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modules/citation/principles/index.html | 40 +++++++------- .../citation/slides-citation/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/citation/slides-citation/index.html | 28 +++++----- modules/documentation/info/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/documentation/info/index.html | 32 +++++------ modules/environments/info/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/environments/info/index.html | 32 +++++------ modules/fairsoftware/exercise1/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/fairsoftware/exercise1/index.html | 50 ++++++++--------- modules/fairsoftware/exercise2/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/fairsoftware/exercise2/index.html | 48 ++++++++--------- modules/fairsoftware/exercise3/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/fairsoftware/exercise3/index.html | 42 +++++++-------- modules/fairsoftware/info/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/fairsoftware/info/index.html | 32 +++++------ modules/fairsoftware/reading/_payload.json | 2 +- modules/fairsoftware/reading/index.html | 42 +++++++-------- .../slides-fairsoftware/_payload.json | 2 +- 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n.storage.setItem("integrity",r.integrity)}return await t.callHook("content:storage",n.storage),n}async function _e(t){const r=await Ie();if(!U().getPreviewToken()&&Object.keys(t||{}).length===0)return r.storage.getItem("navigation");const n=await r.query(t).where({_partial:!1,navigation:{$ne:!1}}).find(),l=(await r.query().where({_path:/\/_dir$/i,_partial:!0}).find()).reduce((c,o)=>{var g;((g=o.title)==null?void 0:g.toLowerCase())==="dir"&&(o.title=void 0);const h=o._path.split("/").slice(0,-1).join("/")||"/";return c[h]={...o,...o.body},c},{});return he(n,l)}export{we as contentStorage,ve as createDB,_e as generateNavigation,Ie as useContentDatabase}; diff --git a/_nuxt/sFyta7Xq.js b/_nuxt/D031i5cu.js similarity index 78% rename from _nuxt/sFyta7Xq.js rename to _nuxt/D031i5cu.js index 4a8667ba..f217b17c 100644 --- a/_nuxt/sFyta7Xq.js +++ b/_nuxt/D031i5cu.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{z as o,U as f,h as p,x as l,A as g}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";import{u as h}from"./BtUAytV1.js";const b=(n,c=p())=>{const r=o(n),m=g();f(()=>o(n),(i=r)=>{if(!c.path||!i)return;const e=Object.assign({},(i==null?void 0:i.head)||{});e.meta=[...e.meta||[]],e.link=[...e.link||[]];const s=e.title||(i==null?void 0:i.title);s&&(e.title=s),m.public.content.host;const t=(e==null?void 0:e.description)||(i==null?void 0:i.description);t&&e.meta.filter(u=>u.name==="description").length===0&&e.meta.push({name:"description",content:t}),e!=null&&e.image||(i==null||i.image),l(()=>h(e))},{immediate:!0})};export{b as u}; +import{z as o,U as f,h as p,x as l,A as g}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";import{u as h}from"./tIvUuwzM.js";const b=(n,c=p())=>{const r=o(n),m=g();f(()=>o(n),(i=r)=>{if(!c.path||!i)return;const e=Object.assign({},(i==null?void 0:i.head)||{});e.meta=[...e.meta||[]],e.link=[...e.link||[]];const s=e.title||(i==null?void 0:i.title);s&&(e.title=s),m.public.content.host;const t=(e==null?void 0:e.description)||(i==null?void 0:i.description);t&&e.meta.filter(u=>u.name==="description").length===0&&e.meta.push({name:"description",content:t}),e!=null&&e.image||(i==null||i.image),l(()=>h(e))},{immediate:!0})};export{b as u}; diff --git a/_nuxt/CCIVSpxi.js b/_nuxt/D3LnE11t.js similarity index 92% rename from _nuxt/CCIVSpxi.js rename to _nuxt/D3LnE11t.js index 29f2be8a..884e94dd 100644 --- a/_nuxt/CCIVSpxi.js +++ b/_nuxt/D3LnE11t.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{g as d,a1 as l,k as v,a2 as f,B as p,a3 as g,a4 as m,O as h,a5 as y,s as u,e as _}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const C=d({name:"ContentNavigation",props:{query:{type:Object,required:!1,default:void 0}},async setup(i){const{query:a}=l(i),n=v(()=>{var t;return typeof((t=a.value)==null?void 0:t.params)=="function"?a.value.params():a.value});if(!n.value&&f("dd-navigation").value){const{navigation:t}=p();return{navigation:t}}const{data:o}=await g(`content-navigation-${m(n.value)}`,()=>y(n.value));return{navigation:o}},render(i){const a=h(),{navigation:n}=i,o=e=>u(_,{to:e._path},()=>e.title),t=(e,r)=>u("ul",r?{"data-level":r}:null,e.map(s=>s.children?u("li",null,[o(s),t(s.children,r+1)]):u("li",null,o(s)))),c=e=>t(e,0);return a!=null&&a.default?a.default({navigation:n,...this.$attrs}):c(n)}}),N=C;export{N as default}; +import{g as d,a1 as l,k as v,a2 as f,B as p,a3 as g,a4 as m,O as h,a5 as y,s as u,e as _}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const C=d({name:"ContentNavigation",props:{query:{type:Object,required:!1,default:void 0}},async setup(i){const{query:a}=l(i),n=v(()=>{var t;return typeof((t=a.value)==null?void 0:t.params)=="function"?a.value.params():a.value});if(!n.value&&f("dd-navigation").value){const{navigation:t}=p();return{navigation:t}}const{data:o}=await g(`content-navigation-${m(n.value)}`,()=>y(n.value));return{navigation:o}},render(i){const a=h(),{navigation:n}=i,o=e=>u(_,{to:e._path},()=>e.title),t=(e,r)=>u("ul",r?{"data-level":r}:null,e.map(s=>s.children?u("li",null,[o(s),t(s.children,r+1)]):u("li",null,o(s)))),c=e=>t(e,0);return a!=null&&a.default?a.default({navigation:n,...this.$attrs}):c(n)}}),N=C;export{N as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/OmHslson.js b/_nuxt/DBdY7ehp.js similarity index 63% rename from _nuxt/OmHslson.js rename to _nuxt/DBdY7ehp.js index 9dbe9be9..31d4e727 100644 --- a/_nuxt/OmHslson.js +++ b/_nuxt/DBdY7ehp.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{g as a,o as n,C as o,w as s,ad as f,e as u}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const l=a({__name:"ProseA",props:{href:{type:String,default:""},target:{type:String,default:void 0,required:!1}},setup(e){return(t,c)=>{const r=u;return n(),o(r,{href:e.href,target:e.target},{default:s(()=>[f(t.$slots,"default")]),_:3},8,["href","target"])}}});export{l as default}; +import{g as a,o as n,C as o,w as s,ad as f,e as u}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const l=a({__name:"ProseA",props:{href:{type:String,default:""},target:{type:String,default:void 0,required:!1}},setup(e){return(t,c)=>{const r=u;return n(),o(r,{href:e.href,target:e.target},{default:s(()=>[f(t.$slots,"default")]),_:3},8,["href","target"])}}});export{l as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/Bt4D16IY.js b/_nuxt/DGrI1rgt.js similarity index 65% rename from _nuxt/Bt4D16IY.js rename to _nuxt/DGrI1rgt.js index 086ec108..b3c94505 100644 --- a/_nuxt/Bt4D16IY.js +++ b/_nuxt/DGrI1rgt.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{_ as o,o as r,c as t,ad as n}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const s={};function c(e,a){return r(),t("strong",null,[n(e.$slots,"default")])}const _=o(s,[["render",c]]);export{_ as default}; +import{_ as o,o as r,c as t,ad as n}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const s={};function c(e,a){return r(),t("strong",null,[n(e.$slots,"default")])}const _=o(s,[["render",c]]);export{_ as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/BDt0kMsK.js b/_nuxt/DKWc8O0p.js similarity index 65% rename from _nuxt/BDt0kMsK.js rename to _nuxt/DKWc8O0p.js index 7a796eae..6adec122 100644 --- a/_nuxt/BDt0kMsK.js +++ b/_nuxt/DKWc8O0p.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{_ as o,o as r,c as t,ad as a}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const s={};function c(e,n){return r(),t("table",null,[a(e.$slots,"default")])}const _=o(s,[["render",c]]);export{_ as default}; +import{_ as o,o as r,c as t,ad as a}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const s={};function c(e,n){return r(),t("table",null,[a(e.$slots,"default")])}const _=o(s,[["render",c]]);export{_ as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/ClS-RELa.js b/_nuxt/DUG34Y6d.js similarity index 64% rename from _nuxt/ClS-RELa.js rename to _nuxt/DUG34Y6d.js index fd9b8668..6f78754e 100644 --- a/_nuxt/ClS-RELa.js +++ b/_nuxt/DUG34Y6d.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{_ as o,o as r,c as t,ad as s}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const c={};function n(e,a){return r(),t("td",null,[s(e.$slots,"default")])}const d=o(c,[["render",n]]);export{d as default}; +import{_ as o,o as r,c as t,ad as s}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const c={};function n(e,a){return r(),t("td",null,[s(e.$slots,"default")])}const d=o(c,[["render",n]]);export{d as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/DOYruCef.js b/_nuxt/DVOw9KrD.js similarity index 96% rename from _nuxt/DOYruCef.js rename to _nuxt/DVOw9KrD.js index 7a6012ed..3cb0f14f 100644 --- a/_nuxt/DOYruCef.js +++ b/_nuxt/DVOw9KrD.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{g as p,O as m,k as A,s as l,a0 as g}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const w=["p","h1","h2","h3","h4","h5","h6","li"];function f(r,t){return r.type===t||typeof r.type=="object"&&r.type.tag===t||r.tag===t}function s(r){return f(r,"text")||f(r,Symbol.for("v-txt"))}function y(r){var t;return Array.isArray(r.children)||typeof r.children=="string"?r.children:typeof((t=r.children)==null?void 0:t.default)=="function"?r.children.default():[]}function a(r){if(!r)return"";if(Array.isArray(r))return r.map(a).join("");if(s(r))return r.children||r.value||"";const t=y(r);return Array.isArray(t)?t.map(a).filter(Boolean).join(""):""}function c(r,t=[]){if(Array.isArray(r))return r.flatMap(n=>c(n,t));let e=r;return t.some(n=>n==="*"||f(r,n))&&(e=y(r)||r,!Array.isArray(e)&&w.some(n=>f(r,n))&&(e=[e])),e}function h(r,t=[]){return r=Array.isArray(r)?r:[r],t.length?r.flatMap(e=>h(c(e,[t[0]]),t.slice(1))).filter(e=>!(s(e)&&a(e).trim()==="")):r}function S(r,t=[]){return typeof t=="string"&&(t=t.split(",").map(e=>e.trim()).filter(Boolean)),t.length?h(r,t).reduce((e,n)=>(s(n)?typeof e[e.length-1]=="string"?e[e.length-1]+=n.children:e.push(n.children):e.push(n),e),[]):r}const C=p({name:"MDCSlot",functional:!0,props:{name:{type:String,default:"default"},unwrap:{type:[Boolean,String],default:!1},use:{type:Function,default:void 0}},setup(r){const{parent:t}=g(),{default:e}=m(),n=A(()=>typeof r.unwrap=="string"?r.unwrap.split(" "):["*"]);return{fallbackSlot:e,tags:n,parent:t}},render({use:r,unwrap:t,fallbackSlot:e,tags:n,parent:i}){var o;try{let u=r;return typeof r=="string"&&(u=(i==null?void 0:i.slots[r])||((o=i==null?void 0:i.parent)==null?void 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t.some(n=>n==="*"||f(r,n))&&(e=y(r)||r,!Array.isArray(e)&&w.some(n=>f(r,n))&&(e=[e])),e}function h(r,t=[]){return r=Array.isArray(r)?r:[r],t.length?r.flatMap(e=>h(c(e,[t[0]]),t.slice(1))).filter(e=>!(s(e)&&a(e).trim()==="")):r}function S(r,t=[]){return typeof t=="string"&&(t=t.split(",").map(e=>e.trim()).filter(Boolean)),t.length?h(r,t).reduce((e,n)=>(s(n)?typeof e[e.length-1]=="string"?e[e.length-1]+=n.children:e.push(n.children):e.push(n),e),[]):r}const C=p({name:"MDCSlot",functional:!0,props:{name:{type:String,default:"default"},unwrap:{type:[Boolean,String],default:!1},use:{type:Function,default:void 0}},setup(r){const{parent:t}=g(),{default:e}=m(),n=A(()=>typeof r.unwrap=="string"?r.unwrap.split(" "):["*"]);return{fallbackSlot:e,tags:n,parent:t}},render({use:r,unwrap:t,fallbackSlot:e,tags:n,parent:i}){var o;try{let u=r;return typeof r=="string"&&(u=(i==null?void 0:i.slots[r])||((o=i==null?void 0:i.parent)==null?void 0:o.slots[r]),console.warn(`Please set :use="$slots.${r}" in 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f=["id"],l=["href"],k=i({__name:"ProseH5",props:{id:{}},setup(a){const r=a,{headings:o}=c().public.mdc,d=p(()=>{var e;return r.id&&((e=o==null?void 0:o.anchorLinks)==null?void 0:e.h5)});return(e,m)=>(s(),n("h5",{id:e.id},[e.id&&u(d)?(s(),n("a",{key:0,href:`#${e.id}`},[t(e.$slots,"default")],8,l)):t(e.$slots,"default",{key:1})],8,f))}});export{k as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/fVrCQsqn.js b/_nuxt/DYP278Uv.js similarity index 95% rename from _nuxt/fVrCQsqn.js rename to _nuxt/DYP278Uv.js index b7464806..19d58ac8 100644 --- a/_nuxt/fVrCQsqn.js +++ b/_nuxt/DYP278Uv.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{_ as y,o as e,C as d,w as p,a as n,t as f,e as $,g as b,A as v,c as s,F as u,D as c,z as _,b as w,E as S}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const k={props:{title:{type:String,default:"Title"},author:{type:String,default:"Author"},thumbnail:{type:String,default:"./nlesc-logo.svg"},url:{type:String,default:"/"}}},C={class:"relative"},B={class:"flex flex-row bg-eScienceWhite shadow-xl max-w-xl rounded-bl-3xl rounded-tr-3xl 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a/_nuxt/Dc0b9Idc.js +++ b/_nuxt/Dz1cAOXu.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{_ as l}from"./Bd7xMkGn.js";import{g as n,o as s,C as i,w as o,a as r,ae as g,af as u,ad as f}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const h=n({__name:"ProsePre",props:{code:{type:String,default:""},language:{type:String,default:null},filename:{type:String,default:null},highlights:{type:Array,default:()=>[]},meta:{type:String,default:null},class:{type:String,default:null},style:{type:[String,Object],default:null}},setup(e){return(a,d)=>{const t=l;return s(),i(t,{code:e.code,language:e.language,filename:e.filename,highlights:e.highlights,meta:e.meta},{default:o(()=>[r("pre",{class:g(a.$props.class),style:u(e.style)},[f(a.$slots,"default")],6)]),_:3},8,["code","language","filename","highlights","meta"])}}});export{h as default}; +import{_ as l}from"./CXw4cyZj.js";import{g as n,o as s,C as i,w as o,a as r,ae as g,af as u,ad as f}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const h=n({__name:"ProsePre",props:{code:{type:String,default:""},language:{type:String,default:null},filename:{type:String,default:null},highlights:{type:Array,default:()=>[]},meta:{type:String,default:null},class:{type:String,default:null},style:{type:[String,Object],default:null}},setup(e){return(a,d)=>{const t=l;return s(),i(t,{code:e.code,language:e.language,filename:e.filename,highlights:e.highlights,meta:e.meta},{default:o(()=>[r("pre",{class:g(a.$props.class),style:u(e.style)},[f(a.$slots,"default")],6)]),_:3},8,["code","language","filename","highlights","meta"])}}});export{h as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/dpI3ZOQe.js b/_nuxt/EoVG4rqH.js similarity index 85% rename from _nuxt/dpI3ZOQe.js rename to _nuxt/EoVG4rqH.js index dab25dde..69e2aa5f 100644 --- a/_nuxt/dpI3ZOQe.js +++ b/_nuxt/EoVG4rqH.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{g as i,A as c,k as p,o as s,c as n,z as u,ad as t}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const f=["id"],l=["href"],k=i({__name:"ProseH2",props:{id:{}},setup(a){const r=a,{headings:o}=c().public.mdc,d=p(()=>{var e;return r.id&&((e=o==null?void 0:o.anchorLinks)==null?void 0:e.h2)});return(e,m)=>(s(),n("h2",{id:e.id},[e.id&&u(d)?(s(),n("a",{key:0,href:`#${e.id}`},[t(e.$slots,"default")],8,l)):t(e.$slots,"default",{key:1})],8,f))}});export{k as default}; +import{g as i,A as c,k as p,o as s,c as n,z as u,ad as t}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const f=["id"],l=["href"],k=i({__name:"ProseH2",props:{id:{}},setup(a){const r=a,{headings:o}=c().public.mdc,d=p(()=>{var e;return r.id&&((e=o==null?void 0:o.anchorLinks)==null?void 0:e.h2)});return(e,m)=>(s(),n("h2",{id:e.id},[e.id&&u(d)?(s(),n("a",{key:0,href:`#${e.id}`},[t(e.$slots,"default")],8,l)):t(e.$slots,"default",{key:1})],8,f))}});export{k as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/D2VvGIaI.js b/_nuxt/EpcERS4a.js similarity index 86% rename from _nuxt/D2VvGIaI.js rename to _nuxt/EpcERS4a.js index c11fab66..f9f33aa0 100644 --- a/_nuxt/D2VvGIaI.js +++ b/_nuxt/EpcERS4a.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{g,A as C,O as v,Q as D,h as w,s as o,R as _}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";import{u as d}from"./sFyta7Xq.js";import S from"./D18jxc4x.js";import"./BtUAytV1.js";import"./COVmoRWc.js";const q=g({name:"ContentDoc",props:{tag:{type:String,required:!1,default:"div"},excerpt:{type:Boolean,default:!1},path:{type:String,required:!1,default:void 0},query:{type:Object,required:!1,default:void 0},head:{type:Boolean,required:!1,default:void 0}},render(f){const{contentHead:c}=C().public.content,e=v(),{tag:m,excerpt:a,path:s,query:i,head:r}=f,u=r===void 0?c:r,l={...i||{},path:s||(i==null?void 0:i.path)||D(w().path),find:"one"},h=(t,n)=>o("pre",null,JSON.stringify({message:"You should use slots with ",slot:t,data:n},null,2));return o(_,l,{default:e!=null&&e.default?({data:t,refresh:n,isPartial:y})=>{var p;return u&&d(t),(p=e.default)==null?void 0:p.call(e,{doc:t,refresh:n,isPartial:y,excerpt:a,...this.$attrs})}:({data:t})=>(u&&d(t),o(S,{value:t,excerpt:a,tag:m,...this.$attrs},{empty:n=>e!=null&&e.empty?e.empty(n):h("default",t)})),empty:t=>{var n;return((n=e==null?void 0:e.empty)==null?void 0:n.call(e,t))||o("p",null,"Document is empty, overwrite this content with #empty slot in .")},"not-found":t=>{var n;return((n=e==null?void 0:e["not-found"])==null?void 0:n.call(e,t))||o("p",null,"Document not found, overwrite this content with #not-found slot in .")}})}}),b=q;export{b as default}; +import{g,A as C,O as v,Q as D,h as w,s as o,R as _}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";import{u as d}from"./D031i5cu.js";import S from"./CVF0_ZUn.js";import"./tIvUuwzM.js";import"./Dgm6rCDZ.js";const q=g({name:"ContentDoc",props:{tag:{type:String,required:!1,default:"div"},excerpt:{type:Boolean,default:!1},path:{type:String,required:!1,default:void 0},query:{type:Object,required:!1,default:void 0},head:{type:Boolean,required:!1,default:void 0}},render(f){const{contentHead:c}=C().public.content,e=v(),{tag:m,excerpt:a,path:s,query:i,head:r}=f,u=r===void 0?c:r,l={...i||{},path:s||(i==null?void 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b/_nuxt/Fc95O8bf.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -import{g as i,A as c,k as p,o as s,c as n,z as u,ad as t}from"./DCQ65ZuQ.js";const f=["id"],l=["href"],k=i({__name:"ProseH3",props:{id:{}},setup(a){const r=a,{headings:o}=c().public.mdc,d=p(()=>{var e;return r.id&&((e=o==null?void 0:o.anchorLinks)==null?void 0:e.h3)});return(e,m)=>(s(),n("h3",{id:e.id},[e.id&&u(d)?(s(),n("a",{key:0,href:`#${e.id}`},[t(e.$slots,"default")],8,l)):t(e.$slots,"default",{key:1})],8,f))}});export{k as default}; +import{g as i,A as c,k as p,o as s,c as n,z as u,ad as t}from"./LCLGvLsE.js";const f=["id"],l=["href"],k=i({__name:"ProseH3",props:{id:{}},setup(a){const r=a,{headings:o}=c().public.mdc,d=p(()=>{var e;return r.id&&((e=o==null?void 0:o.anchorLinks)==null?void 0:e.h3)});return(e,m)=>(s(),n("h3",{id:e.id},[e.id&&u(d)?(s(),n("a",{key:0,href:`#${e.id}`},[t(e.$slots,"default")],8,l)):t(e.$slots,"default",{key:1})],8,f))}});export{k as default}; diff --git a/_nuxt/tvGjYoxK.js b/_nuxt/Ga6hsoRA.js similarity index 84% rename 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"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://force11.org/info/software-citation-principles-published-2016/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Citation Principles"}]},{"type":"text","value":" describe the rationale behind software citation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An interactive guide on software citation can be found at "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://cfa-library.github.io/citesoftware.org/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"citesoftware.org"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An extensive (non-interactive) guide can be found at 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However, it is important to properly cite software, for many reasons, among which:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understanding Research Fields"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software is a product of research, and by not citing it, we leave holes in the record of research of progress in those fields."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Recognition"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Academic researchers at all levels, including students, postdocs, faculty, and staff, should be credited for the software products they develop and contribute to, particularly when those products enable or further research done by others. Non-academic researchers should also be credited for their software work, though the specific forms of credit are different than for academic researchers. 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Accurate information about the software — and its version! — used in your research is necessary for others to obtain and use the same software, making it easier to validate and build upon your research."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In this module, we will further illustrate the importance of software citation, and we will demonstrate how scientific software can be cited, and how to facilitate this as the author of scientific software. 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Software citations should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such as publications and data; they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the reference list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated. Software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book, that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Credit and Attribution"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative, legal attribution to all contributors to the software, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may not be applicable to all software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unique Identification"}]},{"type":"text","value":": A software citation should include a method for identification that is machine actionable, globally unique, interoperable, and recognized by at least a community of the corresponding domain experts, and preferably by general public researchers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Persistence"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Unique identifiers and metadata describing the software and its disposition should persist – even beyond the lifespan of the software they describe."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Accessibility"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software citations should facilitate access to the software itself and to its associated metadata, documentation, data, and other materials necessary for both humans and machines to make informed use of the referenced software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Specificity"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software citations should facilitate identification of, and access to, the specific version of software that was used. 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Software citations should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such as publications and data; they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the reference list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated. Software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book, that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Credit and Attribution"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative, legal attribution to all contributors to the software, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may not be applicable to all software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unique Identification"}]},{"type":"text","value":": A software citation should include a method for identification that is machine actionable, globally unique, interoperable, and recognized by at least a community of the corresponding domain experts, and preferably by general public researchers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Persistence"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Unique identifiers and metadata describing the software and its disposition should persist – even beyond the lifespan of the software they describe."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Accessibility"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software citations should facilitate access to the software itself and to its associated metadata, documentation, data, and other materials necessary for both humans and machines to make informed use of the referenced software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Specificity"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software citations should facilitate identification of, and access to, the specific version of software that was used. Software identification should be as specific as necessary, such as using version numbers, revision numbers, or variants such as platforms."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"what-software-to-cite"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What software to cite?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"\"...the software itself should be cited on the same basis as any other research product; authors should cite the appropriate set of software products.\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Which software would you cite?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"how-to-make-your-software-citable"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How to make your software 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minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR principles are:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F"}]},{"type":"text","value":"indable"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A"}]},{"type":"text","value":"ccessible"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I"}]},{"type":"text","value":"nteroperable"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R"}]},{"type":"text","value":"eusable"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"They were originally introduced in "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this paper by Wilkinson et al."}]},{"type":"text","value":".\nThis paper is a good starting point to learn more about FAIR, but if you are already familiar with the concept, a quick skim of the paper should do.\nThe most important take-away from this particular paper is the point that FAIR, while originally a data-specific concept, was designed with other digital objects in mind as well."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-software-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"To extend the FAIR principles to software, the "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://force11.org/groups/fair-4-research-software-fair4rs-working-group/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR 4 Research Software working group"}]},{"type":"text","value":" was formed.\nTheir paper "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Introducing the FAIR principles for research software"}]},{"type":"text","value":" describes in more practical terms how FAIR can be applied to software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"you-should-now-be-able-to"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You should now be able to"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understand the different facets of FAIR"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Be aware of the machine-actionable nature of FAIR"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Get a feeling for additional challenges that software poses to FAIR"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-software-20-minutes-optional"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software (20 minutes, optional)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"While the intepretation of the FAIR4RS working group has been the dominant set of principles since its publication, it was not the first attempt to apply FAIR to software.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ds-190026","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This paper by Anna Lena Lamprecht et al."}]},{"type":"text","value":" was published a few years earlier, and also described an extension of the FAIR principles for software.\nThe paper is a more elaborate in its descriptions of software, the different aspects of software, and how they are or are not addressed by FAIR.\nIt is a good read if you want to get a deeper understanding of software and its relation to the FAIR principles."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"discussion"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Discussion"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the differences between FAIR principles for data and software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What challenges do you see in making software FAIR?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why is FAIR software important?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"what-is-fair","depth":2,"text":"What is FAIR?","children":[{"id":"fair-principles-15-minutes","depth":3,"text":"FAIR principles (15 minutes)"},{"id":"fair-software-10-minutes","depth":3,"text":"FAIR software (10 minutes)"},{"id":"fair-software-20-minutes-optional","depth":3,"text":"FAIR software (20 minutes, 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Software, and its associated metadata, is easy for both humans and machines to find."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F1. Software is assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F1.1. Components of the software representing levels of granularity are assigned distinct identifiers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F1.2. Different versions of the software are assigned distinct identifiers."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F2. Software is described with rich metadata."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F3. Metadata clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the software they describe."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F4. Metadata are FAIR, searchable and indexable."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"a-software-and-its-metadata-is-retrievable-via-standardised-protocols"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A: Software, and its metadata, is retrievable via standardised protocols."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A1. Software is retrievable by its identifier using a standardised communications protocol.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A1.1. The protocol is open, free, and universally implementable."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A1.2. The protocol allows for an authentication and authorization procedure, where necessary."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A2. Metadata are accessible, even when the software is no longer available."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"i-software-interoperates-with-other-software-by-exchanging-data-andor-metadata-andor-through-interaction-via-application-programming-interfaces-apis-described-through-standards"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I: Software interoperates with other software by exchanging data and/or metadata, and/or through interaction via application programming interfaces (APIs), described through standards."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I1. Software reads, writes and exchanges data in a way that meets domain-relevant community standards."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I2. Software includes qualified references to other objects."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"r-software-is-both-usable-can-be-executed-and-reusable-can-be-understood-modified-built-upon-or-incorporated-into-other-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R: Software is both usable (can be executed) and reusable (can be understood, modified, built upon, or incorporated into other software)."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R1. Software is described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attributes.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R1.1. Software is given a clear and accessible license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R1.2. Software is associated with detailed provenance."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R2. Software includes qualified references to other software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R3. Software meets domain-relevant community standards."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"three-examples"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Three examples"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The following three examples of software have been described with statements that can be mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles. With each statement, identify the principle(s) it maps to, and the (sub)facet(s) of the principle(s) it addresses. A single statement may map to multiple (sub)facets."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"example-1-comet"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Example 1: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201200439","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet is a command-line tool and desktop application for tandem mass spectrometry sequence database search6."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet is licensed under the Apache 2.0 open source licence."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet is registered in the bio.tools catalogue of bioinformatics tools, where it has a globally unique and persistent identifier, and rich metadata that includes the identifier and is searchable and indexable."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The metadata in bio.tools is independent from the Comet repository, and will stay accessible should the software itself become inaccessible."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The publicly accessible project repository on GitHub includes detailed information about the development of Comet."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The code includes dependencies to external software packages, such as Thermo Scientific’s MSFileReader library."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet can be downloaded via the browser following the links provided in the metadata using https."