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Chapter 2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL
This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL. A summary
of the procedure follows and later sections provide the details.
If you plan to upgrade an existing version of MySQL to a newer
version rather than install MySQL for the first time, see Section
2.11.1, "Upgrading MySQL," for information about upgrade
procedures and about issues that you should consider before
upgrading.
If you are interested in migrating to MySQL from another database
system, you may wish to read Section B.8, "MySQL 5.6 FAQ:
Migration," which contains answers to some common questions
concerning migration issues.
Installation of MySQL generally follows the steps outlined here:
1. Determine whether MySQL runs and is supported on your
platform.
Please note that not all platforms are equally suitable for
running MySQL, and that not all platforms on which MySQL is
known to run are officially supported by Oracle Corporation:
2. Choose which distribution to install.
Several versions of MySQL are available, and most are
available in several distribution formats. You can choose from
pre-packaged distributions containing binary (precompiled)
programs or source code. When in doubt, use a binary
distribution. We also provide public access to our current
source tree for those who want to see our most recent
developments and help us test new code. To determine which
version and type of distribution you should use, see Section
2.1.2, "Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install."
3. Download the distribution that you want to install.
For instructions, see Section 2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL." To
verify the integrity of the distribution, use the instructions
in Section 2.1.4, "Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5
Checksums or GnuPG."
4. Install the distribution.
To install MySQL from a binary distribution, use the
instructions in Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux
Using Generic Binaries."
To install MySQL from a source distribution or from the
current development source tree, use the instructions in
Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source."
5. Perform any necessary postinstallation setup.
After installing MySQL, see Section 2.10, "Postinstallation
Setup and Testing" for information about making sure the MySQL
server is working properly. Also refer to the information
provided in Section 2.10.2, "Securing the Initial MySQL
Accounts." This section describes how to secure the initial
MySQL user accounts, which have no passwords until you assign
passwords. The section applies whether you install MySQL using
a binary or source distribution.
6. If you want to run the MySQL benchmark scripts, Perl support
for MySQL must be available. See Section 2.13, "Perl
Installation Notes."
Instructions for installing MySQL on different platforms and
environments is available on a platform by platform basis:
* Unix, Linux, FreeBSD
For instructions on installing MySQL on most Linux and Unix
platforms using a generic binary (for example, a .tar.gz
package), see Section 2.2, "Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux
Using Generic Binaries."
For information on building MySQL entirely from the source
code distributions or the source code repositories, see
Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source"
For specific platform help on installation, configuration, and
building from source see the corresponding platform section:
+ Linux, including notes on distribution specific methods,
see Section 2.5, "Installing MySQL on Linux."
+ Solaris and OpenSolaris, including PKG and IPS formats,
see Section 2.6, "Installing MySQL on Solaris and
OpenSolaris."
+ IBM AIX, see Section 2.6, "Installing MySQL on Solaris
and OpenSolaris."
+ Hewlett-Packard HP-UX, including the DEPOT package
format, see Section 2.7, "Installing MySQL on HP-UX."
+ FreeBSD, see Section 2.8, "Installing MySQL on FreeBSD."
* Microsoft Windows
For instructions on installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows,
using either a Zipped binary or an MSI package, see Section
2.3, "Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows."
For details and instructions on building MySQL from source
code using Microsoft Visual Studio, see Section 2.9,
"Installing MySQL from Source."
* Mac OS X
For installation on Mac OS X, including using both the binary
package and native PKG formats, see Section 2.4, "Installing
MySQL on Mac OS X."
For information on making use of the MySQL Startup Item to
automatically start and stop MySQL, see Section 2.4.3,
"Installing the MySQL Startup Item."
For information on the MySQL Preference Pane, see Section
2.4.4, "Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane."
2.1. General Installation Guidance
The immediately following sections contain the information
necessary to choose, download, and verify your distribution. The
instructions in later sections of the chapter describe how to
install the distribution that you choose. For binary
distributions, see the instructions at Section 2.2, "Installing
MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries" or the corresponding
section for your platform if available. To build MySQL from
source, use the instructions in Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL
from Source."
2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server
This section lists the operating systems on which MySQL Community
Server is known to run.
Important
Oracle Corporation does not necessarily provide official support
for all the platforms listed in this section. For information
about those platforms that are officially supported, see
http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/database.html on
the MySQL Web site.
