GSOCseq_references_FAO.bib

@article{Richter.1981,
author = {Richter, J},
doi = {10.1002/jpln.19811440414},
issn = {00443263},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"{u}}r Pflanzenern{\"{a}}hrung und Bodenkunde},
number = {4},
pages = {428--429},
title = {{Simulation of nitrogen behaviour of soil-plant systems, Papers of a workshop Models for the behaviour of nitrogen in soil and uptake by plant}},
volume = {144},
year = {1981}
}
@book{Abberton.2010,
address = {Rome},
author = {Abberton, M T and Conant, Richard T and Batello, Caterina},
institution = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Plant Production and Protection Division},
isbn = {9789251066959},
publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
series = {Integrated crop management, 1020-4555},
title = {{Grassland carbon sequestration: Management, policy and economics : proceedings of the Workshop on the role of grassland carbon sequestration in the mitigation of climate change}},
volume = {v. 11},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Lauenroth.1983,
address = {Armstrong and Oxford},
editor = {Lauenroth, William K and Skogerboe, Gaylord V and Flug, Marshall},
isbn = {9780444421791},
publisher = {Elsevier Scientific},
series = {Developments in Environmental Modelling},
title = {{Analysis of ecological systems: State-of-the-art in ecological modelling / edited by William K. Lauenroth, Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Marshall Flug ; proceedings of a symposium held from 24 to 28 May 1982 at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. ; sponsored by the International Society for Ecological Modelling (ISEM) ; hosted by the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University}},
volume = {5},
year = {1983}
}
@book{Kutsch.2016,
address = {Cambridge},
author = {Kutsch, Werner and Bahn, Michael and Heinemeyer, Andreas},
edition = {Reprinted with corrections},
isbn = {9780521865616},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Soil carbon dynamics: An integrated methodology / edited by Werner L. Kutsch (Johann Heinrich von Th{\"{u}}nen Institut, Braunschweig), Michael Bahn (Leopold-Franzens Universit{\"{a}}t Innsbruck), Andreas Heinemeyer (Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York)}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{.1990,
author = {S., Jenkinson D.},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.1990.0177},
issn = {0962-8436},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
number = {1255},
pages = {361--368},
title = {{The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil}},
volume = {329},
year = {1990}
}
@book{Lorenz.2018,
address = {Cham, Switzerland},
author = {Lorenz, Klaus and Lal, R},
isbn = {9783319923185},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Keenan.2011,
abstract = {Model-data fusion is a powerful framework by which to combine models with various data streams (including observations at different spatial or temporal scales), and account for associated uncertainties. The approach can be used to constrain estimates of model states, rate constants, and driver sensitivities. The number of applications of model-data fusion in environmental biology and ecology has been rising steadily, offering insights into both model and data strengths and limitations. For reliable model-data fusion-based results, however, the approach taken must fully account for both model and data uncertainties in a statistically rigorous and transparent manner. Here we review and outline the cornerstones of a rigorous model-data fusion approach, highlighting the importance of properly accounting for uncertainty. We conclude by suggesting a code of best practices, which should serve to guide future efforts.},
author = {Keenan, Trevor F and Carbone, Mariah S and Reichstein, Markus and Richardson, Andrew D},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-011-2106-x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/a81b197e-c6bb-4ee4-ac0b-9e4116b2b5a7.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Oecologia},
number = {3},
pages = {587--597},
title = {{The model-data fusion pitfall: assuming certainty in an uncertain world}},
volume = {167},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Lehtonen.2020,
author = {Lehtonen, Aleksi and $\backslash$vTupek, Boris and Nieminen, Tiina M and Bal{\'{a}}zs, Andr{\'{a}}s and Anjulo, Agena and Teshome, Mindaye and Tiruneh, Yibeltal and Alm, Jukka},
doi = {10.1002/ldr.3647},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/e014ab29-72ca-4e60-a8e3-f3ab4e54cf73.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1085-3278},
journal = {Land Degradation {\&} Development},
title = {{Soil carbon stocks in Ethiopian forests and estimations of their future development under different forest use scenarios}},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Schmer.2014,
author = {Schmer, M R and Jin, V L and Wienhold, B J and Varvel, G E and Follett, R F},
doi = {10.2136/sssaj2014.04.0166},
issn = {03615995},
journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
number = {6},
pages = {1987--1996},
title = {{Tillage and Residue Management Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Irrigated Continuous Corn}},
volume = {78},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wiesmeier.2016,
abstract = {Climate change and stagnating crop yields may cause a decline of SOC stocks in agricultural soils leading to considerable CO2 emissions and reduced agricultural productivity. Regional model-based SOC projections are needed to evaluate these potential risks. In this study, we simulated the future SOC development in cropland and grassland soils of Bavaria in the 21(st) century. Soils from 51 study sites representing the most important soil classes of Central Europe were fractionated and derived SOC pools were used to initialize the RothC soil carbon model. For each site, long-term C inputs were determined using the C allocation method. Model runs were performed for three different C input scenarios as a realistic range of projected yield development. Our modelling approach revealed substantial SOC decreases of 11-16{\%} under an expected mean temperature increase of 3.3 °C assuming unchanged C inputs. For the scenario of 20{\%} reduced C inputs, agricultural SOC stocks are projected to decline by 19-24{\%}. Remarkably, even the optimistic scenario of 20{\%} increased C inputs led to SOC decreases of 3-8{\%}. Projected SOC changes largely differed among investigated soil classes. Our results indicated that C inputs have to increase by 29{\%} to maintain present SOC stocks in agricultural soils.},
author = {Wiesmeier, Martin and Poeplau, Christopher and Sierra, Carlos A and Maier, Harald and Fr{\"{u}}hauf, Cathleen and H{\"{u}}bner, Rico and K{\"{u}}hnel, Anna and Sp{\"{o}}rlein, Peter and Geu{\ss}, Uwe and Hangen, Edzard and Schilling, Bernd and von L{\"{u}}tzow, Margit and K{\"{o}}gel-Knabner, Ingrid},
doi = {10.1038/srep32525},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/2400ead8-d03d-4bfb-b413-78394231e04b.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Scientific reports},
pages = {32525},
title = {{Projected loss of soil organic carbon in temperate agricultural soils in the 21(st) century: effects of climate change and carbon input trends}},
volume = {6},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Falloon.1998,
author = {Falloon, P D and Smith, P and Smith, J U and Szab{\'{o}}, J and Coleman, K and Marshall, S},
doi = {10.1007/s003740050426},
issn = {0178-2762},
journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
number = {3},
pages = {236--241},
title = {{Regional estimates of carbon sequestration potential: linking the Rothamsted Carbon Model to GIS databases}},
volume = {27},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Riggers.2019,
author = {Riggers, Catharina and Poeplau, Christopher and Don, Axel and Bamminger, Chris and H{\"{o}}per, Heinrich and Dechow, Ren{\'{e}}},
doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.03.014},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
pages = {17--30},
title = {{Multi-model ensemble improved the prediction of trends in soil organic carbon stocks in German croplands}},
volume = {345},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Minasny.2017,
author = {Minasny, Budiman and Malone, Brendan P and McBratney, Alex B and Angers, Denis A and Arrouays, Dominique and Chambers, Adam and Chaplot, Vincent and Chen, Zueng-Sang and Cheng, Kun and Das, Bhabani S and Field, Damien J and Gimona, Alessandro and Hedley, Carolyn B and Hong, Suk Young and Mandal, Biswapati and Marchant, Ben P and Martin, Manuel and McConkey, Brian G and Mulder, Vera Leatitia and O'Rourke, Sharon and Richer-de-Forges, Anne C and Odeh, Inakwu and Padarian, Jos{\'{e}} and Paustian, Keith and Pan, Genxing and Poggio, Laura and Savin, Igor and Stolbovoy, Vladimir and Stockmann, Uta and Sulaeman, Yiyi and Tsui, Chun-Chih and V{\aa}gen, Tor-Gunnar and van Wesemael, Bas and Winowiecki, Leigh},
doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/f18aeaf1-3461-4c31-a8e3-fc7cd60847f8.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
pages = {59--86},
title = {{Soil carbon 4 per mille}},
volume = {292},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Falloon.2007,
author = {Falloon, Pete and Jones, Chris D and Cerri, Carlos Eduardo and Al-Adamat, Rida and Kamoni, Peter and Bhattacharyya, Tapas and Easter, Mark and Paustian, Keith and Killian, Kendrick and Coleman, Kevin and Milne, Eleanor},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.013},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
number = {1},
pages = {114--124},
title = {{Climate change and its impact on soil and vegetation carbon storage in Kenya, Jordan, India and Brazil}},
volume = {122},
