lamenessgame_refs.bib

@book{rcoreteam2017,
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	title = {R: {A} {Language} and {Environment} for {Statistical} {Computing}},
	url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
	publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	author = {{R Core Team}},
	year = {2017},
}

@article{kaler2008,
	title = {Recognition of lameness and decisions to catch for inspection among sheep farmers and specialists in {GB}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1746-6148},
	url = {http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-41},
	doi = {10.1186/1746-6148-4-41},
	abstract = {Background: Epidemiological studies have used farmer estimates of the prevalence of lameness in their flocks. This assumes that farmers can identify lame sheep. Eight movie clips of sheep with locomotion from sound to moderately lame were used to investigate the ability of farmers and sheep specialists to recognise lame sheep. Each participant was asked to complete a form and indicate, for each movie clip, whether they thought the sheep was lame and whether they would catch it if it was the only lame sheep or if 2 – 5, 6 – 10 or {\textgreater} 10 sheep were equally lame. The farmers' responses were compared with their estimates of flock lameness prevalence and the interval between observing a lame sheep and catching it.
Results: 178 farmers and 54 sheep specialists participated. Participants could identify even mildly lame sheep but made a separate decision on whether to catch them. This decision was dependent on the severity of lameness and the number of sheep lame in a group. Those who said they would catch the first lame sheep in a group were significantly more likely to catch mildly lame sheep (farmer-reported median prevalence of lameness 5\% (IQR: 2\%–6\%)). In contrast, farmers who waited for several sheep to be lame indicated that they would only catch more severely lame sheep (farmer reported median flock lameness 11\% (IQR: 9\%–15\%)). Approximately 15\% of farmers did not catch individual lame sheep (farmer reported median flock lameness 15\% (IQR: 10\%–15\%)). The flock prevalence of lameness increased as time to treatment increased and time to treatment was positively correlated with only catching more severely lame sheep.
Conclusion: If movie-clips are similar to the flock situation, farmers and specialists can recognise even mildly lame sheep but vary in their management from prompt treatment of the first lame sheep in a group to no individual sheep treatments. The former practices would be appropriate to minimise transmission of footrot, a common, infectious cause of lameness and so reduce its incidence. The analysis also suggests that farmers estimate lameness prevalence relatively accurately because farmers who treated the first mildly lame sheep in a group also reported the lowest prevalence of lameness in their flock.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-26},
	journal = {BMC Veterinary Research},
	author = {Kaler, Jasmeet and Green, Laura},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {41},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\UMB8XYPA\\Kaler and Green - 2008 - Recognition of lameness and decisions to catch for.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{ZoteroDownloads,
	title = {Zotero {\textbar} {Downloads}},
	url = {https://www.zotero.org/download/},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
}

@misc{FrontiersLamenessBeef,
	title = {Frontiers {\textbar} {Lameness} in {Beef} {Cattle}: {UK} {Farmers}' {Perceptions}, {Knowledge}, {Barriers}, and {Approaches} to {Treatment} and {Control} {\textbar} {Veterinary} {Science}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2019.00094/full},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
	file = {Frontiers | Lameness in Beef Cattle\: UK Farmers' Perceptions, Knowledge, Barriers, and Approaches to Treatment and Control | Veterinary Science:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\GKPUYJHI\\full.html:text/html},
}

@misc{FrontiersWorkingDog,
	title = {Frontiers {\textbar} {Working} {Dog} {Training} for the {Twenty}-{First} {Century} {\textbar} {Veterinary} {Science}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.646022/full},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
	file = {Frontiers | Working Dog Training for the Twenty-First Century | Veterinary Science:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\I2UCMI55\\full.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{brewerToughShiftExploring2015,
	address = {London United Kingdom},
	title = {Tough {Shift}: {Exploring} the {Complexities} of {Shifting} {Residential} {Electricity} {Use} {Through} a {Casual} {Mobile} {Game}},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3466-2},
	shorttitle = {Tough {Shift}},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2793107.2793108},
	doi = {10.1145/2793107.2793108},
	abstract = {Modern electrical grids are increasingly reliant on generation from renewable sources that can vary from hour to hour. This variability has led to the desire to shift the times of the day when electricity is consumed to better match generation. One way to achieve these shifts is by encouraging people to change their behavior at home. Leveraging prior research on encouraging reductions in residential energy use through game play, we introduce ShareBuddy: a casual mobile game intended to encourage players not only to reduce, but also to shift their electricity use. We conducted two field studies in a student dormitory and found that players did not shift their electricity use, because they were unwilling to change their schedules and found it easier to focus on reducing electricity use. Based on our findings, we discuss the implications for encouraging shifting, and also the challenges of integrating real-world resource use into a game.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 {Annual} {Symposium} on {Computer}-{Human} {Interaction} in {Play}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Brewer, Robert S. and Verdezoto, Nervo and Holst, Thomas and Rasmussen, Mia Kruse},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {307--317},
	file = {Brewer et al. - 2015 - Tough Shift Exploring the Complexities of Shiftin.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\WSTRFFNL\\Brewer et al. - 2015 - Tough Shift Exploring the Complexities of Shiftin.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{CommunicatingAntimicrobialResistance,
	title = {Communicating antimicrobial resistance: the need to go beyond human health {\textbar} {JAC}-{Antimicrobial} {Resistance} {\textbar} {Oxford} {Academic}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jacamr/article/3/3/dlab096/6328745#.YQEUKXbNbXE.twitter},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
}

@article{vigorsImportanceFarmAnimal2021,
	title = {The {Importance} of {Farm} {Animal} {Health} and {Natural} {Behaviors} to {Livestock} {Farmers}: {Findings} {From} a {Factorial} {Survey} {Using} {Vignettes}},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {2673-6225},
	shorttitle = {The {Importance} of {Farm} {Animal} {Health} and {Natural} {Behaviors} to {Livestock} {Farmers}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2021.638782/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fanim.2021.638782},
	abstract = {There is increasing interest in enabling positive experiences, not just minimising negative experiences, to improve the welfare of farmed animals. This has influenced the growth of private agri-food standards and supported arguments to integrate animal welfare into policy on sustainability and climate change. However, much research finds that farmers predominantly focus on the minimisation of negatives (i.e. health issues). This may impact the positioning of farmers within these wider societal debates, affecting their social licence to farm. It is thus important to better understand farmers’ priorities relating to the minimisation of negative factors (e.g. health issues) and the promotion of positive experiences (i.e. natural behaviours). A novel 2x2 factorial survey using vignettes, which experimentally manipulated health (health issues minimised/not minimised) and natural behaviour (natural behaviours promoted/not promoted) provision, was completed by livestock farmers (n=169), mostly with extensive systems, in the UK and Republic of Ireland. The majority (88\%) considered ‘minimising health issues’ to be the most important factor for animal well-being. However, the overall welfare of animals was judged to be highest when both health and natural behaviours were supported. Several individual characteristics, including farming sector, production system, gender, belief in animal mind and business type influenced how participants judged the welfare of animals and the level of importance they gave to health and natural behaviours. Findings suggest that although farmers prioritise the minimisation of health issues they want animals to be both healthy and able to express natural behaviours, and individual characteristics are important for understanding farmers’ welfare-related judgements.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
	journal = {Frontiers in Animal Science},
	author = {Vigors, Belinda and Ewing, David A. and Lawrence, Alistair B.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {sustainability, Factorial survey analysis, Farm animal welfare, Farmer attitude, food policy},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\LNI3GIKB\\Vigors et al. - 2021 - The Importance of Farm Animal Health and Natural B.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{FrontiersExploringPotential,
	title = {Frontiers {\textbar} {Exploring} the {Potential} of {Precision} {Livestock} {Farming} {Technologies} to {Help} {Address} {Farm} {Animal} {Welfare} {\textbar} {Animal} {Science}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2021.639678/full},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
	file = {Frontiers | Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare | Animal Science:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\L8LSS89E\\full.html:text/html},
}

@article{crowley2021,
	title = {The educational value of virtual ecologies in {Red} {Dead} {Redemption} 2},
	volume = {n/a},
	issn = {2575-8314},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pan3.10242},
	doi = {10.1002/pan3.10242},
	abstract = {Playing video games is often perceived as the antithesis of engaging with, and learning about, the natural world. Nevertheless, there is growing recognition that digital media is now a central part of many people's lives. This has led to increased efforts to harness the power and popularity of digital games for both ecological education and conservation advocacy. Games designed for educational purposes may be perceived as too niche, or have insufficient resources, to reach wider audiences. In contrast, big budget video games reach many millions of players, but are generally designed for entertainment rather than education. Red Dead Redemption 2 (RDR2), a Western-themed action-adventure game, is one such product. Nevertheless, due to its detailed, open-world simulation of late 19th century North American ecosystems, it provides opportunities for players to learn about real-world wildlife. We surveyed self-described gamers who both had, and had not, played RDR2. Participants undertook a wildlife identification quiz focusing on 15 species depicted in the game. We also asked participants about their self-reported learning and experiences of playing RDR2. We found that participants who had played RDR2 correctly identified more species in the quiz, with this improvement enhanced by having completed the game's main storyline, played more recently or played online in a ‘Naturalist’ role. The difference in performance was greatest for ungulate and fish species which have high in-game utility value. In addition to species identification, participants reported learning about animal behaviours and interspecies interactions. Their most memorable experiences were associated with RDR2's immersive environment and ability to provoke emotional responses. We conclude that big-budget video games can have educational as well as entertainment value and should be taken seriously by educators, ecologists and conservationists as a communicative force. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2021-07-28},
	journal = {People and Nature},
	author = {Crowley, Edward J. and Silk, Matthew J. and Crowley, Sarah L.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pan3.10242},
	keywords = {natural history, ecological education, experience of nature, video games, visual media, wildlife identification},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\XE5ILAZC\\Crowley et al. - The educational value of virtual ecologies in Red .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\XTG7UZFP\\pan3.html:text/html},
}

@article{moynaghEURegulationConsumer,
	title = {{EU} {Regulation} and {Consumer} {Demand} for {Animal} {Welfare}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Moynagh, James},
	pages = {8},
	file = {Moynagh - EU Regulation and Consumer Demand for Animal Welfa.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\DE28I6G7\\Moynagh - EU Regulation and Consumer Demand for Animal Welfa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{farmanimalwelfarecouncilFAWCReportStockmanship2007,
	title = {{FAWC} {Report} on {Stockmanship} and {Farm} {Animal} {Welfare}},
	url = {https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0168159108000129?token=560909FEB091E69F2D7095261F7C91110675B8972804DFD44FED2EB473CB46AA1CBF3B127CB3EB6F1268484EC5E20693&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20211020095111},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	author = {Farm Animal Welfare Council},
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.011},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\JF5I52VA\\S0168159108000129.html:text/html},
}

@article{fraserGlobalPerspectiveFarm2008,
	series = {Farm {Animal} {Welfare} since the {Brambell} {Report}},
	title = {Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {0168-1591},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159108000129},
	doi = {10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.011},
	abstract = {During the past half century, the less industrialized countries experienced rapid increases in animal production through both large-scale confinement systems and traditional small-scale systems. These countries now produce the majority of the world's meat. The regulations and other programs designed to safeguard animal welfare in the European and English-speaking countries may prove ineffective in the diverse and burgeoning production systems of the less industrialized nations. However, improvements to animal welfare may still be achieved (1) through the basic economic incentive to reduce losses caused by injury, stress and malnutrition, (2) through disease control programs, as long as these are well conducted, and (3) by international corporations applying their existing animal welfare standards on a more global basis. Moreover, low labour costs in less industrialized countries could allow labour-intensive, non-confinement systems to flourish, especially if there is an international market for such products. Although animal welfare plays no role in the agreements of the World Trade Organization, internationally recognized standards may still be incorporated by mutual agreement in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, and they may be required in future by international food companies and their customers. There are important opportunities for animal welfare scientists to support animal protection initiatives in the less industrialized countries, especially through technical assistance programs, research and education.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science},
	author = {Fraser, David},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Animal health, Research, Developing countries, Education, Animal welfare, Globalization, Trade},
	pages = {330--339},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\55Z8JY4M\\Fraser - 2008 - Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\UNTRHSYD\\S0168159108000129.html:text/html},
}

