{{Time}}, {{Eye}}-{{Safe Cloud}} and {{Aerosol Lidar Observation}} at {{Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Sites}}}, + doi = {10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0431:FTESCA>2.0.CO;2}, + abstract = {Atmospheric radiative forcing, surface radiation budget, and top-of-the-atmosphere radiance interpretation involve knowledge of the vertical height structure of overlying cloud and aerosol layers. During the last decade, the U.S. Department of Energy, through the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, has constructed four long-term atmospheric observing sites in strategic climate regimes (north-central Oklahoma; Barrow, Alaska; and Nauru and Manus Islands in the tropical western Pacific). Micropulse lidar (MPL) systems provide continuous, autonomous observation of nearly all significant atmospheric clouds and aerosols at each of the central ARM facilities. These systems are compact, and transmitted pulses are eye safe. Eye safety is achieved by expanding relatively low-powered outgoing pulse energy through a shared, coaxial transmit/receive telescope. ARM MPL system specifications and specific unit optical designs are discussed. Data normalization and calibration techniques are presented. These techniques, in tandem, represent an operational value-added processing package used to produce normalized data products for ARM cloud and aerosol research.}, + timestamp = {2016-05-23T22:29:34Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-05-23}, + journal = {J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.}, + author = {Campbell, James R. and Hlavka, Dennis L. and Welton, Ellsworth J. and Flynn, Connor J. and Turner, David D. and Spinhirne, James D. and Scott, V. Stanley and Hwang, I. H.}, + month = apr, + year = {2002}, + pages = {431--442} +} + +@article{juckes1997, + title = {The Mass Flux across the Tropopause: {{Quasi}}-Geostrophic Theory}, + volume = {123}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:23Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Juckes, M. N.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {71--99} +} + +@article{lyons2001, + title = {Transfer of {{Mass}}-{{Independent}} Fractionation in {{Ozone}} to {{Other Oxygen}}-Containing Radicals in the Atmosphere}, + volume = {28}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:27Z}, + number = {17}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Lyons, J. R.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {3231--3234} +} + +@article{ajayamohan2013, + title = {Realistic Initiation and Dynamics of the {{Madden}}-{{Julian Oscillation}} in a Coarse Resolution Aquaplanet {{GCM}}: {{REALISTIC MJO INITIATION IN A GCM}}}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {Realistic Initiation and Dynamics of the {{Madden}}-{{Julian Oscillation}} in a Coarse Resolution Aquaplanet {{GCM}}}, + doi = {10.1002/2013GL058187}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-20T04:29:24Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Ajayamohan, R. S. and Khouider, Boualem and Majda, Andrew J.}, + month = dec, + year = {2013}, + pages = {6252--6257} +} + +@book{kettleborough, + title = {Diabatic {{Diffusion}} in the {{Lower Stratosphere}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + author = {Kettleborough, J}, + year = {6 Feb 97}, + note = {Speaker from UW +Published: Seminar- UW} +} + +@article{huang2016, + title = {An Evaluation of the Variable-Resolution {{CESM}} for Modeling {{California}}'s Climate}, + issn = {1942-2466}, + doi = {10.1002/2015MS000559}, + abstract = {In this paper, the recently developed variable-resolution option within the Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM) is assessed for long-term regional climate modeling of California at 0.25$^\circ$ ($\sim$28 km) and 0.125$^\circ$ ($\sim$14 km) horizontal resolutions. The mean climatology of near-surface temperature and precipitation is analyzed and contrasted with reanalysis, gridded observational data sets, and a traditional regional climate model (RCM)\textemdash{}the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Statistical metrics for model evaluation and tests for differential significance have been extensively applied. With only prescribed sea surface temperatures, VR-CESM tended to produce a warmer summer (by about 1\textendash{}3$^\circ$C) and overestimated overall winter precipitation (about 25\%\textendash{}35\%) compared