year = {2007}
}
@article{HADAS.1998,
author = {Hadas, A and Parkin, T B and Stahl, P D},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4930487.x},
issn = {1351-0754},
journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
number = {3},
pages = {487--494},
title = {{Reduced CO 2 release from decomposing wheat straw under N-limiting conditions: simulation of carbon turnover}},
volume = {49},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Bolinder.2007,
author = {Bolinder, M A and Janzen, H H and Gregorich, E G and Angers, D A and VandenBygaart, A J},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.013},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
number = {1-4},
pages = {29--42},
title = {{An approach for estimating net primary productivity and annual carbon inputs to soil for common agricultural crops in Canada}},
volume = {118},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Eggleston.2006,
address = {Hayama, Japan},
editor = {Eggleston, H S},
isbn = {4887880324},
publisher = {Institute for Global Environmental Strategies},
title = {{2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Wiesmeier.2014,
author = {Wiesmeier, Martin and Schad, Peter and von L{\"{u}}tzow, Margit and Poeplau, Christopher and Sp{\"{o}}rlein, Peter and Geu{\ss}, Uwe and Hangen, Edzard and Reischl, Arthur and Schilling, Bernd and K{\"{o}}gel-Knabner, Ingrid},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.028},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
pages = {208--220},
title = {{Quantification of functional soil organic carbon pools for major soil units and land uses in southeast Germany (Bavaria)}},
volume = {185},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Shirato.2005,
author = {Shirato, Yasuhito and Yokozawa, Masayuki},
doi = {10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00046.x},
issn = {0038-0768},
journal = {Soil Science and Plant Nutrition},
number = {3},
pages = {405--415},
title = {{Applying the Rothamsted Carbon Model for Long-Term Experiments on Japanese Paddy Soils and Modifying It by Simple Tuning of the Decomposition Rate}},
volume = {51},
year = {2005}
}
@book{FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsissuingbody.2018,
address = {Rome},
author = {Yigini, Y and Olmedo, G F and Reiter, S and Baritz, R and Viatkin, K and Vargas, R},
edition = {2nd editio},
institution = {FAO},
isbn = {978-92-5-130440-2},
publisher = {FAO},
title = {{Soil organic carbon mapping cookbook}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Lugato.2014,
abstract = {Bottom-up estimates from long-term field experiments and modelling are the most commonly used approaches to estimate the carbon (C) sequestration potential of the agricultural sector. However, when data are required at European level, important margins of uncertainty still exist due to the representativeness of local data at large scale or different assumptions and information utilized for running models. In this context, a pan-European (EU + Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Norway) simulation platform with high spatial resolution and harmonized data sets was developed to provide consistent scenarios in support of possible carbon sequestration policies. Using the CENTURY agroecosystem model, six alternative management practices (AMP) scenarios were assessed as alternatives to the business as usual situation (BAU). These consisted of the conversion of arable land to grassland (and vice versa), straw incorporation, reduced tillage, straw incorporation combined with reduced tillage, ley cropping system and cover crops. The conversion into grassland showed the highest soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates, ranging between 0.4 and 0.8 t C{\~{}}ha(-1) {\~{}}yr(-1) , while the opposite extreme scenario (100{\%} of grassland conversion into arable) gave cumulated losses of up to 2 Gt of C by 2100. Among the other practices, ley cropping systems and cover crops gave better performances than straw incorporation and reduced tillage. The allocation of 12 to 28{\%} of the European arable land to different AMP combinations resulted in a potential SOC sequestration of 101-336 Mt CO2 eq. by 2020 and 549-2141 Mt CO2 eq. by 2100. Modelled carbon sequestration rates compared with values from an ad hoc meta-analysis confirmed the robustness of these estimates.},
author = {Lugato, Emanuele and Bampa, Francesca and Panagos, Panos and Montanarella, Luca and Jones, Arwyn},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.12551},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/0e529d69-15f7-4bc2-bb3f-165d3ed76ad1.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Global change biology},
number = {11},
pages = {3557--3567},
title = {{Potential carbon sequestration of European arable soils estimated by modelling a comprehensive set of management practices}},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@proceedings{Powlson.1996,
abstract = {Soil organic matter (SOM) represents a major pool of carbon within the biosphere, roughly twice than in atmospheric CO2. SOM models embody our best understanding of soil carbon dynamics and are needed to predict how global environmental change will influence soil carbon stocks. These models are also required for evaluating the likely effectiveness of different mitigation options. The first important step towards systematically evaluating the suitability of SOM models for these purposes is to test their simulations against real data. Since changes in SOM occur slowly, long-term datasets are required. This volume brings together leading SOM model developers and experimentalists to test SOM models using long-term datasets from diverse ecosystems, land uses and climatic zones within the temperate region.},
address = {Berlin and New York},
editor = {Powlson, D S and Smith, Peter and Smith, Jo U},
isbn = {978-3-642-61094-3},
organization = {NATO Advanced Research Workshop {\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing Long-term Datasets{\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change},
title = {{Evaluation of soil organic matter models: Using existing long-term datasets}},
volume = {vol. 38},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Moradizadeh.2016,
author = {Moradizadeh, Mina and Saradjian, Mohammad R},
doi = {10.14358/PERS.82.10.803},
issn = {00991112},
journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering {\&} Remote Sensing},
number = {10},
pages = {803--810},
title = {{Vegetation Effects Modeling in Soil Moisture Retrieval Using MSVI}},
volume = {82},
year = {2016}
}
@incollection{Parton.1989,
abstract = {The Century soil organic matter model has been used to simulate regional patterns for plant production, soil organic C and N, and soil organic and inorganic P for the U.S. central grassland region. The results show how climatic variables, soil texture and inputs of N control regional patterns of soil organic matter (SOM) and plant production. Variations of soil texture within any one site generated variations in SOM C, N, and P levels. Effects of soil texture included increased stabilization of soil C and N, weathering of parent P, and formation of organic P as the silt plus clay content increased. Simulated soil formation and parent material P weathering for 10,000-year simulation runs suggested that variations in total soil P have little effect on soil C and N levels after 5000 years of soil formation. However, total P levels less than 100 gm-2 caused plant production and soil C and N levels to be reduced because of low P availability during the first 3000 years of soil formation.},
address = {Dordrecht},
author = {Parton, W J and Cole, C V and Stewart, J W B and Ojima, D S and Schimel, D S},
booktitle = {Ecology of Arable Land -- Perspectives and Challenges},
doi = {10.1007/978-94-009-1021-8{\textunderscore }10},
editor = {Clarholm, M and Bergstr{\"{o}}m, L},
isbn = {978-94-009-1021-8},
pages = {99--108},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
series = {Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences},
title = {{Simulating regional patterns of soil C, N, and P dynamics in the U.S. central grasslands region}},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Morais.2019,
abstract = {Assessments of the global carbon (C) cycle typically rely on simplified models which consider large areas as homogeneous in terms of the response of soils to land use or consider very broad land classes. For example, {\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}cropland{\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}} is typically modelled as an aggregation of distinct practices and individual crops over large regions. Here, we use the process-based Rothamsted soil Carbon Model (RothC model), which has a history of being successfully applied at a global scale, to calculate attainable SOC stocks and C mineralization rates for each of c. 17,000 regions (combination of soil type and texture, climate type, initial land use and country) in the World, under near-past climate conditions. We considered 28 individual crops and, for each, multiple production practices, plus 16 forest types and 1 grassland class (total of 80 classes). We find that conversion to cropland can result in SOC increases, particularly when the soil remains covered with crop residues (an average gain of 12 t C/ha) or using irrigation (4 t C/ha), which are mutually reinforcing effects. Attainable SOC stocks vary significantly depending on the land use class, particularly for cropland. Common aggregations in global modelling of a single agricultural class would be inaccurate representations of these results. Attainable SOC stocks obtained here were compared to long-term experiment data and are well aligned with the literature. Our results provide a regional and detailed understanding of C sequestration that will also enable better greenhouse gas reporting at national level as alternatives to IPCC tier 2 defaults.},