@article{sumnerPerspectivesFarmersVeterinarians2018,
	title = {Perspectives of farmers and veterinarians concerning dairy cattle welfare},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2160-6056},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/af/article/8/1/8/4967589},
	doi = {10.1093/af/vfx006},
	abstract = {Increasing public concern with the welfare of farmed animals is well documented (Clark et al., 2016). This increased concern by the public, in addition to conce},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Animal Frontiers},
	author = {Sumner, Christine L. and von Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. and Weary, Daniel M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford Academic},
	pages = {8--13},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\H4GB9LSL\\Sumner et al. - 2018 - Perspectives of farmers and veterinarians concerni.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hockenhullWouldItSell2019,
	title = {‘{Would} it sell more pork?’ {Pig} farmers’ perceptions of {Real} {Welfare}, the welfare outcome component of their farm assurance scheme},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1751-7311, 1751-732X},
	shorttitle = {‘{Would} it sell more pork?},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal/article/abs/would-it-sell-more-pork-pig-farmers-perceptions-of-real-welfare-the-welfare-outcome-component-of-their-farm-assurance-scheme/9A398EF5AA28D845452451E1A4A00CDB},
	doi = {10.1017/S1751731119000946},
	abstract = {In the UK, the pig industry is leading the way in the adoption of welfare outcome measures as part of their farm assurance scheme. The welfare outcome assessment (WOA), known as Real Welfare, is conducted by the farmers’ own veterinary surgeon. For the first time, this has allowed the pig industry to evaluate welfare by directly assessing the animal itself and to document the welfare of the UK pig industry as a whole. Farmer perspectives of the addition of a welfare outcome assessment to their farm assurance scheme have yet to be explored. Here, we investigate how the introduction of the Real Welfare protocol has been perceived by the farmers involved, what value it has (if any), whether any practical changes on farm have been a direct consequence of Real Welfare and ultimately whether they consider that the welfare of their pigs has been improved by the introduction of the Real Welfare protocol. Semi-structured interviews with 15 English pig farmers were conducted to explore their perceptions and experiences of the Real Welfare process. Our findings fall into three key areas: the lived experience of Real Welfare, on-farm changes resulting from Real Welfare and suggested improvements to the Real Welfare process as it currently stands. In all the three areas, the value farmers placed on the addition of WOA appeared to reflect their veterinary surgeon’s attitude towards the Real Welfare protocol. If the vet was engaged in the process and actively included the farmer, for example through discussion of their findings, the farmers interviewed had a greater appreciation of the benefits of Real Welfare themselves. It is recommended that future similar schemes should work with veterinary surgeons to ensure their understanding and engagement with the process, as well as identifying and promoting how the scheme will practically benefit individual farmers rather than assuming that they will be motivated to engage for the good of the industry alone. Retailers should be encouraged to use Real Welfare as a marketing tool for pig products to enhance the perceived commercial value of this protocol to farmers.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {animal},
	author = {Hockenhull, J. and Main, D. C. J. and Mullan, S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {animal welfare, pig, animal-based measures, farmer perspectives, welfare assessment},
	pages = {2864--2875},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\D2XGUAXF\\9A398EF5AA28D845452451E1A4A00CDB.html:text/html;Submitted Version:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\7JCKWXJK\\Hockenhull et al. - 2019 - ‘Would it sell more pork’ Pig farmers’ perception.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perryCurrentDriversFuture2013,
	title = {Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics},
	volume = {110},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/110/52/20871},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1012953108},
	abstract = {We review the global dynamics of livestock disease over the last two decades. Our imperfect ability to detect and report disease hinders assessment of trends, but we suggest that, although endemic diseases continue their historic decline in wealthy countries, poor countries experience static or deteriorating animal health and epidemic diseases show both regression and expansion. At a mesolevel, disease is changing in terms of space and host, which is illustrated by bluetongue, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus, and it is also emerging, as illustrated by highly pathogenic avian influenza and others. Major proximate drivers of change in disease dynamics include ecosystem change, ecosystem incursion, and movements of people and animals; underlying these are demographic change and an increasing demand for livestock products. We identify three trajectories of global disease dynamics: (i) the worried well in developed countries (demanding less risk while broadening the circle of moral concern), (ii) the intensifying and market-orientated systems of many developing countries, where highly complex disease patterns create hot spots for disease shifts, and (iii) the neglected cold spots in poor countries, where rapid change in disease dynamics is less likely but smallholders and pastoralists continue to struggle with largely preventable and curable livestock diseases.},
	language = {en},
	number = {52},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Perry, Brian D. and Grace, Delia and Sones, Keith},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {21576468},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Perspective},
	keywords = {disease drivers, diversity of disease trajectories, spatial and host dynamics},
	pages = {20871--20877},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\6QCITRMV\\Perry et al. - 2013 - Current drivers and future directions of global li.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\I4KSJPIT\\20871.html:text/html},
}

@article{woodsPartnershipActionContagious2009,
	title = {‘{Partnership}’ in {Action}: {Contagious} {Abortion} and the {Governance} of {Livestock} {Disease} in {Britain}, 1885–1921},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0026-4695, 1573-1871},
	shorttitle = {‘{Partnership}’ in {Action}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11024-009-9123-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s11024-009-9123-5},
	abstract = {Most histories of livestock disease in Britain treat the development of control policy as a government responsibility, to which farmers made little constructive contribution. Similarly, farmers rarely appear in accounts of disease research. This paper uses the example of contagious abortion (brucellosis) at the turn of the twentieth century to reveal that state-farming collaboration in research and policy did in fact occur, and that it operated in various ways, with often unexpected outcomes. The collaborative approach to contagious abortion is partly attributed to its clinical and epidemiological features, which made it an unsuitable candidate for the existing, state-led policy of stamping out disease. It is claimed that such collaboration has been overlooked by historians on account of their focus upon diseases that were amenable to stamping out. This focus needs to change if history is to inform present-day disease governance in Britain, which is founded on the concept of ‘partnership’ between farmers and the state.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Minerva},
	author = {Woods, Abigail},
	month = jun,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {195--216},
	file = {Woods - 2009 - ‘Partnership’ in Action Contagious Abortion and t.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\F55AUI3S\\Woods - 2009 - ‘Partnership’ in Action Contagious Abortion and t.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{woodsManufacturedPlagueHistory2004,
	address = {London},
	title = {A {Manufactured} {Plague}: {The} {History} of {Foot}-and-mouth {Disease} in {Britain}},
	isbn = {978-1-84977-030-9},
	shorttitle = {A {Manufactured} {Plague}},
	abstract = {Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is currently regarded as one of the world's worst animal plagues. But how did this label become attached to a curable disease that poses little threat to human health? And why, in the epidemic of 2001, did the government's control strategy still rely upon Victorian trade restrictions and mass slaughter?

This groundbreaking and well-researched book shows that, for over a century, FMD has brought fear, tragedy and sorrow- damaging businesses and affecting international relations. Yet these effects were neither inevitable nor caused by FMD itself but were, rather, the product of the legislation used to control it, and in this sense FMD is a 'manufactured' plague rather than a natural one.

A Manufactured Plague turns the spotlight on this process of manufacture, revealing a rich history beset by controversy, in which party politics, class relations, veterinary ambitions, agricultural practices, the priorities of farming and the meat trade, fears for national security and scientific progress all made FMD what it is today.},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Woods, Abigail},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	doi = {10.4324/9781849770309},
}

@article{sinclairBenefitsImprovingAnimal2019,
	title = {The {Benefits} of {Improving} {Animal} {Welfare} from the {Perspective} of {Livestock} {Stakeholders} across {Asia}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2076-2615},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524158/},
	doi = {10.3390/ani9040123},
	abstract = {Simple Summary
A previous study into successful international animal welfare management strategy presented the vital need for animal welfare proponents to establish mutual benefits with the livestock industry. What the perceived benefits to addressing farm animal welfare are, is therefore important information not previously researched. This study asked leaders in the livestock industry in regions across six Asian countries what they saw as the key benefits for improving animal welfare, and which of those benefits they found the most compelling. The potentials to increase productivity of the animals and improve meat quality were among the most frequently cited and most highly rated across the countries. Important differences in the focus of other benefits existed by country, with food safety of highest importance in China and Vietnam, and people-focused benefits (such as human health and improved community livelihood) of greater importance in countries with higher rates of poverty such as India and Bangladesh. Animal-based reasons, such as improving animal welfare to the benefit of the animals themselves, were not compelling benefits in any of the investigated countries, other than India. The results of this study could assist in the development of improved animal welfare strategies.

Abstract
In this study, 17 focus group meetings were held with livestock industry leaders in geographically dispersed areas of China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, India and Bangladesh, regarding animal welfare issues, potential solutions and attitudes. Livestock leaders were asked ‘what do you see as the benefits to improving animal welfare’ and later to discuss the potential benefits and rank them according to their associated importance. While differences existed by country, the most important perceived benefit area across all countries was financial in nature, primarily focussed on the potential to increase the productive output of the animals and to improve meat and product quality. However, doubt existed around the ability to increase profit against the cost of improving animal welfare, particularly in China. Human health benefits and the tie to human welfare and community livelihood were considered most important in India and Bangladesh, and animal-focussed benefits were not significant in any countries, except India and, to a lesser extent, Bangladesh. Thus, improving animal welfare for the sake of the animals is unlikely to be a compelling argument. The results presented here can be used to create meaningful mutual ground between those that advocate improvement of animal welfare and the stakeholders that have the ability to implement it, i.e., the livestock industry.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI},
	author = {Sinclair, Michelle and Fryer, Claire and Phillips, Clive J. C.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {30925747},
	pmcid = {PMC6524158},
	pages = {123},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\QEABKL37\\Sinclair et al. - 2019 - The Benefits of Improving Animal Welfare from the .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{defraAnimalHealthWelfare2004,
	title = {Animal {Health} and {Welfare} {Strategy} for {Great} {Britain}},
	language = {en},
	author = {DEFRA},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {43},
	file = {Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Brita.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\SP6L6FGA\\Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Brita.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bryantFarmersDilemmaMeat2021,
	title = {The farmers’ dilemma: {Meat}, means, and morality},
	volume = {167},
	issn = {0195-6663},
	shorttitle = {The farmers’ dilemma},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666321005122},
	doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2021.105605},
	abstract = {Evidence overwhelmingly supports the view that we need to drastically reduce our consumption of animal products for reasons related to the environment and public health, while moral concerns about the treatment of animals in agriculture are becoming ever more common. As governments increasingly recognize the need to change our food production and alternative protein products become more appealing to consumers, agriculture finds itself in a unique period of transition. How do farmers respond to the changing atmosphere? We present secondary analyses of qualitative and quantitative data to highlight some of the uncertainty and ambivalence about meat production felt throughout the farming community. Survey data from France and Germany reveals that in both countries, those who work in the meat industry have significantly higher rates of meat avoidance than those who do not work in the industry. While non-meat-industry workers are more likely to cite concerns for animals or the environment, meat industry workers more often cite concerns about the healthiness or safety of the products. Concurrently, interviews with people who raise animals for a living suggest that moral concerns among farmers are growing but largely remain hidden; talking about them openly was felt as a form of betrayal. We discuss these findings in the context of the ongoing agricultural transition, observe how tension has manifested as polarization among Dutch farmers, and offer some thoughts about the role of farmers in a new world of alternative proteins.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Appetite},
	author = {Bryant, Christopher J. and van der Weele, Cor},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Meat, Farmers, Farming, Meat alternatives, Protein transition},
	pages = {105605},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\BD6G6IFR\\Bryant and van der Weele - 2021 - The farmers’ dilemma Meat, means, and morality.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\XM3RBIP4\\S0195666321005122.html:text/html},
}