We use CMake, so it is possible to port MySQL to all modern
systems that have a C++ compiler and a working implementation of
POSIX threads. (Thread support is needed for the server. To
compile only the client code, the only requirement is a C++
compiler.)
MySQL has been reported to compile successfully on the following
systems:
* FreeBSD 5.x and up. See Section 2.8, "Installing MySQL on
FreeBSD."
* HP-UX 11.x. See Section 2.7, "Installing MySQL on HP-UX."
* Linux. Builds on all recent Linux distributions based on the
2.6 kernel. See Section 2.5, "Installing MySQL on Linux."
* Mac OS X. See Section 2.4, "Installing MySQL on Mac OS X."
* Solaris 2.8 on SPARC and x86. See Section 2.6, "Installing
MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris."
* Microsoft Windows. See Section 2.3, "Installing MySQL on
Microsoft Windows."
MySQL has also been known to run on other systems in the past. See
Section 2.1, "General Installation Guidance." Some porting effort
might be required for current versions of MySQL on these systems.
Not all platforms are equally well-suited for running MySQL. How
well a certain platform is suited for a high-load mission-critical
MySQL server is determined by the following factors:
* General stability of the thread library. A platform may have
an excellent reputation otherwise, but MySQL is only as stable
as the thread library it calls, even if everything else is
perfect.
* The capability of the kernel and the thread library to take
advantage of symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems. In other
words, when a process creates a thread, it should be possible
for that thread to run on a CPU different from the original
process.
* The capability of the kernel and the thread library to run
many threads that acquire and release a mutex over a short
critical region frequently without excessive context switches.
If the implementation of pthread_mutex_lock() is too anxious
to yield CPU time, this hurts MySQL tremendously. If this
issue is not taken care of, adding extra CPUs actually makes
MySQL slower.
* General file system stability and performance.
* Table size. If your tables are large, performance is affected
by the ability of the file system to deal with large files and
dealing with them efficiently.
* Our level of expertise here at Oracle Corporation with the
platform. If we know a platform well, we enable
platform-specific optimizations and fixes at compile time. We
can also provide advice on configuring your system optimally
for MySQL.
* The amount of testing we have done internally for similar
configurations.
* The number of users that have run MySQL successfully on the
platform in similar configurations. If this number is high,
the likelihood of encountering platform-specific surprises is
much smaller.
2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
When preparing to install MySQL, you should decide which version
to use. MySQL development occurs in several release series, and
you can pick the one that best fits your needs. After deciding
which version to install, you can choose a distribution format.
Releases are available in binary or source format.
2.1.2.1. Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install
The first decision to make is whether you want to use a production
(stable) release or a development release. In the MySQL
development process, multiple release series co-exist, each at a
different stage of maturity.
Production Releases
* MySQL 5.6: Latest General Availability (Production) release
* MySQL 5.5: Previous General Availability (Production) release
* MySQL 5.1: Older General Availability (Production) release
* MySQL 5.0: Older Production release nearing the end of the
product lifecycle
MySQL 4.1, 4.0, and 3.23 are old releases that are no longer
supported.
See http://www.mysql.com/about/legal/lifecycle/ for information
about support policies and schedules.
Normally, if you are beginning to use MySQL for the first time or
trying to port it to some system for which there is no binary
distribution, use the most recent General Availability series
listed in the preceding descriptions. All MySQL releases, even
those from development series, are checked with the MySQL
benchmarks and an extensive test suite before being issued.
If you are running an older system and want to upgrade, but do not
want to take the chance of having a nonseamless upgrade, you
should upgrade to the latest version in the same release series
you are using (where only the last part of the version number is
newer than yours). We have tried to fix only fatal bugs and make
only small, relatively "safe" changes to that version.
If you want to use new features not present in the production
release series, you can use a version from a development series.
Be aware that development releases are not as stable as production
releases.
We do not use a complete code freeze because this prevents us from
making bugfixes and other fixes that must be done. We may add
small things that should not affect anything that currently works
in a production release. Naturally, relevant bugfixes from an
earlier series propagate to later series.
If you want to use the very latest sources containing all current
patches and bugfixes, you can use one of our source code
repositories (see Section 2.9.3, "Installing MySQL Using a
Development Source Tree"). These are not "releases" as such, but
are available as previews of the code on which future releases are
to be based.