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet uses standard data types from the proteomics domain for its input and output data that are documented in the metadata as functional annotations."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"example-2-puregome"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Example 2: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4337242","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PureGoMe"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe is a project aimed at understanding Dutch public sentiment during the COVID-19 outbreak period by analysing real-time Twitter data. It provides a collection of Python scripts and Jupyter notebooks for this purpose."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PureGoMe can be downloaded from the project repository, while metadata is accessible independently from the registry."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe's GitHub repository has detailed records of the development history."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The code includes dependencies to other software, such as various Python libraries."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe has a (versioned) DOI from Zenodo."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe uses the Apache 2.0 open source licence."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe uses standard file formats (e.g., CSV files) for data exchange."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe refers to other objects such as websites."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PureGoMe is registered in the Research Software Directory that captures the most relevant metadata, including the identifier, in searchable and indexable form."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"example-3-gammashiny"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Example 3: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139005","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"gammaShiny"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"gammaShiny is an application that provides enhanced graphical user interfaces for the R gamma package8. It is used to process in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry measurements for luminescence dating."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"gammaShiny has been deposited in the HAL French national archive and it has a persistent globally unique identifier, with the HAL identifier of the metadata record and a SWHID, identifying specifically the software artefact on the Software Heritage universal software source code archive."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Thanks to the HAL platform, where a licence is mandatory, gammaShiny is under a GNU General Public Licence v3.0."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The archived versions of gammaShiny’s source code in Software Heritage include a codemeta.json file, identifiable with a SWHID, where other metadata is available including dependencies named in CodeMeta (\"softwareRequirements\")."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"do-you-agree"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Do you agree?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The examples were taken from "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this paper"}]},{"type":"text","value":".\nIn the Results section of the paper you will find the authors' analysis of the software, which contains the statements above, mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Do you agree with their assessment?"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"mapping-the-principles","depth":2,"text":"Mapping the principles","children":[{"id":"the-fair4rs-principles-are","depth":3,"text":"The FAIR4RS Principles are:"},{"id":"three-examples","depth":3,"text":"Three examples"},{"id":"do-you-agree","depth":3,"text":"Do you agree?"}]}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:exercise2.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/exercise2.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/exercise3","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"FAIR in practice","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"fair-in-practice"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR in practice"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Role playing exercise:\nOne person presents the software, the other person gives feedback."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tasks for presenter:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is the software about?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who will use it?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is the expected lifecycle of the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What potential users or applications are untapped?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tasks for reviewer:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Which FAIR principles are addressed?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How can the software be made more FAIR?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What would be the next step (low-hanging fruit)?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Together:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Define the next steps for the software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Goals:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Frame an assessment positively: always start with assessing the things that have been done that contribute to good management and FAIR software. This is crucial, as well as motivating."}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"fair-in-practice","depth":2,"text":"FAIR in practice"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:exercise3.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/exercise3.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware","_dir":"modules","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"FAIR software","description":"thumbnail-fair-software","id":3,"trl":"medium","category":"Getting started","author":"eScience Center","thumbnail":"thumbnail-fair-software.jpg","visibility":"visible","body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/three-men-sitting-while-using-laptops-and-watching-man-beside-whiteboard-wD1LRb9OeEo?utm_content=creditShareLink&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"thumbnail-fair-software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@austindistel?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Austin Distel"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/three-men-sitting-while-using-laptops-and-watching-man-beside-whiteboard-wD1LRb9OeEo?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:index.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/index.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/info","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Learning objectives","description":"Learning objectives for the FAIR software module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the FAIR software module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/reading","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Reading material","description":"","type":"reading","order":5,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"reading-material"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reading material"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"fair-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Follow the links below to read about other resources related to FAIR research software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-research-software-principles-adoption"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR Research Software Principles adoption"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR4RS Principles were "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.15497/RDA00068","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"released in 2022"}]},{"type":"text","value":", and since then there have been many efforts for adopting them.\nThe blog post "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.researchsoft.org/blog/2024-03/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR for Research Software Principles after two years: an adoption update"}]},{"type":"text","value":" contains a summary of these efforts."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"fair-software","depth":2,"text":"FAIR software","children":[{"id":"fair-research-software-principles-adoption","depth":3,"text":"FAIR Research Software Principles adoption"}]}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:reading.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/reading.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"FAIR software","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"fair-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/1280px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al. 2019"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (CC BY 3.0)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software plays an important role in science. A first thought may be its role in data collection and analysis. Further, it may play a role in designing experiments, based on models generated. It may "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"be"}]},{"type":"text","value":" the experiment itself, simulate a research outcome based on data or ideas entered; it may also be the \"brain\" behind controlling crucial instrumentation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What scientific software can you think of?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What role does it play?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An example here: the Event Horizon Telescope, which took a \"picture\" of a black hole.\nThe \"telescope\" is not a single tool, but complex: a \"planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes\" (wikipedia).\nThe separate telescopes collect data that is synchronized with atomic clocks, and the data is combined at highly specialised supercomputers.\nThe data can be converted into an image using custom software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/definition.png","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"definition of Research Software from the FAIR4RS working group"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A definition of research software, from the FAIR4RS working group.\nIt is important that not all software that is used in research is research software.\nFor example, a text editor that is used to write a paper is not research software.\nNor is powerpoint, a web browser, or the software used to guide the telescope.\nEven tools like R or Python are not necessarily research software.\nThe code written in R or Python for an analysis would be research software, however.\nJust like a custom-made Excel macro that is used to analyse data.\nOr a custom-made web application that is used to collect data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/unescoopenscience.png","width":"50%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://creativecommons.org/2021/12/02/unesco-recommendation-on-open-science-ratified/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, 2021"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (CC BY IGO 3.0)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nOpen Science encompasses many aspects of science.\nIt is a movement that aims to make science — which includes software — more open, transparent, and accessible.\nThis is supported by many organisations, including UNESCO."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-fair-principles"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR principles"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/fair.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nthe FAIR principles standardize values that help openness, transparency, and accessibility."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"screenshot Wilkinson 2016","src":"media/fairwilkinson.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nFAIR principles were originally designed for data, but are also applicable to software.\nDesigned also with other digital objects in mind, though actual description was data-specific.\nThis has been extended meanwhile."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-not-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is not data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is..."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"complex"}]},{"type":"text","value":": code is creatively generated, interconnected and multi-layered"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"interdependent"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it builds upon and therefore depends on other software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"executable"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it is not static, but can be run"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dynamic"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it can break over time, and versioning is common"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWhile technically, software is a special kind of data (in that it is representation of information in a digital state), they are in essence quite different."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software and data both are digital objects, sharing certain characteristics: they can be assigned a DOI, and they can have a license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is quite different from data, however. Consider:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Complexity; it is not a single file, but a collection of files that are interconnected and multi-layered, and do not necessarily stand on their own. Software is also the result of a creative process that provides a tool to do something, and not the result of a measurement or observation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interdependence; software is often built using other software, and rarely built completely from scratch. This makes it dependent on other existing applications, which themselves may also change over time."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Executability; software is in its dryest form a set of instructions that can be an archive of a procedure. However, the main goal of software is that these instructions can be executed. Data, by contrast, stand on their own."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Dynamic vs static; its interdependence and context-dependency drives software to require maintenance to retain its value, and this maintenance is not straightforward. Maintenance is also counter to academic culture; it does not fit in existing structures (both in terms of reward/recognition, but also in terms of funding and understanding of what is needed). Versioning of software is very common, while data is often static (though versions may happen)."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-opportunities"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software opportunities"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"living thing"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Creative process allows for "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"early adoption"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of good practices"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Openness and transparency are "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"inherent"}]},{"type":"text","value":" to software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe different nature of software also provides opportunities.\nSoftware is a living thing, and therefore it is easier to adopt good practices early on.\nCrucially, there is a community driven openness in software that long predates the open science movement.\nThis is not to say that software is inherently open, but that there is a broad open culture, which also comes with existing tools and pathways to facilitate openness and transparency.\nConsider GitHub (and other code hosting platforms), which are designed for this purpose.\nConsider also version control software, a good software development practice that builds in provenance."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR for Research Software paper","src":"media/fair4rs_paper.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fair 4 Research Software (FAIR4RS) working group (2022)\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"Contributing Organizations","src":"media/fair4rs_logos.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nIn 2022, the results of extensive community consultation were published in the FAIR for Research Software paper.\nThe group behind this was a collaboration between the Research Software Alliance, the Research Data Alliance, and FORCE11."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR for Research Software principles","src":"media/fair4rs_principles.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThese are the interpretations given to the FAIR principles for software by the working group.\nIn many cases these are rephrased to better fit software, but in some cases they are also extended."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"findability"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Findability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Findability","src":"media/fair4rs_F.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Archive on Zenodo for DOI and persistence"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" Note that persistence on GitHub is not guaranteed!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Use (semantic) versioning with updates"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" Zenodo assigns a DOI to each version "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include metadata, explicitly containing the DOI"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" but also license, version, dependencies, etc. "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Register the software in a community registry"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" such as PyPI or CRAN, depending on the language/domain "}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nFor software findability, a few things need to work together:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The software needs to be archived on a platform that provides a DOI and persistence. GitHub is not guaranteed to provide this, and while it is a useful tool is not a suitable archive for software.\nGitHub does work well together with Zenodo, which provides both.\nTogether they also provide functionality for versioning: when releasing a new version on GitHub, and using the Zenodo integration, Zenodo will update the entry and assign a new DOI to the new version."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"For software-specific findability, though, Zenodo is insufficient. Here, you can think of more specific registries, such as PyPI, CRAN, or Bioconductor; depending on the language and domain of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"accessibility"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Accessibility"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Accessibility","src":"media/fair4rs_A.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Community registries provide standard download protocols"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" e.g. "},{"type":"element","tag":"code","props":{"className":[]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pip install my_software"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Metadata on Zenodo is part of the persistent archive"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nA lot of accessibility is covered by the findability principles, but there are a few additional things to consider.\nSpecifically, software may still be FAIR as long as its metadata is accessible.\nThe code of the software itself, not the actual functional engine, could be considered metadata."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"interoperability"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interoperability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Interoperability","src":"media/fair4rs_I.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Input and output both needs to meet community standards"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" e.g. file formats, data models, ontologies "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"References to external objects should be unambiguous"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" use URLs, DOIs, version numbers etc. "}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nAs with data, interoperability refers partly to formats and standards (in this case: inputs, outputs, or other objects used). For example CSV, JSON, and XML are interoperable formats, while PDF is not.\nThese standards may also be domain-specific, such as the use of ontologies in the life sciences."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The second sub-principle refers to the use of unambiguous references to external objects, such as libraries, data, or models. A clear link allows the right object to be used by the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"reusability"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reusability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Reusability","src":"media/fair4rs_R.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include a software-specific license"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"as a file called "},{"type":"element","tag":"code","props":{"className":[]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"LICENSE"}]},{"type":"text","value":" in the project's root"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Many Open Source software licenses exist"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" see "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://choosealicense.com/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"choosealicense.com"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"License choice is not always straightforward"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" confirm with dependencies, copyright holder(s), and specialists "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Use version control (e.g. Git) with a public host (e.g. GitHub)"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" history and provenance is a public part of the repository "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Dependencies should be listed, and unambiguous"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" use a standardized file/protocol, and version numbers"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nLicenses are an important part of reusability.\nWithout a license, copyright disallows reuse.\nIn an open science context especially, Open Source licenses are the default choice.\nThey are numerous, but the choice is not always straightforward.\nIt is advised to learn about the different licenses, about important considerations (e.g. dependencies and the role and identity of copyright holders) and to consult with specialists when in doubt."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-is-not-a-quality-checklist"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a quality checklist"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software quality is addressed insofar as it affects:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"usability, an aspect of interoperability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintainability, an important element of reuse"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Quality aspects "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" part of FAIR:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"computational efficiency                                             "}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"functional correctness"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"security"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe FAIR principles are limited in scope when it comes to software.\nIt is important to realize that their primary goal is not to address software quality itself.\nFAIR software can be of poor quality, and good quality software may not be FAIR."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some quality aspects are addressed by FAIR, in particular usability and maintainability.\nBecause software is dynamic and interdependent, its reusability requires that it is maintained to continue to work (or that a conserved context is provided, such as a virtual machine with required dependencies)."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Secondary to maintainability are quality aspects like tests, modularized architecture, developer documentation, and so on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interoperable software is usable by others, and therefore it is important that it is well documented and that it is easy to install and run.\nThis ties into quality aspects like user documentation, installation instructions, and so on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note though, that there is no mention of correctness, nor of efficiency or security.\nSoftware may adhere perfectly to FAIR, yet produce the wrong results, in a painfully slow and inefficient process, while leaking personal information."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"fair-is-a-spectrum"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is a spectrum"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/spectrum.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a checklist, but a set of principles.\nAs such, it informs a spectrum of software sustainability, and not a binary \"FAIR or not FAIR\"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a perfect metric, but it is helpful, and tailored to specific values of open science."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is an important part of research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR4RS principles guide towards accessibility and openness of research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a quality checklist"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software places unique demands on FAIR, and provides unique opportunities"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIRness is a spectrum"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo","depth":2,"text":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"},{"id":"the-fair-principles","depth":2,"text":"The FAIR principles"},{"id":"software-is-not-data","depth":2,"text":"Software is not data"},{"id":"software-opportunities","depth":2,"text":"Software opportunities"},{"id":"findability","depth":2,"text":"Findability"},{"id":"accessibility","depth":2,"text":"Accessibility"},{"id":"interoperability","depth":2,"text":"Interoperability"},{"id":"reusability","depth":2,"text":"Reusability","children":[{"id":"fair-is-not-a-quality-checklist","depth":3,"text":"FAIR is not a quality checklist"}]},{"id":"fair-is-a-spectrum","depth":2,"text":"FAIR is a spectrum"},{"id":"take-home-messages","depth":2,"text":"Take home messages"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:slides-fairsoftware.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/hpc","_dir":"modules","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"High Performance Computing (HPC)","description":"","id":4,"trl":"medium","category":"Upcoming (under construction)","author":"eScience 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module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the FAIR software module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:hpc:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/hpc/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/copyright","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Copyright and software","description":"","type":"reading","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"copyright-and-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copyright and software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Creative works, like books, paintings and music, but also scientific articles and software, are covered by copyright. Copyright is a legal construct that gives the owner of the copyright on a work the exclusive right to reproduce, modify, publicly perform and distribute the work. As a result, anyone who is not the copyright holder needs to have permission from the copyright holder to also be able to do so."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Newly created works are automatically covered by copyright. This copyright is owned by the creator of the work, unless they were employed and created the work as part of their employment, in which case their employer owns the work. If multiple persons or organisations contribute to a work, then they each own a share of the copyright, and all need to give permission for others to be able to do any of the things protected by copyright. This permission is called a "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"license"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Creative works can depend on each other. Books for example can be translated, or turned into a stage play or a TV series. This creates a new work, which is known as a derivative work. A derivative work has its own copyright, because creating a translation or adaptation is itself a creative process. Like in a collaborative work, both the owner of the original copyright and the owner of the copyright on the derived adaptation need to give permission to reproduce and distribute the derived work."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a bit different from books or films or even databases because software is not only a collection of words and symbols, but also a machine that is used for something. As a result, working processes around software are quite different from those around books or films. Although it's bad practice, researchers quite often take a script from a colleague and modify it a bit so that it does what they want. A film director would be surprised indeed if you suggested they take a script from an existing film, change the dialog in the third act a bit, and then shoot it, but in software that's common. No novelist downloads ready-made paragraphs and chapters from the Internet and glues them together into a novel, but this is essentially how all modern software is developed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"As a result, software and copyright is a bit of a specialist topic, but one that cannot be avoided because of the automatic nature of copyright and the fact that science is a collaborative enterprise. Universities therefore need a policy to govern what their employees should do and can't do with respect to the software they develop and use, and that policy needs to include something specifically about licensing software."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"copyright-and-software","depth":2,"text":"Copyright and software"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:copyright.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/copyright.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Choose a license for or using your policy","description":"","type":"exercise","order":5,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-1-choose-a-license-for-or-using-your-policy-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"One of the concerns typically addressed in a software policy is licensing of software developed at the institution. Policies can choose a single license, or offer a range of options."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Try to find out whether your university has a license policy. What does it say about which license(s) to use? If you don't have a policy yet, which license(s) would you choose for your policy? Why?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Go to "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://choosealicense.com","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Choosealicense.com"}]},{"type":"text","value":" and play around with the options to help you choose."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"exercise-1-choose-a-license-for-or-using-your-policy-10-minutes","depth":2,"text":"Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:ex_choose_a_license.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/ex_have_licensing_policy","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Does your university have a software licensing policy?","description":"","type":"exercise","order":6,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-2-does-your-university-have-a-software-licensing-policy"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 2: Does your university have a software licensing policy?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Try and find out whether your university has a software (licensing) policy. If you can find it, compare it with the ones from "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/record/4629662","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"TU Delft"}]},{"type":"text","value":", "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/records/7307162","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ASTRON"}]},{"type":"text","value":" and "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.esciencecenter.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlesc_ip_policy_2017.pdf","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"the Netherlands eScience Center"}]},{"type":"text","value":". What elements are commonly found? Which differences do you see, and what is their respective motivation?"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"exercise-2-does-your-university-have-a-software-licensing-policy","depth":2,"text":"Exercise 2: Does your university have a software licensing policy?"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:ex_have_licensing_policy.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/ex_have_licensing_policy.