@book{walesAnimalHealthWelfare2010,
	address = {Cardiff},
	title = {Animal health and welfare strategy: {Wales} action plan 2009-10 = {Strategaeth} lechyd a lles anifeiliaid : {Cynllun} gweithredu {Cymru} 2009-10.},
	isbn = {978-0-7504-5163-5},
	shorttitle = {Animal health and welfare strategy},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Welsh Assembly Government},
	author = {{Wales} and {Welsh Assembly Government}},
	year = {2010},
	note = {OCLC: 751661315},
	file = {Wales and Welsh Assembly Government - 2010 - Animal health and welfare strategy Wales action p.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\9DLXG7Z2\\Wales and Welsh Assembly Government - 2010 - Animal health and welfare strategy Wales action p.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{rustHaveFarmersHad2021,
	title = {Have farmers had enough of experts?},
	issn = {1432-1009},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01546-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s00267-021-01546-y},
	abstract = {The exponential rise of information available means we can now, in theory, access knowledge on almost any question we ask. However, as the amount of unverified information increases, so too does the challenge in deciding which information to trust. Farmers, when learning about agricultural innovations, have historically relied on in-person advice from traditional ‘experts’, such as agricultural advisers, to inform farm management. As more farmers go online for information, it is not clear whether they are now using digital information to corroborate in-person advice from traditional ‘experts’, or if they are foregoing ‘expert’ advice in preference for peer-generated information. To fill this knowledge gap, we sought to understand how farmers in two contrasting European countries (Hungary and the UK) learnt about sustainable soil innovations and who influenced them to innovate. Through interviews with 82 respondents, we found farmers in both countries regularly used online sources to access soil information; some were prompted to change their soil management by farmer social media ‘influencers’. However, online information and interactions were not usually the main factor influencing farmers to change their practices. Farmers placed most trust in other farmers to learn about new soil practices and were less trusting of traditional ‘experts’, particularly agricultural researchers from academic and government institutions, who they believed were not empathetic towards farmers’ needs. We suggest that some farmers may indeed have had enough of traditional ‘experts’, instead relying more on their own peer networks to learn and innovate. We discuss ways to improve trustworthy knowledge exchange between agricultural stakeholders to increase uptake of sustainable soil management practices, while acknowledging the value of peer influence and online interactions for innovation and trust building.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Environmental Management},
	author = {Rust, Niki A. and Stankovics, Petra and Jarvis, Rebecca M. and Morris-Trainor, Zara and de Vries, Jasper R. and Ingram, Julie and Mills, Jane and Glikman, Jenny A. and Parkinson, Joy and Toth, Zoltan and Hansda, Regina and McMorran, Rob and Glass, Jayne and Reed, Mark S.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\M9FM7G2M\\Rust et al. - 2021 - Have farmers had enough of experts.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{tsopraAntibioGameSeriousGame2020,
	title = {{AntibioGame}®: {A} serious game for teaching medical students about antibiotic use},
	volume = {136},
	issn = {1386-5056},
	shorttitle = {{AntibioGame}®},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386505619308020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104074},
	abstract = {Introduction
Measures for controlling antimicrobial resistance are urgently required. We describe here AntibioGame®, a serious game for improving the training of medical students in antibiotic use in primary care.
Objective
We aimed to design a serious game for antibiotics teaching and to evaluate its usability and playability by medical students.
Methods
We used various gamification techniques (e.g. use of mascots, avatars, rewards, leader board) and cartoon graphics in the design of AntibioGame®. This game implements clinical case templates built from a list of learning goals defined by a medical team through an analysis of clinical practice guidelines. The game was evaluated by asking medical students to rate their satisfaction and the usability and playability of the game on an electronic form and through group discussions. The electronic form was derived from the MEEGA + scale, a five-point Likert scale including 32 items for assessing both usability and playability.
Results
AntibioGame® is a case-based game in which students play the role of a doctor meeting patients in consultation and helping other health professionals to solve their problems, as in real life. The scenarios are realistic and cover situations frequently encountered in primary care. The 57 medical students enrolled found the game attractive, usable, fun, and appropriate for learning. Game quality was considered “good” (score = 60 on the MEEGA + scale). All the students said they would recommend the game, 96 \% liked it and 81 \% would use it for revision.
Conclusion
AntibioGame® is a promising tool for improving knowledge in antibiotic prescription that could easily be included in multifaceted programs for training medical students.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-01-05},
	journal = {International Journal of Medical Informatics},
	author = {Tsopra, Rosy and Courtine, Mélanie and Sedki, Karima and Eap, David and Cabal, Manon and Cohen, Samuel and Bouchaud, Olivier and Mechaï, Frédéric and Lamy, Jean-Baptiste},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Antibiotics, Infectious diseases, E-learning, Education, Primary care, Serious games},
	pages = {104074},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\8NMBHLVN\\Tsopra et al. - 2020 - AntibioGame® A serious game for teaching medical .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\N3KALW7M\\S1386505619308020.html:text/html},
}

@misc{medicaljoyworksllcPrognosisYourDiagnosis21,
	title = {Prognosis: {Your} {Diagnosis}},
	url = {https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.medicaljoyworks.prognosis&hl=en_US&gl=US},
	author = {Medical Joyworks LLC},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
}

@inproceedings{rasmussenExploringFlexibilityEveryday2017,
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	series = {{OZCHI} '17},
	title = {Exploring the flexibility of everyday practices for shifting energy consumption through clockcast},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-5379-3},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3152771.3152803},
	doi = {10.1145/3152771.3152803},
	abstract = {Encouraging sustainable living by raising awareness of resource consumption has long been a topic within HCI. However, getting people to change behavior when it comes to energy consumption is difficult. This is one of the major challenges ahead for future energy systems, in particular if resources are renewable and plentiful. We developed the ClockCast prototypes (web and clock forecast) to explore demand response and the flexibility potential of everyday practices. We wanted to reframe the conversation on demand response: from highlighting when not to use energy to highlighting when to use it. The ClockCast prototypes display the best times to use electricity, and they were complemented by proactive and positive suggestions. We conducted a pilot study with five different households to uncover the socio-technical challenges around shifting consumption and the participants' experiences with the prototypes. While the participants increased their awareness of the environmental implications of their actions, shifted some electricity use, and found the forecasts useful, some participants also reported newfound guilt when they did not follow the forecasts.},
	urldate = {2022-01-05},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th {Australian} {Conference} on {Computer}-{Human} {Interaction}},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	author = {Rasmussen, Majken K. and Rasmussen, Mia Kruse and Verdezoto, Nervo and Brewer, Robert and Nielsen, Laura L. and Bouvin, Niels Olof},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {design, energy, practices, demand shifting, sustainable HCI},
	pages = {296--306},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\3FSZD69Y\\Rasmussen et al. - 2017 - Exploring the flexibility of everyday practices fo.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{yesavageDonepezilFlightSimulator2002,
	title = {Donepezil and flight simulator performance: {Effects} on retention of complex skills},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {© 2002},
	issn = {0028-3878, 1526-632X},
	shorttitle = {Donepezil and flight simulator performance},
	url = {https://n.neurology.org/content/59/1/123},
	doi = {10.1212/WNL.59.1.123},
	abstract = {We report a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study to test the effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil (5 mg/d for 30 days), on aircraft pilot performance in 18 licensed pilots with mean age of 52 years. After 30 days of treatment, the donepezil group showed greater ability to retain the capacity to perform a set of complex simulator tasks than the placebo group, p {\textless} 0.05. Donepezil appears to have beneficial effects on retention of training on complex aviation tasks in nondemented older adults.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-01},
	journal = {Neurology},
	author = {Yesavage, J. A. and Mumenthaler, M. S. and Taylor, J. L. and Friedman, L. and O’Hara, R. and Sheikh, J. and Tinklenberg, J. and Whitehouse, P. J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12105320},
	note = {Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Section: Brief Communications},
	pages = {123--125},
}

@article{bestSheepFarmersAttitudes2021,
	title = {Sheep farmers’ attitudes towards lameness control: {Qualitative} exploration of factors affecting adoption of the lameness {Five}-{Point} {Plan}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Sheep farmers’ attitudes towards lameness control},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246798},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0246798},
	abstract = {In 2014, best-practice recommendations to treat and control lameness in sheep in the UK were consolidated into a national program, the Five-Point Plan (5PP). As recent evidence suggests that only the minority of sheep farmers are implementing all management practices listed in the 5PP, qualitative investigation is vital to ensure future promotion is aligned with psychological and contextual factors affecting farmers’ decision-making. This qualitative study sought to explore farmers’ attitudes and the factors affecting uptake of best-practice measures listed in the 5PP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2019 with 12 sheep farmers from England and Wales. In accordance with Thematic Analysis and the principles of Grounded Theory, data collection and analysis were performed iteratively. Two overarching themes, delineated by subthemes, emerged during analysis; (1) Barriers to adoption of 5PP measures and (2) Motivation to adopt 5PP measures. Various farmer-centric factors and physical resources were identified as key barriers or obstacles that limited farmers’ ability to implement 5PP measures outright, or restricted their ability to make changes to facilitate future adoption. Conversely, internal and external influences were identified to increase farmers’ willingness and motivation to implement practices listed on the 5PP. Heterogeneity in farmer perceptions, attitudes, experiences and circumstances identified in this study highlights the difficulty in promoting a one-size-fits-all lameness control plan, where a unique combination of intrinsic factors, social influences, and physical restrictions affect implementation. Future initiatives should focus on removing barriers by changing farmers’ perceptions and mindset towards lameness control, and building farmers’ confidence in their ability to implement practices. Furthermore, farmers’ social licence to farm and their desire to improve their reputation within society, presents an important opportunity to further engage farmers in implementing control practices. Increasing peer-to-peer knowledge transfer opportunities and effective farmer-veterinarian communication and rapport could help establish 5PP measures as normative behaviours.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Best, Caroline M. and Pyatt, Alison Z. and Roden, Janet and Behnke, Malgorzata and Phillips, Kate},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Antibiotics, Sheep, Livestock, Veterinarians, Agricultural workers, Psychological attitudes, Vaccination and immunization, Veterinary diseases},
	pages = {e0246798},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\LAB6CUXF\\Best et al. - 2021 - Sheep farmers’ attitudes towards lameness control.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\RDR2XYBL\\article.html:text/html},
}

@misc{SheepFarmersFailing,
	title = {Sheep farmers failing to implement good lameness control - {Farmers} {Weekly}},
	url = {https://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/health-welfare/foot-health/sheep-farmers-failing-to-implement-good-lameness-control},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	file = {Sheep farmers failing to implement good lameness control - Farmers Weekly:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\NHNS2RVM\\sheep-farmers-failing-to-implement-good-lameness-control.html:text/html},
}