to reference data sets. Increasing resolution from 0.25$^\circ$ to 0.125$^\circ$ did not produce a statistically significant improvement in the model results. By comparison, the analogous WRF climatology (constrained laterally and at the sea surface by ERA-Interim reanalysis) was $\sim$1\textendash{}3$^\circ$C colder than the reference data sets, underestimated precipitation by $\sim$20\%\textendash{}30\% at 27 km resolution, and overestimated precipitation by $\sim$65\textendash{}85\% at 9 km. Overall, VR-CESM produced comparable statistical biases to WRF in key climatological quantities. This assessment highlights the value of variable-resolution global climate models (VRGCMs) in capturing fine-scale atmospheric processes, projecting future regional climate, and addressing the computational expense of uniform-resolution global climate models.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-03-28T15:12:16Z}, + urldate = {2016-03-28}, + journal = {J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.}, + author = {Huang, Xingying and Rhoades, Alan M. and Ullrich, Paul A. and Zarzycki, Colin M.}, + month = mar, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {0550 Model verification and validation,1637 Regional climate change,3355 Regional modeling,regional climate modeling}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{hasselmann1997, + title = {Sensitivity Study for Optimal {{CO}}2 Emission Paths Using a Simplified Structural Integrated Assessment Model ({{SIAM}})}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:20Z}, + journal = {Climatic Change}, + author = {Hasselmann, K. and Hasselmann, S. and Giering, R. and Ocana, V. and v Storch, H.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {345--386} +} + +@article{kent1995, + title = {Surface {{Temperature Related Variations}} in {{Tropical Cirrus Cloud}} as {{Measured}} by {{SAGE II}}}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kent, G. S. and Williams, E. R. and Wang, P.-H. and McCormick, M. P. and Skeens, K. M.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {2577--2594} +} + +@article{klein2015, + title = {Emergent {{Constraints}} for {{Cloud Feedbacks}}}, + volume = {1}, + issn = {2198-6061}, + doi = {10.1007/s40641-015-0027-1}, + abstract = {Emergent constraints are physically explainable empirical relationships between characteristics of the current climate and long-term climate prediction that emerge in collections of climate model simulations. With the prospect of constraining long-term climate prediction, scientists have recently uncovered several emergent constraints related to long-term cloud feedbacks. We review these proposed emergent constraints, many of which involve the behavior of low-level clouds, and discuss criteria to assess their credibility. With further research, some of the cases we review may eventually become confirmed emergent constraints, provided they are accompanied by credible physical explanations. Because confirmed emergent constraints identify a source of model error that projects onto climate predictions, they deserve extra attention from those developing climate models and climate observations. While a systematic bias cannot be ruled out, it is noteworthy that the promising emergent constraints suggest larger cloud feedback and hence climate sensitivity.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-04-07T15:36:18Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2016-04-07}, + journal = {Curr Clim Change Rep}, + author = {Klein, Stephen A. and Hall, Alex}, + month = oct, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Atmospheric Sciences,Climate Change,Climate Change Management and Policy,Climate models,climate sensitivity,Climatology,cloud feedbacks,Emergent constraints,Oceanography}, + pages = {276--287} +} + +@article{boudala2002, + title = {Parameterization of Effective Ice Particle Size for High-Latitude Clouds}, + volume = {22}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:10Z}, + number = {10}, + journal = {International journal of climatology}, + author = {Boudala, F.S. and Isaac, G.A. and Fu, Q. and Cober, S.G.