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/ex_licenses_in_use","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"What licenses do researchers at your university use?","description":"","type":"exercise","order":7,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-3-what-licenses-do-researchers-at-your-university-use"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3: What licenses do researchers at your university use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Search on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://github.com/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"GitHub"}]},{"type":"text","value":" or other software repositories for software created by researchers at your university. What licenses do they use? Do they adhere to a policy (if there is one?)"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"exercise-3-what-licenses-do-researchers-at-your-university-use","depth":2,"text":"Exercise 3: What licenses do researchers at your university use?"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:ex_licenses_in_use.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/ex_licenses_in_use.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses","_dir":"modules","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software licenses","description":"thumbnail-licenses","id":5,"trl":"high","category":"Reusability","author":"eScience Center","thumbnail":"thumbnail-licenses.jpg","visibility":"visible","body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/laptop-compute-displaying-command-prompt-vII7qKAk-9A?utm_content=creditShareLink&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"thumbnail-licenses"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@disruptxn?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Desola Lanre-Ologun"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/laptop-compute-displaying-command-prompt-vII7qKAk-9A?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:index.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/index.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/info","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Learning objectives","description":"Learning objectives for the Software Licenses module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the Software Licenses module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/licenses","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software licenses","description":"","type":"reading","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-licenses"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software licenses"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software licenses are legal statements that give permission to use, modify and/or distribute software. By copyright law, only the copyright owner(s) can give this permission, so the license must be granted by those owners."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are different kinds of software licenses, with different underlying business models. Some software producers sell copies or seats, where the user has to pay for each computer that the software is used on or person the software is used by, and where the user does not have permission to modify or distribute the software. In this case, licenses are given to individual users or companies as part of a sales contract."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It is also possible to make a general statement that anyone can use, modify and/or distribute a software package under certain conditions. In this case, there is no contract, and no specific counterparty. Instead, the owners of the copyright give the same permissions to everyone, usually in a document included with the software as it is put on the Internet. Software distributed like this can usually be downloaded without paying, although there may still be significant limitations on what you can do with it."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some software is distributed with a license that gives very broad permissions to anyone who obtains a copy. Such software is known as Free Software and/or Open Source Software. Before we look at what that is exactly, it helps to understand a bit better what software actually is, and how it's made."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"what-is-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"To non-programmers, software can appear to be a somewhat magical thing. It is in our computers and phones and it makes them work, or sometimes not work. It's made by specialist people who we call programmers, and who must be very smart to be able to make all this work, or perhaps very dumb given how often software doesn't work. In short, it seems to be mysterious."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Of course, programmers are perfectly ordinary people. They make the software that makes our phones and computers work, and sometimes programmers make mistakes, and then the software doesn't work as intended. Computer programs are made by typing text into the computer, just like you do when writing an email or a letter. Computer programs consist of one or more files with instructions for the computer. These files can be modified to change what the software does, they can be combined together into a larger, more complex program, and they can be shared with others and reused. For the computer to be able to run the software, the files need to be translated from the human-readable text form (the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"source code"}]},{"type":"text","value":") into a sequence of numbers encoding the same commands (a "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"binary"}]},{"type":"text","value":"). This is done mechanically by a special program called a compiler or an interpreter."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are different ways of making software collaboratively. One is to work closely together (even sharing a computer!) on the same source code, which can help reduce mistakes as two see more than one, or it can be useful as a teaching exercise. Looser ways of collaborating include copying someone else's code and then independently modifying it to do something a bit different, and reusing a software component made by someone else in your own program, usually in its original form but possibly with changes as well."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The looser forms of collaboration rely on software being distributed from its maker to its user, who then modifies it or integrates it. This requires permission from the copyright owners because there's distribution and the creation of a derivative work, which means that there needs to be a license. A reliable and easy way to do this is to make all the software Free and Open Source."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"free-and-open-source-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free and Open Source Software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The Free Software Foundation lists four freedoms that users need to be given by the copyright owner(s) for a program to be considered Free Software:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to study how the program works, and change it, so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code a precondition for this."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note that the word \"free\" here refers to freedom to do things, not to what the software costs. You're allowed to sell copies of Free Software!"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source Software has an official definition too, which is quite a bit longer but boils down to the same thing. Because of that, the terms are often combined into Free and Open Source Software, or FOSS, but the term Open Source is also popular. We will use them here interchangeably."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You can make a software package that you own the copyright to Open Source by distributing it (usually on the Internet) under an Open Source license, i.e. one that gives everyone the above freedoms. In practice, that means that the software is distributed in source code form, with a license document stating that the copyright owners give everyone the freedom to do the above things, subject to certain conditions. There exist a small number of standard Open Source licenses that you can use. All of these are open source, but there are some difference as well that are good to know about."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"license-categories"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"License categories"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"table","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tbody","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"colSpan":"3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free and Open Source"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"rowSpan":3,"vAlign":"top"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Proprietary"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"colSpan":"2"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copyleft"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"rowSpan":2},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Permissive"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Strong"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Weak"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"GPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":" AGPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"LGPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"BSD"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MIT"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":" Apache"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research Only: No copying, No modification"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"div","props":{"className":["footnote"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"GPL: GNU General Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"AGPL: Affero General Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MPL: Mozilla Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":" BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The table above shows five of the most common FOSS licenses. They're organised in a hierarchystarting with the distinction between Free and Open Source on the one and, and proprietary software on the other. Proprietary software is software that isn't FOSS, which is to say that it has restrictions on use or modification or distribution. It's called proprietary because there is a proprietor or (copyright) owner, who has exclusive control over the software. For Open Source this is not the case: there is a copyright and it's owned by someone, but the license gives everyone else the same permissions they have and so they don't have exclusive control."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Within the category of Open Source licenses, we can distinguish Copyleft licenses and Permissive licenses. Permissive licenses give everyone permission to use, modify and distribute with no further restrictions other than perhaps requiring an acknowledgement that the software was used. In particular, permissive licenses allow the software to be used as a part of non-Open Source software, and for it to be redistributed without the source code, so that it cannot be inspected or modified anymore."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copyleft licenses try to ensure that the software remains FOSS. You are free to distribute Open Source software that has a copyleft license, but you have to include the complete source code and distribute the modified or extended software under that same license. As a result, everyone who gets a copy of a version of the software and anything it's used in will be free to use, modify and distribute that product. Note that distribution isn't required, all common open source licenses allow making private modifications and not sharing them with anyone."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Weak copyleft licenses are intended for use with libraries, software components that are intended to be used by other programmers to build larger programs. A weak copyleft license applies copyleft to the library itself, but not to the larger program using the library. As a result, programmers using the library can distribute their part of the program without source code or the right to make modifications, as long as they do distribute the source for the library, including any modifications. Strong copyleft licenses require the entire program to be under the same strong copyleft license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"license-politics"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"License politics"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Besides the legal differences, there's a bit of a political difference between Free Software and Open Source, and between copyleft and permissive licenses, that is good to understand. Free Software adherents see everyone as a potential programmer, and believe that your computer isn't truly yours until you fully control what it does, which requires the ability to inspect and modify the software. They envision a world in which computer users collaboratively develop the software they use, sharing their improvements with each other. They therefore prefer copyleft licenses, because those ensure that as many software packages (and therefore, users) as possible are free."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source takes a more pragmatic approach in assuming that most software is made by a small cadre of software developers, often employed by companies, and that there are a potentially large number of end users that have neither the skills nor the inclination to change what their computer does. For these end users, having the source code is not useful, but the developers can often save some effort by working together on software that everyone needs. A permissive Open Source license makes that possible with a minimal amount of legal complexity. It also makes it easy to build commercial, proprietary products on top of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"From the perspective of science, there's something to be said for each of these approaches. On the one hand, Free Software and copyleft matches the ideals of Open Science quite well. On the other hand, science and scientific software development is funded by society using public funds in the hopes that something useful will come out of it, and scientific papers are useless to most citizens. They want a product, which will be produced commercially, and that is a good match for the Open Source and permissive licensing model."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-licenses","depth":2,"text":"Software licenses","children":[{"id":"what-is-software","depth":3,"text":"What is software?"},{"id":"free-and-open-source-software","depth":3,"text":"Free and Open Source Software"},{"id":"license-categories","depth":3,"text":"License categories"},{"id":"license-politics","depth":3,"text":"License politics"}]}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:licenses.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/licenses.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/slides","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software Licensing","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-licensing"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Licensing"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"about-copyright"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"About copyright"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Berne convention"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Owned by author or employer?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Can be licensed"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"By the Berne convention, software is automatically protected by copyright when it is made. Depending on the country, protection lasts 50 years or more. The owner of the copyright is the only one who can copy, publish, and modify the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"If you make software as part of a job for an employer, then your employer owns the copyright. Otherwise, you are the owner (unless there's a contract somewhere that says otherwise)."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The owner of the copyright on a work can give permission to others to do things they would otherwise not be allowed to do, like copying, publishing and modifying the work. A document that describes what they can do is called a copyright license. These licenses can be given to a specific party, usually as part of a contract, or they can be offered to the general public."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"using-others-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Using others' software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You need a license"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source makes that easy"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Different Open Source licenses available"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"To use software that was made by someone else, you need to (at least) get a copy of it, and that requires permission from the copyright owner, i.e. a license. If the software has an Open Source license, then you have permission to get a copy and run it for any purpose, including commercially, and/or use it in your own software. There will be some conditions attached, which depend on the particular license used."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are a handful of Open Source licenses available, with different terms. Those differences are especially important when you use a package or library in your own software. There are websites available that explain all the standard Open Source licenses in ordinary language, so that you can easily decide whether you can use a certain software package. You don't need to be (or have) a lawyer to use Open Source software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"who-owns-a-work"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who owns a work?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Work for hire"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Consortium agreements"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"University policy"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In most countries, including The Netherlands, any work you do as part of your tasks as an employee of an organisation belongs to your employer, not to you. After all, they're paying you to do the work. This means that the copyright on any software written by a university employee is owned by to the university. And that means that anyone not working at that university (which may include said employee in the future!) needs permission from the owner to work with the code."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some limited permission is often granted in the Consortium Agreements typically governing scientific project(s), but these are only valid within the project. To make the software available outside of the project it was developed in, broader permissions must be given. Some universities have a policy on how and under which conditions this can be done; details can typically be had from the library or legal department."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"why-license-your-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why license your software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Public funding"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Academic freedom of employees"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Save work by collaborating"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Increase impact"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"If a scientist working at a university, in the course of doing their job, creates software, then that software is owned by the university. By default then, it can only be used by that university and its employees. This is an undesirable situation for several reasons."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"First, the software was most likely funded with public money, and should therefore be available to the public, just like papers are published Open Access."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Second, researchers frequently change jobs, moving from university to university. Without permission from their previous employers, they would have to start rebuilding their software from scratch every time they move to a new university, which would be very inefficient."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Third, many of the most pressing problems that scientist work on involve complex, multifaceted systems that can only be properly studied in collaboration. Where software is involved, which is to say almost everywhere in academic research, researchers need to be able to exchange software and collaborate on its development, including across projects."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Finally, doing so will allow them to achieve better results, and continue to build on those results, thus achieving higher impact."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"open-sourcing-scientific-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Sourcing scientific software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free, Open Source Software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Technology Transfer"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free, Open Source Software (or FOSS, as it's sometimes abbreviated) is software that you are free to 0) use for any purpose, 1) modify to suit your needs, 2) share with others, and 3) share with changes you made, so you can work on it together. That's actually the Free Software definition, but Open Source really just says the same thing in more words, which is why they're usually mentioned together. These are exactly the permissions scientists need to be able to do science together using the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source licenses also allow commercial use, which means that they are a very effective means of technology transfer. Since the license terms are the same for everyone, there are no issues with state aid regulations, nor does a market-rate value for the software need to be determined. The standard Open Source licenses are now well understood and trusted by commercial parties, removing the need for complex negotiations on the exact terms. Of course, no payment will be received either. Given that commercial sale of academic software is very rare, it seems that the benefits obtained from the academic collaboration enabled by Open Source far outweigh the potential income loss due to not commercially licensing the software. And note that it is still perfectly possible to launch a spin-off or start-up that offers commercial services related to the software, including support and continued development."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-licensing","depth":2,"text":"Software Licensing"},{"id":"about-copyright","depth":2,"text":"About copyright"},{"id":"using-others-software","depth":2,"text":"Using others' software"},{"id":"who-owns-a-work","depth":2,"text":"Who owns a work?"},{"id":"why-license-your-software","depth":2,"text":"Why license your software?"},{"id":"open-sourcing-scientific-software","depth":2,"text":"Open Sourcing scientific software"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:slides.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/slides.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/university_policy","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"University software policies","description":"","type":"reading","order":3,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"university-software-policies"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"University software policies"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Universities employ researchers, who often create and use software in the course of doing research. That means that they create and use copyrighted works, activities governed by copyright law. Works created by employees as part of their work are normally owned by their employer. This is the default legally in many places, and is almost always stated in the employment contract as well. So, the university owns the software created by its employees, and because the employees also act on behalf of their employer, is responsible for any violations of copyright by their employees."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In practice, for example when submitting a paper to a journal, it is often assumed that scientists can transfer copyright ownership or otherwise give permission to the publisher to publish their work on behalf of the university, but strictly speaking there is usually no legal basis for this. Likewise, if scientists produce software as part of their scientific work, then that software is owned by the university, and publishing it as Open Source software, while often done, does not sit on solid legal footing."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sharing scientific software offers great possibilities for collaboration, sharing of resources, and increased impact of the scientific work as well as of the software itself. Universities are increasingly aware of this, and have created or are creating policies to guide how they create and use research software. 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Which can be generated using the following chapter heading:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"pre","props":{"className":["language-markdown"],"code":":::Chapter{headline=\"Image\" image=\"multimedia_image.avif\"}\n","language":"markdown","meta":""},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"code","props":{"__ignoreMap":""},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":::Chapter{headline=\"Image\" image=\"multimedia_image.avif\"}\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"div","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"video-example"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Video example"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This is a video hosted on youtube. 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It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. 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The source code implementing the algorithm is available for download."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is this \"research software\" or \"software in research\"?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"scipy"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SciPy"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zbmath.org/software/6293","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SciPy"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.\nIt is also the name of a very popular conference on scientific programming with Python. The SciPy library depends on NumPy, which provides convenient and fast N-dimensional array manipulation.\nThe SciPy library is built to work with NumPy arrays, and provides many user-friendly and efficient numerical routines such as routines for numerical integration and optimization.\nTogether, they run on all popular operating systems, are quick to install, and are free of charge.\nNumPy and SciPy are easy to use, but powerful enough to be depended upon by some of the world’s leading scientists and engineers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is this \"research software\" or \"software in research\"?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"other-software-tools"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Other software tools"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How about other software tools you are familiar with?\nCan you provide an example of software you are familiar with, and then classify it 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cycle?","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-where-does-software-fit-in-the-research-life-cycle"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise: Where does software fit in the research life cycle?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take a look at the research life cycle below."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_fairsoftware/researchcycle.png","alt":"The Research Life Cycle","width":400},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Think of a piece of research software you have used or developed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Where does it fit in the research life cycle?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"existing-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Existing software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The following research software can also be used as 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"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/colorful-software-or-web-code-on-a-computer-monitor-Skf7HxARcoc?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:index.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/index.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/info","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Learning objectives","description":"Learning objectives for the Research Software module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the Research Software module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/research-software","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"The role of research software","description":"","type":"reading","order":5,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-role-of-research-software-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The role of research software (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The following piece was written after a workshop called \"The Future of Research Software\", held in the Netherlands in 2022."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It explores the different roles for research software in the research life cycle, strengthening the case for sustainable software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://upstream.force11.org/defining-the-roles-of-research-software/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Defining the Roles of Research Software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"After reading the piece, discuss the following questions:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the different roles of research software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the challenges for each of these roles?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How can we address these challenges?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"the-role-of-research-software-10-minutes","depth":2,"text":"The role of research software (10 minutes)"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:research-software.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/research-software.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/slides-researchsoftware","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Research Software","description":"","type":"slides","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"research-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/1280px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al. 2019"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (CC BY 3.0)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software plays an important role in science. A first thought may be its role in data collection and analysis. Further, it may play a role in designing experiments, based on models generated. It may "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"be"}]},{"type":"text","value":" the experiment itself, simulate a research outcome based on data or ideas entered; it may also be the \"brain\" behind controlling crucial instrumentation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What scientific software can you think of?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What role does it play?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An example here: the Event Horizon Telescope, which took a \"picture\" of a black hole.\nThe \"telescope\" is not a single tool, but complex: a \"planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes\" (wikipedia).\nThe separate telescopes collect data that is synchronized with atomic clocks, and the data is combined at highly specialised supercomputers.\nThe data can be converted into an image using custom software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-research-lifecycle"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The research lifecycle"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_fairsoftware/researchcycle.png","alt":"The Research Life Cycle","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is used all across the research lifecycle"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is used all across the research life cycle."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_fairsoftware/definition.png","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"definition of Research Software from the FAIR4RS working group"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A definition of research software, from the FAIR4RS working group.\nIt is important that not all software that is used in research is research software.\nFor example, a text editor that is used to write a paper is not research software.\nNor is powerpoint, a web browser, or the software used to guide the telescope.\nEven tools like R or Python are not necessarily research software.\nThe code written in R or Python for an analysis would be research software, however.\nJust like a custom-made Excel macro that is used to analyse data.\nOr a custom-made web application that is used to collect data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"why-the-distinction"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why the distinction?