@article{bestUptakeLamenessFivePoint2020,
	title = {Uptake of the lameness {Five}-{Point} {Plan} and its association with farmer-reported lameness prevalence: {A} cross-sectional study of 532 {UK} sheep farmers},
	volume = {181},
	issn = {0167-5877},
	shorttitle = {Uptake of the lameness {Five}-{Point} {Plan} and its association with farmer-reported lameness prevalence},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016758772030060X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105064},
	abstract = {The aims of this research were to determine the uptake of a national strategy to reduce lameness in the UK flock, known as the Five-Point Plan (5 P P); explore the association between footrot vaccination (Footvax®) use and 5 P P adoption; investigate the management practices associated with farmer-reported percentage lameness through risk factor analysis; and identify the population attributable fractions of these management practices. In 2014, the 5 P P was launched to provide a practical, farm-level framework to help farmers reduce lameness to reach Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC) targets. No published studies have explicitly explored its uptake in UK flocks nor its association with lameness prevalence. Understanding what parts of the 5 P P farmers adopt and which elements contribute towards the greatest reduction in lameness are integral in informing future strategies. Between November 2018 and February 2019, 532 UK sheep farmers completed a cross-sectional online and paper-based survey. The geometric mean of farmer-reported percentage lameness in ewes was 3.2 \% (95 \% CI: 2.8–3.6). Farmers adopted a median of 3 points of the plan, but was only fully-adopted by 5.8 \% of farmers. The number of points adopted increased with flock size, with larger commercial flocks more likely to cull and vaccinate against footrot, but smaller, pedigree flocks were more likely to treat individual lame sheep. Vaccination was poorly associated with the uptake of other points of the 5 P P. Eight flock management factors were associated with significantly higher percentage lameness in ewes; not carrying out measures to avoid lameness transmission, not quarantining bought in stock, not treating individual lame sheep within three days, maintaining an open flock and foot trimming were all associated with a higher risk of lameness in flocks studied. In addition, using Footvax® for ≤5 years was associated with a higher risk of lameness, although vaccination could be a consequence of high flock lameness or these farmers were not implementing other effective managements, such as treating promptly. The highest PAFs were calculated for trimming lame sheep (16.9 \%), maintaining an open flock (13.5 \%) and not carrying out measures to avoid lameness transmission (11.8 \%). We provide new evidence documenting the benefits of adopting parts of the 5 P P on reducing lameness prevalence in UK flocks, although uptake of these measures could be improved in flocks. Encouraging uptake of these measures could make an important contribution towards reducing the prevalence of lameness and reaching 2021 FAWC ≤ 2\% lameness prevalence targets.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	author = {Best, Caroline M. and Roden, Janet and Pyatt, Alison Z. and Behnke, Malgorzata and Phillips, Kate},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Sheep, Risk factors, Five-Point Plan, Lameness, Population attributable fraction, Survey},
	pages = {105064},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\YBTB966M\\Best et al. - 2020 - Uptake of the lameness Five-Point Plan and its ass.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\MD5KKCWY\\S016758772030060X.html:text/html},
}

@misc{NADISNationalAnimal,
	title = {{NADIS} - {National} {Animal} {Disease} {Information} {Service}},
	url = {https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/lameness-control-in-sheep/},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	file = {NADIS - National Animal Disease Information Service:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\3PGXA6LC\\lameness-control-in-sheep.html:text/html},
}

@misc{vetsCostLamenessManagement2020,
	title = {The {Cost} of {Lameness} {\textbar} {Management}},
	url = {https://llmfarmvets.co.uk/the-cost-of-lameness/},
	abstract = {The average cost of lameness is £15,000/year on UK farms. When you think of the reduction in yield, BCS and fertility issues all stemming from the cow...},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {LLM Farm Vets},
	author = {Vets, LLM Farm},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\GIQJKIWG\\the-cost-of-lameness.html:text/html},
}

@misc{ahdbCountingCostLameness2019,
	title = {Counting the cost of lameness in sheep {\textbar} {AHDB}},
	url = {https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/counting-the-cost-of-lameness-in-sheep},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	author = {AHDB},
	year = {2019},
	file = {Counting the cost of lameness in sheep | AHDB:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\QYCFTR6Z\\counting-the-cost-of-lameness-in-sheep.html:text/html},
}

@article{winterCostBenefitAnalysis2017,
	title = {Cost–benefit analysis of management practices for ewes lame with footrot},
	volume = {220},
	issn = {10900233},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090023316301952},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.010},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {The Veterinary Journal},
	author = {Winter, Joanne R. and Green, Laura E.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1--6},
	file = {Winter and Green - 2017 - Cost–benefit analysis of management practices for .pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\KXA5MWSN\\Winter and Green - 2017 - Cost–benefit analysis of management practices for .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nieuwhofCostsMajorEndemic2005,
	title = {Costs of the major endemic diseases of sheep in {Great} {Britain} and the potential benefits of reduction in disease impact},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {1748-748X, 1357-7298},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-science/article/abs/costs-of-the-major-endemic-diseases-of-sheep-in-great-britain-and-the-potential-benefits-of-reduction-in-disease-impact/C1E2B560AB5FA568CECCAF6F8B23160A},
	doi = {10.1079/ASC41010023},
	abstract = {The costs of three major endemic sheep diseases in Great Britain, gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites, footrot and scab, were estimated and compared with costs for other diseases from another study. Disease costs include lost performance, preventive measures and treatment of affected animals. The most costly disease, of those studied, for the British sheep industry is infestation with GI parasites, with estimated annual costs of £84 million. Annual costs for the other two diseases are £24 million for footrot and £8 million for sheep scab. This compares with literature estimates of £20 million for Chlamydial abortions and £12 million for toxoplasmosis. For sheep scab most costs are for preventive measures, therefore, short of eradication, a reduction in incidence will have a limited effect on costs. For GI parasites, costs are linearly related to the severity of the infestation and a reduction of the disease will have a proportional effect on the costs to the industry. For footrot about half the costs are for preventive measures, the other half is for lost production and treatment. A reduction in the incidence of footrot has a proportional effect on the £10 million associated with loss of production and treatment of infected animals. It is concluded that gastro-intestinal parasites and footrot are two sheep diseases in Britain for which a reduction of severity or incidence will have a large impact on costs of production.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {Animal Science},
	author = {Nieuwhof, G. J. and Bishop, S. C.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {disease prevention, sheep, economics, performance},
	pages = {23--29},
}

@article{wassinkFarmClinicalTrial2010,
	title = {A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with footrot},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {0167-5877},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016758771000139X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.05.006},
	abstract = {From observational studies, farmers who use parenteral antibacterials to promptly treat all sheep with footrot (FR) or interdigital dermatitis (ID) have a prevalence of lameness of {\textless}2\% compared with a prevalence of 9\% lameness reported by farmers who treat lame sheep by trimming affected feet. We tested the hypothesis that prompt treatment of sheep lame with naturally developing FR or ID with parenteral and topical antibacterials reduces the prevalence and incidence of lameness with these conditions compared with less frequent treatment with trimming of hoof horn and applying topical antibacterials. A further hypothesis was that reduction of ID and FR would improve productivity. A lowland sheep flock with 700 ewes was used to test these hypotheses in an 18-month within farm clinical trial with four groups of ewes: two intervention and two control. The duration and severity of lameness was used to categorise sheep into three weighted scores of lameness (WLS): never lame (WLS0), mildly lame/lame for {\textless}6 days (WLS1) and severely or chronically lame (WLS2). The intervention reduced the prevalence of lameness due to FR and ID in ewes and lambs and the incidence of lameness in ewes. The WLS was also significantly lower in sheep in the intervention groups. Ewes with a higher WLS were subsequently significantly more likely to have a body condition score {\textless}2.5 and to have lame lambs. Significantly more ewes lambed and successfully reared more lambs that were ready for slaughter at a younger age in the intervention versus control groups. There was an increase in the gross margin of £630/100 ewes mated in the intervention group, including the cost of treatment of £150/100 ewes mated. We conclude that prompt parenteral and topical antibacterial treatment of sheep lame with ID and FR reduced the prevalence and incidence of these infectious conditions and led to improved health, welfare and productivity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	author = {Wassink, G. J. and King, E. M. and Grogono-Thomas, R. and Brown, J. C. and Moore, L. J. and Green, L. E.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Sheep, Productivity, Clinical trial, Foot trimming, Footrot, Parenteral antibiotics, Welfare},
	pages = {93--103},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\MM4HLY3F\\Wassink et al. - 2010 - A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatm.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\E2HPEN7R\\S016758771000139X.html:text/html},
}

@article{barberRapidTransformationWork2021,
	title = {Rapid transformation of work integrated learning from the farm to virtual reality},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2021 Stuart Barber, Rebekah Brown},
	issn = {2624-4705},
	url = {https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/pjtel/article/view/100},
	doi = {10.24135/pjtel.v3i1.100},
	abstract = {All veterinary schools in Australasia require students in the first half of their course to complete work integrated learning (WIL) during vacation time on a range of animal enterprises.  This allows students to gain an understanding of how the enterprises function on a day to day basis and compare to the theoretical training that students receive on-campus.  The time on-property required is equivalent to 60 days of work with a requirement to visit several enterprises (AVBC, 2016).  COVID-19 required immediate cessation of all on-property placements.  Given the limited number of holiday weeks available for WIL we developed an on-line experiential program to support student learning.
 
The backbone of the online WIL experience relied on previously developed or developing virtual reality (VR) farm resources; the 4DVirtual Farm and DookieVR (Barber etal, 2016).  These resources allow students to visit properties via multiple 360 images through time on a property, allowing virtual travel through time and place to see what happens on an enterprise throughout a year.  They also integrate environmental variables and both 360 and standard video to provide access to further information.  They are viewable using mobile phones, laptop and desktop systems as well as VR viewers. The basic VR resource allows students to take their own tour around the property however the week of experiential learning was planned to reinforce the students’ ability to see what happens on the individual property throughout the year.  This compares to an individual property visit where a student gains more “hands-on” insight for a much more limited timespan of the year, usually 1-2 weeks.
 
The week of synchronous, experiential learning used Zoom as the primary tool to allow communication between staff and students with content managed on the learning management system, Canvas.  The standard format for each day involved an initial entire class group session, mostly in didactic information transfer from staff to students and then a mixture of small group, full class or individual tasks.  Assessment of content understanding was evaluated on a regular basis using multiple choice questions or word responses using PollEverywhere.  The large class group of 100-250 students broke into small virtual rooms of 6 to 8 students.  Each day this small student group had a task to complete and submit via Feedback Fruits, which then allocated individual students to provide written feedback on the group report by the next day.  Time was allocated for students to review these reports both individually and then to discuss the multiple reports that group members were assessing and submit feedback.  In addition, each small group reported on a relevant name to the veterinary industry, either from current or historical times.  A short video detailing the link of this name to the veterinary industry was posted to Flipgrid for both staff and other students to review.  Student understanding of the week was measured at the commencement and completion of the week using an online multiple choice quiz as well as receiving student feedback by an online survey.  This presentation will cover the background, development and design of the week and associated material.
 