The naming scheme in MySQL 5.6 uses release names that consist of
three numbers and a suffix; for example, mysql-5.6.1-m1. The
numbers within the release name are interpreted as follows:
* The first number (5) is the major version and describes the
file format. All MySQL 5 releases have the same file format.
* The second number (6) is the release level. Taken together,
the major version and release level constitute the release
series number.
* The third number (1) is the version number within the release
series. This is incremented for each new release. Usually you
want the latest version for the series you have chosen.
For each minor update, the last number in the version string is
incremented. When there are major new features or minor
incompatibilities with previous versions, the second number in the
version string is incremented. When the file format changes, the
first number is increased.
Release names also include a suffix to indicates the stability
level of the release. Releases within a series progress through a
set of suffixes to indicate how the stability level improves. The
possible suffixes are:
* mN (for example, m1, m2, m3, ...) indicate a milestone number.
MySQL development uses a milestone model, in which each
milestone proceeds through a small number of versions with a
tight focus on a small subset of thoroughly tested features.
Following the releases for one milestone, development proceeds
with another small number of releases that focuses on the next
small set of features, also thoroughly tested. Features within
milestone releases may be considered to be of pre-production
quality.
* rc indicates a Release Candidate. Release candidates are
believed to be stable, having passed all of MySQL's internal
testing, and with all known fatal runtime bugs fixed. However,
the release has not been in widespread use long enough to know
for sure that all bugs have been identified. Only minor fixes
are added.
* If there is no suffix, it indicates that the release is a
General Availability (GA) or Production release. GA releases
are stable, having successfully passed through all earlier
release stages and are believed to be reliable, free of
serious bugs, and suitable for use in production systems. Only
critical bugfixes are applied to the release.
All releases of MySQL are run through our standard tests and
benchmarks to ensure that they are relatively safe to use. Because
the standard tests are extended over time to check for all
previously found bugs, the test suite keeps getting better.
All releases have been tested at least with these tools:
* An internal test suite. The mysql-test directory contains an
extensive set of test cases. We run these tests for every
server binary. See Section 23.1.2, "The MySQL Test Suite," for
more information about this test suite.
* The MySQL benchmark suite. This suite runs a range of common
queries. It is also a test to determine whether the latest
batch of optimizations actually made the code faster. See
Section 8.12.2, "The MySQL Benchmark Suite."
We also perform additional integration and nonfunctional testing
of the latest MySQL version in our internal production
environment. Integration testing is done with different
connectors, storage engines, replication modes, backup,
partitioning, stored programs, and so forth in various
combinations. Additional nonfunctional testing is done in areas of
performance, concurrency, stress, high volume, upgrade and
downgrade.
2.1.2.2. Choosing a Distribution Format
After choosing which version of MySQL to install, you should
decide whether to use a binary distribution or a source
distribution. In most cases, you should probably use a binary
distribution, if one exists for your platform. Binary
distributions are available in native format for many platforms,
such as RPM packages for Linux, DMG packages for Mac OS X, and PKG
packages for Solaris. Distributions are also available in more
generic formats such as Zip archives or compressed tar files.
Reasons to choose a binary distribution include the following:
* Binary distributions generally are easier to install than
source distributions.
* To satisfy different user requirements, we provide several
servers in binary distributions. mysqld is an optimized server
that is a smaller, faster binary. mysqld-debug is compiled
with debugging support.
Each of these servers is compiled from the same source
distribution, though with different configuration options. All
native MySQL clients can connect to servers from either MySQL
version.
Under some circumstances, you may be better off installing MySQL
from a source distribution:
* You want to install MySQL at some explicit location. The
standard binary distributions are ready to run at any
installation location, but you might require even more
flexibility to place MySQL components where you want.
* You want to configure mysqld to ensure that features are
available that might not be included in the standard binary
distributions. Here is a list of the most common extra options
that you may want to use to ensure feature availability:
+ -DWITH_LIBWRAP=1 for TCP wrappers support.
+ -DWITH_ZLIB={system|bundled} for features that depend on
compression
+ -DWITH_DEBUG=1 for debugging support
For additional information, see Section 2.9.4, "MySQL
Source-Configuration Options."
* You want to configure mysqld without some features that are
included in the standard binary distributions. For example,
distributions normally are compiled with support for all
character sets. If you want a smaller MySQL server, you can
recompile it with support for only the character sets you
need.