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research software is an important asset and output of research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Enable proper attribution"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Increase Findability and Reuse"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The distinction is important"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is an important part of research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Not all software used in research is research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It is important to regard research software in the whole research lifecycle"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo","depth":2,"text":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"},{"id":"the-research-lifecycle","depth":2,"text":"The research lifecycle"},{"id":"why-the-distinction","depth":2,"text":"Why the distinction?"},{"id":"take-home-messages","depth":2,"text":"Take home messages"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:slides-researchsoftware.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/slides-researchsoftware.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/slides-software","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"What is software?","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"what-is-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Computer scientist: "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Software is just data\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_researchsoftware/bits_heart.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@swimstaralex?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Alexander Sinn"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/a-heart-is-shown-on-a-computer-screen-KgLtFCgfC28?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nInside the computer, software is just some type of data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-data-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is ..."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"stored as bits"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"read, loaded and processed"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"can be input, and can be output"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... just like all other data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware is stored as bits and read from disk, loaded into memory and processed in exactly the same way as other data. Software can be input, and software can be output."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-not-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is "},{"type":"element","tag":"u","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Everyone but computer scientists: "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Software is not data\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_researchsoftware/tools.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@barnimages?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Barn Images"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/assorted-handheld-tools-in-tool-rack-t5YUoHW6zRo?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nFor all other practical purposes it is often helpful to make a distinction between software and other data.\nSoftware is a tool, while data is the material that you use the tool on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-not-data-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is "},{"type":"element","tag":"u","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is..."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"complex"}]},{"type":"text","value":": code is creatively generated, interconnected and multi-layered"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"interdependent"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it builds upon and therefore depends on other software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"executable"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it is not static, but can be run (to process data)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dynamic"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it can (and will) break soon, needs to be updated"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWhile technically, software is a special kind of data (in that it is representation of information in a digital state), they are in essence quite different."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software and data both are digital objects, sharing certain characteristics: they can be assigned a DOI, and they can have a license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is quite different from data, however. Consider:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Complexity; it is not a single file, but a collection of files that are interconnected and multi-layered, and do not necessarily stand on their own. Software is also the result of a creative process that provides a tool to do something, and not the result of a measurement or observation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interdependence; software is often built using other software, and rarely built completely from scratch. This makes it dependent on other existing applications, which themselves may also change over time."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Executability; software is in its dryest form a set of instructions that can be an archive of a procedure. However, the main goal of software is that these instructions can be executed. Data, by contrast, stand on their own."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Dynamic vs static; its interdependence and context-dependency drives software to require maintenance to retain its value, and this maintenance is not straightforward. Maintenance is also counter to academic culture; it does not fit in existing structures (both in terms of reward/recognition, but also in terms of funding and understanding of what is needed). Versioning of software is very common, while data is often static (though versions may happen)."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-vs-data-management"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software vs data management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"living thing"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some FAIR data management practices apply to software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Many FAIR principles do not apply easily to software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Good data management will not ensure good software management"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe different nature of software also provides opportunities but also requires extra thought on its management.\nSoftware is a living thing, and therefore it is easier to adopt good practices early on.\nCrucially, there is a community driven openness in software that long predates the open science movement.\nThis is not to say that software is inherently open, but that there is a broad open culture, which also comes with existing tools and pathways to facilitate openness and transparency.\nConsider GitHub (and other code hosting platforms), which are designed for this purpose.\nConsider also version control software, a good software development practice that builds in provenance."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a special kind of data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some FAIR data management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Wee need extra and different techniques for software management"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-is-data","depth":2,"text":"Software is data"},{"id":"software-is-data-1","depth":2,"text":"Software is data"},{"id":"software-is-not-data","depth":2,"text":"Software is not data"},{"id":"software-is-not-data-1","depth":2,"text":"Software is not data"},{"id":"software-vs-data-management","depth":2,"text":"Software vs data management"},{"id":"take-home-messages","depth":2,"text":"Take home messages"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:slides-software.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/slides-software.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/software-and-data","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software is data","description":"","type":"reading","order":6,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-is-data-10-minutes-optional"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is data (10 minutes, optional)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In computer science, the fact that software is data is considered one of the fundamental concepts of computing. The fact that the thing that operates the machine (software) is the same kind of thing as the thing it operates on (data) is definitely one of the strengths of current computersystems and one of the main reasons why we can do such complex and powerful things with the combination of hardware and software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Read the following blogpost about why this concept is so powerful:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.blackliszt.com/2014/04/fundamental-concepts-of-computing-software-is-data.html","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://www.blackliszt.com/2014/04/fundamental-concepts-of-computing-software-is-data.html"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-is-a-special-type-of-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a special type of data ()"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"However for most practical purposes in most domains of scientific research (except maybe the domain of computer science) it is useful to make a distinction between the data that is software and other data. From now on, when we use the word data, we mean the kind fo data which is not software and which we use to store more static information."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is executable, data is not."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Data provides information or evidence, software provides a tool to do work on the data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a creative work, scientific data are facts or observations."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The lifetime of software is generally not as long as that of data."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://github.com/danielskatz/software-vs-data","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://github.com/danielskatz/software-vs-data"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2630v1","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2630v1"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"discussion"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Discussion"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Can you think of examples where the line between software and data becomes fuzzy?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-is-data-10-minutes-optional","depth":3,"text":"Software is data (10 minutes, optional)"},{"id":"software-is-a-special-type-of-data","depth":3,"text":"Software is a special type of data ()"},{"id":"discussion","depth":3,"text":"Discussion"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:software-and-data.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/software-and-data.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/exercise1","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 1","description":"","type":"exercise","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 1"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-management-plans-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plans (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research software plays a crucial role in academic research and has become a key output of many research projects. A software management plan helps to implement best practices during software development and ensures that software is accessible and reusable in the short and longer term. It also contributes to the reproducibility of results and stimulates collaborative work on open-source software for research."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In practice, a software management plan helps:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess whether developing new software is necessary"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan to make the research software reusable and sustainable"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan for necessary resources"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Allow for verification of work that went into implementation"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In the Practical Guide to Software Management plans, this is described in more detail:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/record/7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A practical guide to software management plans"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"After reading this guide, you should:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Be aware of different types of research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understand different demands placed on these types of software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Know about various aspects of software management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Be able to explain the importance of a software management plan for software sustainability."}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-management-plans-10-minutes","depth":2,"text":"Software Management Plans (10 minutes)"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:smp:exercise1.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/smp/exercise1.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/exercise2","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 2","description":"In a live setting, this exercise is done in groups.\nEach group will be assigned a software project.\nThe group will then create an SMP for this project.","type":"exercise","order":3,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-2"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 2"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In a live setting, this exercise is done in groups.\nEach group will be assigned a software project.\nThe group will then create an SMP for this project."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"step-1-choose-a-software-project"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Step 1: Choose a software project"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Choose a software project for this exercise, preferably one you are familiar with."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"If you don't have a project in mind, you can use one of the following:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/software/xenon","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Xenon"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/software/esmvaltool","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ESMValTool"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/projects/rs-dat","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"RS-DAT"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/software/haddock3","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Haddock"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://cjvanlissa.github.io/worcs/index.html","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"worcs"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Find the Practical Guide at "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tinyurl.com/SMP-guide"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"step-2-assess-the-management-level-needed"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Step 2: Assess the management level needed"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Look at the software repository or page in the Research Software Directory"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess what level of management the software needs: low, medium, or high."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"For this, use the following considerations (section 5 in "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"the guide"}]},{"type":"text","value":"):"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ol","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":". What is the current reason or expected end-use for developing the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":". The effect of software failure and/or non-maintenance on:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Risk of harm to self or others. This includes injury, privacy violation, bias, and inappropriate content."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reputation. For example to self, institution or other."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research, either your own or of others. This effect could be due to an obvious software failure (\"crash\") or a hidden one, for example, returning inconsistent numerical results on different operating systems."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":". The long-term effort needed to maintain the software as long as it might be used as a standalone tool or dependency. This includes maintenance functions that can extend beyond the lifespan of the original development project and includes fixing bugs, dependency management, operating system compatibility, and security issues."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This may not be a clear-cut decision, but that is fine.\nThe goal is to get a sense of the level of management needed.\nDiscuss with your group and come to a consensus."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"step-3-fill-in-the-smp-template"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Step 3: Fill in the SMP template"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"From the assessment made in Step 1, get the requirements that match the level of management needed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copy a template, and fill it in for your software project."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"step-1-choose-a-software-project","depth":2,"text":"Step 1: Choose a software project"},{"id":"step-2-assess-the-management-level-needed","depth":2,"text":"Step 2: Assess the management level needed"},{"id":"step-3-fill-in-the-smp-template","depth":2,"text":"Step 3: Fill in the SMP template"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:smp:exercise2.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/smp/exercise2.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/exercise3","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 3","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-vs-fair"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP vs FAIR"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"why-do-we-care"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why do we care?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"When thinking of the importance of good software stewardship, management, and development practice, many reasons and motivations come to mind.\nYou may think of:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Accuracy of results"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reproducibility of results"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reusability of software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"User friendliness of software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software quality"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Recognition and rewards for software developers"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Scholarly archive"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software sustainability"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the reasons and motivations that come to mind for you?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"mapping-motivations"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mapping motivations"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"NB:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" If you are not yet familiar with the FAIR principles for research software, "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"/modules/fairsoftware.md"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"take a look at the chapter on FAIR software"}]},{"type":"text","value":" before doing the following exercise.)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The motivations we listed above were important considerations for the development of Software Management Plans as well as the FAIR principles for research software.\nThey do not match completely, however.\nEach has its own focus and emphasis."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In the following exercise, we will map the motivations we listed above to the ultimate goals of SMPs and the FAIR principles."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Draw a Venn diagram with two circles: SMP and FAIR:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"/modules/smp/media/venn_fairsmp.png","width":400,"style":{"aspectRatio":"2124/1362"}},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Map the motivations listed above to the Venn diagram."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Which motivations are covered by SMPs, which by FAIR, and which by both?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Do you find any motivations that are not covered by either?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What does this tell you about the relationship between SMPs and FAIR?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"smp-vs-fair","depth":2,"text":"SMP vs FAIR","children":[{"id":"why-do-we-care","depth":3,"text":"Why do we care?"},{"id":"mapping-motivations","depth":3,"text":"Mapping 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"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/records/7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Practical guide to Software Management Plans"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-sustainability-institute"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Sustainability Institute"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Read in SSI Resources Hub about "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.software.ac.uk/guide/writing-and-using-software-management-plan","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Writing and using a software management plan"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"overview-of-practical-guides"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Overview of practical guides"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are various practical guides online to the different aspects of software 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licensing"}]},{"type":"text","value":" and "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://the-turing-way.netlify.app/reproducible-research/licensing/licensing-compatibility.html","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"compatibility"}]}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-management-plans","depth":2,"text":"Software Management Plans","children":[{"id":"zenodo","depth":3,"text":"Zenodo"},{"id":"software-sustainability-institute","depth":3,"text":"Software Sustainability Institute"}]},{"id":"overview-of-practical-guides","depth":2,"text":"Overview of practical guides"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:smp:reading.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/smp/reading.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/slides-smp","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software Management Plans","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"software-management-plans"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plans"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"mapping-the-via-appia"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mapping the Via Appia"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"Mapping the Via Appia","src":"media/viaappia.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe Via Appia was the most important road in the Roman Empire, connecting Rome to Brindisi in the south of Italy, spanning a distance of 540km.\nIt was used for military purposes, but also for trade and travel.\nThe Via Appia was built in 312 BC, and used for 600 years, until the fall of the Roman Empire."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The eScience Center participated in a project to map the Via Appia. Using a combination of satellite imagery and ground-based measurements, the project created a 3D model of the road. The model was used to study the road and its surroundings."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In this project, research software was used to process the satellite imagery and the ground-based measurements, and combine them into a 3D model of the Via Appia."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-research-life-cycle"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The research life cycle"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/researchcycle.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nAll over the research life cycle we can find examples of software created for research.\nSome are more straightforward than others:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Planning: to design experiments"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Collecting: to collect data, to control instruments, to run simulations"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Analysing: to analyse data, to generate models"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"reuse-reproduce"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reuse & reproduce"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Both reusability and reproducibility are important values in research software:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reproducibility"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is an integral part of the research process"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reusability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" allows building upon existing software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"For both, we need to be able to "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"find"}]},{"type":"text","value":", "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"access"}]},{"type":"text","value":", "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"use"}]},{"type":"text","value":", and "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"understand"}]},{"type":"text","value":" software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nReproducibility of research allows validation of its findings, and is therefore vital in building a solid foundation for scientific progress.\nWe can only truly build upon existing research if we can reproduce its results."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"When software has been used in research, this has enormous potential to facilitate the research reproducibility.\nHowever, it also comes with its own particular challenges: software reproducibility is not always straightforward."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An additional feature of software, is that it may be a product on its own, and can be reused by others.\nThis is a great opportunity to build on our collective knowledge and tools, and to avoid reinventing the wheel."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ensuring that the software is findable, accessible, usable and understandable is key to both reproducibility and reusability."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"Software Needs Maintenance","src":"media/maintenance.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware and code have some unique features.\nOne particular feature is that they depend on other software, and on the environment in which they are run.\nThis means that it requires maintenance and updates to keep it functional, as the environments around it change.\nThis is called software sustainability."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"overview"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Overview"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plan: what and why?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Aspects of software management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Different needs for different software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP template examples"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThis presentation will introduce you to the concept of software management plans, as a first step towards better software stewardship and sustainability.\nWe will look at different aspects of good software managements, as well as different needs for different types of software.\nFinally, we will take a look at some concrete examples of software management plans."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-management-plan-smp"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plan (SMP)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Building on the success of Data Management Plans (DMPs)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A document detailing how research software will be managed\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What does it do?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who is it for?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What resources does it need?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who is responsible?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How long will it be available?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Can be part of a project proposal, or generated in the early phases"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware management plans (SMPs) are inspired by the earlier adopted data management plans.\nIn these documents, often created at or before the start of a project, plans and explicit decisions are made about various aspects around the management of these digital objects.\nThey are increasingly required by funders and institutions."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In an SMP it is explicitly stated what the software aims to do, who its target audience is, and what resources it is expected to need.\nIt also addresses the intended lifespan, and allocates responsibility: who makes releases? Who maintains the software at the end of the project, and if so for how long?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"why-use-an-smp"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why use an SMP?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Make technical choices explicit"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan for necessary resources"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess whether new software is really needed"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Clarity early on helps to avoid problems later"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWith an SMP, you make explicit plans and decisions in an early stage.\nThe SMP provides the team with structured, relevant questions early on, with the aim to maximize the accessibility, reusability, and impact of the software in question.\nThis supports good software management practices, and it makes sure they are known to the researchers involved."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"More specifically, in an SMP you:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Make explicit technical choices. For example, what programming language will be used? What operating system will be supported?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan for necessary resources; be they financial, human, infrastructure or other."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess whether new software is really needed; explore whether existing software can be reused, and to what extent;"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"These are issues that arise during software development anyway, but all too often are not explicitly dealt with.\nBy tackling them early, a conscious decision can be made rather than needing to deal with consequences of implicit choices.\nResource planning moreover is vital for the sustainability of the software.\nFinally, the SMP will allow later verification of plans in a publicly funded project."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/smpguide.png","width":"50%"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7038280","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7038280"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nTo get started on creating a Software Management Plan, this practical guide has been created by NWO and the Netherlands eScience Center.\nIts first version was released in August of 2022, but it has since been, and will continue to be, updated.\nAll past versions and the latest release are available on Zenodo via this DOI."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/groupedrequirements.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nIn the practical guide, the core requirements for an SMP are listed, and grouped into four categories."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Focusing on the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"engineering"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the guide asks about version control, packaging, testing, and software quality."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Focusing on "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the guide discusses documentation needs for users, developers, and for deployment specifically."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Focusing on "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"project management"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the guide addresses licensing, maintenance, resources, the project repository, and a risk analysis."