}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {1267--1284} +} + +@article{hoyle2015, + title = {Aqueous Phase Oxidation of Sulphur Dioxide by Ozone in Cloud Droplets}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1680-7375}, + doi = {10.5194/acpd-15-33843-2015}, + abstract = {The growth of aerosol due to the aqueous phase oxidation of SO2 by O3 was measured in laboratory generated clouds created in the CLOUD chamber at CERN. Experiments were performed at 10 and -10 $^\circ$C, on acidic (sulphuric acid) and on partially to fully neutralised (ammonium sulphate) seed aerosol. Clouds were generated by performing an adiabatic expansion \textendash{} pressurising the chamber to 220 hPa above atmospheric pressure, and then rapidly releasing the excess pressure, resulting in a cooling, condensation of water on the aerosol and a cloud lifetime of approximately 6 min. A model was developed to compare the observed aerosol growth with that predicted by oxidation rates previously measured in bulk solutions. The model captured the measured aerosol growth very well for experiments performed at 10 and -10 $^\circ$C, indicating that, in contrast to some previous studies, the oxidation rates of SO2 in a dispersed aqueous system are well represented by accepted rates, based on bulk measurements. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first laboratory based measurements of aqueous phase oxidation in a dispersed, super-cooled population of droplets. The measurements are therefore important in confirming that the extrapolation of currently accepted reaction rates to temperatures below 0 $^\circ$C is correct.}, + timestamp = {2015-12-03T18:26:40Z}, + number = {23}, + urldate = {2015-12-03}, + journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.}, + author = {Hoyle, C. R. and Fuchs, C. and J{\"a}rvinen, E. and Saathoff, H. and Dias, A. and El Haddad, I. and Gysel, M. and Coburn, S. C. and Tr{\"o}stl, J. and Bernhammer, A.-K. and Bianchi, F. and Breitenlechner, M. and Corbin, J. C. and Craven, J. and Donahue, N. M. and Duplissy, J. and Ehrhart, S. and Frege, C. and Gordon, H. and H{\"o}ppel, N. and Heinritzi, M. and Kristensen, T. B. and Molteni, U. and Nichman, L. and Pinterich, T. and Pr{\'e}v{\^o}t, A. S. H. and Simon, M. and Slowik, J. G. and Steiner, G. and Tom{\'e}, A. and Vogel, A. L. and Volkamer, R. and Wagner, A. C. and Wagner, R. and Wexler, A. S. and Williamson, C. and Winkler, P. M. and Yan, C. and Amorim, A. and Dommen, J. and Curtius, J. and Gallagher, M. W. and Flagan, R. C. and Hansel, A. and Kirkby, J. and Kulmala, M. and M{\"o}hler, O. and Stratmann, F. and Worsnop, D. and Baltensperger, U.}, + month = dec, + year = {2015}, + pages = {33843--33896}, + file = {Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. PDF:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/EXFMWNN6/Hoyle et al. - 2015 - Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozon.pdf:application/pdf;Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/S4RXSKNU/2015.html:text/html} +} + +@article{schmidt2014b, + title = {Reconciling Warming Trends}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:36Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Nature Geoscience}, + author = {Schmidt, Gavin A and Shindell, Drew T and Tsigaridis, Kostas}, + year = {2014}, + pages = {158--160} +} + +@article{clough1989, + title = {Line Shape and the Water Vapor Continuum}, + volume = {23}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:13Z}, + journal = {Atmos. Res.}, + author = {Clough, S. A. and Kneizys, F. X. and Davies, R. W.}, + year = {1989}, + pages = {229--241} +} + +@article{ray1994, + title = {The {{Tropical Semiannual Oscillations}} in {{Temperature}} and {{Ozone}} as {{Observed}} by the {{MLS}}}, + volume = {51}, + abstract = {Semiannual oscillation in the tropical stratosphere is examined from MLS instrument on UARS. Two years of data are used - 1992 to late 1992}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {20}, + journal = {jas}, + author = {Ray, E. A. and Holton, J. R. and Fishbein, E. F. and Froidevaux, L. and Waters, J. W.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {MLS,ozone,stratosphere,tropics}, + pages = {3045--3052} +} + +@article{bozzo2014, + title = {Impact of a Spectral Sampling Technique for Radiation on {{ECMWF}} Weather Forecasts}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {19422466}, + doi = {10.1002/2014MS000386}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:32:44Z}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, + author = {Bozzo, Alessio and Pincus, Robert and Sandu, Irina and Morcrette, Jean-Jacques}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + pages = {1288--1300} +} + +@article{price1997a, + title = {{{NO}}\$\_x\$ from Lightning 1. {{Global}} Distribution Based on Lightning Physics}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + number = {D5}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Price, C. and Penner, J. and Prather, M.