author = {Morais, Tiago G and Teixeira, Ricardo F M and Domingos, Tiago},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0222604},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/5c475698-b5e8-4a2c-a7d5-8bf042d0015e.pdf:pdf},
journal = {PloS one},
number = {9},
pages = {e0222604},
title = {{Detailed global modelling of soil organic carbon in cropland, grassland and forest soils}},
volume = {14},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Smith.2000,
author = {Smith, P and Falloon, P D},
doi = {10.1007/s003740050019},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/63150b57-3511-4499-b268-d2d09c3e3d00.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0178-2762},
journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
number = {5-6},
pages = {388--398},
title = {{Modelling refractory soil organic matter}},
volume = {30},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Farina.2013,
author = {Farina, Roberta and Coleman, Kevin and Whitmore, Andrew P},
doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.01.021},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
pages = {18--30},
title = {{Modification of the RothC model for simulations of soil organic C dynamics in dryland regions}},
volume = {200-201},
year = {2013}
}
@article{SCHULZE.2010,
author = {Schulze, E D and Ciais, P and Luyssaert, S and Schrumpf, M and Janssens, I A and Thiruchittampalam, B and Theloke, J and Saurat, M and Bringezu, S and Lelieveld, J and Lohila, A and Rebmann, C and Jung, M and Bastviken, D and Abril, G and Grassi, G and Leip, A and Freibauer, A and Kutsch, W and Don, A and Nieschulze, J and B{\"{o}}rner, A and Gash, J H and Dolman, A J},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02215.x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/c60a81e6-c23d-448b-ba52-55aee85fab69.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Global change biology},
number = {5},
pages = {1451--1469},
title = {{The European carbon balance. Part 4: integration of carbon and other trace-gas fluxes}},
volume = {16},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Petri.2009,
author = {Petri, M and Batello, C and Villani, R and Nachtergaele, F},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/55c188b8-d4fd-4ac5-885b-5adebc00b217.pdf:pdf},
institution = {FAO},
title = {{Carbon status and carbon sequestration potential in the world's grasslands}},
volume = {Grassland },
year = {2009}
}
@article{JoSmith.2006,
author = {{Jo Smith}, Pete Smith and {Jeannette Meyer}, Martin Wattenbach and {S{\"{o}}nke Zaehle}, Marcus Lindner and {Robert J.A. Jones}, Roland Hiederer and {Mark Rounsevell}, Luca Montanarella and REGINSTER, ISABELLE and Kankaanp{\"{a}}{\"{a}}, Susanna},
doi = {10.4141/S05-078},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/e57997e5-80ea-41c0-b7f1-1098df41479a.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0008-4271},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Soil Science},
number = {Special Issue},
pages = {159--169},
title = {{Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European forests, 1990--2100}},
volume = {86},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Martens.1995,
author = {Martens, R},
doi = {10.1007/BF00336142},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/d841a7bf-1ac6-4fd7-b380-ff640fb3c2b6.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0178-2762},
journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
number = {2-3},
pages = {87--99},
title = {{Current methods for measuring microbial biomass C in soil: Potentials and limitations}},
volume = {19},
year = {1995}
}
@incollection{Lieth.1975b,
abstract = {The many problems of energy and nutrient flow and their relationship to the structure of communities and potential for harvest make primary productivity interesting. The correlation between the productivity and character of vegetation cover, and the potential for agriculture and the environmental aspects of cultural development, have created additional interest. This volume emphasizes the fact that assessment of primary productivity is a time-consuming and expensive procedure. In some cases, it is even logistically impossible to measure the current productivity rate directly. Under such circumstances, one is inclined to look for indirect ways to estimate the productive capacity of any given region. The most feasible approach to the task is the elaboration of models that predict productivity from environmental parameters that have been measured in a reasonably dense network over the world.},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
author = {Lieth, Helmut},
booktitle = {Primary Productivity of the Biosphere},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-80913-2{\textunderscore }12},
editor = {Lieth, Helmut and Whittaker, Robert H},
isbn = {978-3-642-80913-2},
pages = {237--263},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 0070-8356},
title = {{Modeling the Primary Productivity of the World}},
year = {1975}
}
@book{Kutsch.2012,
address = {Cambridge},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511711794},
edition = {Repr. with},
editor = {Kutsch, Werner L},
isbn = {9780511711794},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Soil carbon dynamics: An integrated methodology}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Jenkinson.1991,
author = {Jenkinson, D S and Adams, D E and Wild, A},
doi = {10.1038/351304a0},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/4e11f6f1-624e-46dc-ac95-dc2adbbd8797.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {6324},
pages = {304--306},
title = {{Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming}},
volume = {351},
year = {1991}
}
@inproceedings{Coleman.1996,
abstract = {Rothc-26.3 is a model of the turnover of organic carbon in non-waterlogged soils that allows for the effects of soil type, temperature, moisture content and plant cover on the turnover process. It uses a monthly time step to calculate total organic carbon (t C ha-1), microbial biomass carbon (t C ha-1) and $\backslash$textgreek{\{}D{\}}14C (from which the radiocarbon age of the soil can be calculated) on a years-to-centuries timescale (Jenkinson, 1990; Jenkinson and Coleman, 1994; Jenkinson et al., 1987; Jenkinson et al., 1991; Jenkinson et al., 1992). It needs few inputs and those it needs are easily obtainable. It is an extension of the earlier model described by Jenkinson and Rayner (1977), and by Hart (1984). Needless to say, it has many ideas in common with other contemporary turnover models, notably CENTURY (Parton et al., 1988) and Van Veen and Paul's model (Van Veen and Paul, 1981).},
address = {Berlin and New York},
author = {Coleman, K and Jenkinson, D S},
booktitle = {Evaluation of soil organic matter models},
editor = {Powlson, D S and Smith, Peter and Smith, Jo U},
isbn = {978-3-642-61094-3},
pages = {237--246},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change},
title = {{RothC-26.3 - A Model for the turnover of carbon in soil}},
year = {1996}
}
@inproceedings{Li.1996,
abstract = {The denitrification-decomposition (DNDC) model is a process-oriented simulation model of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemistry. The model is intended to be used for estimating effects of climate change, land use, agricultural management, soil properties, and atmospheric nitrogen deposition on soil C and N dynamics. DNDC is a site model with simulated time span from several days to centuries.},
address = {Berlin and New York},
author = {Li, Changsheng},
booktitle = {Evaluation of soil organic matter models},
editor = {Powlson, D S and Smith, Peter and Smith, Jo U},
isbn = {978-3-642-61094-3},
pages = {263--267},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change},
title = {{The DNDC Model}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Smith.2004,
author = {Smith, Pete},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00854.x},
issn = {1354-1013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
number = {11},
pages = {1878--1883},
title = {{How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected?}},
volume = {10},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Smith.1997,
author = {Smith, P and Smith, J U and Powlson, D S and McGill, W B and Arah, J R M and Chertov, O G and Coleman, K and Franko, U and Frolking, S and Jenkinson, D S and Jensen, L S and Kelly, R H and Klein-Gunnewiek, H and Komarov, A S and Li, C and Molina, J A E and Mueller, T and Parton, W J and Thornley, J H M and Whitmore, A P},
doi = {10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00087-6},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
number = {1-2},
pages = {153--225},
title = {{A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments}},
volume = {81},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Beek.1973,