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Finally, the guide asks about the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/purpose.png","width":"40%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What problem does it solve?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who is the intended audience?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are its advantages and limitations?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe software's purpose is a central question in the SMP."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It is important to be clear about the problem it addresses, and who the software is aimed at.\nAddressing the limitations of the software, as well as the advantages it will provide, help determine its scope.\nThis will help the developers focus on the specific needs of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/engineering.png","width":"30%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What version control will you use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will you test the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will the project be organized or packaged?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will you manage code quality?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nOn the engineering focus, several specific areas are addressed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Version control"}]},{"type":"text","value":" has a myriad of benefits: it allows keeping track of history and provenance, can support experimentation and collaboration, and is crucial for the identification of specific versions of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Testing"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ensures that software continues to work as intended.\nThere are many different approaches to this: units of code can be tested in unit tests; entire workflows can be verified in integration tests; acceptance tests can be created to ensure specific requirements are met; regression testing can be done to ensure new changes do not break existing functionality; and so on.\nDeciding whether and if so what testing will be implemented is an important element of the SMP."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Packaging"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is important for the distribution of software.\nThe format in which the software will be distributed is an important decision that should be made early on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Code quality"}]},{"type":"text","value":" should be addressed: what standards will be adhered to, and how will they be measured and supported?\nThere are many tools that can help with this, and it is important to choose them early on to maintain consistent code quality throughout the project."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/documentation.png","width":"30%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What documentation will you provide\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for users?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for developers?"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will you manage system requirements (e.g. dependencies)?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nDocumentation is an important component of software, and should be tailored to different audiences."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"user documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the software's function should be explained, and instructions on how to use it should be provided."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"developer documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":", instructions on how to modify the software, and how to contribute to the project should be provided."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Deployment documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":" explains any system requirements (such as dependencies) for deploying the software, and installation and testing instructions."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/projectmanagement.png","width":"30%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What license will you use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will the software be maintained? For how long?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How should the software be cited?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What repository(ies) will you use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What resources will you need?\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e.g. infrastructure, personnel, training, hardware..."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What risks and challenges do you foresee?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe project management focus is broad, and addresses various conditions for the software's long-term sustainability and re-use."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Any reusable software should have an appropriate "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"license"}]},{"type":"text","value":", which is an important early decision."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of the software should be addressed in an SMP: who will maintain it, and for how long?\nHow and when will it be retired?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"citation"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of the software: how will you collect information about its use? What DOI will you use for this?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"repository"}]},{"type":"text","value":" where the software will be deposited is preferably publicly accessible, and should allow users to obtain a functional copy of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"resources"}]},{"type":"text","value":" — human, infrastructure, financial - will be needed, and when?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Finally, a "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"risk analysis"}]},{"type":"text","value":" should be performed: for instance, are there privacy or security concerns? Is there potential for vendor lock, or other considerations for future reliability and reuse?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-template"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP template"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Should be provided by the institution"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include guidance:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Instructions on how to fill it out"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Resources for information and support"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Institution-specific regulations"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Institution-specific resources available"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include an assessment rubric (e.g. with (un)acceptable answers)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe Software Management Plan template is a duty of the institution.\nA good SMP includes guidance on how to fill it out, including institution-specific regulations and resources."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An assessment rubric should accompany the template, indicating per question or focus what conditions need to be met, and which answers are (un)acceptable."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"not-all-software-is-equal"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Not all software is equal"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"","src":"media/softwarespectrum.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nIt is important to realize when making an SMP, that research software comes in many shapes and sizes."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An ad-hoc R script written by a PhD student to analyse data from a specific machine, is research software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It can also be a multinational collaboration to develop a tool that is used by thousands of researchers worldwide."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Different software has different needs, but there are common principles in managing them and ensuring their sustainability."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The diversity of research software does mean that not all requirements apply to every type of software.\nTo address this, we can subset the core requirements to create different SMP templates tailored to software with different management needs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The SMP Guide distinguishes software with low, medium, and high management needs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-level-low"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP level: low"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Single purpose scripts"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Developer is the primary user"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Performs limited function:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Analyses a single experiment or dataset"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Automates a routine task"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware with low management requirements is defined by its limited function: it performs a single analysis or automates a routine task.\nIts "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is typically limited to a specific experiment, and the developer is the primary user."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of this type of software is usually easy to assess: the output can be visually inspected, or tested with a limited set of inputs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of this type of software is usually limited to the duration of the project in which it was developed.\nIt is not intended to be used by others, and therefore its influence beyond the scope for which it was intended is likely small."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Best practices during development (e.g. version control), as well as measures to enable its reuse (documentation, versioning, archiving) are appropriate and recommended.\nThey are however not requirements, nor is long term maintenance planning necessary."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-level-medium"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP level: medium"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Primary or secondary output of a research project"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Adds a library or module to existing tool, or even works standalone"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unique functionality that will be reused\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Implements a new or higher performance algorithm"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Simulation software implementing a new model or method"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware requiring "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"medium"}]},{"type":"text","value":" management, is defined as software that is the primary or secondary output of a research project."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Its original "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is typically limited to a single research project, but incorporates functionality that may be of use to others, either as a standalone tool, library, or module in an existing tool."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is more difficult to assess due to its increased complexity, but it is also also more important: this software likely has an effect on other research outside of the original project.\nGood software practices such as version control and user/technical documentation are therefore essential here.\nMore advanced requirements, such as code auditing, automated testing, software packaging, and distribution also need to be considered."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This software's longer term "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is relevant as it will have a lifespan longer than the project in which it was developed.\nSoftware management planning should include providing information on archiving and citation as well as strategies for post-project maintenance and support."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-level-high"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP level: high"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mission critical software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"High standards required for reliability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Absence or replacement of the software would threaten research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software that is continually in use:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Preprocessing data coming from a telescope"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Controlling a medical device"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"High"}]},{"type":"text","value":" management software is defined as mission critical software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Its "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is to perform a critical function, and its absence or replacement would threaten the research."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of this software is of utmost importance, and all possible actions should be taken to ensure it."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Its "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is not limited to the duration of the project in which it was developed, but should be maintained as long as it is in use.\nThus, maintenance strategies, including funding and/or community development plans, should be in place."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"making-that-call"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Making that call"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":": what is the reason or expected end-use for the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":": what is the effect of software failure and/or non-maintenance?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":": what is the long-term effort needed to maintain the software?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Check the Practical Guide: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7038280","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7038280"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nDeciding what level of management, and therefore which SMP template, is appropriate for a specific software project, is not always straightforward.\nThe practical guide provides some guidance on how to make this decision.\nAddressing what purpose the software serves, how reliable it needs to be, and what efforts will be required for its longer term maintenance, will help determine the appropriate level of management."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/threelevels.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWith a specific level of management in mind, the core requirements that are relevant for this software's management can be determined.\nThe practical guide provides a clear overview of this."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is found in all stages of the research 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questions:","type":"exercise","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 1"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Choose an alternative that correctly answers the following questions:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.1 What is software testing?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a) A method for evaluating a software's compatibility with different operating systems."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"b) The process of releasing updates and patches for software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c) The process of verifying and validating that a software meets the required specifications and works as intended."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"d) A step in the software lifecycle focused on community engagement and feedback."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e) The practice of documenting software functionalities."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.2 Why is software testing important?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a) To build and maintain the community's trust by demonstrating commitment to quality."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"b) To identify and fix bugs, ensure the software meets required standards, and assess its reliability and reproducibility."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c) To design the software's user interface and graphics."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"d) To accelerate the overall software development process."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e) To facilitate easier collaboration among developers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"answers:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1.1 c)\n1.2 The most obvious answer is b), but in fact all answers except c) are 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Style of testing that focuses on retesting after changes are made. The results of tests after the changes are compared to the results before, and errors are raised if these are different. The purpose of this test is to ensure that changes (enhancements or defect fixes) to the software have not adversely affected it."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"B. A level of the software testing process where the complete, integrated system is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate whether the system as a whole gives the correct outputs for given inputs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"C. Very brief initial checks that ensure the basic units required to run the software can be initialized. If these fail there is no point proceeding to additional levels of testing until they are fixed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"D. 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When two or more units are ready, they are assembled and integration testing is performed, for example a test to check the cap fits on the body. When the complete pen is integrated, system testing is performed to check it can be used to write like any pen should."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" correct answers: 1.C., 2.E., 3.D., 4.B., and 5.A "}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"instructions","depth":2,"text":"Instructions","children":[{"id":"column-a","depth":3,"text":"Column A"},{"id":"column-b","depth":3,"text":"Column B"}]},{"id":"answers","depth":2,"text":"Answers"},{"id":"hint","depth":2,"text":"Hint"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:testing:exercise2.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/testing/exercise2.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/testing/exercise3","_dir":"testing","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 3","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"scenario"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Scenario"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You are part of a research team working on a complex simulation software that models climate change. The software is developed collaboratively by a diverse group of scientists, each contributing to different modules (e.g., ocean temperature modeling, atmospheric chemistry, etc.). The team has faced issues with code integration, where new contributions occasionally break existing functionalities or cause unexpected results, leading to delays in their research. 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workload."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c) Continuous Integration is a development practice where team members frequently integrate their work, often several times a day, to detect and fix integration issues early, thereby improving collaboration and code quality."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"d) Continuous Integration is a method where team members manually review each other's code at the end of each day, ensuring that the code meets quality standards and is ready for client presentation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e) Continuous Integration refers to the continuous updating of software to incorporate user feedback and new features, ensuring the software evolves to meet user needs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" correct answer: c) 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testing"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understand the types of tests and what info they convey"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Get familiar with the idea of continuous integration and its importance"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:testing:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/testing/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/testing/presentation","_dir":"testing","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software Testing","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-testing"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software 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During your research you have used all the software mentioned below."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ubuntu - Operating System ()"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Microsoft word - text editor (used to write the paper, take notes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Git - Version control software ()"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Numpy - Python math library (used in nearly all python-based research software)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ESMValTool - Diagnostic tool/library for Earth System Models (Used in many climate research projects)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ClimAnal - Your own domain specific python library (defines various analytical functions that you used in your climate research)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The original code on which you based your library ClimAnal"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Your own local python script, used to execute the analysis"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Which software would you cite and which not? 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"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://force11.org/info/software-citation-principles-published-2016/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Citation Principles"}]},{"type":"text","value":" describe the rationale behind software citation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An interactive guide on software citation can be found at "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://cfa-library.github.io/citesoftware.org/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"citesoftware.org"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An extensive (non-interactive) guide can be found at 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However, it is important to properly cite software, for many reasons, among which:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understanding Research Fields"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Software is a product of research, and by not citing it, we leave holes in the record of research of progress in those fields."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Recognition"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Academic researchers at all levels, including students, postdocs, faculty, and staff, should be credited for the software products they develop and contribute to, particularly when those products enable or further research done by others. Non-academic researchers should also be credited for their software work, though the specific forms of credit are different than for academic researchers. Furthermore, citations can be tracked, which allows for more accurate assessment of the software's impact: who uses it, and what projects does it contribute to?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Discovering Software"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Citations enable the specific software used in a research product to be found. Additional researchers can then use the same software for different purposes, leading to credit for those responsible for the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reproducibility"}]},{"type":"text","value":": Citation of specific software used is a crucial step in allowing other researchers to reproduce your results, although it is not sufficient. Additional information such as configurations and platform issues are also needed. Accurate information about the software — and its version! — used in your research is necessary for others to obtain and use the same software, making it easier to validate and build upon your research."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In this module, we will further illustrate the importance of software citation, and we will demonstrate how scientific software can be cited, and how to facilitate this as the author of scientific software. 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minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR principles are:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F"}]},{"type":"text","value":"indable"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A"}]},{"type":"text","value":"ccessible"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I"}]},{"type":"text","value":"nteroperable"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R"}]},{"type":"text","value":"eusable"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"They were originally introduced in "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this paper by Wilkinson et al."}]},{"type":"text","value":".\nThis paper is a good starting point to learn more about FAIR, but if you are already familiar with the concept, a quick skim of the paper should do.\nThe most important take-away from this particular paper is the point that FAIR, while originally a data-specific concept, was designed with other digital objects in mind as well."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-software-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"To extend the FAIR principles to software, the "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://force11.org/groups/fair-4-research-software-fair4rs-working-group/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR 4 Research Software working group"}]},{"type":"text","value":" was formed.\nTheir paper "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Introducing the FAIR principles for research software"}]},{"type":"text","value":" describes in more practical terms how FAIR can be applied to software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"you-should-now-be-able-to"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You should now be able to"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understand the different facets of FAIR"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Be aware of the machine-actionable nature of FAIR"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Get a feeling for additional challenges that software poses to FAIR"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-software-20-minutes-optional"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software (20 minutes, optional)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"While the intepretation of the FAIR4RS working group has been the dominant set of principles since its publication, it was not the first attempt to apply FAIR to software.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ds-190026","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This paper by Anna Lena Lamprecht et al."}]},{"type":"text","value":" was published a few years earlier, and also described an extension of the FAIR principles for software.\nThe paper is a more elaborate in its descriptions of software, the different aspects of software, and how they are or are not addressed by FAIR.\nIt is a good read if you want to get a deeper understanding of software and its relation to the FAIR principles."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"discussion"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Discussion"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the differences between FAIR principles for data and software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What challenges do you see in making software FAIR?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why is FAIR software important?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"what-is-fair","depth":2,"text":"What is FAIR?","children":[{"id":"fair-principles-15-minutes","depth":3,"text":"FAIR principles (15 minutes)"},{"id":"fair-software-10-minutes","depth":3,"text":"FAIR software (10 minutes)"},{"id":"fair-software-20-minutes-optional","depth":3,"text":"FAIR software (20 minutes, 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Software, and its associated metadata, is easy for both humans and machines to find."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F1. Software is assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F1.1. Components of the software representing levels of granularity are assigned distinct identifiers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F1.2. Different versions of the software are assigned distinct identifiers."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F2. Software is described with rich metadata."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F3. Metadata clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the software they describe."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"F4. Metadata are FAIR, searchable and indexable."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"a-software-and-its-metadata-is-retrievable-via-standardised-protocols"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A: Software, and its metadata, is retrievable via standardised protocols."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A1. Software is retrievable by its identifier using a standardised communications protocol.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A1.1. The protocol is open, free, and universally implementable."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A1.2. The protocol allows for an authentication and authorization procedure, where necessary."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A2. Metadata are accessible, even when the software is no longer available."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"i-software-interoperates-with-other-software-by-exchanging-data-andor-metadata-andor-through-interaction-via-application-programming-interfaces-apis-described-through-standards"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I: Software interoperates with other software by exchanging data and/or metadata, and/or through interaction via application programming interfaces (APIs), described through standards."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I1. Software reads, writes and exchanges data in a way that meets domain-relevant community standards."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I2. Software includes qualified references to other objects."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"r-software-is-both-usable-can-be-executed-and-reusable-can-be-understood-modified-built-upon-or-incorporated-into-other-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R: Software is both usable (can be executed) and reusable (can be understood, modified, built upon, or incorporated into other software)."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R1. Software is described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attributes.\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R1.1. Software is given a clear and accessible license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R1.2. Software is associated with detailed provenance."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R2. Software includes qualified references to other software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"R3. Software meets domain-relevant community standards."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"three-examples"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Three examples"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The following three examples of software have been described with statements that can be mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles. With each statement, identify the principle(s) it maps to, and the (sub)facet(s) of the principle(s) it addresses. A single statement may map to multiple (sub)facets."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"example-1-comet"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Example 1: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201200439","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet is a command-line tool and desktop application for tandem mass spectrometry sequence database search6."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet is licensed under the Apache 2.0 open source licence."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet is registered in the bio.tools catalogue of bioinformatics tools, where it has a globally unique and persistent identifier, and rich metadata that includes the identifier and is searchable and indexable."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The metadata in bio.tools is independent from the Comet repository, and will stay accessible should the software itself become inaccessible."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The publicly accessible project repository on GitHub includes detailed information about the development of Comet."