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {5929--5941} +} + +@article{read2004a, + title = {Dehydarion in the Tropical Tropopause Layer: {{Implications}} from the {{UARS Microwave Limb Sounder}}}, + volume = {109}, + doi = {10.1029/2003JD004056}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:34Z}, + number = {D06110}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Read, W. G. and Wu, D. L. and Waters, J. W. and Pumphrey, H. C.}, + year = {2004} +} + +@article{zhang2011a, + title = {The Causality Analysis of Climate Change and Large-Scale Human Crisis}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1104268108}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:41:06Z}, + number = {42}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Zhang, D. D. and Lee, H. F. and Wang, C. and Li, B. and Pei, Q. and Zhang, J. and An, Y.}, + month = oct, + year = {2011}, + pages = {17296--17301} +} + +@article{soden1995, + title = {A {{Satellite Analysis}} of {{Deep Convection}}, {{Upper}}-{{Tropospheric Humidity}} and the {{Greenhouse}} Effect}, + volume = {8}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Soden, B. J. and Fu, R.}, + year = {1995}, + pages = {2333--2350} +} + +@article{hoor2005, + title = {Tropical and Extratropical Tropospheric Air in the Lowermost Stratosphere over {{Europe}}: {{A CO}}-Based Budget}, + volume = {32}, + doi = {10.1029/2004GL022018}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:21Z}, + number = {L07802}, + journal = {grl}, + author = {Hoor, P. and Fischer, H. and Lelieveld, J.}, + year = {2005} +} + +@book{ramarosin, + title = {Global {{Mesoscale Modeling}} in {{ONERA}} and Comparison W/ {{MOZAIC}}}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:33Z}, + author = {Ramarosin, R.}, + year = {14 Sept 98}, + note = {Published: GSFC seminar +speaker from ONERA france} +} + +@article{pan2007a, + title = {Chemical Behavior of the Tropopause Observed during the {{Stratosphere}}-{{Troposphere Analyses}} of {{Regional Transport}} Experiment}, + volume = {112}, + doi = {10.1029/2007JD008645}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:31Z}, + number = {D11}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Pan, L. L. and Bowman, K. P. and Shapiro, M. and Randel, W. J. and Gao, R. S. and Campos, T. and Davis, C. and Schauffler, S. and Ridley, B. A. and Wei, J. C. and Barnet, C.}, + month = sep, + year = {2007}, + pages = {18110--+} +} + +@article{kiehl1998, + title = {The {{National Center}} for {{Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model}}:{{CCM3}}}, + volume = {11}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:24Z}, + number = {6}, + journal = {joc}, + author = {Kiehl, J. T. and Hack, J. J. and Bonan, G. B. and Boville, B. A. and Williamson, D. L. and Rasch, P. J.}, + year = {1998}, + pages = {1131--1149} +} + +@article{chou1994, + title = {Coolness in the Tropical {{Pacific}} during an {{El Nino Episode}}}, + volume = {7}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:12Z}, + journal = {Journal of Climate}, + author = {Chou, M. D.}, + year = {1994}, + keywords = {ENSO water vapor feedback}, + pages = {1684--92} +} + +@article{smith1990, + title = {A Scheme for Predicting Layer Clouds and Their Water Content in a General Circulation Model}, + volume = {116}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {551}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Smith, R. N. B.}, + year = {1990}, + pages = {435--460} +} + +@article{thuburn1997a, + title = {Numerical Advection Schemes, Cross-Isentropic Random Walks, and Correlations between Chemical Species}, + volume = {102}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:40Z}, + number = {D6}, + journal = {jgr}, + author = {Thuburn, J. and McIntyre, M. E.}, + year = {1997}, + keywords = {ctm}, + pages = {6775--6797} +} + +@article{vaughan1991, + title = {On the Relation between Total Ozone and Meteorology}, + volume = {117}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:41Z}, + journal = {qjrms}, + author = {Vaughan, G. and Price, J. D.