* You want to use the latest sources from one of the Bazaar
repositories to have access to all current bugfixes. For
example, if you have found a bug and reported it to the MySQL
development team, the bugfix is committed to the source
repository and you can access it there. The bugfix does not
appear in a release until a release actually is issued.
* You want to read (or modify) the C and C++ code that makes up
MySQL. For this purpose, you should get a source distribution,
because the source code is always the ultimate manual.
* Source distributions contain more tests and examples than
binary distributions.
2.1.2.3. How and When Updates Are Released
MySQL is evolving quite rapidly and we want to share new
developments with other MySQL users. We try to produce a new
release whenever we have new and useful features that others also
seem to have a need for.
We also try to help users who request features that are easy to
implement. We take note of what our licensed users want, and we
especially take note of what our support customers want and try to
help them in this regard.
No one is required to download a new release. The Release Notes
(http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/) help you
determine whether the new release has something you really want.
We use the following policy when updating MySQL:
* Enterprise Server releases are meant to appear every 18
months, supplemented by quarterly service packs and monthly
rapid updates. Community Server releases are meant to appear 2
to 3 times per year.
* Releases are issued within each series. For each release, the
last number in the version is one more than the previous
release within the same series.
* Binary distributions for some platforms are made by us for
major releases. Other people may make binary distributions for
other systems, but probably less frequently.
* We make fixes available as soon as we have identified and
corrected small or noncritical but annoying bugs. The fixes
are available in source form immediately from our public
Bazaar repositories, and are included in the next release.
* If by any chance a security vulnerability or critical bug is
found in a release, our policy is to fix it in a new release
as soon as possible. (We would like other companies to do
this, too!)
2.1.3. How to Get MySQL
Check our downloads page at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ for
information about the current version of MySQL and for downloading
instructions. For a complete up-to-date list of MySQL download
mirror sites, see http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.html. You
can also find information there about becoming a MySQL mirror site
and how to report a bad or out-of-date mirror.
For RPM-based Linux platforms that use Yum as their package
management system, MySQL can be installed using the MySQL Yum
repository (http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/). See Section
2.5.1, "Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository"
for details.
To obtain the latest development source, see Section 2.9.3,
"Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree."
2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
After you have downloaded the MySQL package that suits your needs
and before you attempt to install it, you should make sure that it
is intact and has not been tampered with. There are three means of
integrity checking:
* MD5 checksums
* Cryptographic signatures using GnuPG, the GNU Privacy Guard
* For RPM packages, the built-in RPM integrity verification
mechanism
The following sections describe how to use these methods.
If you notice that the MD5 checksum or GPG signatures do not
match, first try to download the respective package one more time,
perhaps from another mirror site.
2.1.4.1. Verifying the MD5 Checksum
After you have downloaded a MySQL package, you should make sure
that its MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the MySQL
download pages. Each package has an individual checksum that you
can verify against the package that you downloaded. The correct
MD5 checksum is listed on the downloads page for each MySQL
product, and you will compare it against the MD5 checksum of the
file (product) that you download.
Each operating system and setup offers its own version of tools
for checking the MD5 checksum. Typically the command is named
md5sum, or it may be named md5, and some operating systems do not
ship it at all. On Linux, it is part of the GNU Text Utilities
package, which is available for a wide range of platforms. You can
also download the source code from
http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/. If you have OpenSSL
installed, you can use the command openssl md5 package_name
instead. A Windows implementation of the md5 command line utility
is available from http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/. winMd5Sum is a
graphical MD5 checking tool that can be obtained from
http://www.nullriver.com/index/products/winmd5sum. Our Microsoft
Windows examples will assume the name md5.exe.
Linux and Microsoft Windows examples:
shell> md5sum mysql-standard-5.6.17-linux-i686.tar.gz
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945 mysql-standard-5.6.17-linux-i686.ta
r.gz
shell> md5.exe mysql-installer-community-5.6.17.msi
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945 mysql-installer-community-5.6.17.ms
i
You should verify that the resulting checksum (the string of
hexadecimal digits) matches the one displayed on the download page
immediately below the respective package.
Note
Make sure to verify the checksum of the archive file (for example,
the .zip, .tar.gz, or .msi file) and not of the files that are
contained inside of the archive. In other words, verify the file
before extracting its contents.
