Auto Benchmark

Here are the results from AutoBenchmark.ino for various boards. These results show that integer division and modulus operations are incredibly slow on 8-bit AVR processors.

Version: AceTime v2.2.0

NOTE: This file was auto-generated using make README.md. DO NOT EDIT.

Dependencies

This program depends on the following libraries:

AceTime
AceRoutine

How to Generate

This requires the AUniter script to execute the Arduino IDE programmatically.

The Makefile has rules to generate the *.txt results file for several microcontrollers that I usually support, but the $ make benchmarks command does not work very well because the USB port of the microcontroller is a dynamically changing parameter. I created a semi-automated way of collect the *.txt files:

Connect the microcontroller to the serial port. I usually do this through a USB hub with individually controlled switch.
Type $ auniter ports to determine its /dev/ttyXXX port number (e.g. /dev/ttyUSB0 or /dev/ttyACM0).
If the port is USB0 or ACM0, type $ make nano.txt, etc.
Switch off the old microontroller.
Go to Step 1 and repeat for each microcontroller.

The generate_table.awk program reads one of *.txt files and prints out an ASCII table that can be directly embedded into this README.md file. For example the following command produces the table in the Nano section below:

$ ./generate_table.awk < nano.txt

Fortunately, we no longer need to run generate_table.awk for each *.txt file. The process has been automated using the generate_readme.py script which will be invoked by the following command:

$ make README.md

The CPU times below are given in microseconds.

CPU Time Changes

v0.8 to v1.4:

The CPU time did not change much from

v1.5:

No significant changes to CPU time.
Zone registries (kZoneRegistry, kZoneAndLinkRegistry) are now sorted by zoneId instead of zoneName, and the ZoneManager::createForZoneId() will use a binary search, instead of a linear search. This makes it 10-15X faster for ~266 entries.
The ZoneManager::createForZoneName() also converts to a zoneId, then performs a binary search, instead of doing a binary search on the zoneName directly. Even with the extra level of indirection, the createForZoneName() is between 1.5-2X faster than the previous version.

v1.6:

BasicZoneManager and ExtendedZoneManager can take an optional LinkRegistry which will be searched if a zoneId is not found. The BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(link) benchmark shows that if the zoneId is not found, the total search time is roughly double, because the LinkRegistry must be search as a fallback.
On some compilers, the BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary) becames slightly slower (~10%?) because the algorithm was moved into the ace_common::binarySearchByKey() template function, and the compiler is not able to optimize the resulting function as well as the hand-rolled version. The slightly decrease in speed seemed acceptable cost to reduce duplicate code maintenance.

v1.7.2:

SystemClock::clockMillis() became non-virtual after incorporating AceRoutine v1.3. The sizeof SystemClockLoop and SystemClockCoroutine decreases 4 bytes on AVR, and 4-8 bytes on 32-bit processors. No signficant changes in CPU time.

v1.7.5:

significant changes to size of ExtendedZoneProcessor
- 8-bit processors
  - increases by 24 bytes on AVR, due adding 1 pointer and 2 uint16_t to MatchingEra
  - decreases by 48 bytes on AVR, by disabling originalTransitionTime unless ACE_TIME_EXTENDED_ZONE_PROCESSOR_DEBUG is enabled.
- 32-bit processors
  - increases by 32 bytes on 32-bit processors due to adding a pointer and 2 uint16_t to MatchingEra
  - decreases by 32 bytes on 32-bit processors due to disabling originalTransitionTime in Transition
Upgrade ESP8266 Core from 2.7.4 to 3.0.2.
- AutoBenchmark indicate that things are a few percentage faster.

v1.8.0:

Remove sizeof() Clock classes which were moved to AceTimeClock library.
No significant changes to excution times of various benchmarks.

v1.9.0:

Extract BasicZoneProcessorCache<SIZE> and ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<SIZE> from BasicZoneManager and ExtendedZoneManager. Remove all pure virtual methods from ZoneManager, making ZoneManager hierarchy non-polymorphic.
- Saves 1100-1300 of flash on AVR.
- No signficant changes to CPU performance.

v1.10.0:

Remove support for SAMD21 boards.
- Arduino IDE 1.8.19 with SparkFun SAMD 1.8.6 can no longer upload binaries to these boards. Something about bossac 1.7.0 not found.
Upgrade tool chain:
- Arduino IDE from 1.8.13 to 1.8.19
- Arduino AVR from 1.8.3 to 1.8.4
- STM32duino from 2.0.0 to 2.2.0
- ESP32 from 1.0.6 to 2.0.2
- Teensyduino from 1.55 to 1.56
Add benchmarks for ZonedDateTime::forComponents().
Add support for fold parameter in LocalDateTime, OffsetDateTime, ZonedDateTime, and ExtendedZoneProcessor.
- The ZonedDateTime::forComponents() can be made much faster using 'fold'.
- We know exactly when we must normalize and when we can avoid normalization.
- 5X faster on AVR processors when cached, and
- 1.5-3X faster on 32-bit processors.