}, + year = {1991}, + pages = {1281--1289} +} + +@article{sanderson2012a, + title = {On the Interpretation of Constrained Climate Model Ensembles: {{ENSEMBLE INTERPRETATION}}}, + volume = {39}, + issn = {00948276}, + shorttitle = {On the Interpretation of Constrained Climate Model Ensembles}, + doi = {10.1029/2012GL052665}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T18:38:39Z}, + number = {16}, + urldate = {2015-04-19}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Sanderson, Benjamin M. and Knutti, Reto}, + month = aug, + year = {2012}, + pages = {n/a--n/a} +} + +@article{unger2011, + title = {Global Climate Impact of Civil Aviation for Standard and Desulfurized Jet Fuel}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {1944-8007}, + doi = {10.1029/2011GL049289}, + abstract = {Aircraft emissions can affect climate change through increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) but also via a host of other short-lived non-CO2 effects that are complex, involve impacts that are both warming and cooling and are unique to this sector. Previous assessments of aviation climate impacts have used a segmented approach whereby each effect was calculated separately and the effects summed. Integrated approaches using newly available Earth System models that allow simulation of more realistic interactions between effects are now possible. The NASA GISS Earth System Model (ModelE) is applied to reassess the net climate impact of civil aviation emissions based on a new inventory for year 2006 developed using the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT). The model simulates all known non-CO2 aviation climate impacts except linear contrails and contrail-cirrus for which a recent estimate is assumed. For standard jet fuel, the net global climate impact for sustained constant year 2006 aviation emissions is +44 $\pm$ 10 mWm-2 (2/3 due to non-CO2 effects) on a 20-year timescale and +73 $\pm$ 10 mWm-2 (over 1/3 due to non-CO2 effects) on a 100-year timescale. For desulfurized jet fuel, the net climate impact is +40 $\pm$ 10 mWm-2 on the 20-year timescale, slightly less warming than the standard fuel case due to the complex interplay between sulfate and nitrate and the competition for ammonia. Ozone (O3) greenhouse efficiency (W per g O3 change) is 20\textendash{}60\% larger for aviation than surface transportation emissions.}, + language = {en}, + timestamp = {2016-11-22T16:24:00Z}, + number = {20}, + urldate = {2016-11-22}, + journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.}, + author = {Unger, Nadine}, + month = oct, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {0305 Aerosols and particles,0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry,1610 Atmosphere,1622 Earth system modeling,1630 Impacts of global change,Aerosols,aircraft emissions,desulfurize,jet fuel,ozone,Radiative forcing}, + pages = {L20803}, + file = {Unger2011.pdf:/Users/andrew/Dropbox/AGWork/papers/zotero_incoming/Unger2011.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/andrew/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/tpfh8tv7.default/zotero/storage/VFAD5J6X/abstract.html:text/html} +} + +@article{solomon1999a, + title = {Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: A Review of Concepts and History}, + volume = {37}, + timestamp = {2015-04-19T17:23:38Z}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Rev. Geophys.}, + author = {Solomon, S.}, + year = {1999}, + pages = {275--316} +} + +@comment{jabref-meta: groupsversion:3;} +@comment{jabref-meta: groupstree: +0 AllEntriesGroup:; +1 ExplicitGroup:Aircraft\;0\;gettelman2013\;penner2009\;righi2013\;liu +2009\;zhou2014\;hendricks2005\;chen2012\;chen2013a\;hendricks2011\;bur +khardt2011\;brasseur2015\;schumann2013\;schumann2012\;fuglestvedt2008\ +;unger2010\;minnis2013\;spangenberg2013\;yi2012\;rap2010\;balkanski201 +0\;pitari2015\;; +1 ExplicitGroup:ASR-FY2017\;0\;arakawa2011\;golaz2002a\;abdul-razzak20 +00\;song2011\;zhang1995a\;lebsock2013\;gettelman2015b\;thayer-calder20 +15\;grell2014\;bogenschutz2010\;larson2002\;khairoutdinov2001\;griffin +2016\;eidhammer2016\;lebo2015\;kumjian2014\;rauscher2012\;kollias2011\ +;; +1 ExplicitGroup:china_aero\;0\;zhao2006\;qian2003\;huang2007\;zhai2005 +\;xu2001\;cheng2005\;wu2009a\;hu2003\;ding2009\;menon2002a\;meehl2008\ +;duan2009\;giorgi2003\;zhang2010\;; +1 ExplicitGroup:ClimDynCourse\;0\;held2000\;stephens2005\;cess1996\;fo +rster2006\;rahmstorf2002\;friedlingstein2006\;charlson1987\;wood2008\; 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