2.1.4.2. Signature Checking Using GnuPG
Another method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of a
package is to use cryptographic signatures. This is more reliable
than using MD5 checksums, but requires more work.
We sign MySQL downloadable packages with GnuPG (GNU Privacy
Guard). GnuPG is an Open Source alternative to the well-known
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) by Phil Zimmermann. See
http://www.gnupg.org/ for more information about GnuPG and how to
obtain and install it on your system. Most Linux distributions
ship with GnuPG installed by default. For more information about
GnuPG, see http://www.openpgp.org/.
To verify the signature for a specific package, you first need to
obtain a copy of our public GPG build key, which you can download
from http://pgp.mit.edu/. The key that you want to obtain is named
[email protected]. Alternatively, you can cut and paste
the key directly from the following text:
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: PGP Universal 2.9.1 (Build 347)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=Eto8
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
To import the build key into your personal public GPG keyring, use
gpg --import. For example, if you have saved the key in a file
named mysql_pubkey.asc, the import command looks like this:
shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering
<[email protected]>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
You can also download the key from the public keyserver using the
public key id, 5072E1F5:
shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5
gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <[email protected]
.com>"
1 new user ID
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <[email protected]
.com>"
53 new signatures
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: new user IDs: 1
gpg: new signatures: 53
If you want to import the key into your RPM configuration to
validate RPM install packages, you should be able to import the
key directly:
shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc
If you experience problems or require RPM specific information,
see Section 2.1.4.4, "Signature Checking Using RPM."
After you have downloaded and imported the public build key,
download your desired MySQL package and the corresponding
signature, which also is available from the download page. The
signature file has the same name as the distribution file with an
.asc extension, as shown by the examples in the following table.
Table 2.1. MySQL Package and Signature Files for Source files
File Type File Name
Distribution file mysql-standard-5.6.17-linux-i686.tar.gz
Signature file mysql-standard-5.6.17-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and
then run the following command to verify the signature for the
distribution file:
shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc
If the downloaded package is valid, you will see a "Good
signature" similar to:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-5.6.17-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Tue 01 Feb 2011 02:38:30 AM CST using DSA key ID
5072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.
oracle.com>"
The Good signature message indicates that the file signature is
valid, when compared to the signature listed on our site. But you
might also see warnings, like so:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-5.6.17-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Jan 2013 02:25:45 AM PST using DSA key ID
5072E1F5
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.
oracle.com>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to th
e owner.
Primary key fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567 70C8 8C71 8D3B 507
2 E1F5
That is normal, as they depend on your setup and configuration.
Here are explanations for these warnings:
* gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found: This means that the
specific key is not "ultimately trusted" by you or your web of
trust, which is okay for the purposes of verifying file
signatures.
* WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
There is no indication that the signature belongs to the
owner.: This refers to your level of trust in your belief that
you possess our real public key. This is a personal decision.
Ideally, a MySQL developer would hand you the key in person,
but more commonly, you downloaded it. Was the download
tampered with? Probably not, but this decision is up to you.
Setting up a web of trust is one method for trusting them.
See the GPG documentation for more information on how to work with
public keys.
2.1.4.3. Signature Checking Using Gpg4win for Windows
The Section 2.1.4.2, "Signature Checking Using GnuPG" section
describes how to verify MySQL downloads using GPG. That guide also
applies to Microsoft Windows, but another option is to use a GUI
tool like Gpg4win (http://www.gpg4win.org/). You may use a
different tool but our examples are based on Gpg4win, and utilize
its bundled Kleopatra GUI.
Download and install Gpg4win, and then load Kleopatra. The dialog
should look similar to:
Figure 2.1. Initial screen after loading Kleopatra
Initial screen after loading Kleopatra
Next, add the MySQL Release Engineering certificate. Do this by
clicking File, Lookup Certificates on Server. Type "Mysql Release
Engineering" into the search box and press Search.
Figure 2.2. Finding the MySQL Release Engineering certificate
Finding the MySQL Release Engineering certificate
Select the "MySQL Release Engineering" certificate. The
Fingerprint and Key-ID must be "5072E1F5", or choose Details... to
confirm the certificate is valid. Now, import it by clicking
Import. An import dialog will be displayed, choose Okay, and this
certificate will now be listed under the Imported Certificates
tab.