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The code includes dependencies to external software packages, such as Thermo Scientific’s MSFileReader library."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet can be downloaded via the browser following the links provided in the metadata using https."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Comet uses standard data types from the proteomics domain for its input and output data that are documented in the metadata as functional annotations."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"example-2-puregome"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Example 2: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4337242","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PureGoMe"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe is a project aimed at understanding Dutch public sentiment during the COVID-19 outbreak period by analysing real-time Twitter data. It provides a collection of Python scripts and Jupyter notebooks for this purpose."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PureGoMe can be downloaded from the project repository, while metadata is accessible independently from the registry."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe's GitHub repository has detailed records of the development history."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The code includes dependencies to other software, such as various Python libraries."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe has a (versioned) DOI from Zenodo."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe uses the Apache 2.0 open source licence."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe uses standard file formats (e.g., CSV files) for data exchange."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PuReGoMe refers to other objects such as websites."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"PureGoMe is registered in the Research Software Directory that captures the most relevant metadata, including the identifier, in searchable and indexable form."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"example-3-gammashiny"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Example 3: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139005","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"gammaShiny"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"gammaShiny is an application that provides enhanced graphical user interfaces for the R gamma package8. It is used to process in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry measurements for luminescence dating."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"gammaShiny has been deposited in the HAL French national archive and it has a persistent globally unique identifier, with the HAL identifier of the metadata record and a SWHID, identifying specifically the software artefact on the Software Heritage universal software source code archive."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Thanks to the HAL platform, where a licence is mandatory, gammaShiny is under a GNU General Public Licence v3.0."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The archived versions of gammaShiny’s source code in Software Heritage include a codemeta.json file, identifiable with a SWHID, where other metadata is available including dependencies named in CodeMeta (\"softwareRequirements\")."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"do-you-agree"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Do you agree?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The examples were taken from "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this paper"}]},{"type":"text","value":".\nIn the Results section of the paper you will find the authors' analysis of the software, which contains the statements above, mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Do you agree with their assessment?"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"mapping-the-principles","depth":2,"text":"Mapping the principles","children":[{"id":"the-fair4rs-principles-are","depth":3,"text":"The FAIR4RS Principles are:"},{"id":"three-examples","depth":3,"text":"Three examples"},{"id":"do-you-agree","depth":3,"text":"Do you agree?"}]}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:exercise2.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/exercise2.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/exercise3","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"FAIR in practice","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"fair-in-practice"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR in practice"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Role playing exercise:\nOne person presents the software, the other person gives feedback."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tasks for presenter:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is the software about?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who will use it?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is the expected lifecycle of the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What potential users or applications are untapped?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tasks for reviewer:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Which FAIR principles are addressed?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How can the software be made more FAIR?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What would be the next step (low-hanging fruit)?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Together:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Define the next steps for the software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Goals:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Frame an assessment positively: always start with assessing the things that have been done that contribute to good management and FAIR software. This is crucial, as well as motivating."}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"fair-in-practice","depth":2,"text":"FAIR in practice"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:exercise3.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/exercise3.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware","_dir":"modules","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"FAIR software","description":"thumbnail-fair-software","id":3,"trl":"medium","category":"Getting started","author":"eScience Center","thumbnail":"thumbnail-fair-software.jpg","visibility":"visible","body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/three-men-sitting-while-using-laptops-and-watching-man-beside-whiteboard-wD1LRb9OeEo?utm_content=creditShareLink&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"thumbnail-fair-software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@austindistel?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Austin Distel"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/three-men-sitting-while-using-laptops-and-watching-man-beside-whiteboard-wD1LRb9OeEo?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:index.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/index.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/info","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Learning objectives","description":"Learning objectives for the FAIR software module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the FAIR software module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/reading","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Reading material","description":"","type":"reading","order":5,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"reading-material"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reading material"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"fair-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Follow the links below to read about other resources related to FAIR research software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-research-software-principles-adoption"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR Research Software Principles adoption"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR4RS Principles were "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.15497/RDA00068","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"released in 2022"}]},{"type":"text","value":", and since then there have been many efforts for adopting them.\nThe blog post "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.researchsoft.org/blog/2024-03/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR for Research Software Principles after two years: an adoption update"}]},{"type":"text","value":" contains a summary of these efforts."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"fair-software","depth":2,"text":"FAIR software","children":[{"id":"fair-research-software-principles-adoption","depth":3,"text":"FAIR Research Software Principles adoption"}]}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:reading.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/reading.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware","_dir":"fairsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"FAIR software","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"fair-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/1280px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al. 2019"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (CC BY 3.0)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software plays an important role in science. A first thought may be its role in data collection and analysis. Further, it may play a role in designing experiments, based on models generated. It may "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"be"}]},{"type":"text","value":" the experiment itself, simulate a research outcome based on data or ideas entered; it may also be the \"brain\" behind controlling crucial instrumentation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What scientific software can you think of?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What role does it play?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An example here: the Event Horizon Telescope, which took a \"picture\" of a black hole.\nThe \"telescope\" is not a single tool, but complex: a \"planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes\" (wikipedia).\nThe separate telescopes collect data that is synchronized with atomic clocks, and the data is combined at highly specialised supercomputers.\nThe data can be converted into an image using custom software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/definition.png","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"definition of Research Software from the FAIR4RS working group"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A definition of research software, from the FAIR4RS working group.\nIt is important that not all software that is used in research is research software.\nFor example, a text editor that is used to write a paper is not research software.\nNor is powerpoint, a web browser, or the software used to guide the telescope.\nEven tools like R or Python are not necessarily research software.\nThe code written in R or Python for an analysis would be research software, however.\nJust like a custom-made Excel macro that is used to analyse data.\nOr a custom-made web application that is used to collect data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/unescoopenscience.png","width":"50%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://creativecommons.org/2021/12/02/unesco-recommendation-on-open-science-ratified/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, 2021"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (CC BY IGO 3.0)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nOpen Science encompasses many aspects of science.\nIt is a movement that aims to make science — which includes software — more open, transparent, and accessible.\nThis is supported by many organisations, including UNESCO."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-fair-principles"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The FAIR principles"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/fair.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nthe FAIR principles standardize values that help openness, transparency, and accessibility."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"screenshot Wilkinson 2016","src":"media/fairwilkinson.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nFAIR principles were originally designed for data, but are also applicable to software.\nDesigned also with other digital objects in mind, though actual description was data-specific.\nThis has been extended meanwhile."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-not-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is not data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is..."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"complex"}]},{"type":"text","value":": code is creatively generated, interconnected and multi-layered"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"interdependent"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it builds upon and therefore depends on other software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"executable"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it is not static, but can be run"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dynamic"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it can break over time, and versioning is common"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWhile technically, software is a special kind of data (in that it is representation of information in a digital state), they are in essence quite different."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software and data both are digital objects, sharing certain characteristics: they can be assigned a DOI, and they can have a license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is quite different from data, however. Consider:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Complexity; it is not a single file, but a collection of files that are interconnected and multi-layered, and do not necessarily stand on their own. Software is also the result of a creative process that provides a tool to do something, and not the result of a measurement or observation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interdependence; software is often built using other software, and rarely built completely from scratch. This makes it dependent on other existing applications, which themselves may also change over time."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Executability; software is in its dryest form a set of instructions that can be an archive of a procedure. However, the main goal of software is that these instructions can be executed. Data, by contrast, stand on their own."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Dynamic vs static; its interdependence and context-dependency drives software to require maintenance to retain its value, and this maintenance is not straightforward. Maintenance is also counter to academic culture; it does not fit in existing structures (both in terms of reward/recognition, but also in terms of funding and understanding of what is needed). Versioning of software is very common, while data is often static (though versions may happen)."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-opportunities"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software opportunities"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"living thing"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Creative process allows for "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"early adoption"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of good practices"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Openness and transparency are "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"inherent"}]},{"type":"text","value":" to software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe different nature of software also provides opportunities.\nSoftware is a living thing, and therefore it is easier to adopt good practices early on.\nCrucially, there is a community driven openness in software that long predates the open science movement.\nThis is not to say that software is inherently open, but that there is a broad open culture, which also comes with existing tools and pathways to facilitate openness and transparency.\nConsider GitHub (and other code hosting platforms), which are designed for this purpose.\nConsider also version control software, a good software development practice that builds in provenance."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR for Research Software paper","src":"media/fair4rs_paper.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fair 4 Research Software (FAIR4RS) working group (2022)\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"Contributing Organizations","src":"media/fair4rs_logos.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nIn 2022, the results of extensive community consultation were published in the FAIR for Research Software paper.\nThe group behind this was a collaboration between the Research Software Alliance, the Research Data Alliance, and FORCE11."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR for Research Software principles","src":"media/fair4rs_principles.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThese are the interpretations given to the FAIR principles for software by the working group.\nIn many cases these are rephrased to better fit software, but in some cases they are also extended."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"findability"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Findability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Findability","src":"media/fair4rs_F.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Archive on Zenodo for DOI and persistence"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" Note that persistence on GitHub is not guaranteed!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Use (semantic) versioning with updates"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" Zenodo assigns a DOI to each version "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include metadata, explicitly containing the DOI"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" but also license, version, dependencies, etc. "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Register the software in a community registry"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" such as PyPI or CRAN, depending on the language/domain "}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nFor software findability, a few things need to work together:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The software needs to be archived on a platform that provides a DOI and persistence. GitHub is not guaranteed to provide this, and while it is a useful tool is not a suitable archive for software.\nGitHub does work well together with Zenodo, which provides both.\nTogether they also provide functionality for versioning: when releasing a new version on GitHub, and using the Zenodo integration, Zenodo will update the entry and assign a new DOI to the new version."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"For software-specific findability, though, Zenodo is insufficient. Here, you can think of more specific registries, such as PyPI, CRAN, or Bioconductor; depending on the language and domain of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"accessibility"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Accessibility"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Accessibility","src":"media/fair4rs_A.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Community registries provide standard download protocols"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" e.g. "},{"type":"element","tag":"code","props":{"className":[]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pip install my_software"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Metadata on Zenodo is part of the persistent archive"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nA lot of accessibility is covered by the findability principles, but there are a few additional things to consider.\nSpecifically, software may still be FAIR as long as its metadata is accessible.\nThe code of the software itself, not the actual functional engine, could be considered metadata."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"interoperability"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interoperability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Interoperability","src":"media/fair4rs_I.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Input and output both needs to meet community standards"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" e.g. file formats, data models, ontologies "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"References to external objects should be unambiguous"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" use URLs, DOIs, version numbers etc. "}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nAs with data, interoperability refers partly to formats and standards (in this case: inputs, outputs, or other objects used). For example CSV, JSON, and XML are interoperable formats, while PDF is not.\nThese standards may also be domain-specific, such as the use of ontologies in the life sciences."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The second sub-principle refers to the use of unambiguous references to external objects, such as libraries, data, or models. A clear link allows the right object to be used by the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"reusability"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reusability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"FAIR4RS Reusability","src":"media/fair4rs_R.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include a software-specific license"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"as a file called "},{"type":"element","tag":"code","props":{"className":[]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"LICENSE"}]},{"type":"text","value":" in the project's root"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Many Open Source software licenses exist"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" see "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://choosealicense.com/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"choosealicense.com"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"License choice is not always straightforward"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" confirm with dependencies, copyright holder(s), and specialists "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Use version control (e.g. Git) with a public host (e.g. GitHub)"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" history and provenance is a public part of the repository "}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Dependencies should be listed, and unambiguous"},{"type":"element","tag":"br","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" use a standardized file/protocol, and version numbers"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nLicenses are an important part of reusability.\nWithout a license, copyright disallows reuse.\nIn an open science context especially, Open Source licenses are the default choice.\nThey are numerous, but the choice is not always straightforward.\nIt is advised to learn about the different licenses, about important considerations (e.g. dependencies and the role and identity of copyright holders) and to consult with specialists when in doubt."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"fair-is-not-a-quality-checklist"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a quality checklist"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software quality is addressed insofar as it affects:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"usability, an aspect of interoperability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintainability, an important element of reuse"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Quality aspects "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" part of FAIR:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"computational efficiency                                             "}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"functional correctness"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"security"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe FAIR principles are limited in scope when it comes to software.\nIt is important to realize that their primary goal is not to address software quality itself.\nFAIR software can be of poor quality, and good quality software may not be FAIR."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some quality aspects are addressed by FAIR, in particular usability and maintainability.\nBecause software is dynamic and interdependent, its reusability requires that it is maintained to continue to work (or that a conserved context is provided, such as a virtual machine with required dependencies)."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Secondary to maintainability are quality aspects like tests, modularized architecture, developer documentation, and so on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interoperable software is usable by others, and therefore it is important that it is well documented and that it is easy to install and run.\nThis ties into quality aspects like user documentation, installation instructions, and so on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note though, that there is no mention of correctness, nor of efficiency or security.\nSoftware may adhere perfectly to FAIR, yet produce the wrong results, in a painfully slow and inefficient process, while leaking personal information."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"fair-is-a-spectrum"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is a spectrum"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/spectrum.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a checklist, but a set of principles.\nAs such, it informs a spectrum of software sustainability, and not a binary \"FAIR or not FAIR\"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a perfect metric, but it is helpful, and tailored to specific values of open science."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is an important part of research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR4RS principles guide towards accessibility and openness of research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIR is not a quality checklist"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software places unique demands on FAIR, and provides unique opportunities"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"FAIRness is a spectrum"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo","depth":2,"text":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"},{"id":"the-fair-principles","depth":2,"text":"The FAIR principles"},{"id":"software-is-not-data","depth":2,"text":"Software is not data"},{"id":"software-opportunities","depth":2,"text":"Software opportunities"},{"id":"findability","depth":2,"text":"Findability"},{"id":"accessibility","depth":2,"text":"Accessibility"},{"id":"interoperability","depth":2,"text":"Interoperability"},{"id":"reusability","depth":2,"text":"Reusability","children":[{"id":"fair-is-not-a-quality-checklist","depth":3,"text":"FAIR is not a quality checklist"}]},{"id":"fair-is-a-spectrum","depth":2,"text":"FAIR is a spectrum"},{"id":"take-home-messages","depth":2,"text":"Take home messages"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:fairsoftware:slides-fairsoftware.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/hpc","_dir":"modules","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"High Performance Computing (HPC)","description":"","id":4,"trl":"medium","category":"Upcoming (under construction)","author":"eScience 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module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the FAIR software module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:hpc:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/hpc/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/copyright","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Copyright and software","description":"","type":"reading","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"copyright-and-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copyright and software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Creative works, like books, paintings and music, but also scientific articles and software, are covered by copyright. Copyright is a legal construct that gives the owner of the copyright on a work the exclusive right to reproduce, modify, publicly perform and distribute the work. As a result, anyone who is not the copyright holder needs to have permission from the copyright holder to also be able to do so."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Newly created works are automatically covered by copyright. This copyright is owned by the creator of the work, unless they were employed and created the work as part of their employment, in which case their employer owns the work. If multiple persons or organisations contribute to a work, then they each own a share of the copyright, and all need to give permission for others to be able to do any of the things protected by copyright. This permission is called a "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"license"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Creative works can depend on each other. Books for example can be translated, or turned into a stage play or a TV series. This creates a new work, which is known as a derivative work. A derivative work has its own copyright, because creating a translation or adaptation is itself a creative process. Like in a collaborative work, both the owner of the original copyright and the owner of the copyright on the derived adaptation need to give permission to reproduce and distribute the derived work."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a bit different from books or films or even databases because software is not only a collection of words and symbols, but also a machine that is used for something. As a result, working processes around software are quite different from those around books or films. Although it's bad practice, researchers quite often take a script from a colleague and modify it a bit so that it does what they want. A film director would be surprised indeed if you suggested they take a script from an existing film, change the dialog in the third act a bit, and then shoot it, but in software that's common. No novelist downloads ready-made paragraphs and chapters from the Internet and glues them together into a novel, but this is essentially how all modern software is developed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"As a result, software and copyright is a bit of a specialist topic, but one that cannot be avoided because of the automatic nature of copyright and the fact that science is a collaborative enterprise. Universities therefore need a policy to govern what their employees should do and can't do with respect to the software they develop and use, and that policy needs to include something specifically about licensing software."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"copyright-and-software","depth":2,"text":"Copyright and software"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:copyright.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/copyright.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Choose a license for or using your policy","description":"","type":"exercise","order":5,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-1-choose-a-license-for-or-using-your-policy-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"One of the concerns typically addressed in a software policy is licensing of software developed at the institution. Policies can choose a single license, or offer a range of options."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Try to find out whether your university has a license policy. What does it say about which license(s) to use? If you don't have a policy yet, which license(s) would you choose for your policy? Why?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Go to "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://choosealicense.com","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Choosealicense.com"}]},{"type":"text","value":" and play around with the options to help you choose."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"exercise-1-choose-a-license-for-or-using-your-policy-10-minutes","depth":2,"text":"Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:ex_choose_a_license.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/ex_have_licensing_policy","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Does your university have a software licensing policy?","description":"","type":"exercise","order":6,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-2-does-your-university-have-a-software-licensing-policy"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 2: Does your university have a software licensing policy?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Try and find out whether your university has a software (licensing) policy. If you can find it, compare it with the ones from "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/record/4629662","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"TU Delft"}]},{"type":"text","value":", "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/records/7307162","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ASTRON"}]},{"type":"text","value":" and "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.esciencecenter.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nlesc_ip_policy_2017.pdf","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"the Netherlands eScience Center"}]},{"type":"text","value":". What elements are commonly found? Which differences do you see, and what is their respective motivation?"