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<title>Asbestos types, history, and global use</title>
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<div class="slides">
<section>
<h1 class="title">Asbestos types, history, and global use</h1>
<h2 class="author">Dr Carl Reynolds</h2>
</section>
<section><section id="asbestos-types-history-and-global-use" class="titleslide slide level1"><h1>Asbestos types, history, and global use</h1></section><section id="section" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p>this talk is available online</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="http://carlreynolds.net/asbestos-types-history-and-global-use" class="uri">http://carlreynolds.net/asbestos-types-history-and-global-use</a></p>
</blockquote>
</section><section id="learning-outcomes" class="slide level2">
<h1>Learning outcomes</h1>
</section><section id="section-1" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ol type="1">
<li>give examples of important commercial asbestos fibre types</li>
<li>describe the physical properties of asbestos</li>
<li>outline historic and contemporary asbestos use</li>
</ol>
</section></section>
<section><section id="asbestos" class="titleslide slide level1"><h1>Asbestos</h1></section><section id="why-does-asbestos-matter" class="slide level2">
<h1>Why does asbestos matter?</h1>
</section><section id="section-2" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<h3 id="asbestos-matters-because">Asbestos matters because</h3>
<ul>
<li>its a carcinogen</li>
<li>its a cause of death and disability</li>
<li>its an on-going occupational problem</li>
</ul>
</section><section id="so-what-is-asbestos" class="slide level2">
<h1>So what is asbestos?</h1>
</section><section id="section-3" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p>The word 'asbestos' came into English usage in the early 17th century, via Latin from the Greek asbestos meaning 'unquenchable' or 'unextinguishable'.</p>
<p>This is apt because one of the commercially useful properties asbestos has been exploited for is its incombustibility.</p>
<p>(as an aside, <a href="http://www.ierfinc.org/Origin_of_the_Word_%20Asbestos.pdf">there's more to it</a>)</p>
</section><section id="section-4" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p><strong>Asbestos</strong> refers to a set of six (Chrysotile, Crocidolite, Amosite, Anthophyllite, Actinolite, Tremolite) <strong>silicate minerals</strong> characterised by being <strong>asbestiform</strong></p>
</section><section id="section-5" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ul>
<li>A <strong>silicate</strong> is a salt or ester of silicic acid. Most commonly this is a silica oxide anion which combines with a cation.</li>
<li>A <strong>mineral</strong> is a naturally occuring chemical compound. Silicate minerals make up over 90% of the earth's crust.</li>
<li><strong>Asbestiform</strong> refers to the form of a mineral in which ultra‐fine single crystal fibers (fibrils) occur in bundles that can be separated into increasingly finer fiber bundles.</li>
</ul>
</section><section id="where-does-asbestos-come-from" class="slide level2">
<h1>Where does asbestos come from?</h1>
</section><section id="section-6" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ul>
<li>Asbestos minerals are widespread in the environment, and are found in many areas where the original rock mass has undergone metamorphism.</li>
<li>Metamorphism is the alteration of the composition or structure of a rock by heat, pressure, or other natural agency.</li>
<li>Chyrsotile is the most commonly occuring form of asbestos.</li>
</ul>
</section><section id="section-7" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ul>
<li>The largest asbestos pit in the world is in Russia’s Ural Mountains on the outskirts of the town Asbest (named for its asbestos industry).</li>
</ul>
</section><section id="what-are-the-types-of-asbestos" class="slide level2">
<h1>What are the types of asbestos?</h1>
</section><section id="section-8" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">Commercial Name</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">Mineral Group</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">Chemical Formula</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Chrysotile</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Serpentine</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">(Mg, Fe)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Crocidolite</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Amphibole</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Na<sub>2</sub>(Fe<sub>3+2</sub>(Fe<sub>2+</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>822</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Anthophyllite</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Amphibole</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">(Mg, Fe)<sub>7</sub>(OH)2Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">Amosite</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Amphibole</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Mg<sub>7</sub>(OH)2Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Fe<sub>7</sub>(OH)2Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">(Actinolite)*</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Amphibole</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Ca<sub>2</sub>Fe5(OH)2Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">(Tremolite)*</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Ca<sub>2</sub>Mg5(OH)2Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section><section id="section-9" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p>*Although asbestiform tremolite and actinolite occur in nature, large commercially mined deposits are rare.</p>
</section><section id="section-10" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ul>
<li>The two main types of asbestos fibre are <strong>serpentine</strong> and <strong>amphibole</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Serpentine</strong> fibres are curly like a snake.</li>
<li><strong>Amphibole</strong> fibres are needle like.</li>
</ul>
</section><section id="section-11" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p>In practice, just knowing about <strong>Chrysotile</strong> (which is white), <strong>Crocidolite</strong> (which is blue), and <strong>Amosite</strong> (which is brown) is probably enough.</p>
</section></section>
<section><section id="history-of-asbestos-use" class="titleslide slide level1"><h1>History of asbestos use</h1></section><section id="the-ancients" class="slide level2">
<h1>The ancients</h1>
</section><section id="section-12" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ul>
<li>Plutarch (AD 46 – AD 120), a Greek author, describes eternal flames in the Acropolis being created with asbestos lamp wicks, in his book On the Decline of the Oracles.</li>
<li>Pliny the Elder(AD 23 – AD 79), a Roman author, describes asbestos being used for table cloths, napkins, and burial shrouds, in his book Natural History.</li>
</ul>
</section><section id="modern-use" class="slide level2">
<h1>Modern use</h1>
</section><section id="section-13" class="slide level2" data-background="asbestossuit.jpg">
<h1></h1>
<p>PFC Joseph M. Theis demonstrating an Asbestos Suit. England, 9th March 1943.</p>
</section><section id="section-14" class="slide level2" data-background="asbestosaib.jpg">
<h1></h1>
<p>Unscrewing of an AIB ceiling tile.</p>
</section><section id="section-15" class="slide level2" data-background="asbestoslag.jpg">
<h1></h1>
<p>Damaged asbestos lagging on hot water pipes.</p>
</section><section id="section-16" class="slide level2" data-background="asbestosroof.jpg">
<h1></h1>
<p>Asbestos cement corrugated roof.</p>
</section><section id="today" class="slide level2">
<h1>Today</h1>
</section><section id="section-17" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p>Worldwide consumption rate of asbestos is 2 million metric tons per year.</p>
<p>Production and consumption continues in countries such as Brasil, Russia, India, China, and Iran.</p>
</section><section id="section-18" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<p>Approximately 125 million people around the world work in environments in which they are exposed to asbestos, and at least 107 000 people die from occupational exposure to asbesotos (WHO).</p>
</section><section id="suggested-reading-and-self-directed-learning" class="slide level2">
<h1>Suggested reading and self directed learning</h1>
</section><section id="section-19" class="slide level2">
<h1></h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.iom-world.org/services/asbestos-services/asbestos-guide/">Institute of Occupational Medicine Asbestos Guide</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603095555/http://www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/lecture_notes/Lecture_14_Materials/Asbestos_CNT/Sci%20Am%20-%20Asbestos%20Revisited%20-%20July%201997.pdf">Alleman, James E., and Brooke T. Mossman. "Asbestos revisited." Scientific American 277.1 (1997): 54-7.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304374/">International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. ASBESTOS (CHRYSOTILE, AMOSITE, CROCIDOLITE, TREMOLITE, ACTINOLITE AND ANTHOPHYLLITE)</a></li>
</ul>
</section></section>
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