Next, configure the trust level for our certificate. Select our
certificate, then from the main menu select Certificates, Change
Owner Trust.... We suggest choosing I believe checks are very
accurate for our certificate, as otherwise you might not be able
to verify our signature. Select I believe checks are very accurate
and then press OK.
Figure 2.3. Changing the Trust level
Changing the Trust level
Next, verify the downloaded MySQL package file. This requires
files for both the packaged file, and the signature. The signature
file must have the same name as the packaged file but with an
appended .asc extension, as shown by the example in the following
table. The signature is linked to on the downloads page for each
MySQL product. You must create the .asc file with this signature.
Table 2.2. MySQL Package and Signature Files for MySQL Installer
for Microsoft Windows
File Type File Name
Distribution file mysql-installer-community-5.6.17.msi
Signature file mysql-installer-community-5.6.17.msi.asc
Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and
then run the following command to verify the signature for the
distribution file. Either drag and drop the signature (.asc) file
into Kleopatra, or load the dialog from File, Decrypt/Verify
Files..., and then choose either the .msi or .asc file.
Figure 2.4. The Decrypt/Verify Files dialog
The Decrypt/Verify Files dialog
Click Decrypt/Verify to check the file. The two most common
results will look like the following, and although the yellow
warning looks problematic, the following means that the file check
passed with success. You may now run this installer.
Figure 2.5. The Decrypt/Verify Results: Good
The Decrypt/Verify Results: Good
Seeing a red "The signature is bad" error means the file is
invalid. Do not execute the MSI file if you see this error.
Figure 2.6. The Decrypt/Verify Results: Bad
The Decrypt/Verify Results: Bad
The Section 2.1.4.2, "Signature Checking Using GnuPG" section
explains why you probably don't see a green Good signature result.
2.1.4.4. Signature Checking Using RPM
For RPM packages, there is no separate signature. RPM packages
have a built-in GPG signature and MD5 checksum. You can verify a
package by running the following command:
shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm
Example:
shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-5.6.17-0.glibc23.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-5.6.17-0.glibc23.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK
Note
If you are using RPM 4.1 and it complains about (GPG) NOT OK
(MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5), even though you have imported the
MySQL public build key into your own GPG keyring, you need to
import the key into the RPM keyring first. RPM 4.1 no longer uses
your personal GPG keyring (or GPG itself). Rather, RPM maintains a
separate keyring because it is a system-wide application and a
user's GPG public keyring is a user-specific file. To import the
MySQL public key into the RPM keyring, first obtain the key, then
use rpm --import to import the key. For example:
shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc
shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc
Alternatively, rpm also supports loading the key directly from a
URL, and you can use this manual page:
shell> rpm --import http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/checking-g
pg-signature.html
If you need to obtain the MySQL public key, see Section 2.1.4.2,
"Signature Checking Using GnuPG."
2.1.5. Installation Layouts
The installation layout differs for different installation types
(for example, native packages, binary tarballs, and source
tarballs), which can lead to confusion when managing different
systems or using different installation sources. The individual
layouts are given in the corresponding installation type or
platform chapter, as described following. Note that the layout of
installations from vendors other than Oracle may differ from these
layouts.
* Section 2.3.1, "MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft
Windows"
* Section 2.9.1, "MySQL Layout for Source Installation"
* Section 2.2, "MySQL Installation Layout for Generic Unix/Linux
Binary Package"
* Section 2.5.3, "MySQL Installation Layout for Linux RPM
Packages"
* Section 2.4.2, "MySQL Installation Layout on Mac OS X"
2.1.6. Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
In some cases, the compiler used to build MySQL affects the
features available for use. The notes in this section apply for
binary distributions provided by Oracle Corporation or that you
compile yourself from source.
icc (Intel C++ Compiler) Builds
A server built with icc has these characteristics:
* SSL support is not included.
2.2. Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
Oracle provides a set of binary distributions of MySQL. These
include binary distributions in the form of compressed tar files
(files with a .tar.gz extension) for a number of platforms, as
well as binaries in platform-specific package formats for selected
platforms.
This section covers the installation of MySQL from a compressed
tar file binary distribution. For other platform-specific package
formats, see the other platform-specific sections. For example,
for Windows distributions, see Section 2.3, "Installing MySQL on
Microsoft Windows."
To obtain MySQL, see Section 2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL."