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"exercise-2-does-your-university-have-a-software-licensing-policy","depth":2,"text":"Exercise 2: Does your university have a software licensing policy?"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:ex_have_licensing_policy.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/ex_have_licensing_policy.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/ex_licenses_in_use","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"What licenses do researchers at your university use?","description":"","type":"exercise","order":7,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-3-what-licenses-do-researchers-at-your-university-use"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3: What licenses do researchers at your university use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Search on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://github.com/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"GitHub"}]},{"type":"text","value":" or other software repositories for software created by researchers at your university. What licenses do they use? Do they adhere to a policy (if there is one?)"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"exercise-3-what-licenses-do-researchers-at-your-university-use","depth":2,"text":"Exercise 3: What licenses do researchers at your university use?"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:ex_licenses_in_use.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/ex_licenses_in_use.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses","_dir":"modules","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software licenses","description":"thumbnail-licenses","id":5,"trl":"high","category":"Reusability","author":"eScience Center","thumbnail":"thumbnail-licenses.jpg","visibility":"visible","body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/laptop-compute-displaying-command-prompt-vII7qKAk-9A?utm_content=creditShareLink&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"thumbnail-licenses"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@disruptxn?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Desola Lanre-Ologun"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/laptop-compute-displaying-command-prompt-vII7qKAk-9A?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:index.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/index.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/info","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Learning objectives","description":"Learning objectives for the Software Licenses module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the Software Licenses module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/licenses","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software licenses","description":"","type":"reading","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-licenses"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software licenses"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software licenses are legal statements that give permission to use, modify and/or distribute software. By copyright law, only the copyright owner(s) can give this permission, so the license must be granted by those owners."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are different kinds of software licenses, with different underlying business models. Some software producers sell copies or seats, where the user has to pay for each computer that the software is used on or person the software is used by, and where the user does not have permission to modify or distribute the software. In this case, licenses are given to individual users or companies as part of a sales contract."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It is also possible to make a general statement that anyone can use, modify and/or distribute a software package under certain conditions. In this case, there is no contract, and no specific counterparty. Instead, the owners of the copyright give the same permissions to everyone, usually in a document included with the software as it is put on the Internet. Software distributed like this can usually be downloaded without paying, although there may still be significant limitations on what you can do with it."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some software is distributed with a license that gives very broad permissions to anyone who obtains a copy. Such software is known as Free Software and/or Open Source Software. Before we look at what that is exactly, it helps to understand a bit better what software actually is, and how it's made."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"what-is-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"To non-programmers, software can appear to be a somewhat magical thing. It is in our computers and phones and it makes them work, or sometimes not work. It's made by specialist people who we call programmers, and who must be very smart to be able to make all this work, or perhaps very dumb given how often software doesn't work. In short, it seems to be mysterious."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Of course, programmers are perfectly ordinary people. They make the software that makes our phones and computers work, and sometimes programmers make mistakes, and then the software doesn't work as intended. Computer programs are made by typing text into the computer, just like you do when writing an email or a letter. Computer programs consist of one or more files with instructions for the computer. These files can be modified to change what the software does, they can be combined together into a larger, more complex program, and they can be shared with others and reused. For the computer to be able to run the software, the files need to be translated from the human-readable text form (the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"source code"}]},{"type":"text","value":") into a sequence of numbers encoding the same commands (a "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"binary"}]},{"type":"text","value":"). This is done mechanically by a special program called a compiler or an interpreter."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are different ways of making software collaboratively. One is to work closely together (even sharing a computer!) on the same source code, which can help reduce mistakes as two see more than one, or it can be useful as a teaching exercise. Looser ways of collaborating include copying someone else's code and then independently modifying it to do something a bit different, and reusing a software component made by someone else in your own program, usually in its original form but possibly with changes as well."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The looser forms of collaboration rely on software being distributed from its maker to its user, who then modifies it or integrates it. This requires permission from the copyright owners because there's distribution and the creation of a derivative work, which means that there needs to be a license. A reliable and easy way to do this is to make all the software Free and Open Source."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"free-and-open-source-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free and Open Source Software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The Free Software Foundation lists four freedoms that users need to be given by the copyright owner(s) for a program to be considered Free Software:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to study how the program works, and change it, so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code a precondition for this."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note that the word \"free\" here refers to freedom to do things, not to what the software costs. You're allowed to sell copies of Free Software!"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source Software has an official definition too, which is quite a bit longer but boils down to the same thing. Because of that, the terms are often combined into Free and Open Source Software, or FOSS, but the term Open Source is also popular. We will use them here interchangeably."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You can make a software package that you own the copyright to Open Source by distributing it (usually on the Internet) under an Open Source license, i.e. one that gives everyone the above freedoms. In practice, that means that the software is distributed in source code form, with a license document stating that the copyright owners give everyone the freedom to do the above things, subject to certain conditions. There exist a small number of standard Open Source licenses that you can use. All of these are open source, but there are some difference as well that are good to know about."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"license-categories"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"License categories"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"table","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tbody","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"colSpan":"3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free and Open Source"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"rowSpan":3,"vAlign":"top"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Proprietary"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"colSpan":"2"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copyleft"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{"rowSpan":2},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Permissive"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Strong"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"th","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Weak"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"tr","props":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"GPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":" AGPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"LGPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MPL"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"BSD"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MIT"},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":" Apache"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"td","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research Only: No copying, No modification"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"div","props":{"className":["footnote"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"GPL: GNU General Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"AGPL: Affero General Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MPL: Mozilla Public License "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":" BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution "},{"type":"element","tag":"sup","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":" MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The table above shows five of the most common FOSS licenses. They're organised in a hierarchystarting with the distinction between Free and Open Source on the one and, and proprietary software on the other. Proprietary software is software that isn't FOSS, which is to say that it has restrictions on use or modification or distribution. It's called proprietary because there is a proprietor or (copyright) owner, who has exclusive control over the software. For Open Source this is not the case: there is a copyright and it's owned by someone, but the license gives everyone else the same permissions they have and so they don't have exclusive control."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Within the category of Open Source licenses, we can distinguish Copyleft licenses and Permissive licenses. Permissive licenses give everyone permission to use, modify and distribute with no further restrictions other than perhaps requiring an acknowledgement that the software was used. In particular, permissive licenses allow the software to be used as a part of non-Open Source software, and for it to be redistributed without the source code, so that it cannot be inspected or modified anymore."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copyleft licenses try to ensure that the software remains FOSS. You are free to distribute Open Source software that has a copyleft license, but you have to include the complete source code and distribute the modified or extended software under that same license. As a result, everyone who gets a copy of a version of the software and anything it's used in will be free to use, modify and distribute that product. Note that distribution isn't required, all common open source licenses allow making private modifications and not sharing them with anyone."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Weak copyleft licenses are intended for use with libraries, software components that are intended to be used by other programmers to build larger programs. A weak copyleft license applies copyleft to the library itself, but not to the larger program using the library. As a result, programmers using the library can distribute their part of the program without source code or the right to make modifications, as long as they do distribute the source for the library, including any modifications. Strong copyleft licenses require the entire program to be under the same strong copyleft license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"license-politics"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"License politics"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Besides the legal differences, there's a bit of a political difference between Free Software and Open Source, and between copyleft and permissive licenses, that is good to understand. Free Software adherents see everyone as a potential programmer, and believe that your computer isn't truly yours until you fully control what it does, which requires the ability to inspect and modify the software. They envision a world in which computer users collaboratively develop the software they use, sharing their improvements with each other. They therefore prefer copyleft licenses, because those ensure that as many software packages (and therefore, users) as possible are free."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source takes a more pragmatic approach in assuming that most software is made by a small cadre of software developers, often employed by companies, and that there are a potentially large number of end users that have neither the skills nor the inclination to change what their computer does. For these end users, having the source code is not useful, but the developers can often save some effort by working together on software that everyone needs. A permissive Open Source license makes that possible with a minimal amount of legal complexity. It also makes it easy to build commercial, proprietary products on top of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"From the perspective of science, there's something to be said for each of these approaches. On the one hand, Free Software and copyleft matches the ideals of Open Science quite well. On the other hand, science and scientific software development is funded by society using public funds in the hopes that something useful will come out of it, and scientific papers are useless to most citizens. They want a product, which will be produced commercially, and that is a good match for the Open Source and permissive licensing model."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-licenses","depth":2,"text":"Software licenses","children":[{"id":"what-is-software","depth":3,"text":"What is software?"},{"id":"free-and-open-source-software","depth":3,"text":"Free and Open Source Software"},{"id":"license-categories","depth":3,"text":"License categories"},{"id":"license-politics","depth":3,"text":"License politics"}]}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:licenses.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/licenses.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/slides","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software Licensing","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-licensing"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Licensing"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"about-copyright"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"About copyright"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Berne convention"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Owned by author or employer?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Can be licensed"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"By the Berne convention, software is automatically protected by copyright when it is made. Depending on the country, protection lasts 50 years or more. The owner of the copyright is the only one who can copy, publish, and modify the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"If you make software as part of a job for an employer, then your employer owns the copyright. Otherwise, you are the owner (unless there's a contract somewhere that says otherwise)."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The owner of the copyright on a work can give permission to others to do things they would otherwise not be allowed to do, like copying, publishing and modifying the work. A document that describes what they can do is called a copyright license. These licenses can be given to a specific party, usually as part of a contract, or they can be offered to the general public."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"using-others-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Using others' software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You need a license"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source makes that easy"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Different Open Source licenses available"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"To use software that was made by someone else, you need to (at least) get a copy of it, and that requires permission from the copyright owner, i.e. a license. If the software has an Open Source license, then you have permission to get a copy and run it for any purpose, including commercially, and/or use it in your own software. There will be some conditions attached, which depend on the particular license used."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are a handful of Open Source licenses available, with different terms. Those differences are especially important when you use a package or library in your own software. There are websites available that explain all the standard Open Source licenses in ordinary language, so that you can easily decide whether you can use a certain software package. You don't need to be (or have) a lawyer to use Open Source software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"who-owns-a-work"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who owns a work?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Work for hire"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Consortium agreements"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"University policy"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In most countries, including The Netherlands, any work you do as part of your tasks as an employee of an organisation belongs to your employer, not to you. After all, they're paying you to do the work. This means that the copyright on any software written by a university employee is owned by to the university. And that means that anyone not working at that university (which may include said employee in the future!) needs permission from the owner to work with the code."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some limited permission is often granted in the Consortium Agreements typically governing scientific project(s), but these are only valid within the project. To make the software available outside of the project it was developed in, broader permissions must be given. Some universities have a policy on how and under which conditions this can be done; details can typically be had from the library or legal department."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"why-license-your-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why license your software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Public funding"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Academic freedom of employees"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Save work by collaborating"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Increase impact"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"If a scientist working at a university, in the course of doing their job, creates software, then that software is owned by the university. By default then, it can only be used by that university and its employees. This is an undesirable situation for several reasons."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"First, the software was most likely funded with public money, and should therefore be available to the public, just like papers are published Open Access."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Second, researchers frequently change jobs, moving from university to university. Without permission from their previous employers, they would have to start rebuilding their software from scratch every time they move to a new university, which would be very inefficient."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Third, many of the most pressing problems that scientist work on involve complex, multifaceted systems that can only be properly studied in collaboration. Where software is involved, which is to say almost everywhere in academic research, researchers need to be able to exchange software and collaborate on its development, including across projects."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Finally, doing so will allow them to achieve better results, and continue to build on those results, thus achieving higher impact."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"open-sourcing-scientific-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Sourcing scientific software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free, Open Source Software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Technology Transfer"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Free, Open Source Software (or FOSS, as it's sometimes abbreviated) is software that you are free to 0) use for any purpose, 1) modify to suit your needs, 2) share with others, and 3) share with changes you made, so you can work on it together. That's actually the Free Software definition, but Open Source really just says the same thing in more words, which is why they're usually mentioned together. These are exactly the permissions scientists need to be able to do science together using the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Open Source licenses also allow commercial use, which means that they are a very effective means of technology transfer. Since the license terms are the same for everyone, there are no issues with state aid regulations, nor does a market-rate value for the software need to be determined. The standard Open Source licenses are now well understood and trusted by commercial parties, removing the need for complex negotiations on the exact terms. Of course, no payment will be received either. Given that commercial sale of academic software is very rare, it seems that the benefits obtained from the academic collaboration enabled by Open Source far outweigh the potential income loss due to not commercially licensing the software. And note that it is still perfectly possible to launch a spin-off or start-up that offers commercial services related to the software, including support and continued development."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-licensing","depth":2,"text":"Software Licensing"},{"id":"about-copyright","depth":2,"text":"About copyright"},{"id":"using-others-software","depth":2,"text":"Using others' software"},{"id":"who-owns-a-work","depth":2,"text":"Who owns a work?"},{"id":"why-license-your-software","depth":2,"text":"Why license your software?"},{"id":"open-sourcing-scientific-software","depth":2,"text":"Open Sourcing scientific software"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:licenses:slides.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/licenses/slides.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/licenses/university_policy","_dir":"licenses","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"University software policies","description":"","type":"reading","order":3,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"university-software-policies"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"University software policies"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Universities employ researchers, who often create and use software in the course of doing research. That means that they create and use copyrighted works, activities governed by copyright law. Works created by employees as part of their work are normally owned by their employer. This is the default legally in many places, and is almost always stated in the employment contract as well. So, the university owns the software created by its employees, and because the employees also act on behalf of their employer, is responsible for any violations of copyright by their employees."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In practice, for example when submitting a paper to a journal, it is often assumed that scientists can transfer copyright ownership or otherwise give permission to the publisher to publish their work on behalf of the university, but strictly speaking there is usually no legal basis for this. Likewise, if scientists produce software as part of their scientific work, then that software is owned by the university, and publishing it as Open Source software, while often done, does not sit on solid legal footing."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sharing scientific software offers great possibilities for collaboration, sharing of resources, and increased impact of the scientific work as well as of the software itself. Universities are increasingly aware of this, and have created or are creating policies to guide how they create and use research software. 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Which can be generated using the following chapter heading:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"pre","props":{"className":["language-markdown"],"code":":::Chapter{headline=\"Image\" image=\"multimedia_image.avif\"}\n","language":"markdown","meta":""},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"code","props":{"__ignoreMap":""},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":::Chapter{headline=\"Image\" image=\"multimedia_image.avif\"}\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"div","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"video-example"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Video example"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This is a video hosted on youtube. 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It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. It is used to test the scroll functionality of the text panel.\nThis is a chapter with a lot of text. 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The source code implementing the algorithm is available for download."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is this \"research software\" or \"software in research\"?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h4","props":{"id":"scipy"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SciPy"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zbmath.org/software/6293","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SciPy"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.\nIt is also the name of a very popular conference on scientific programming with Python. The SciPy library depends on NumPy, which provides convenient and fast N-dimensional array manipulation.\nThe SciPy library is built to work with NumPy arrays, and provides many user-friendly and efficient numerical routines such as routines for numerical integration and optimization.\nTogether, they run on all popular operating systems, are quick to install, and are free of charge.\nNumPy and SciPy are easy to use, but powerful enough to be depended upon by some of the world’s leading scientists and engineers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is this \"research software\" or \"software in research\"?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"other-software-tools"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Other software tools"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How about other software tools you are familiar with?\nCan you provide an example of software you are familiar with, and then classify it 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cycle?","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"exercise-where-does-software-fit-in-the-research-life-cycle"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise: Where does software fit in the research life cycle?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take a look at the research life cycle below."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_fairsoftware/researchcycle.png","alt":"The Research Life Cycle","width":400},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Think of a piece of research software you have used or developed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Where does it fit in the research life cycle?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"existing-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Existing software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The following research software can also be used as 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"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/colorful-software-or-web-code-on-a-computer-monitor-Skf7HxARcoc?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:index.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/index.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/info","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Learning objectives","description":"Learning objectives for the Research Software module","type":"info","order":0,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Learning objectives for the Research Software module"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/research-software","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"The role of research software","description":"","type":"reading","order":5,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-role-of-research-software-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The role of research software (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The following piece was written after a workshop called \"The Future of Research Software\", held in the Netherlands in 2022."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It explores the different roles for research software in the research life cycle, strengthening the case for sustainable software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://upstream.force11.org/defining-the-roles-of-research-software/","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Defining the Roles of Research Software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"After reading the piece, discuss the following questions:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the different roles of research software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the challenges for each of these roles?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How can we address these challenges?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"the-role-of-research-software-10-minutes","depth":2,"text":"The role of research software (10 minutes)"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:research-software.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/research-software.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/slides-researchsoftware","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Research Software","description":"","type":"slides","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"research-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/1280px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al. 2019"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (CC BY 3.0)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software plays an important role in science. A first thought may be its role in data collection and analysis. Further, it may play a role in designing experiments, based on models generated. It may "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"be"}]},{"type":"text","value":" the experiment itself, simulate a research outcome based on data or ideas entered; it may also be the \"brain\" behind controlling crucial instrumentation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What scientific software can you think of?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What role does it play?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An example here: the Event Horizon Telescope, which took a \"picture\" of a black hole.\nThe \"telescope\" is not a single tool, but complex: a \"planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes\" (wikipedia).\nThe separate telescopes collect data that is synchronized with atomic clocks, and the data is combined at highly specialised supercomputers.\nThe data can be converted into an image using custom software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-research-lifecycle"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The research lifecycle"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_fairsoftware/researchcycle.png","alt":"The Research Life Cycle","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is used all across the research lifecycle"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is used all across the research life cycle."