References
 
AVBC (2016), Standard 9.3 Extra Mural Studies (EMS or Workplace Learning), page 32, Australasian Veterinary Boards Council, https://avbc.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/documents/public/AVBCStandardsAug2016.pdf
Barber S,  Hallein E, Shallcross D,  Weston J,  Jacobson C,  Bramley E,  Celi P,  McGowan M (2016), Final report:  Development of 4D farms to improve student learning and safety, Office of Learning and Teaching https://ltr.edu.au/resources/ID12\_2365\_Barber\_Report\_2016.pdf},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-25},
	journal = {Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning},
	author = {Barber, Stuart and Brown, Rebekah},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {farm, agriculture, veterinary science, experiential learning, extramural, virtual reality, Work integrated learning},
	pages = {32--33},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\XX6DHP88\\Barber and Brown - 2021 - Rapid transformation of work integrated learning f.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{fawcFAWCOpinionSheep2011,
	title = {{FAWC} opinion on sheep lameness},
	url = {https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fawc-opinion-on-sheep-lameness},
	abstract = {Farm Animal Welfare Committee advice to government about the extent of lameness experienced by sheep in Great Britain, the impact on their welfare and practical solutions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-02},
	journal = {GOV.UK},
	author = {FAWC},
	year = {2011},
	file = {FAWC_opinion_on_sheep_lameness.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\LKV2WFIT\\FAWC_opinion_on_sheep_lameness.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\U9VUJ79F\\fawc-opinion-on-sheep-lameness.html:text/html},
}

@article{clementsFivePointPlan2021,
	title = {The ‘{Five} {Point} {Plan}’: a successful tool for reducing lameness in sheep},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {00424900},
	shorttitle = {The ‘{Five} {Point} {Plan}’},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1136/vr.102161},
	doi = {10.1136/vr.102161},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2022-08-02},
	journal = {Veterinary Record},
	author = {Clements, R. H. and Stoye, S. C.},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {225--225},
	file = {Clements and Stoye - 2014 - The ‘Five Point Plan’ a successful tool for reduc.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\87S3PL5D\\Clements and Stoye - 2014 - The ‘Five Point Plan’ a successful tool for reduc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{barberDevelopment4DFarms2016,
	title = {Development of {4D} farms to improve student learning and safety: final report 2016.},
	isbn = {978-1-76028-809-9},
	shorttitle = {Development of {4D} farms to improve student learning and safety},
	language = {en},
	author = {Barber, Stuart},
	year = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 956883937},
	file = {2016 - Development of 4D farms to improve student learnin.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\3QKYNZVU\\2016 - Development of 4D farms to improve student learnin.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{yoo2014,
	title = {Virtual {Farmers} {Training}: {Realistic} {Simulation} with {Amusements} using {Historic} {Simulation} and {Game} {Storyline}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {19750080, 19750080},
	shorttitle = {Virtual {Farmers} {Training}},
	url = {http://gvpress.com/journals/IJMUE/vol9_no5/11.pdf},
	doi = {10.14257/ijmue.2014.9.5.11},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present realistic farming trainer for experiencing crop cultivation and livestock breeding simulation. Farming simulation utilizing game experience has been presented by various formats but current researches have not presented balanced farming experience and amusement to users. We achieved both education purpose and entertainment feature by realistic farming trainer using historic simulation and gaming elements. To achieve realistic educational purpose, we implemented realistic farming simulation using historic simulation, which covers last ten years of weather, disease, and other factors. Also, we use storyline with quest design to give amusement to users. Technical details include (1) Crop simulator, (2) Livestock simulator, (3) Weather simulator, (4) Disease and insect simulator, (5) Fertilizer simulator and (6) Business simulator. Experimenting with sample user groups, they can easily learn how to farming and livestock management with amusements.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-01-06},
	journal = {International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering},
	author = {Yoo, Hwan-Soo and Kim, Seong-Whan},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {121--130},
	file = {Yoo and Kim - 2014 - Virtual Farmers Training Realistic Simulation wit.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\CUZF58RK\\Yoo and Kim - 2014 - Virtual Farmers Training Realistic Simulation wit.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{szilágyi2017,
	title = {Development of {Farm} simulation application, an example for gamification in higher education},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.17700/jai.2017.8.2.373},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural Informatics},
	author = {Szilágyi, Robert and Kovács, Tamás and Nagy, Krisztián and Várallyai, László},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\FGXGHKS2\\Robert et al. - 2017 - Development of Farm simulation application, an exa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{gates2019,
	type = {Text},
	title = {Gates {\textbar} {Smart} {Farming}.},
	url = {https://www.gates-game.eu/en},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-01-06},
	journal = {Gates {\textbar} Smart Farming.},
	author = {GATES},
	year = {2019},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\RHUZSXK7\\en.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{pavlenko2021,
	title = {96. {Increasing} adoption of precision agriculture via gamification: the farming simulator case},
	isbn = {978-90-8686-363-1},
	shorttitle = {96. {Increasing} adoption of precision agriculture via gamification},
	url = {https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/abs/10.3920/978-90-8686-916-9_96},
	urldate = {2022-01-06},
	booktitle = {Precision agriculture ?21},
	publisher = {Wageningen Academic Publishers},
	author = {Pavlenko, T. and Paraforos, D.s. and Fenrich, D. and , S. and Murdoch, A. and Tranter, R. and Gadanakis, Y. and Arnoult, M. and Engel, T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.3920/978-90-8686-916-9_96},
	note = {Section: 96},
	keywords = {soil sampling, serious games, gamification, site-specific, variable rate},
	pages = {803--810},
	file = {Accepted Version:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\9VUSXJHZ\\Pavlenko et al. - 2021 - 96. Increasing adoption of precision agriculture v.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{braun2006,
	title = {Using thematic analysis in psychology},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1478-0887, 1478-0895},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa},
	doi = {10.1191/1478088706qp063oa},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-10-21},
	journal = {Qualitative Research in Psychology},
	author = {Braun, Virginia and Clarke, Victoria},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {77--101},
	file = {Braun and Clarke - 2006 - Using thematic analysis in psychology.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\CGHT7VL6\\Braun and Clarke - 2006 - Using thematic analysis in psychology.pdf:application/pdf;rsos.190824.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\HZ6JSK3Q\\rsos.190824.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{cohen1977,
	title = {Statistical {Power} {Analysis} for the {Behavioral} {Sciences}},
	isbn = {978-0-12-179060-8},
	abstract = {Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Revised Edition emphasizes the importance of statistical power analysis. This edition discusses the concepts and types of power analysis, t test for means, significance of a product moment rs, and differences between correlation coefficients. The test that a proportion is .50 and sign test, differences between proportions, and chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables are also elaborated. This text likewise covers the F tests of variance proportions in multiple regression/correlation analysis and computational procedures. This publication is intended for behavioral and biosocial scientists who use statistical inference, but also serves as a supplementary textbook for intermediate level courses in applied statistics in behavioral/biosocial science.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Cohen, Jacob},
	year = {1977},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: AG1qAAAAMAAJ},
}

@article{bueno1979,
	title = {Ingestive behaviour in sheep under field conditions},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {0304-3762},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304376279900890},
	doi = {10.1016/0304-3762(79)90089-0},
	abstract = {Grazing behaviour of sheep was examined over a period of 2 years (March 1975–March 1977) by means of 824h vibracorders attached to the neck of 2 animals. The relationships between total walking time and the length of grazing periods were initially calculated in the same animals using an 83h modified vibracorder which permitted a continuous record of the jaw movements. Grazing activity was largely confined to the daytime, and the onset of grazing was closely correlated with sunrise. Grazing was concentrated during the whole daylight time available from November to February and total grazing time reached greatest levels in spring and autumn when most herbage was available. The day/night ratio of grazing was modified by unusually hot temperatures but remained unchanged during wet weather. It was concluded that the distribution patterns of grazing were more closely related to patterns of daylight than to herbage availability which affected the duration of ingestive behaviour.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-01-28},
	journal = {Applied Animal Ethology},
	author = {Bueno, L. and Ruckebusch, Y.},
	year = {1979},
	pages = {179--187},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\NUBLZX8P\\Bueno and Ruckebusch - 1979 - Ingestive behaviour in sheep under field condition.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\SCRFCKV6\\0304376279900890.html:text/html},
}

@article{prosserIncreaseFlockPrevalence2019a,
	title = {Increase in the flock prevalence of lameness in ewes is associated with a reduction in farmers using evidence-based management of prompt treatment: {A} longitudinal observational study of 154 {English} sheep flocks 2013–2015},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {0167-5877},
	shorttitle = {Increase in the flock prevalence of lameness in ewes is associated with a reduction in farmers using evidence-based management of prompt treatment},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587718307487},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104801},
	abstract = {Since 2006, farmers in England have received new recommendations on best practice to manage lameness in sheep through a range of knowledge exchange activities. The adoption of each recommendation varied, but in 2013 approximately 50\% of farmers reported treating all lame sheep within 3 days of onset of lameness (prompt treatment), 41\% did not practice routine foot trimming, 50\% culled sheep that had been lame and 14\% vaccinated against footrot; all recommended best practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of lameness in ewes in England from 2013 to 2015 and to identify changes in practice to manage lameness between 2013 and 2015 and the population attributable fraction for these managements. A longitudinal study with a cohort of 154 English sheep farmers was run for three years, farmers completed questionnaires on lameness in their flock for the previous 12 months in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The geometric mean prevalence of lameness in ewes was 4.1\% in 2015, significantly higher than 3.3\% and 3.2\% for the same 128 farmers who provided data in both 2013 and 2014. Between 2013 and 2015 there was a significant reduction in farmers practising prompt treatment (50.6\%–28.6\%) but an increase in not practising routine foot trimming (40.9\%–79.2\%), culling sheep that had been lame (49.4\%–81.8\%), and vaccinating against footrot (14.3\%–29.2\%). Not practising prompt treatment, ≥5\% of sheep feet bleeding during routine foot trimming, vaccinating ewes for {\textless}6 years or not vaccinating at all, and other flocks mixing with the flock, were associated with a significantly higher flock prevalence of lameness. Culling sheep that had been lame was not associated with prevalence of lameness. The population attributable fractions (PAFs) for not vaccinating for{\textgreater}5 years, not treating lame sheep promptly, ≥5\% of sheep feet bleeding during routine foot trimming, and mixing of flocks were 34.5\%, 25.3\%, 2.9\% and 2.4\%. In 2013, when 50\% of farmers used prompt treatment, the PAF for not using prompt treatment was only 13.3\%. We conclude that the change in practice by these farmers towards flock-level managements and a reduction in individual prompt treatment of lame sheep negatively impacted the prevalence of lameness in sheep. This change occurred despite the evidence that prompt treatment of lame sheep is highly effective at reducing the prevalence of lameness in sheep flocks and is an example of cognitive dissonance.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-22},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	author = {Prosser, Naomi S. and Purdy, Kevin J. and Green, Laura E.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Sheep, Prevalence, Risk factors, Treatment, Lameness, Population attributable fraction},
	pages = {104801},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\AK66Z8JA\\Prosser et al. - 2019 - Increase in the flock prevalence of lameness in ew.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\Z7Z5D6Y3\\S0167587718307487.html:text/html},
}

@article{daviesQuantitativeAnalysisAntibiotic2017,
	title = {Quantitative analysis of antibiotic usage in {British} sheep flocks},
	volume = {181},
	issn = {2042-7670},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.104501},
	doi = {10.1136/vr.104501},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the variation in antibiotic usage between 207 commercial sheep flocks using their veterinary practice prescribing records. Mean and median prescribed mass per population corrected unit (mg/PCU) was 11.38 and 5.95, respectively and closely correlated with animal defined daily dose (ADDD) 1.47 (mean), 0.74 (median) (R2=0.84, P{\textless}0.001). This is low in comparison with the suggested target (an average across all the UK livestock sectors) of 50 mg/PCU. In total, 80 per cent of all antibiotic usage occurred in the 39 per cent of flocks where per animal usage was greater than 9.0 mg/PCU. Parenteral antibiotics, principally oxytetracycline, represented 82 per cent of the total prescribed mass, 65.5 per cent of antibiotics (mg/PCU) were prescribed for the treatment of lameness. Oral antibiotics were prescribed to 49 per cent of flocks, 64 per cent of predicted lamb crop/farm. Lowland flocks were prescribed significantly more antibiotics than hill flocks. Variance partitioning apportioned 79 per cent of variation in total antibiotic usage (mg/PCU) to the farm level and 21 per cent to the veterinary practice indicating that veterinary practices have a substantial impact on overall antimicrobial usage. Reducing antibiotic usage in the sheep sector should be possible with better understanding of the drivers of high usage in individual flocks and of veterinary prescribing practices.},
	language = {en},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2022-08-22},
	journal = {Veterinary Record},
	author = {Davies, Peers and Remnant, John G and Green, Martin J and Gascoigne, Emily and Gibbon, Nick and Hyde, Robert and Porteous, Jack R and Schubert, Kiera and Lovatt, Fiona and Corbishley, Alexander},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1136/vr.104501},
	keywords = {sheep, antibiotic, antimicrobials, Addd, Amr, population corrected unit},
	pages = {511--511},
	file = {Accepted Version:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\56NHNKGU\\Davies et al. - 2017 - Quantitative analysis of antibiotic usage in Briti.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\YYXIEGCM\\vr.html:text/html},
}