abstract = {The problem: In the majority of soils most of the nitrogen is in organic compounds and only a small percentage is present in inorganic compounds. Depending on the type of decomposition process of the organic matter, organic nitrogen is mineralized into ammonia or inorganic nitrogen is immobilized by transforming it into organic nitrogen. The inorganic soil nitrogen is mainly present in the form of nitrate and ammonia. Ammonia may be transformed to nitrate by nitrification while nitrate may be transformed to volatile nitrogen compounds. All these processes are carried out by soil micro-organisms and consequently are influenced by temperature, moisture, pH and aeration of the soil. Since both the turnover rate between the organic, ammonium, nitrate and elementary form of nitrogen is very high and the influence of external factors like temperature and precipitation considerable, it is hardly possible to estimate the inorganic nitrogen available for plants during a growth season, on the basis of chemical and physical experiments at one certain moment. An alternative approach of attaining a reliable estimate would be to use the information available in literature about the separate microbial processes. Then the problem is to integrate the knowledge about the separate processes into a larger model where all the involved processes are acting simultaneously. A unique opportunity to solve this problem is provided by the modem digital computer simulation techniques. The `Continuous System Modeling Program' (CSMP/ 360), developed for the IBM 360 series of machines, has proved t be very suitable to simulate biological processes. Information about CSMP is given in the `User's manual of the system / 360 Continuous System Modeling Program'...},
address = {Wageningen},
author = {Beek, J and Frissel, M J},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/22746ea7-10f7-4ca8-a3a6-cde8f988904c.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9022004406},
publisher = {Pudoc},
series = {Simulation monographs},
title = {{Simulation of nitrogen behaviour in soils}},
url = {http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/13135/},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Scharlemann.2014,
author = {Scharlemann, J{\"{o}}rn P W and Tanner, Edmund V J and Hiederer, Roland and Kapos, Valerie},
doi = {10.4155/cmt.13.77},
issn = {1758-3004},
journal = {Carbon Management},
number = {1},
pages = {81--91},
title = {{Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool}},
volume = {5},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Lieth.1975,
abstract = {The period since World War II, and especially the last decade influenced by the International Biological Program, has seen enormous growth in research on the function of ecosystems. The same period has seen an exponential' rise in environmental problems including the capacity of the Earth to support man's population. The concern extends to man's effects on the {\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}biosphere{\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}--The film of living organisms on the Earth's surface that supports man. The common theme of ecologic research and environmental concerns is primary productionƯ the binding of sunlight energy into organic matter by plants that supports all life. Many results from the IBP remain to be synthesized, but enough data are available from that program and other research to develop a convincing sumƯ mary of the primary production of the biosphere-the purpose of this book. The book had its origin in the parallel interests of the two editors and Gene E. Likens, which led them to prepare a symposium on the topic at the Second Biological Congress of the American Institute of Biological Sciences in Miami, Florida, October 24, 1971. Revisions of the papers presented at that symposium appear as Chapters 2, 8, 9, 10, and 15 in this book. We have added other chapters that complement this core; these include discussion and evaluation of methods for measuring productivity and regional production, current findings on tropical productivity, and models of primary productivity.},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
editor = {Lieth, Helmut and Whittaker, Robert H},
isbn = {978-3-642-80913-2},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 0070-8356},
title = {{Primary Productivity of the Biosphere}},
volume = {14},
year = {1975}
}
@article{SMITH.2005,
author = {Smith, J O and Smith, P and Wattenbach, M and Zaehle, S and Hiederer, R and Jones, R J A and Montanarella, L and Rounsevell, M D A and Reginster, I and Ewert, F},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001075.x},
issn = {1354-1013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
number = {12},
pages = {2141--2152},
title = {{Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European croplands and grasslands, 1990-2080}},
volume = {11},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Motavalli.1995,
author = {Motavalli, P P and Palm, C A and Parton, W J and Elliott, E T and Frey, S D},
doi = {10.1016/0038-0717(95)00082-P},
issn = {00380717},
journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
number = {12},
pages = {1589--1599},
title = {{Soil pH and organic C dynamics in tropical forest soils: Evidence from laboratory and simulation studies}},
volume = {27},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Jenkinson.2008,
author = {Jenkinson, D S and Coleman, K},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01026.x},
issn = {1351-0754},
journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
number = {2},
pages = {400--413},
title = {{The turnover of organic carbon in subsoils. Part 2. Modelling carbon turnover}},
volume = {59},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Gottschalk.2012,
author = {Gottschalk, P and Smith, J U and Wattenbach, M and Bellarby, J and Stehfest, E and Arnell, N and Osborn, T J and Jones, C and Smith, P},
doi = {10.5194/bg-9-3151-2012},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/8018a5fd-4e28-428a-a54f-26cf056e0ae6.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
number = {8},
pages = {3151--3171},
title = {{How will organic carbon stocks in mineral soils evolve under future climate? Global projections using RothC for a range of climate change scenarios}},
volume = {9},
year = {2012}
}
@article{BATJES.1996,
author = {Batjes, N H},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x},
issn = {1351-0754},
journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
number = {2},
pages = {151--163},
title = {{Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world}},
volume = {47},
year = {1996}
}
@incollection{Follett.2009,
address = {Madison, WI},
author = {Follett, Ronald F and Kimble, J M and Pruessner, E G and Samson-Liebig, S and Waltman, S},
booktitle = {Soil carbon sequestration and the greenhouse effect},
doi = {10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed.c3},
editor = {Lal, Rattan and Follett, Ronald F},
isbn = {9780891188599},
pages = {29--46},
publisher = {Soil Science Society of America, Inc},
series = {SSSA special publication},
title = {{Soil Organic Carbon Stocks with Depth and Land Use at Various U.S. Sites}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Paustian.2019,
author = {Paustian, Keith and Collier, Sarah and Baldock, Jeff and Burgess, Rachel and Creque, Jeff and DeLonge, Marcia and Dungait, Jennifer and Ellert, Ben and Frank, Stefan and Goddard, Tom and Govaerts, Bram and Grundy, Mike and Henning, Mark and Izaurralde, R C{\'{e}}sar and Madaras, Mikul{\'{a}}{\v{s}} and McConkey, Brian and Porzig, Elizabeth and Rice, Charles and Searle, Ross and Seavy, Nathaniel and Skalsky, Rastislav and Mulhern, William and Jahn, Molly},
doi = {10.1080/17583004.2019.1633231},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/b2b59a5b-bd7a-4366-b579-26cecb170cb2.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1758-3004},
journal = {Carbon Management},
number = {6},
pages = {567--587},
title = {{Quantifying carbon for agricultural soil management: from the current status toward a global soil information system}},
volume = {10},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Gilhespy.2014,
author = {Gilhespy, Sarah L and Anthony, Steven and Cardenas, Laura and Chadwick, David and del Prado, Agustin and Li, Changsheng and Misselbrook, Thomas and Rees, Robert M and Salas, William and Sanz-Cobena, Alberto and Smith, Pete and Tilston, Emma L and Topp, Cairistiona F E and Vetter, Sylvia and Yeluripati, Jagadeesh B},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.004},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/ff4d31b3-c9fd-410a-921f-9c0ffa340a1a.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03043800},
journal = {Ecological Modelling},
pages = {51--62},
title = {{First 20 years of DNDC (DeNitrification DeComposition): Model evolution}},
volume = {292},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{.26112020,
title = {{Global Soil Organic Carbon (GSOC) Map | Global Soil Partnership | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}},
url = {http://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/pillars-action/4-information-and-data-new/global-soil-organic-carbon-gsoc-map},
urldate = {2020-11-26}
}
@book{Lal.2009,
address = {Madison, WI},
doi = {10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed},
edition = {Second edi},
editor = {Lal, Rattan and Follett, Ronald F},
isbn = {9780891188599},
publisher = {Soil Science Society of America, Inc},
series = {SSSA special publication},
title = {{Soil carbon sequestration and the greenhouse effect}},
volume = {57},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Sinclair.1996,
author = {Sinclair, Thomas R and Seligman, No'am G},
doi = {10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050004x},
issn = {0002-1962},
journal = {Agronomy Journal},
number = {5},
pages = {698--704},
title = {{Crop Modeling: From Infancy to Maturity}},
volume = {88},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Mondini.2012,
author = {Mondini, C and Coleman, K and Whitmore, A P},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.020},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
pages = {24--32},
title = {{Spatially explicit modelling of changes in soil organic C in agricultural soils in Italy, 2001--2100: Potential for compost amendment}},
volume = {153},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Shang.1998,
author = {Shang, C and Tiessen, H},
doi = {10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050015x},
issn = {03615995},
journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