v1.11.0:

Upgrade ZoneInfo database so that Links are symbolic links to Zones, instead of hard links to Zones.
- No significant changes to CPU benchmarks.

v1.11.5

Upgrade tool chain
- Arduino CLI from 0.20.2 to 0.27.1
- Arduino AVR Core from 1.8.4 to 1.8.5
- STM32duino from 2.2.0 to 2.3.0
- ESP32 Core from 2.0.2 to 2.0.5
- Teensyduino from 1.56 to 1.57
Upgrade TZDB from 2022b to 2022d

v2.0

Use int16_t year fields.
Implement adjustable epoch year.
Upgrade to TZDB 2022f.
AVR:
- sizeof(LocalDate) increases from 3 to 4
- sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor) increases from 116 to 122
- sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor) increases from 436 to 468
- sizeof(TransitionStorage) increases from 340 to 364
- ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds() slower by 5-10%
ESP8266
- sizeof(LocalDate) increases from 3 to 4
- sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor) remains at 164
- sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor) increases from 540 to 588
- sizeof(TransitionStorage) increases from 420 to 452
- ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds() slower by 0-10%

v2.1.1

Upgrade to TZDB 2022g.
Add ZonedExtra.
Unify fat and symbolic links.
Not much difference in execution times, except:
- ZonedDateTime::forComponents() using the BasicZoneProcessor becomes ~50% slower due to the extra work needed to resolve gaps and overlaps.
- ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds() using BasicZoneProcessors remains unchanged.
- ExtendedZoneProcessor is substantially faster on AVR processors. Maybe it should be recommended ove BasicZoneProcessor even on AVR.

v2.2.0

Upgrade tool chain
- Arduino AVR from 1.8.5 to 1.8.6
- STM32duino from 2.3.0 to 2.4.0
- ESP8266 from 3.0.2 to 3.1.2 failed, reverted back to 3.0.2
- ESP32 from 2.0.5 to 2.0.7
Add support for Seeed XIAO SAMD21
- Seeeduino 1.8.3
Upgrade to TZDB 2023b

Arduino Nano

16MHz ATmega328P
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
Arduino AVR Boards 1.8.6

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 5
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 5
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 15
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 142
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 456
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 146
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 460
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 7
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 7
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 14
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 12
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 13
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 11
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 3
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 5
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 26
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 41
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 348
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 24

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    4.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |  242.000 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |   51.000 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |   49.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |  362.000 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |   77.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |   77.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |   68.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |  390.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    | 1266.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |  698.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |   -1.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      | 1815.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       | 1224.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |   -1.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |  893.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |  323.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |   -1.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         | 1793.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          | 1201.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |   -1.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |  117.000 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |   49.000 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |  299.000 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 1000

Sparkfun Pro Micro

16 MHz ATmega32U4
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
SparkFun AVR Boards 1.1.13

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 5
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 5
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 15
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 142
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 456
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 146
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 460
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 7
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 7
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 14
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 12
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 13
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 11
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 3
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 5
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 26
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 41
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 348
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 24

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    3.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |  244.000 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |   49.000 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |   48.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |  367.000 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |   78.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |   77.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |   67.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |  393.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    | 1273.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |  702.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |   -1.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      | 1825.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       | 1231.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |   -1.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |  898.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |  326.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |   -1.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         | 1802.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          | 1210.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |   -1.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |   -1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |  115.000 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |   49.000 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |  300.000 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 1000

Seeed Studio XIOA SAMD21

SAMD21, 48 MHz ARM Cortex-M0+
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
Seeeduino 1.8.3

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 12
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 8
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 24
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 204
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 604
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 212
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 612
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 12
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 12
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 16
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 12
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 8
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 8
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 36
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 52
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 452
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 32

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    1.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |   11.600 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |    6.000 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |    6.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |   21.800 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |   12.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |   12.200 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |   10.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |   24.200 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    |  182.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |   46.600 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |  493.400 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |   57.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      |  246.400 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       |   96.600 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |  370.800 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |   19.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |  157.400 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |   22.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |  468.600 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |   33.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         |  241.400 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          |   91.400 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |  365.600 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |   14.600 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |   16.000 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |    4.200 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |   14.400 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 5000

STM32 Blue Pill

STM32F103C8, 72 MHz ARM Cortex-M3
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
STM32duino 2.4.0

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 12
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 8
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 24
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 204
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 604
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 212
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 612
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 12
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 12
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 16
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 12
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 8
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 8
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 36
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 52
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 452
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 32