@article{nalonAddressingLamenessFarmed2019,
	title = {Addressing {Lameness} in {Farmed} {Animals}: {An} {Urgent} {Need} to {Achieve} {Compliance} with {EU} {Animal} {Welfare} {Law}},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2076-2615},
	shorttitle = {Addressing {Lameness} in {Farmed} {Animals}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/8/576},
	doi = {10.3390/ani9080576},
	abstract = {Lameness is the clinical manifestation of a range of painful locomotory conditions affecting many species of farmed animals. Although these conditions have serious consequences for animal welfare, productivity, and longevity, the prevention and treatment of lameness continue to receive insufficient attention in most farming sectors across the European Union (EU). In this paper, we outline the legislative framework that regulates the handling of lameness and other painful conditions in farmed animals in the EU. We briefly outline the current situation in different livestock farming sectors. Finally, we make the case for the introduction of regular on-farm monitoring of lameness and for the setting of alarm thresholds that should trigger corrective actions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2022-08-22},
	journal = {Animals},
	author = {Nalon, Elena and Stevenson, Peter},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 8
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {cattle, pigs, sheep, animal welfare, goats, pain, chickens, European Union, legislation, policy},
	pages = {576},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\DQPVYUZ5\\Nalon and Stevenson - 2019 - Addressing Lameness in Farmed Animals An Urgent N.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\CL4K86RT\\htm.html:text/html},
}

@article{kaler2019,
	title = {Automated detection of lameness in sheep using machine learning approaches: novel insights into behavioural differences among lame and non-lame sheep},
	volume = {7},
	shorttitle = {Automated detection of lameness in sheep using machine learning approaches},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.190824},
	doi = {10.1098/rsos.190824},
	abstract = {Lameness in sheep is the biggest cause of concern regarding poor health and welfare among sheep-producing countries. Best practice for lameness relies on rapid treatment, yet there are no objective measures of lameness detection. Accelerometers and gyroscopes have been widely used in human activity studies and their use is becoming increasingly common in livestock. In this study, we used 23 datasets (10 non-lame and 13 lame sheep) from an accelerometer- and gyroscope-based ear sensor with a sampling frequency of 16 Hz to develop and compare algorithms that can differentiate lameness within three different activities (walking, standing and lying). We show for the first time that features extracted from accelerometer and gyroscope signals can differentiate between lame and non-lame sheep while standing, walking and lying. The random forest algorithm performed best for classifying lameness with an accuracy of 84.91\% within lying, 81.15\% within standing and 76.83\% within walking and overall correctly classified over 80\% sheep within activities. Both accelerometer- and gyroscope-based features ranked among the top 10 features for classification. Our results suggest that novel behavioural differences between lame and non-lame sheep across all three activities could be used to develop an automated system for lameness detection.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-22},
	journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
	author = {Kaler, Jasmeet and Mitsch, Jurgen and Vázquez-Diosdado, Jorge A. and Bollard, Nicola and Dottorini, Tania and Ellis, Keith A.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	keywords = {behaviour, lameness, machine learning, precision livestock farming, sensor, signal processing},
	pages = {190824},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\3678D7TK\\Kaler et al. - Automated detection of lameness in sheep using mac.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{PII0304376279,
	title = {{PII}: 0304-3762(79)90089-0 {\textbar} {Elsevier} {Enhanced} {Reader}},
	shorttitle = {{PII}},
	url = {https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/0304376279900890?token=E5E4CB54F50BEEF2DB4B42D60ED9F1A4AC24889982A5E3488549CC5AFFCF5F42EF448F7BD865938706499237912B38FB&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20220822161836},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-22},
	doi = {10.1016/0304-3762(79)90089-0},
	note = {ISSN: 0304-3762},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\EAGQWL33\\0304376279900890.html:text/html},
}

@misc{IngestiveBehaviourSheep,
	title = {Ingestive behaviour in sheep under field conditions - {ScienceDirect}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304376279900890?ref=cra_js_challenge&fr=RR-1},
	urldate = {2022-08-22},
	file = {Ingestive behaviour in sheep under field conditions - ScienceDirect:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\CENF2ZEL\\0304376279900890.html:text/html},
}

@article{berthetHowFosterAgroecological2016,
	title = {How to foster agroecological innovations? {A} comparison of participatory design methods},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {0964-0568},
	shorttitle = {How to foster agroecological innovations?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1009627},
	doi = {10.1080/09640568.2015.1009627},
	abstract = {Facing contemporary environmental crisis implies fostering agroecological innovations that take into account local ecological regulations and rely on multiple stakeholders' innovation capacities. This paper draws on two fields of literature that remain unconnected so far: participatory approaches and design sciences. It proposes an analysis grid to support a reflexive analysis of cases of implementation of three participatory design methods: ComMod (Companion Modelling for concerted management of natural resources), Forage Rummy (simulation-based board game for designing farming systems) and KCP (collective design workshops to foster innovation). This analysis highlights key features of the methods in view of agroecological innovation challenges, focusing on knowledge management and organisation for exploration.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management},
	author = {Berthet, Elsa T.A. and Barnaud, Cécile and Girard, Nathalie and Labatut, Julie and Martin, Guillaume},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1009627},
	keywords = {agroecology, innovation, design methods, knowledge management, participatory methods},
	pages = {280--301},
}

@article{hernandez-aguileraGamesFieldworkAgriculture2020,
	title = {Games and {Fieldwork} in {Agriculture}: {A} {Systematic} {Review} of the 21st {Century} in {Economics} and {Social} {Science}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2073-4336},
	shorttitle = {Games and {Fieldwork} in {Agriculture}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/4/47},
	doi = {10.3390/g11040047},
	abstract = {Games are particularly relevant for field research in agriculture, where alternative experimental designs can be costly and unfeasible. Games are also popular for non-experimental purposes such as recreating learning experiences and facilitating dialogue with local communities. After a systematic review of the literature, we found that the volume of published studies employing coordination and cooperation games increased during the 2000–2020 period. In recent years, more attention has been given to the areas of natural resource management, conservation, and ecology, particularly in regions important to agricultural sustainability. Other games, such as trust and risk games, have come to be regarded as standards of artefactual and framed field experiments in agriculture. Regardless of their scope, most games’ results are subject to criticism for their internal and external validity. In particular, a significant portion of the games reviewed here reveal recruitment biases towards women and provide few opportunities for continued impact assessment. However, games’ validity should be judged on a case-by-case basis. Specific cultural aspects of games might reflect the real context, and generalizing games’ conclusions to different settings is often constrained by cost and utility. Overall, games in agriculture could benefit from more significant, frequent, and inclusive experiments and data—all possibilities offered by digital technology. Present-day physical distance restrictions may accelerate this shift. New technologies and engaging mediums to approach farmers might present a turning point for integrating experimental and non-experimental games for agriculture in the 21st century.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Games},
	author = {Hernandez-Aguilera, J. Nicolas and Mauerman, Max and Herrera, Alexandra and Vasilaky, Kathryn and Baethgen, Walter and Loboguerrero, Ana Maria and Diro, Rahel and Tesfamariam Tekeste, Yohana and Osgood, Daniel},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {review, agriculture, games, field experiments, participatory processes},
	pages = {47},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\GMEHPFGP\\Hernandez-Aguilera et al. - 2020 - Games and Fieldwork in Agriculture A Systematic R.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\6T5HZSA3\\47.html:text/html},
}

@article{sutherlandDeskchairCountrysideAffect2020,
	title = {The ‘desk-chair countryside’: {Affect}, authenticity and the rural idyll in a farming computer game},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0743-0167},
	shorttitle = {The ‘desk-chair countryside’},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016720301261},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.05.002},
	abstract = {Agricultural computer games engage millions of players world-wide in farming practices. This paper investigates how farm-based computer and video games act as sites of cultural production. I utilise a case study of Stardew Valley to assess how notions of idyllic rurality are staged, encountered and reworked both by and for the ‘desk-chair countryside’: people who engage in rural activities on their computers. Computer gameplay is a distinctive form of rural engagement, requiring active decision-making and performance of farming activities, immersing players in novel rural worlds through complex configurations of computer equipment and virtual world avatars. Drawing on non-representational thinking, and concepts from the ‘experience economy’, the paper focuses on how tropes of idyllic rurality are mobilised and challenged through the affective responses elicited in gameplay. I argue that imaginaries of peaceful farm life and happy (pet) livestock are reinforced through affective encounters that appeal to ‘referential authenticity’ (nostalgia) and ‘influential authenticity’ (the higher calling of caring for animals). In contrast, community interactions appeal to ‘natural authenticity’, progressively revealing human in-game characters as they ‘really are’ (flawed individuals dealing with life issues ranging from paternity to post-traumatic stress), utilising ‘influential authenticity’ to call players to support their neighbours. This integration of affective encounter with natural and influential authenticity enables the critical reworking of rural imaginaries to form what I term ‘authentic idylls’. I conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and methodological opportunities of computer-mediated virtual ruralities in rural studies research.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Journal of Rural Studies},
	author = {Sutherland, Lee-Ann},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Alcoholism, Agritourism, Human/animal relations, Non-representational theory, Stardew Valley},
	pages = {350--363},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\ZHL3UYK7\\Sutherland - 2020 - The ‘desk-chair countryside’ Affect, authenticity.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\MD2JCT4T\\S0743016720301261.html:text/html},
}

@article{moojen2022,
	title = {A serious game to design integrated crop-livestock system and facilitate change in mindset toward system thinking},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1773-0155},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00777-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s13593-022-00777-5},
	abstract = {In integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS), crops and animals interact in space-time, generating synergistic properties. ICLS design and implementation are more complex than specialized systems design due to their multiple interactions. Hence, appropriate and innovative methods and tools are required to facilitate design of sustainable ICLS systems. We created a serious game (named SIPA game) as part of a thematic workshop (Farm Coaching) in which gaming fosters participants to attempt ICLS design strategies and experience farm-performance-related consequences. The game was built to provide experiential learning, as the farmers assume the role of farm designers. Besides, researchers and advisors act as mediators of the final scenarios, contributing to reflections on the concepts mobilized and the related technical challenges. We ran four workshops with 90 players in southern Brazil and interviewed 12 ICLS farmers to evaluate their perceptions. The interviews showed that the SIPA game allowed farmers to associate what they had learned in Farm Coaching with their practical experience. The SIPA game encouraged farmers to rethink their performance criteria, shifting from a focus on each component (either crops or livestock) to focusing on the whole system integrated. The game allowed analyzing contrasting scenarios according to their decisions on the groups. Regarding the farmers’ perceptions of peer participants, they indicated crop or livestock backgrounds as an important point of debate. Overall, the game served as a platform for exchanging knowledge and perspectives on ICLS farm design among farmers, researchers, and advisors. Newer versions and scale-up of the game to reach many farmers are expected to be developed, as the game seems to be a promising learning tool for inspiring the adoption of ICLS. The SIPA game is the first tool specific to ICLS farm design that employs system thinking and budget planning associated with temporal soil space use.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Agronomy for Sustainable Development},
	author = {Moojen, Fernanda Gomes and de Faccio Carvalho, Paulo César and dos Santos, Davi Teixeira and Neto, Armindo Barth and Vieira, Paulo Cardozo and Ryschawy, Julie},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Crop rotation, Land use, Farm model, Learning experience, Participative approach, Scenario conception},
	pages = {35},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\NMGWFCTK\\Moojen et al. - 2022 - A serious game to design integrated crop-livestock.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{hanington2017,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Empathy, {Values}, and {Situated} {Action}: {Sustaining} people and planet through human centered design},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315625508-19/empathy-values-situated-action-bruce-hanington},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	booktitle = {Routledge {Handbook} of {Sustainable} {Design}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hanington, Bruce},
	year = {2017},
	file = {Empathy, Values, and Situated Action | 19 | Sustaining people and plan:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\UAE8LFVA\\empathy-values-situated-action-bruce-hanington.html:text/html},
}