number = {5},
pages = {1247--1257},
title = {{Organic Matter Stabilization in Two Semiarid Tropical Soils: Size, Density, and Magnetic Separations}},
volume = {62},
year = {1998}
}
@incollection{Williams.1983,
address = {Armstrong and Oxford},
author = {Williams, J R and Dyke, P T and Jones, C A},
booktitle = {Analysis of ecological systems},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-42179-1.50065-1},
editor = {Lauenroth, William K and Skogerboe, Gaylord V and Flug, Marshall},
isbn = {9780444421791},
pages = {553--572},
publisher = {Elsevier Scientific},
series = {Developments in Environmental Modelling},
title = {{Epic - a Model for Assessing the Effects of Erosion on Soil Productivity}},
volume = {5},
year = {1983}
}
@article{Jenny.1949,
author = {Jenny, Hans and Gessel, S P and Bingham, F T},
doi = {10.1097/00010694-194912000-00001},
issn = {0038-075X},
journal = {Soil Science},
number = {6},
pages = {419--432},
title = {{Comparative Study of Decomposition Rates of Organic Matter in Temperate and Tropical Regions}},
volume = {68},
year = {1949}
}
@article{Vries.2018,
author = {de Vries, Wim},
doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.023},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
pages = {111--112},
title = {{Soil carbon 4 per mille: a good initiative but let's manage not only the soil but also the expectations}},
volume = {309},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Plutzar.2016,
abstract = {Understanding patterns, dynamics, and drivers of land use is crucial for improving our ability to cope with sustainability challenges. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework provides a set of integrated socio-ecological indicators that quantify how land use alters energy flows in ecosystems via land conversions and biomass harvest. Thus, HANPP enables researchers to systematically and consistently assess the outcome of changes in land cover and land-use intensity across spatio-temporal scales. Yet, fine-scale HANPP assessments are so far missing, an information important to address site-specific ecological implications of land use. Here, we provide such an assessment for Europe at a 1-km scale for the years 1990, 2000, and 2006. The assessment was based on a consistent land-use/biomass flow dataset derived from statistical data, remote sensing maps, and a dynamic global vegetation model. We find that HANPP in Europe amounted to {\~{}}43{\~{}}{\%} of potential productivity, well above the global average of {\~{}}25{\~{}}{\%}, with little variation in the European average since 1990. HANPP was highest in Central Europe and lower in Northern and Southern Europe. At the regional level, distinct changes in land-use intensity were observed, most importantly the decline of cropland areas and yields following the breakdown of socialism in Eastern Europe and the subsequent recovery after 2000, or strong dynamics related to storm events that resulted in massive salvage loggings. In sum, however, these local dynamics cancelled each other out at the aggregate level. We conclude that this finding warrants further research into aspects of the scale-dependency of dynamics and stability of land use.},
author = {Plutzar, Christoph and Kroisleitner, Christine and Haberl, Helmut and Fetzel, Tamara and Bulgheroni, Claudia and Beringer, Tim and Hostert, Patrick and Kastner, Thomas and Kuemmerle, Tobias and Lauk, Christian and Levers, Christian and Lindner, Marcus and Moser, Dietmar and M{\"{u}}ller, Daniel and Niedertscheider, Maria and Paracchini, Maria Luisa and Schaphoff, Sibyll and Verburg, Peter H and Verkerk, Pieter J and Erb, Karl-Heinz},
doi = {10.1007/s10113-015-0820-3},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/c014bec0-4617-4308-acc5-cb4e84c1cd3f.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1436-378X},
journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
number = {5},
pages = {1225--1238},
title = {{Changes in the spatial patterns of human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in Europe 1990--2006}},
volume = {16},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hansen.1991,
abstract = {A dynamic simulation model for the soil plant system is described. The model includes a number of main modules, viz., a hydrological model including a submodel for soil water dynamics, a soil temperature model, a soil nitrogen model including a submodel for soil organic matter dynamics, and a crop model including a submodel for nitrogen uptake. The soil part of the model has a one-dimensional vertical structure. The soil profile is divided into layers on the basis of physical and chemical soil characteristics. The simulation model was used to simulate soil nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat grown at two locations at various levels of nitrogen fertilization. The simulated results were compared to experimental data including concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil, crop yield, and nitrogen accumulated in the aboveground part of the crop. Based on this validation it is concluded that the overall performance of the model is satisfactory although some minor adjustments of the model may prove to be necessary.},
author = {Hansen, S and Jensen, H E and Nielsen, N E and Svendsen, H},
doi = {10.1007/BF01051131},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/853c9ace-63d4-4a0f-9234-2f3c9b74cf8b.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1573-0867},
journal = {Fertilizer research},
number = {2-3},
pages = {245--259},
title = {{Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat using the Danish simulation model DAISY}},
volume = {27},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Easter.2007,
author = {Easter, M and Paustian, K and Killian, K and Williams, S and Feng, T and Al-Adamat, R and BATJES, N H and Bernoux, M and Bhattacharyya, T and Cerri, C C and Cerri, C E P and Coleman, K and Falloon, P and Feller, C and Gicheru, P and Kamoni, P and Milne, E and Pal, D K and Powlson, D S and Rawajfih, Z and Sessay, M and Wokabi, S},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.004},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
number = {1},
pages = {13--25},
title = {{The GEFSOC soil carbon modelling system: A tool for conducting regional-scale soil carbon inventories and assessing the impacts of land use change on soil carbon}},
volume = {122},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Sierra.2012,
author = {Sierra, C A and M{\"{u}}ller, M and Trumbore, S E},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-5-1045-2012},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
number = {4},
pages = {1045--1060},
title = {{Models of soil organic matter decomposition: the SoilR package, version 1.0}},
url = {https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/5/1045/2012/},
volume = {5},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Smith.2007,
author = {Smith, P and Smith, J U and Franko, U and Kuka, K and Romanenkov, V A and Shevtsova, L K and Wattenbach, M and Gottschalk, P and Sirotenko, O D and Rukhovich, D I and Koroleva, P V and Romanenko, I A and Lisovoi, N V},
doi = {10.1007/s10113-007-0028-2},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/1aa5fbf0-7f57-4411-8035-a2c88d2b43cd.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1436-378X},
journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
number = {2},
pages = {105--119},
title = {{Changes in mineral soil organic carbon stocks in the croplands of European Russia and the Ukraine, 1990--2070; comparison of three models and implications for climate mitigation}},
volume = {7},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Manzoni.2009,
author = {Manzoni, Stefano and Porporato, Amilcare},
doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.02.031},
issn = {00380717},
journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
number = {7},
pages = {1355--1379},
title = {{Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: Theory and models across scales}},
volume = {41},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Shirato.2004,
author = {Shirato, Yasuhito and Hakamata, Tomoyuki and Taniyama, Ichiro},
doi = {10.1080/00380768.2004.10408463},
issn = {0038-0768},
journal = {Soil Science and Plant Nutrition},
number = {1},
pages = {149--158},
title = {{Modified rothamsted carbon model for andosols and its validation: changing humus decomposition rate constant with pyrophosphate-extractable Al}},
volume = {50},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Smith.2020,
abstract = {There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international '4p1000' initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long-term experiments and space-for-time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.},
author = {Smith, Pete and Soussana, Jean-Francois and Angers, Denis and Schipper, Louis and Chenu, Claire and Rasse, Daniel P and Batjes, Niels H and van Egmond, Fenny and McNeill, Stephen and Kuhnert, Matthias and Arias-Navarro, Cristina and Olesen, Jorgen E and Chirinda, Ngonidzashe and Fornara, Dario and Wollenberg, Eva and {\'{A}}lvaro-Fuentes, Jorge and Sanz-Cobena, Alberto and Klumpp, Katja},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14815},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/b82698c4-4c6a-4f3d-a5bd-8792ee2b40ee.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1354-1013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
number = {1},
pages = {219--241},
title = {{How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal}},
volume = {26},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Farina.2017,
author = {Farina, Roberta and Marchetti, Alessandro and Francaviglia, Rosa and Napoli, Rosario and {Di Bene}, Claudia},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.015},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