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    1.200 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |    2.800 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |    1.500 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |    1.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |    4.400 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |    5.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |    5.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |    3.800 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |    6.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    |   81.700 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |   12.500 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |  198.800 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |   16.700 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      |  106.300 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       |   36.200 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |  154.400 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |    7.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |   77.300 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |    7.700 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |  193.900 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |   11.900 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         |  105.600 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          |   35.600 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |  153.600 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |    6.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |   11.200 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |    2.400 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |   17.700 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 10000

ESP8266

NodeMCU 1.0 clone, 80MHz ESP8266
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
ESP8266 Boards 3.0.2

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 12
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 8
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 24
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 204
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 604
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 212
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 612
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 12
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 12
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 16
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 12
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 8
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 8
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 36
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 52
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 452
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 32

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    5.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |    6.200 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |    3.000 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |    3.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |   12.200 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |    6.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |    7.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |    5.600 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |   14.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    |  102.800 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |   22.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |  238.800 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |   29.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      |  125.600 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       |   47.200 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |  172.200 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |    3.200 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |   92.800 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |    8.400 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |  224.400 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |   14.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         |  124.400 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          |   46.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |  171.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |    2.200 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |   14.800 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |    6.200 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |   43.200 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 5000

ESP32

ESP32-01 Dev Board, 240 MHz Tensilica LX6
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
ESP32 Boards 2.0.7

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 12
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 8
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 24
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 204
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 604
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 212
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 612
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 12
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 12
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 16
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 12
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 8
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 8
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 36
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 52
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 452
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 32

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    1.200 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |    0.850 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |    0.300 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |    0.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |    1.650 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |    1.550 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |    1.350 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |    1.150 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |    3.150 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    |   17.450 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |    3.500 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |   47.300 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |    4.850 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      |   25.250 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       |   11.300 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |   36.000 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |    2.100 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |   16.050 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |    1.300 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |   45.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |    2.650 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         |   24.050 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          |   10.100 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |   34.800 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |    0.900 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |    3.000 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |    0.650 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |    2.850 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 20000

Note: Once the benchmark of the function under test becomes smaller than the duration of an empty loop, the numbers become unreliable.

Teensy 3.2

96 MHz ARM Cortex-M4
Arduino IDE 1.8.19, Arduino CLI 0.31.0
Teensyduino 1.57
Compiler options: "Faster"

Sizes of Objects:
sizeof(LocalDate): 4
sizeof(LocalTime): 4
sizeof(LocalDateTime): 8
sizeof(TimeOffset): 2
sizeof(OffsetDateTime): 10
sizeof(TimeZone): 12
sizeof(TimeZoneData): 8
sizeof(ZonedDateTime): 24
sizeof(ZonedExtra): 16
sizeof(TimePeriod): 4
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor): 204
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor): 604
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessorCache<1>): 212
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessorCache<1>): 612
sizeof(BasicZoneManager): 12
sizeof(ExtendedZoneManager): 12
sizeof(internal::ZoneContext): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneEra): 16
sizeof(basic::ZoneInfo): 24
sizeof(basic::ZoneRule): 12
sizeof(basic::ZonePolicy): 8
sizeof(basic::ZoneRegistrar): 8
sizeof(BasicZoneProcessor::Transition): 36
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::Transition): 52
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::TransitionStorage): 452
sizeof(ExtendedZoneProcessor::MatchingEra): 32

CPU:
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Method                                           |   micros |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| EmptyLoop                                        |    0.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| LocalDate::forEpochDays()                        |    2.300 |
| LocalDate::toEpochDays()                         |    0.450 |
| LocalDate::dayOfWeek()                           |    1.000 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| OffsetDateTime::forEpochSeconds()                |    3.100 |
| OffsetDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                 |    0.700 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochSeconds()                  |    1.150 |
| ZonedDateTime::toEpochDays()                     |    1.050 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(UTC)              |    3.600 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)    |   42.550 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)     |    8.700 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache) |  112.150 |
| ZonedDateTime::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)  |   10.400 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_nocache)      |   56.400 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Basic_cached)       |   21.800 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_nocache)   |   87.450 |
| ZonedDateTime::forComponents(Extended_cached)    |    4.450 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_nocache)       |   40.200 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Basic_cached)        |    6.250 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_nocache)    |  110.000 |
| ZonedExtra::forEpochSeconds(Extended_cached)     |    8.050 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_nocache)         |   56.650 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Basic_cached)          |   22.100 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_nocache)      |   87.700 |
| ZonedExtra::forComponents(Extended_cached)       |    4.800 |
|--------------------------------------------------+----------|
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneName(binary)      |    6.050 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(binary)        |    2.050 |
| BasicZoneManager::createForZoneId(linear)        |   10.250 |
+--------------------------------------------------+----------+
Iterations_per_run: 20000

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