@article{lim2008,
	title = {The anatomy of prototypes: {Prototypes} as filters, prototypes as manifestations of design ideas},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1073-0516},
	shorttitle = {The anatomy of prototypes},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1375761.1375762},
	doi = {10.1145/1375761.1375762},
	abstract = {The role of prototypes is well established in the field of HCI and Design. A lack of knowledge, however, about the fundamental nature of prototypes still exists. Researchers have attempted to identify different types of prototypes, such as low- vs. high-fidelity prototypes, but these attempts have centered on evaluation rather than support of design exploration. There have also been efforts to provide new ways of thinking about the activity of using prototypes, such as experience prototyping and paper prototyping, but these efforts do not provide a discourse for understanding fundamental characteristics of prototypes. In this article, we propose an anatomy of prototypes as a framework for prototype conceptualization. We view prototypes not only in their role in evaluation but also in their generative role in enabling designers to reflect on their design activities in exploring a design space. We base this framework on the findings of two case studies that reveal two key dimensions: prototypes as filters and prototypes as manifestations. We explain why these two dimensions are important and how this conceptual framework can benefit our field by establishing more solid and systematic knowledge about prototypes and prototyping.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
	author = {Lim, Youn-Kyung and Stolterman, Erik and Tenenberg, Josh},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {design, design space, human-computer interaction, Prototype, prototyping},
	pages = {7:1--7:27},
}

@article{fallman2008,
	title = {The {Interaction} {Design} {Research} {Triangle} of {Design} {Practice}, {Design} {Studies}, and {Design} {Exploration}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {0747-9360},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/25224179},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Design Issues},
	author = {Fallman, Daniel},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: The MIT Press},
	pages = {4--18},
}

@misc{ScenariosUsercentredDesign,
	title = {Scenarios in user-centred design—setting the stage for reflection and action {\textbar} {Interacting} with {Computers} {\textbar} {Oxford} {Academic}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-abstract/13/1/61/685047?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	file = {Scenarios in user-centred design—setting the stage for reflection and action | Interacting with Computers | Oxford Academic:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\S6CAKVGM\\685047.html:text/html},
}

@article{bødker2000,
	title = {Scenarios in user-centred design—setting the stage for reflection and action},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0953-5438},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-5438(00)00024-2},
	doi = {10.1016/S0953-5438(00)00024-2},
	abstract = {This paper discusses three examples of use of scenarios in user-centred design. Common to the examples are the use of scenarios to support the tensions between reflection and action, between typical and critical situations, and between plus and minus situations. The paper illustrates how a variety of more specific scenarios emphasising, e.g. critical situations, or even caricatures of situations are very useful for helping groups of users and designers being creative in design. Emphasising creativity in design is a very different view on the design process than normally represented in usability work or software/requirement engineering, where generalising users’ actions are much more important than, in this paper, the suggested richness of and contradiction between actual use situations. In general the paper proposes to attune scenarios to the particular purposes of the situations they are to be used in, and to be very selective based on these purposes.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	journal = {Interacting with Computers},
	author = {Bødker, S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	pages = {61--75},
}

@misc{WhatUsabilityEvaluators,
	title = {What do usability evaluators do in practice? {\textbar} {Proceedings} of the 6th conference on {Designing} {Interactive} systems},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1142405.1142439},
	urldate = {2022-08-31},
	file = {What do usability evaluators do in practice? | Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\AQVN67IZ\\1142405.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{nørgaard2006,
	title = {What {Do} {Usability} {Evaluators} {Do} in {Practice}? {An} {Explorative} {Study} of {Think}-{Aloud} {Testing}},
	abstract = {Think-aloud testing is a widely employed usability evaluation method, yet its use in practice is rarely studied. We report an explorative study of 14 think-aloud sessions, the audio recordings of which were examined in detail. The study shows that immediate analysis of observations made in the think-aloud sessions is done only sporadically, if at all. When testing, evaluators seem to seek confirmation of problems that they are already aware of. During testing, evaluators often ask users about their expectations and about hypothetical situations, rather than about experienced problems. In addition, evaluators learn much about the usability of the tested system but little about its utility. The study shows how practical realities rarely discussed in the literature on usability evaluation influence sessions. We discuss implications for usability researchers and professionals, including techniques for fast-paced analysis and tools for capturing observations during sessions.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {{DIS} 2006},
	author = {Nørgaard, Mie and Hornb, Kasper},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {10},
	file = {Nørgaard and Hornb - What Do Usability Evaluators Do in Practice An Ex.pdf:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\PWTUF83L\\Nørgaard and Hornb - What Do Usability Evaluators Do in Practice An Ex.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{monk2002,
	address = {London},
	title = {Fun, {Communication} and {Dependability}: {Extending} the {Concept} of {Usability}},
	isbn = {978-1-4471-0105-5},
	shorttitle = {Fun, {Communication} and {Dependability}},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4471-0105-5_1},
	abstract = {Designing information and technology products for the home has drawn attention to the narrowness of traditional conceptions of usability. Design methods and guidelines were developed in work contexts and so are mainly concerned with ease-of-learning, low level ease-of-use and task fit. These are all issues in the home but there are other important components of usability. How do we make the product enjoyable to use? How do we design for effective human-human communication? How doe we make these systems dependable? The paper illustrates these issues through two design problems, the Virtual Pub and Mavis’ smart home. Drawing on the history of HCI, suggestions are made about how these new conceptions of usability could be further developed for design for the home, and more widely.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {People and {Computers} {XVI} - {Memorable} {Yet} {Invisible}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Monk, Andrew F.},
	editor = {Faulkner, Xristine and Finlay, Janet and Détienne, Françoise},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {guidelines, methodologies, communication, dependability, effective, enjoyment, fun, usability},
	pages = {3--14},
	file = {Submitted Version:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\CKH2K7MX\\Monk - 2002 - Fun, Communication and Dependability Extending th.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{blenderfoundation2021,
	title = {Blender},
	url = {https://www.blender.org/},
	urldate = {2022-10-11},
	author = {{Blender Foundation}},
	year = {2021},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\mlj206\\Zotero\\storage\\PIBP7ZKK\\www.blender.org.html:text/html},
}

@misc{rstudioteam2020,
	address = {Boston, MA},
	title = {{RStudio}: {Integrated} development environment for {R}},
	url = {http://www.rstudio.com/},
	author = {{RStudio Team}},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {RStudio, PBC.},
}

@article{winter2017,
	title = {Cost{\textendash}benefit analysis of management practices for ewes lame with footrot},
	author = {Winter, Joanne R. and Green, Laura E.},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02},
	date = {2017-02},
	journal = {The Veterinary Journal},
	pages = {1--6},
	volume = {220},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.010},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090023316301952},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{kaler2011,
	title = {Why are sheep lame? Temporal associations between severity of foot lesions and severity of lameness in 60 sheep},
	author = {Kaler, Jasmeet and George, T.R.N.},
	year = {2011},
	date = {2011},
	journal = {Animal Welfare},
	pages = {1},
	volume = {20},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{nieuwhof2005,
	title = {Costs of the major endemic diseases of sheep in Great Britain and the potential benefits of reduction in disease impact},
	author = {Nieuwhof, G. J. and Bishop, S. C.},
	year = {2005},
	month = {08},
	date = {2005-08},
	journal = {Animal Science},
	pages = {23--29},
	volume = {81},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1079/ASC41010023},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-science/article/abs/costs-of-the-major-endemic-diseases-of-sheep-in-great-britain-and-the-potential-benefits-of-reduction-in-disease-impact/C1E2B560AB5FA568CECCAF6F8B23160A},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{nieuwhof2005a,
	title = {Costs of the major endemic diseases of sheep in Great Britain and the potential benefits of reduction in disease impact},
	author = {Nieuwhof, G. J. and Bishop, S. C.},
	year = {2005},
	month = {08},
	date = {2005-08},
	journal = {Animal Science},
	pages = {23--29},
	volume = {81},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1079/ASC41010023},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-science/article/abs/costs-of-the-major-endemic-diseases-of-sheep-in-great-britain-and-the-potential-benefits-of-reduction-in-disease-impact/C1E2B560AB5FA568CECCAF6F8B23160A},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{wassink2010,
	title = {A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with footrot},
	author = {Wassink, G. J. and King, E. M. and Grogono-Thomas, R. and Brown, J. C. and Moore, L. J. and Green, L. E.},
	year = {2010},
	month = {08},
	date = {2010-08-01},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	pages = {93--103},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.05.006},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016758771000139X},
	langid = {en}
}

@misc{fawc2011,
	title = {FAWC opinion on sheep lameness},
	author = {FAWC, },
	year = {2011},
	date = {2011},
	url = {https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fawc-opinion-on-sheep-lameness},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{nalon2019,
	title = {Addressing Lameness in Farmed Animals: An Urgent Need to Achieve Compliance with EU Animal Welfare Law},
	author = {Nalon, Elena and Stevenson, Peter},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08},
	date = {2019-08},
	journal = {Animals},
	pages = {576},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	doi = {10.3390/ani9080576},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/8/576},
	note = {Number: 8
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{davies2017,
	title = {Quantitative analysis of antibiotic usage in British sheep flocks},
	author = {Davies, Peers and Remnant, John G and Green, Martin J and Gascoigne, Emily and Gibbon, Nick and Hyde, Robert and Porteous, Jack R and Schubert, Kiera and Lovatt, Fiona and Corbishley, Alexander},
	year = {2017},
	date = {2017},
	journal = {Veterinary Record},
	pages = {511--511},
	volume = {181},
	number = {19},
	doi = {10.1136/vr.104501},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.104501},
	note = {{\_}eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1136/vr.104501},
	langid = {en}
}

@misc{fawc2011a,
	title = {FAWC opinion on sheep lameness},
	author = {FAWC, },
	year = {2011},
	date = {2011},
	url = {https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fawc-opinion-on-sheep-lameness},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{winter2015,
	title = {Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004{\textendash}2013},
	author = {Winter, Joanne R. and Kaler, Jasmeet and Ferguson, Eamonn and KilBride, Amy L. and Green, Laura E.},
	year = {2015},
	date = {2015},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	pages = {121--128},
	volume = {122},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.014},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715300192},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{best2021,
	title = {Sheep farmers{\textquoteright} attitudes towards lameness control: Qualitative exploration of factors affecting adoption of the lameness Five-Point Plan},
	author = {Best, Caroline M. and Pyatt, Alison Z. and Roden, Janet and Behnke, Malgorzata and Phillips, Kate},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02},
	date = {2021-02-09},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	pages = {e0246798},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0246798},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246798},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{best2020,
	title = {Uptake of the lameness Five-Point Plan and its association with farmer-reported lameness prevalence: A cross-sectional study of 532 UK sheep farmers},
	author = {Best, Caroline M. and Roden, Janet and Pyatt, Alison Z. and Behnke, Malgorzata and Phillips, Kate},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08},
	date = {2020-08-01},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	pages = {105064},
	volume = {181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105064},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016758772030060X},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{best2021a,
	title = {Sheep farmers{\textquoteright} attitudes towards lameness control: Qualitative exploration of factors affecting adoption of the lameness Five-Point Plan},
	author = {Best, Caroline M. and Pyatt, Alison Z. and Roden, Janet and Behnke, Malgorzata and Phillips, Kate},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02},
	date = {2021-02-09},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	pages = {e0246798},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0246798},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246798},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{prosser2019,
	title = {Increase in the flock prevalence of lameness in ewes is associated with a reduction in farmers using evidence-based management of prompt treatment: A longitudinal observational study of 154 English sheep flocks 2013{\textendash}2015},
	author = {Prosser, Naomi S. and Purdy, Kevin J. and Green, Laura E.},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12},
	date = {2019-12-01},
	journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
	pages = {104801},
	volume = {173},
	doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104801},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587718307487},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{hernandez-aguilera2020,
	title = {Games and Fieldwork in Agriculture: A Systematic Review of the 21st Century in Economics and Social Science},
	author = {Hernandez-Aguilera, J. Nicolas and Mauerman, Max and Herrera, Alexandra and Vasilaky, Kathryn and Baethgen, Walter and Loboguerrero, Ana Maria and Diro, Rahel and Tesfamariam Tekeste, Yohana and Osgood, Daniel},
	year = {2020},
	month = {12},
	date = {2020-12},
	journal = {Games},
	pages = {47},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	doi = {10.3390/g11040047},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/11/4/47},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{berthet2016,
	title = {How to foster agroecological innovations? A comparison of participatory design methods},
	author = {Berthet, Elsa T.A. and Barnaud, {Cécile} and Girard, Nathalie and Labatut, Julie and Martin, Guillaume},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02},
	date = {2016-02-01},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management},
	pages = {280--301},
	volume = {59},
	number = {2},
	doi = {10.1080/09640568.2015.1009627},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1009627},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
{\_}eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1009627}
}