pages = {128--141},
title = {{Modeling regional soil C stocks and CO2 emissions under Mediterranean cropping systems and soil types}},
volume = {238},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Wieder.2014,
author = {Wieder, W R and Grandy, A S and Kallenbach, C M and Bonan, G B},
doi = {10.5194/bg-11-3899-2014},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
number = {14},
pages = {3899--3917},
title = {{Integrating microbial physiology and physio-chemical principles in soils with the MIcrobial-MIneral Carbon Stabilization (MIMICS) model}},
url = {https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/3899/2014/},
volume = {11},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Weihermuller.2013,
author = {Weiherm{\"{u}}ller, L and Graf, A and Herbst, M and Vereecken, H},
doi = {10.1111/ejss.12036},
issn = {1351-0754},
journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
number = {5},
pages = {567--575},
title = {{Simple pedotransfer functions to initialize reactive carbon pools of the RothC model}},
volume = {64},
year = {2013}
}
@incollection{Bahn.2012,
address = {Cambridge},
author = {Bahn, Michael and Kutsch, Werner L and Heinemeyer, Andreas},
booktitle = {Soil carbon dynamics},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511711794.015},
editor = {Kutsch, Werner L},
isbn = {9780511711794},
pages = {257--271},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Synthesis: emerging issues and challenges for an integrated understanding of soil carbon fluxes}},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Jenny.1994,
address = {New York},
author = {Jenny, Hans},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/239e0e33-1d14-487a-b5b6-b23782430ec8.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0486681289},
keywords = {Soil formation},
publisher = {Dover},
title = {{Factors of soil formation: A system of quantitative pedology}},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Smith.2008,
abstract = {Agricultural lands occupy 37{\%} of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84{\%} of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO2, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500-6000Mt CO2-eq.yr-1, with economic potentials of approximately 1500-1600, 2500-2700 and 4000-4300Mt CO2-eq.yr-1 at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US{\$} t CO2-eq.-1, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000Mt CO2-eq.yr-1 at 0-20, 0-50 and 0-100 US{\$} t CO2-eq.-1, respectively.},
author = {Smith, Pete and Martino, Daniel and Cai, Zucong and Gwary, Daniel and Janzen, Henry and Kumar, Pushpam and McCarl, Bruce and Ogle, Stephen and O'Mara, Frank and Rice, Charles and Scholes, Bob and Sirotenko, Oleg and Howden, Mark and McAllister, Tim and Pan, Genxing and Romanenkov, Vladimir and Schneider, Uwe and Towprayoon, Sirintornthep and WATTENBACH, MARTIN and Smith, Jo},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2007.2184},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/88eed865-dfba-4599-89b5-c1f587fe6071.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0962-8436},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
number = {1492},
pages = {789--813},
title = {{Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture}},
volume = {363},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Saggar.1996,
author = {Saggar, S and Parshotam, A and Sparling, G P and Feltham, C W and Hart, P B S},
doi = {10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00250-7},
issn = {00380717},
journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
number = {12},
pages = {1677--1686},
title = {{14C-labelled ryegrass turnover and residence times in soils varying in clay content and mineralogy}},
volume = {28},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Milne.2007,
author = {Milne, E and Adamat, R Al and BATJES, N H and Bernoux, M and Bhattacharyya, T and Cerri, C C and Cerri, C E P and Coleman, K and Easter, M and Falloon, P and Feller, C and Gicheru, P and Kamoni, P and Killian, K and Pal, D K and Paustian, K and Powlson, D S and Rawajfih, Z and Sessay, M and Williams, S and Wokabi, S},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.002},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
number = {1},
pages = {3--12},
title = {{National and sub-national assessments of soil organic carbon stocks and changes: The GEFSOC modelling system}},
volume = {122},
year = {2007}
}
@inproceedings{Franko.1996,
abstract = {The development of the CANDY system (CArbon and Nitrogen DYnamics) has been based on experience of organic matter turnover and nitrogen dynamics gained over a long period, a major part of the scientific work in Bad Lauchst{\"{a}}dt. The main objective in developing the model was to give farmers a tool for calculating short term dynamics of nitrogen transformations and long term changes in the carbon content of the soil. For this reason the system consists of a database interface and several model components. The main component is the CANDY module, written in TURBO - PASCAL which calculates daily changes of water, temperature, carbon and nitrogen for a 2 m deep soil profile. Alongside this daily-timestep nitrogen simulation, there is a long term carbon module that calculates the amount of decomposable carbon in steady state for a given crop rotation. The calculation is specific to the site and management practices and is based on averaged turnover conditions, yields and inputs of organic material.},
address = {Berlin and New York},
author = {Franko, Uwe},
booktitle = {Evaluation of soil organic matter models},
editor = {Powlson, D S and Smith, Peter and Smith, Jo U},
isbn = {978-3-642-61094-3},
pages = {247--254},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change},
title = {{Modelling approaches of soil organic matter turnover within the CANDY system}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Tifafi.2018,
author = {Tifafi, Marwa and Guenet, Bertrand and Hatt{\'{e}}, Christine},
doi = {10.1002/2017GB005678},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/31175cb9-3c2d-499b-9462-0bd755b2a8b8.pdf:pdf},
issn = {08866236},
journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
number = {1},
pages = {42--56},
title = {{Large Differences in Global and Regional Total Soil Carbon Stock Estimates Based on SoilGrids, HWSD, and NCSCD: Intercomparison and Evaluation Based on Field Data From USA, England, Wales, and France}},
volume = {32},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Six.2002,
author = {Six, J and Conant, R T and Paul, E A and Paustian, K},
doi = {10.1023/A:1016125726789},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/b8eaf7ca-3529-40bf-882d-71dec66ba7a1.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0032079X},
journal = {Plant and Soil},
number = {2},
pages = {155--176},
title = {{Stabilization Mechanisms of Soil Organic Matter: Implications for C-Saturation of Soils}},
volume = {241},
year = {2002}
}
@article{GRACE.2006,
author = {Grace, P and Ladd, J and Robertson, G and Gage, S},
doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.013},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/cc00fc62-a145-4a92-94b2-cc604d2b4cce.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00380717},
journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
number = {5},
pages = {1172--1176},
title = {{SOCRATES - A simple model for predicting long-term changes in soil organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems}},
volume = {38},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Lal.2018,
author = {Lal, Rattan and Smith, Pete and Jungkunst, Hermann F and Mitsch, William J and Lehmann, Johannes and Nair, P RamachandranK. and McBratney, Alex B and {de Moraes S{\'{a}}}, Jo{\~{a}}o Carlos and Schneider, Julia and Zinn, Yuri L and Skorupa, Alba L A and Zhang, Hai-Lin and Minasny, Budiman and Srinivasrao, Cherukumalli and Ravindranath, Nijavalli H},
doi = {10.2489/jswc.73.6.145A},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/fd62af40-135c-4120-9ee3-280bd94dbdc7.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-4561},
journal = {Journal of Soil and Water Conservation},
number = {6},
pages = {145A----152A},
title = {{The carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems}},
volume = {73},
year = {2018}
}
@book{Clarholm.1989,
abstract = {Agriculture in the industrial world has gone A common interest of the contributors is increas­ through dramatic changes over the past decades. ing the understanding of the turnover of carbon Mechanization in combination with high inputs of and inorganic nutrients in terestrial ecosystems. fertilizers and pesticides has turned deficits of agri­ The authors approach this topic from different cultural products into surplus. Over the same directions depending on their interests and ex­ period we have experienced increased environment­ pertise. Difficulties are identified in the quantifica­ al problems in both the atmosphere and our water tion of below-ground production where death and resources, which have been associated with the re-growth, if incorporated into the calculations, changes in management practices. can change production figures considerably as Concern about the potential pollution by compared to values derived from {\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}peak{\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}} estimates. nitrogen fertilizers as well as the low utilization The role of root-derived carbon is investigated in efficiency of applied nitrogen by plants has created relation to nutrient competition between roots and a need for a better understanding of nitrogen microorganisms, the cost of N2 fixation and the cycling in the plant-soil-water system. To achieve decomposition of organic nitrogen. Mycorrhizae this, it is neccessary to study process interactions use root-derived carbon and their roles in phos­ and process regulation in an ecosystem context. phorus conservation and in supplying nutrients to During the last decade many ecosystem studies the host are exemplified.},