MySQL compressed tar file binary distributions have names of the
form mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz, where VERSION is a number (for
example, 5.6.17), and OS indicates the type of operating system
for which the distribution is intended (for example, pc-linux-i686
or winx64).
To install MySQL from a compressed tar file binary distribution,
your system must have GNU gunzip to uncompress the distribution
and a reasonable tar to unpack it. If your tar program supports
the z option, it can both uncompress and unpack the file.
GNU tar is known to work. The standard tar provided with some
operating systems is not able to unpack the long file names in the
MySQL distribution. You should download and install GNU tar, or if
available, use a preinstalled version of GNU tar. Usually this is
available as gnutar, gtar, or as tar within a GNU or Free Software
directory, such as /usr/sfw/bin or /usr/local/bin. GNU tar is
available from http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/.
Warning
If you have previously installed MySQL using your operating system
native package management system, such as yum or apt-get, you may
experience problems installing using a native binary. Make sure
your previous MySQL previous installation has been removed
entirely (using your package management system), and that any
additional files, such as old versions of your data files, have
also been removed. You should also check the existence of
configuration files such as /etc/my.cnf or the /etc/mysql
directory have been deleted.
If you run into problems and need to file a bug report, please use
the instructions in Section 1.7, "How to Report Bugs or Problems."
On Unix, to install a compressed tar file binary distribution,
unpack it at the installation location you choose (typically
/usr/local/mysql). This creates the directories shown in the
following table.
Table 2.3. MySQL Installation Layout for Generic Unix/Linux Binary
Package
Directory Contents of Directory
bin Client programs and the mysqld server
data Log files, databases
docs Manual in Info format
man Unix manual pages
include Include (header) files
lib Libraries
scripts mysql_install_db
share Miscellaneous support files, including error messages,
sample configuration files, SQL for database installation
sql-bench Benchmarks
Debug versions of the mysqld binary are available as mysqld-debug.
To compile your own debug version of MySQL from a source
distribution, use the appropriate configuration options to enable
debugging support. For more information on compiling from source,
see Section 2.9, "Installing MySQL from Source."
To install and use a MySQL binary distribution, the basic command
sequence looks like this:
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
shell> cd mysql
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server
mysql_install_db creates a default option file named my.cnf in the
base installation directory. This file is created from a template
included in the distribution package named my-default.cnf. For
more information, see Section 5.1.2.2, "Using a Sample Default
Server Configuration File."
A more detailed version of the preceding description for
installing a binary distribution follows.
Note
This procedure assumes that you have root (administrator) access
to your system. Alternatively, you can prefix each command using
the sudo (Linux) or pfexec (OpenSolaris) command.
The procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL accounts.
After following the procedure, proceed to Section 2.10.2,
"Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts."
Create a mysql User and Group
If your system does not already have a user and group for mysqld
to run as, you may need to create one. The following commands add
the mysql group and the mysql user. You might want to call the
user and group something else instead of mysql. If so, substitute
the appropriate name in the following instructions. The syntax for
useradd and groupadd may differ slightly on different versions of
Unix, or they may have different names such as adduser and
addgroup.
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql
Note
Because the user is required only for ownership purposes, not
login purposes, the useradd command uses the -r option to create a
user that does not have login permissions to your server host.
Omit this option to permit logins for the user (or if your useradd
does not support the option).
Obtain and Unpack the Distribution
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution
and change location into it. The example here unpacks the
distribution under /usr/local. The instructions, therefore, assume
that you have permission to create files and directories in
/usr/local. If that directory is protected, you must perform the
installation as root.
shell> cd /usr/local
Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section
2.1.3, "How to Get MySQL." For a given release, binary
distributions for all platforms are built from the same MySQL
source distribution.
Unpack the distribution, which creates the installation directory.
Then create a symbolic link to that directory. tar can uncompress
and unpack the distribution if it has z option support:
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
The tar command creates a directory named mysql-VERSION-OS. The ln
command makes a symbolic link to that directory. This enables you
to refer more easily to the installation directory as
/usr/local/mysql.
If your tar does not have z option support, use gunzip to unpack
the distribution and tar to unpack it. Replace the preceding tar
command with the following alternative command to uncompress and
extract the distribution:
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
Perform Postinstallation Setup
The remainder of the installation process involves setting up the
configuration file, creating the core databases, and starting the
MySQL server. For next steps, see Section 2.10, "Postinstallation