@article{sutherland2020,
	title = {The {\textquoteleft}desk-chair countryside{\textquoteright}: Affect, authenticity and the rural idyll in a farming computer game},
	author = {Sutherland, Lee-Ann},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08},
	date = {2020-08-01},
	journal = {Journal of Rural Studies},
	pages = {350--363},
	volume = {78},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.05.002},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016720301261},
	langid = {en}
}

@book{barber2016,
	title = {Development of 4D farms to improve student learning and safety: final report 2016.},
	author = {Barber, Stuart},
	year = {2016},
	date = {2016},
	note = {OCLC: 956883937},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{whay2003,
	title = {Assessment of the welfare of dairy caftle using animal-based measurements: direct observations and investigation of farm records},
	author = {Whay, H. R. and Main, D. C. J. and Green, L. E. and Webster, A. J. F.},
	year = {2003},
	date = {2003},
	journal = {Veterinary Record},
	pages = {197--202},
	volume = {153},
	number = {7},
	doi = {10.1136/vr.153.7.197},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.153.7.197},
	note = {{\_}eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1136/vr.153.7.197},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{green2018,
	title = {Diagnosing and managing footrot in sheep: an update},
	author = {Green, Laura and Clifton, Rachel},
	year = {2018},
	month = {01},
	date = {2018-01},
	journal = {In Practice},
	pages = {17--26},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1136/inp.j4575},
	url = {https://inpractice.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/inp.j4575},
	langid = {en}
}

@book{champely2020,
	title = {pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis},
	author = {Champely, Stephane and Ekstrom, Claus and Dalgaard, Peter and Gill, Jeffrey and Weibelzahl, Stephan and Anandkumar, Aditya and Ford, Clay and Volcic, Robert and Rosario, Helios De},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03},
	date = {2020-03-17},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pwr}
}

@book{braun2021a,
	title = {Thematic analysis: A practical guide},
	author = {Braun, Virginia and Clarke, Victoria},
	year = {2021},
	date = {2021},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	url = {https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/thematic-analysis/book248481},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{braun2021b,
	title = {Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches},
	author = {Braun, Virginia and Clarke, Victoria},
	year = {2021},
	date = {2021},
	journal = {Counselling and Psychotherapy Research},
	pages = {37--47},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1002/capr.12360},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/capr.12360},
	note = {{\_}eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/capr.12360},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{braun2021b,
	title = {Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches},
	author = {Braun, Virginia and Clarke, Victoria},
	year = {2021},
	date = {2021},
	journal = {Counselling and Psychotherapy Research},
	pages = {37--47},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	doi = {10.1002/capr.12360},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/capr.12360},
	note = {{\_}eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/capr.12360},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{kaler2009,
	title = {The inter- and intra-observer reliability of a locomotion scoring scale for sheep},
	author = {Kaler, Jasmeet and Wassink, G.J. and Green, Laura},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05},
	date = {2009-05-01},
	journal = {The Veterinary Journal},
	pages = {189--194},
	volume = {180},
	number = {2},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.028},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023308000026},
	langid = {en}
}

@book{warnes2022,
	title = {gplots: Various R Programming Tools for Plotting Data},
	author = {Warnes, Gregory R. and Bolker, Ben and Bonebakker, Lodewijk and Gentleman, Robert and Huber, Wolfgang and Liaw, Andy and Lumley, Thomas and Maechler, Martin and Magnusson, Arni and Moeller, Steffen and Schwartz, Marc and Venables, Bill and Galili, Tal},
	year = {2022},
	month = {04},
	date = {2022-04-25},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gplots}
}

@article{starke2019,
	title = {Reliability of equine visual lameness classification as a function of expertise, lameness severity and rater confidence},
	author = {Starke, Sandra Dorothee and Oosterlinck, Maarten},
	year = {2019},
	date = {2019},
	journal = {Veterinary Record},
	pages = {63--63},
	volume = {184},
	number = {2},
	doi = {10.1136/vr.105058},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105058},
	note = {{\_}eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1136/vr.105058},
	langid = {en}
}

@article{lane2018,
	title = {Meet the real-life farmers who play Farming Simulator},
	author = {Lane, Rick},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07},
	date = {2018-07-24},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/jul/24/meet-the-real-life-farmers-who-play-farming-simulator}
}

@book{eklund2021,
	title = {beeswarm: The Bee Swarm Plot, an Alternative to Stripchart},
	author = {Eklund, Aron and Trimble, James},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06},
	date = {2021-06-01},
	publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=beeswarm},
	address = {Vienna, Austria}
}

@book{komsta2022,
	title = {moments: Moments, Cumulants, Skewness, Kurtosis and Related Tests},
	author = {Komsta, Lukasz and Novomestky, Frederick},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05},
	date = {2022-05-02},
	publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=moments},
	address = {Vienna, Austria}
}

@article{treiblmaier2018,
	title = {Setting a Definition, Context, and Theory-Based Research Agenda for the Gamification of Non-Gaming Applications},
	author = {Treiblmaier, Horst and Putz, Lisa-maria and Lowry, Paul Benjamin},
	year = {2018},
	date = {2018},
	journal = {AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction},
	pages = {129--163},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	doi = {10.17705/1thci.00107},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.17705/1thci.00107},
	langid = {en}
}

@misc{jones2022,
	title = {Just Farmers},
	author = {Jones, Anna},
	year = {2022},
	date = {2022},
	url = {https://www.justfarmers.org/}
}

@misc{jones2020,
	title = {Exploring antibiotic use practices in livestock production through a novel, game-based approach},
	author = {Jones, Matt and Hughes, Robert and Murray, Aimee and Verdezoto, Nervo and Barnish, Maxwell},
	year = {2020},
	date = {2020},
	url = {https://gw4.ac.uk/exploring-antibiotic-use-practices-in-livestock-production-through-a-novel-game-based-approach/}
}

@inproceedings{fountasspyros2019,
	title = {EFITA-HAICTA-WCCA Congress},
	author = {{Fountas, Spyros},  and {Tsiropoulos, Zisis},  and {Stamatelopoulos, Panagiotis},  and {Anastasiou, Evangelos},  and {Hutzenlaub, Tim},  and {Radi{\v{s}}i{\'{c}}, Mladen},  and {Minic, Vladan},  and {Rau, Patrick}, },
	year = {2019},
	date = {2019},
	publisher = {EFITA},
	url = {https://efita2021.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/EFITA_Proceedings_e-book.pdf},
	note = {OCLC: 1159059934},
	address = {Rhodes, Greece},
	langid = {en}
}

@inproceedings{nuritha2017,
	title = {2017 4th International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Processing Technology (CAIPT)},
	author = {Nuritha, Ifrina and Widartha, Vandha Pradwiyasma and Bukhori, Saiful},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08},
	date = {2017-08},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	pages = {1--5},
	doi = {10.1109/CAIPT.2017.8320713},
	address = {Kuta Bali, Indonesia}
}

@book{blenderonlinecommunity2021,
	title = {Blender},
	author = {Blender Online Community, },
	year = {2021},
	date = {2021},
	publisher = {Blender Foundation},
	url = {https://www.blender.org/},
	address = {Amsterdram}
}

@book{bilalov2020,
	title = {Sheep realistic | Characters | Unity Asset Store},
	author = {Bilalov, Radik},
	year = {2020},
	date = {2020},
	publisher = {Red Deer},
	url = {https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/3d/characters/animals/mammals/sheep-realistic-176904},
	address = {Uralsk, Kazakhstan}
}

@book{bicameralstudios2018,
	title = {Free Island Collection | 3D Landscapes | Unity Asset Store},
	author = {Bicameral Studios, },
	year = {2018},
	date = {2018},
	publisher = {Bicameral Studios},
	url = {https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/3d/environments/landscapes/free-island-collection-104753},
	address = {Mississauga, Ontario}
}

@book{lehtonen2017,
	title = {sFuture Targeting | 3D Props | Unity Asset Store},
	author = {Lehtonen, Sami},
	year = {2017},
	date = {2017},
	publisher = {Sami Lehtonen},
	url = {https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/3d/props/sfuture-targeting-83113},
	address = {Sweden}
}

@book{michsky2021,
	title = {Modern UI Pack | GUI Tools | Unity Asset Store},
	author = {Michsky, },
	year = {2021},
	date = {2021},
	publisher = {Michsky},
	url = {https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/tools/gui/modern-ui-pack-201717},
	address = {no place}
}

@book{unitytechnologies2015,
	title = {Unity},
	author = {Unity Technologies, },
	year = {2015},
	date = {2015},
	publisher = {Unity Software Inc.},
	url = {https://unity.com/},
	address = {San Francisco, California}
}

@book{tukey1977exploratory,
	title = {Exploratory data analysis},
	author = {Tukey, John W},
	year = {1977},
	date = {1977},
	publisher = {Pearson Education},
	volume = {2},
	note = {Citation Key: tukey1977exploratory},
	address = {Reading, MA}
}

@inbook{petri2017,
	title = {MEEGA+, Systematic Model to Evaluate Educational Games},
	author = {Petri, Giani and Gresse von Wangenheim, Christiane and Borgatto, Adriano Ferreti},
	editor = {Lee, Newton},
	year = {2017},
	date = {2017},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	pages = {1--7},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_214-1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_214-1},
	note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9{\_}214-1},
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
	langid = {en}
}

@book{bilalov2020a,
	title = {Sheep realistic | Characters | Unity Asset Store},
	author = {Bilalov, Radik},
	year = {2020},
	date = {2020},
	publisher = {Red Deer},
	url = {https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/3d/characters/animals/mammals/sheep-realistic-176904},
	address = {Uralsk, Kazakhstan}
}

@book{barber2016a,
	title = {Development of 4D farms to improve student learning and safety},
	author = {Barber, Stuart and Hallein, Evan and Weston, Jenny and Jacobsen, Caroline and Bramley, Elizabeth and Celi, Pietro},
	year = {2016},
	date = {2016},
	publisher = {Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching},
	note = {OCLC: 956883937},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	langid = {en}
}

@book{barber2016b,
	title = {Development of 4D farms to improve student learning and safety},
	author = {Barber, Stuart and Hallein, Evan and Shallcross, David and Weston, Jenny and Jacobsen, Caroline and Bramley, Elizabeth and Celi, Pietro and McGowan, Michael},
	year = {2016},
	date = {2016},
	publisher = {Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching},
	note = {OCLC: 956883937},
	address = {Canberra, Australia},
	langid = {en}
}

@book{cohen1977a,
	title = {Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {Cohen, Jacob},
	year = {1977},
	date = {1977},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: AG1qAAAAMAAJ},
	address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
	langid = {en}
}