address = {Dordrecht},
editor = {Clarholm, M and Bergstr{\"{o}}m, L},
isbn = {978-94-009-1021-8},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
series = {Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences},
title = {{Ecology of Arable Land -- Perspectives and Challenges: Proceeding of an International Symposium, 9-12 June 1987 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden}},
volume = {39},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Palosuo.2012,
author = {Palosuo, Taru and Foereid, Bente and Svensson, Magnus and Shurpali, Narasinha and Lehtonen, Aleksi and Herbst, Michael and Linkosalo, Tapio and Ortiz, Carina and {Rampazzo Todorovic}, Gorana and Marcinkonis, Saulius and Li, Changsheng and Jandl, Robert},
doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.004},
issn = {13648152},
journal = {Environmental Modelling {\&} Software},
pages = {38--49},
title = {{A multi-model comparison of soil carbon assessment of a coniferous forest stand}},
volume = {35},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Schmidt.2011,
abstract = {Globally, soil organic matter (SOM) contains more than three times as much carbon as either the atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation. Yet it remains largely unknown why some SOM persists for millennia whereas other SOM decomposes readily--and this limits our ability to predict how soils will respond to climate change. Recent analytical and experimental advances have demonstrated that molecular structure alone does not control SOM stability: in fact, environmental and biological controls predominate. Here we propose ways to include this understanding in a new generation of experiments and soil carbon models, thereby improving predictions of the SOM response to global warming.},
author = {Schmidt, Michael W I and Torn, Margaret S and Abiven, Samuel and Dittmar, Thorsten and Guggenberger, Georg and Janssens, Ivan A and Kleber, Markus and K{\"{o}}gel-Knabner, Ingrid and Lehmann, Johannes and Manning, David A C and Nannipieri, Paolo and Rasse, Daniel P and Weiner, Steve and Trumbore, Susan E},
doi = {10.1038/nature10386},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/c339a9ac-091d-4bb9-b4f1-def7044c5476.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7367},
pages = {49--56},
title = {{Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property}},
volume = {478},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Jenkinson.1977,
author = {Jenkinson, D S and Rayner, J H},
doi = {10.1097/00010694-197705000-00005},
issn = {0038-075X},
journal = {Soil Science},
number = {5},
pages = {298--305},
title = {{The Turnover of Soil Organic Matter in Some of The Rothamsted Classical Experiments}},
volume = {123},
year = {1977}
}
@inproceedings{Parton.1996,
abstract = {The CENTURY model simulates the dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) for different plant-soil systems. The model can simulate the dynamics of grassland systems, agricultural crop systems, forest systems, and savanna systems. The grassland/crop and forest systems have different plant production submodels which are linked to a common soil organic matter submodel. The soil organic matter submodel simulates the flow of C, N, P, and S through plant litter and the different inorganic and organic pools in the soil. The model runs using a monthly time step and the major input variables for the model include: (1) monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature, (2) monthly precipitation, (3) lignin N, P, and S content of plant material, (4) soil texture, and (5) atmospheric and soil N inputs.},
address = {Berlin and New York},
author = {Parton, W J},
booktitle = {Evaluation of soil organic matter models},
editor = {Powlson, D S and Smith, Peter and Smith, Jo U},
isbn = {978-3-642-61094-3},
pages = {283--291},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change},
title = {{The CENTURY model}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Campbell.2015,
author = {Campbell, E E and Paustian, Keith},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123004},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/55d99197-02e9-47a5-bc91-e41e572c4a02.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
number = {12},
pages = {123004},
title = {{Current developments in soil organic matter modeling and the expansion of model applications: a review}},
url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123004},
volume = {10},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Poulton.2018,
abstract = {We evaluated the {\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}4 per 1000{\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}} initiative for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) by analysing rates of SOC increase in treatments in 16 long-term experiments in southeast United Kingdom. The initiative sets a goal for SOC stock to increase by 4‰ per year in the 0-40{\~{}}cm soil depth, continued over 20{\~{}}years. Our experiments, on three soil types, provided 114 treatment comparisons over 7-157{\~{}}years. Treatments included organic additions (incorporated by inversion ploughing), N fertilizers, introducing pasture leys into continuous arable systems, and converting arable land to woodland. In 65{\%} of cases, SOC increases occurred at {\textgreater}7‰ per year in the 0-23{\~{}}cm depth, approximately equivalent to 4‰ per year in the 0-40{\~{}}cm depth. In the two longest running experiments ({\textgreater}150{\~{}}years), annual farmyard manure (FYM) applications at 35{\~{}}t fresh material per hectare (equivalent to approx. 3.2{\~{}}t organic C/ha/year) gave SOC increases of 18‰ and 43‰ per year in the 23{\~{}}cm depth during the first 20{\~{}}years. Increases exceeding 7‰ per year continued for 40-60{\~{}}years. In other experiments, with FYM applied at lower rates or not every year, there were increases of 3‰-8‰ per year over several decades. Other treatments gave increases between zero and 19‰ per year over various periods. We conclude that there are severe limitations to achieving the {\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}}4 per 1000{\{}$\backslash$textquotedbl{\}} goal in practical agriculture over large areas. The reasons include (1) farmers not having the necessary resources (e.g. insufficient manure); (2) some, though not all, practices favouring SOC already widely adopted; (3) practices uneconomic for farmers-potentially overcome by changes in regulations or subsidies; (4) practices undesirable for global food security. We suggest it is more realistic to promote practices for increasing SOC based on improving soil quality and functioning as small increases can have disproportionately large beneficial impacts, though not necessarily translating into increased crop yield.},
author = {Poulton, Paul and Johnston, Johnny and Macdonald, Andy and White, Rodger and Powlson, David},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14066},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/94022817-175c-4560-810e-b5124aa9551a.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Global change biology},
number = {6},
pages = {2563--2584},
title = {{Major limitations to achieving "4 per 1000" increases in soil organic carbon stock in temperate regions: Evidence from long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom}},
volume = {24},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Falloon.2003,
author = {Falloon, P and Smith, P},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00313.x},
issn = {0266-0032},
journal = {Soil Use and Management},
number = {3},
pages = {265--269},
title = {{Accounting for changes in soil carbon under the Kyoto Protocol: need for improved long-term data sets to reduce uncertainty in model projections}},
volume = {19},
year = {2003}
}
@article{PoeplauChristopherandDonAxel.2012,
abstract = {Land-use changes (LUC) influence the balance of soil organic carbon (SOC) and hence may cause CO2 emissions or sequestration. In Europe there is a side by side of LUC types that lead to SOC loss or SOC accumulation. However, there is a lack of studies covering all major LUC types to investigate qualitative and quantitative LUC effects on SOC. In this study we sampled 24 paired sites in Europe to a depth of 80 cm, covering a wide range of pedo-climatic conditions and comprising the major European LUC types cropland to grassland, grassland to cropland, cropland to forest and grassland to forest. To assess qualitative changes and the sensitivity of different functional SOC pools with distinct turnover times, we conducted a fractionation to isolate five different fractions of SOC. The mean SOC stock changes after LUC were 18{\$}\backslash{\$}textpm2.3 Mg ha-1, while all other fractions depleted. Thus, afforestations shift SOC fromstable to labile pools. The resistant fraction comprising the so-called inert carbon was found to be only slightly less sensitive than the total SOC pool, suggesting that an inert carbon pool was not chemically extracted with NaOCl oxidation, if there is any inert carbon},
author = {{Poeplau, Christopher and Don, Axel}},
doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.003},
issn = {00167061},
journal = {Geoderma},
keywords = {carbon pools;fractionation;land-use change;soil or},
pages = {189--201},
title = {{Sensitivity of soil organic carbon stocks and fractions to different land-use changes across Europe}},
url = {https://www.openagrar.de/receive/timport{\_}mods{\_}00034477},
volume = {192},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hengl.2017,
abstract = {This paper describes the technical development and accuracy assessment of the most recent and improved version of the SoilGrids system at 250m resolution (June 2016 update). SoilGrids provides global predictions for standard numeric soil properties (organic carbon, bulk density, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), pH, soil texture fractions and coarse fragments) at seven standard depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm), in addition to predictions of depth to bedrock and distribution of soil classes based on the World Reference Base (WRB) and USDA classification systems (ca. 280 raster layers in total). Predictions were based on ca. 150,000 soil profiles used for training and a stack of 158 remote sensing-based soil covariates (primarily derived from MODIS land products, SRTM DEM derivatives, climatic images and global landform and lithology maps), which were used to fit an ensemble of machine learning methods-random forest and gradient boosting and/or multinomial logistic regression-as implemented in the R packages ranger, xgboost, nnet and caret. The results of 10-fold cross-validation show that the ensemble models explain between 56{\%} (coarse fragments) and 83{\%} (pH) of variation with an overall average of 61{\%}. Improvements in the relative accuracy considering the amount of variation explained, in comparison to the previous version of SoilGrids at 1 km spatial resolution, range from 60 to 230{\%}. Improvements can be attributed to: (1) the use of machine learning instead of linear regression, (2) to considerable investments in preparing finer resolution covariate layers and (3) to insertion of additional soil profiles. Further development of SoilGrids could include refinement of methods to incorporate input uncertainties and derivation of posterior probability distributions (per pixel), and further automation of spatial modeling so that soil maps can be generated for potentially hundreds of soil variables. Another area of future research is the development of methods for multiscale merging of SoilGrids predictions with local and/or national gridded soil products (e.g. up to 50 m spatial resolution) so that increasingly more accurate, complete and consistent global soil information can be produced. SoilGrids are available under the Open Data Base License.},
author = {Hengl, Tomislav and {Mendes de Jesus}, Jorge and Heuvelink, Gerard B M and {Ruiperez Gonzalez}, Maria and Kilibarda, Milan and Blagoti{\'{c}}, Aleksandar and Shangguan, Wei and Wright, Marvin N and Geng, Xiaoyuan and Bauer-Marschallinger, Bernhard and Guevara, Mario Antonio and Vargas, Rodrigo and MacMillan, Robert A and Batjes, Niels H and Leenaars, Johan G B and Ribeiro, Eloi and Wheeler, Ichsani and Mantel, Stephan and Kempen, Bas},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0169748},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/ac899d6b-8c5a-41a1-8102-1427b6ca06f5.pdf:pdf},
journal = {PloS one},
number = {2},
pages = {e0169748},
title = {{SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning}},
volume = {12},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations2017,
address = {Rome},
author = {{Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}},
publisher = {FAO},
title = {{Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Soil Management}},
url = {http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/5544358d-f11f-4e9f-90ef-a37c3bf52db7/},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Parshotam.1995,
author = {Parshotam, A and Hewitt, A E},
doi = {10.1016/0160-4120(95)00071-R},
issn = {01604120},
journal = {Environment International},
number = {5},
pages = {693--697},
title = {{Application of the Rothamsted carbon turnover model to soils in degraded semi-arid land in New Zealand}},
volume = {21},
year = {1995}
}
@article{SMITH.1998,
author = {Smith, P and Andr{\'{e}}n, O and Brussaard, L and Dangerfield, M and Ekschmitt, K and Lavelle, P and Tate, K},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00193.x},
issn = {1354-1013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
number = {7},
pages = {773--784},
title = {{Soil biota and global change at the ecosystem level: describing soil biota in mathematical models}},
volume = {4},
year = {1998}
}
@misc{IPCC.2019,
author = {IPCC},
title = {{2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories}},
url = {https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Allen.2014,
author = {Allen, Myles R and Stocker, Thomas F},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate2077},
issn = {1758-678X},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
number = {1},
pages = {23--26},
title = {{Impact of delay in reducing carbon dioxide emissions}},
volume = {4},
year = {2014}
}
@article{AlAdamat.2007,
author = {Al-Adamat, R and Rawajfih, Z and Easter, M and Paustian, K and Coleman, K and Milne, E and Falloon, P and Powlson, D S and BATJES, N H},
doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.006},
issn = {01678809},
journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems {\&} Environment},
number = {1},
pages = {35--45},
title = {{Predicted soil organic carbon stocks and changes in Jordan between 2000 and 2030 made using the GEFSOC Modelling System}},
volume = {122},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Neumann.2018,
abstract = {Agricultural plants, covering large parts of the global land surface and important for the livelihoods of people worldwide, fix carbon dioxide seasonally via photosynthesis. The carbon allocation of crops, however, remains relatively understudied compared to, for example, forests. For comprehensive consistent resource assessments or climate change impact studies large-scale reliable vegetation information is needed. Here, we demonstrate how robust data on carbon uptake in croplands can be obtained by combining multiple sources to enhance the reliability of estimates. Using yield statistics, a remote-sensing based productivity algorithm and climate-sensitive potential productivity, we mapped the potential to increase crop productivity and compared consistent carbon uptake information of agricultural land with forests. The productivity gap in Europe is higher in Eastern and Southern than in Central-Western countries. At continental scale, European agriculture shows a greater carbon uptake in harvestable compartments than forests (agriculture 1.96 vs. forests 1.76 t C ha-1 year-1). Mapping productivity gaps allows efforts to enhance crop production to be prioritized by, for example, improved crop cultivars, nutrient management or pest control. The concepts and methods for quantifying carbon uptake used in this study are applicable worldwide and allow forests and agriculture to be included in future carbon uptake assessments.},
author = {Neumann, Mathias and Smith, Pete},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.268},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/099b43ba-598d-4c50-8ae3-76a82f5dc444.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
pages = {902--911},
title = {{Carbon uptake by European agricultural land is variable, and in many regions could be increased: Evidence from remote sensing, yield statistics and models of potential productivity}},
volume = {643},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Paustian.2016,
abstract = {Soils are integral to the function of all terrestrial ecosystems and to food and fibre production. An overlooked aspect of soils is their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Although proven practices exist, the implementation of soil-based greenhouse gas mitigation activities are at an early stage and accurately quantifying emissions and reductions remains a substantial challenge. Emerging research and information technology developments provide the potential for a broader inclusion of soils in greenhouse gas policies. Here we highlight 'state of the art' soil greenhouse gas research, summarize mitigation practices and potentials, identify gaps in data and understanding and suggest ways to close such gaps through new research, technology and collaboration.},
author = {Paustian, Keith and Lehmann, Johannes and Ogle, Stephen and Reay, David and Robertson, G Philip and Smith, Pete},
doi = {10.1038/nature17174},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/1e87e11d-aad0-4f63-a5fa-9c354f1c587a.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7597},
pages = {49--57},
title = {{Climate-smart soils}},
volume = {532},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Jansson.2010,
author = {Jansson, Christer and Wullschleger, Stan D and Kalluri, Udaya C and Tuskan, Gerald A},
doi = {10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.6},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/4e90bdc3-d1d4-410f-b0cc-bc7f0f724db1.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0006-3568},
journal = {BioScience},
number = {9},
pages = {685--696},
title = {{Phytosequestration: Carbon Biosequestration by Plants and the Prospects of Genetic Engineering}},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Lal.2004,
abstract = {The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66{\%} of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15{\%} of the global fossil-fuel emissions.},
author = {Lal, R},
doi = {10.1126/science.1097396},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Swiss Academic Software/Citavi 6/ProjectCache/vtyb28iplirircow2l5q1lmzyowtdkcpdyuo83d/Citavi Attachments/5a16daf7-3b7e-4426-892d-fc1efefde2d6.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
number = {5677},
pages = {1623--1627},
title = {{Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security}},
volume = {304},
year = {2004}
}