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_fairsoftware/definition.png","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"definition of Research Software from the FAIR4RS working group"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A definition of research software, from the FAIR4RS working group.\nIt is important that not all software that is used in research is research software.\nFor example, a text editor that is used to write a paper is not research software.\nNor is powerpoint, a web browser, or the software used to guide the telescope.\nEven tools like R or Python are not necessarily research software.\nThe code written in R or Python for an analysis would be research software, however.\nJust like a custom-made Excel macro that is used to analyse data.\nOr a custom-made web application that is used to collect data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"why-the-distinction"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why the distinction?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research software is an important asset and output of research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Enable proper attribution"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Increase Findability and Reuse"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The distinction is important"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is an important part of research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Not all software used in research is research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It is important to regard research software in the whole research lifecycle"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo","depth":2,"text":"Ceci n'est pas une photo"},{"id":"the-research-lifecycle","depth":2,"text":"The research lifecycle"},{"id":"why-the-distinction","depth":2,"text":"Why the distinction?"},{"id":"take-home-messages","depth":2,"text":"Take home messages"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:slides-researchsoftware.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/slides-researchsoftware.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/slides-software","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"What is software?","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"what-is-software"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What is software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Computer scientist: "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Software is just data\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_researchsoftware/bits_heart.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@swimstaralex?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Alexander Sinn"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/a-heart-is-shown-on-a-computer-screen-KgLtFCgfC28?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nInside the computer, software is just some type of data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-data-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is ..."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"stored as bits"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"read, loaded and processed"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"can be input, and can be output"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... just like all other data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware is stored as bits and read from disk, loaded into memory and processed in exactly the same way as other data. Software can be input, and software can be output."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-not-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is "},{"type":"element","tag":"u","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Everyone but computer scientists: "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Software is not data\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"stories/_researchsoftware/tools.jpg","width":"55%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Photo by "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/@barnimages?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Barn Images"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://unsplash.com/photos/assorted-handheld-tools-in-tool-rack-t5YUoHW6zRo?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unsplash"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nFor all other practical purposes it is often helpful to make a distinction between software and other data.\nSoftware is a tool, while data is the material that you use the tool on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-is-not-data-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is "},{"type":"element","tag":"u","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is..."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"complex"}]},{"type":"text","value":": code is creatively generated, interconnected and multi-layered"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"interdependent"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it builds upon and therefore depends on other software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"executable"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it is not static, but can be run (to process data)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dynamic"}]},{"type":"text","value":": it can (and will) break soon, needs to be updated"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWhile technically, software is a special kind of data (in that it is representation of information in a digital state), they are in essence quite different."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software and data both are digital objects, sharing certain characteristics: they can be assigned a DOI, and they can have a license."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is quite different from data, however. Consider:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Complexity; it is not a single file, but a collection of files that are interconnected and multi-layered, and do not necessarily stand on their own. Software is also the result of a creative process that provides a tool to do something, and not the result of a measurement or observation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Interdependence; software is often built using other software, and rarely built completely from scratch. This makes it dependent on other existing applications, which themselves may also change over time."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Executability; software is in its dryest form a set of instructions that can be an archive of a procedure. However, the main goal of software is that these instructions can be executed. Data, by contrast, stand on their own."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Dynamic vs static; its interdependence and context-dependency drives software to require maintenance to retain its value, and this maintenance is not straightforward. Maintenance is also counter to academic culture; it does not fit in existing structures (both in terms of reward/recognition, but also in terms of funding and understanding of what is needed). Versioning of software is very common, while data is often static (though versions may happen)."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-vs-data-management"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software vs data management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"living thing"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some FAIR data management practices apply to software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Many FAIR principles do not apply easily to software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Good data management will not ensure good software management"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe different nature of software also provides opportunities but also requires extra thought on its management.\nSoftware is a living thing, and therefore it is easier to adopt good practices early on.\nCrucially, there is a community driven openness in software that long predates the open science movement.\nThis is not to say that software is inherently open, but that there is a broad open culture, which also comes with existing tools and pathways to facilitate openness and transparency.\nConsider GitHub (and other code hosting platforms), which are designed for this purpose.\nConsider also version control software, a good software development practice that builds in provenance."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a special kind of data"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Some FAIR data management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Wee need extra and different techniques for software management"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"http://www.esciencecenter.nl","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"www.esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"mailto:info@esciencecenter.nl"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"info@esciencecenter.nl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"020 - 460 47 70"}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-is-data","depth":2,"text":"Software is data"},{"id":"software-is-data-1","depth":2,"text":"Software is data"},{"id":"software-is-not-data","depth":2,"text":"Software is not data"},{"id":"software-is-not-data-1","depth":2,"text":"Software is not data"},{"id":"software-vs-data-management","depth":2,"text":"Software vs data management"},{"id":"take-home-messages","depth":2,"text":"Take home messages"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:slides-software.pmd","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/slides-software.pmd","_extension":"pmd"},{"_path":"/modules/researchsoftware/software-and-data","_dir":"researchsoftware","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software is data","description":"","type":"reading","order":6,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-is-data-10-minutes-optional"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is data (10 minutes, optional)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In computer science, the fact that software is data is considered one of the fundamental concepts of computing. The fact that the thing that operates the machine (software) is the same kind of thing as the thing it operates on (data) is definitely one of the strengths of current computersystems and one of the main reasons why we can do such complex and powerful things with the combination of hardware and software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Read the following blogpost about why this concept is so powerful:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.blackliszt.com/2014/04/fundamental-concepts-of-computing-software-is-data.html","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://www.blackliszt.com/2014/04/fundamental-concepts-of-computing-software-is-data.html"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-is-a-special-type-of-data"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a special type of data ()"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"However for most practical purposes in most domains of scientific research (except maybe the domain of computer science) it is useful to make a distinction between the data that is software and other data. From now on, when we use the word data, we mean the kind fo data which is not software and which we use to store more static information."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is executable, data is not."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Data provides information or evidence, software provides a tool to do work on the data."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is a creative work, scientific data are facts or observations."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The lifetime of software is generally not as long as that of data."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://github.com/danielskatz/software-vs-data","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://github.com/danielskatz/software-vs-data"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2630v1","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2630v1"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"discussion"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Discussion"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Can you think of examples where the line between software and data becomes fuzzy?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-is-data-10-minutes-optional","depth":3,"text":"Software is data (10 minutes, optional)"},{"id":"software-is-a-special-type-of-data","depth":3,"text":"Software is a special type of data ()"},{"id":"discussion","depth":3,"text":"Discussion"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:researchsoftware:software-and-data.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/researchsoftware/software-and-data.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/exercise1","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 1","description":"","type":"exercise","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 1"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-management-plans-10-minutes"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plans (10 minutes)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research software plays a crucial role in academic research and has become a key output of many research projects. A software management plan helps to implement best practices during software development and ensures that software is accessible and reusable in the short and longer term. It also contributes to the reproducibility of results and stimulates collaborative work on open-source software for research."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In practice, a software management plan helps:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess whether developing new software is necessary"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan to make the research software reusable and sustainable"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan for necessary resources"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Allow for verification of work that went into implementation"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In the Practical Guide to Software Management plans, this is described in more detail:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/record/7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A practical guide to software management plans"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"After reading this guide, you should:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Be aware of different types of research software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understand different demands placed on these types of software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Know about various aspects of software management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Be able to explain the importance of a software management plan for software sustainability."}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-management-plans-10-minutes","depth":2,"text":"Software Management Plans (10 minutes)"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:smp:exercise1.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/smp/exercise1.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/exercise2","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 2","description":"In a live setting, this exercise is done in groups.\nEach group will be assigned a software project.\nThe group will then create an SMP for this project.","type":"exercise","order":3,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-2"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 2"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In a live setting, this exercise is done in groups.\nEach group will be assigned a software project.\nThe group will then create an SMP for this project."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"step-1-choose-a-software-project"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Step 1: Choose a software project"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Choose a software project for this exercise, preferably one you are familiar with."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"If you don't have a project in mind, you can use one of the following:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/software/xenon","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Xenon"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/software/esmvaltool","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ESMValTool"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/projects/rs-dat","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"RS-DAT"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://research-software-directory.org/software/haddock3","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Haddock"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://cjvanlissa.github.io/worcs/index.html","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"worcs"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Find the Practical Guide at "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tinyurl.com/SMP-guide"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"step-2-assess-the-management-level-needed"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Step 2: Assess the management level needed"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Look at the software repository or page in the Research Software Directory"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess what level of management the software needs: low, medium, or high."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"For this, use the following considerations (section 5 in "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"the guide"}]},{"type":"text","value":"):"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ol","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":". What is the current reason or expected end-use for developing the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":". The effect of software failure and/or non-maintenance on:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Risk of harm to self or others. This includes injury, privacy violation, bias, and inappropriate content."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reputation. For example to self, institution or other."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Research, either your own or of others. This effect could be due to an obvious software failure (\"crash\") or a hidden one, for example, returning inconsistent numerical results on different operating systems."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":". The long-term effort needed to maintain the software as long as it might be used as a standalone tool or dependency. This includes maintenance functions that can extend beyond the lifespan of the original development project and includes fixing bugs, dependency management, operating system compatibility, and security issues."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This may not be a clear-cut decision, but that is fine.\nThe goal is to get a sense of the level of management needed.\nDiscuss with your group and come to a consensus."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"step-3-fill-in-the-smp-template"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Step 3: Fill in the SMP template"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"From the assessment made in Step 1, get the requirements that match the level of management needed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Copy a template, and fill it in for your software project."}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"step-1-choose-a-software-project","depth":2,"text":"Step 1: Choose a software project"},{"id":"step-2-assess-the-management-level-needed","depth":2,"text":"Step 2: Assess the management level needed"},{"id":"step-3-fill-in-the-smp-template","depth":2,"text":"Step 3: Fill in the SMP template"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:smp:exercise2.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/smp/exercise2.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/exercise3","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 3","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-vs-fair"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP vs FAIR"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"why-do-we-care"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why do we care?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"When thinking of the importance of good software stewardship, management, and development practice, many reasons and motivations come to mind.\nYou may think of:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Accuracy of results"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reproducibility of results"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reusability of software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"User friendliness of software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software quality"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Recognition and rewards for software developers"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Scholarly archive"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software sustainability"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are the reasons and motivations that come to mind for you?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"mapping-motivations"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mapping motivations"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"NB:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" If you are not yet familiar with the FAIR principles for research software, "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"/modules/fairsoftware.md"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"take a look at the chapter on FAIR software"}]},{"type":"text","value":" before doing the following exercise.)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The motivations we listed above were important considerations for the development of Software Management Plans as well as the FAIR principles for research software.\nThey do not match completely, however.\nEach has its own focus and emphasis."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In the following exercise, we will map the motivations we listed above to the ultimate goals of SMPs and the FAIR principles."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Draw a Venn diagram with two circles: SMP and FAIR:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"/modules/smp/media/venn_fairsmp.png","width":400,"style":{"aspectRatio":"2124/1362"}},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Map the motivations listed above to the Venn diagram."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Which motivations are covered by SMPs, which by FAIR, and which by both?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Do you find any motivations that are not covered by either?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What does this tell you about the relationship between SMPs and FAIR?"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"smp-vs-fair","depth":2,"text":"SMP vs FAIR","children":[{"id":"why-do-we-care","depth":3,"text":"Why do we care?"},{"id":"mapping-motivations","depth":3,"text":"Mapping 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"},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://zenodo.org/records/7589725","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Practical guide to Software Management Plans"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-sustainability-institute"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Sustainability Institute"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Read in SSI Resources Hub about "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://www.software.ac.uk/guide/writing-and-using-software-management-plan","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Writing and using a software management plan"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"overview-of-practical-guides"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Overview of practical guides"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"There are various practical guides online to the different aspects of software 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licensing"}]},{"type":"text","value":" and "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://the-turing-way.netlify.app/reproducible-research/licensing/licensing-compatibility.html","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"compatibility"}]}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"software-management-plans","depth":2,"text":"Software Management Plans","children":[{"id":"zenodo","depth":3,"text":"Zenodo"},{"id":"software-sustainability-institute","depth":3,"text":"Software Sustainability Institute"}]},{"id":"overview-of-practical-guides","depth":2,"text":"Overview of practical guides"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:smp:reading.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/smp/reading.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/smp/slides-smp","_dir":"smp","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software Management Plans","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"software-management-plans"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plans"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"mapping-the-via-appia"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mapping the Via Appia"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"Mapping the Via Appia","src":"media/viaappia.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe Via Appia was the most important road in the Roman Empire, connecting Rome to Brindisi in the south of Italy, spanning a distance of 540km.\nIt was used for military purposes, but also for trade and travel.\nThe Via Appia was built in 312 BC, and used for 600 years, until the fall of the Roman Empire."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The eScience Center participated in a project to map the Via Appia. Using a combination of satellite imagery and ground-based measurements, the project created a 3D model of the road. The model was used to study the road and its surroundings."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In this project, research software was used to process the satellite imagery and the ground-based measurements, and combine them into a 3D model of the Via Appia."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"the-research-life-cycle"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The research life cycle"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/researchcycle.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nAll over the research life cycle we can find examples of software created for research.\nSome are more straightforward than others:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Planning: to design experiments"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Collecting: to collect data, to control instruments, to run simulations"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Analysing: to analyse data, to generate models"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"reuse-reproduce"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reuse & reproduce"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Both reusability and reproducibility are important values in research software:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reproducibility"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is an integral part of the research process"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reusability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" allows building upon existing software"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"For both, we need to be able to "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"find"}]},{"type":"text","value":", "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"access"}]},{"type":"text","value":", "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"use"}]},{"type":"text","value":", and "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"understand"}]},{"type":"text","value":" software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nReproducibility of research allows validation of its findings, and is therefore vital in building a solid foundation for scientific progress.\nWe can only truly build upon existing research if we can reproduce its results."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"When software has been used in research, this has enormous potential to facilitate the research reproducibility.\nHowever, it also comes with its own particular challenges: software reproducibility is not always straightforward."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An additional feature of software, is that it may be a product on its own, and can be reused by others.\nThis is a great opportunity to build on our collective knowledge and tools, and to avoid reinventing the wheel."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ensuring that the software is findable, accessible, usable and understandable is key to both reproducibility and reusability."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"Software Needs Maintenance","src":"media/maintenance.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware and code have some unique features.\nOne particular feature is that they depend on other software, and on the environment in which they are run.\nThis means that it requires maintenance and updates to keep it functional, as the environments around it change.\nThis is called software sustainability."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"overview"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Overview"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plan: what and why?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Aspects of software management"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Different needs for different software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP template examples"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThis presentation will introduce you to the concept of software management plans, as a first step towards better software stewardship and sustainability.\nWe will look at different aspects of good software managements, as well as different needs for different types of software.\nFinally, we will take a look at some concrete examples of software management plans."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h3","props":{"id":"software-management-plan-smp"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software Management Plan (SMP)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Building on the success of Data Management Plans (DMPs)"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"A document detailing how research software will be managed\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What does it do?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who is it for?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What resources does it need?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who is responsible?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How long will it be available?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Can be part of a project proposal, or generated in the early phases"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware management plans (SMPs) are inspired by the earlier adopted data management plans.\nIn these documents, often created at or before the start of a project, plans and explicit decisions are made about various aspects around the management of these digital objects.\nThey are increasingly required by funders and institutions."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In an SMP it is explicitly stated what the software aims to do, who its target audience is, and what resources it is expected to need.\nIt also addresses the intended lifespan, and allocates responsibility: who makes releases? Who maintains the software at the end of the project, and if so for how long?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"why-use-an-smp"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Why use an SMP?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Make technical choices explicit"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan for necessary resources"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess whether new software is really needed"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Clarity early on helps to avoid problems later"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWith an SMP, you make explicit plans and decisions in an early stage.\nThe SMP provides the team with structured, relevant questions early on, with the aim to maximize the accessibility, reusability, and impact of the software in question.\nThis supports good software management practices, and it makes sure they are known to the researchers involved."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"More specifically, in an SMP you:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Make explicit technical choices. For example, what programming language will be used? What operating system will be supported?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan for necessary resources; be they financial, human, infrastructure or other."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Assess whether new software is really needed; explore whether existing software can be reused, and to what extent;"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"These are issues that arise during software development anyway, but all too often are not explicitly dealt with.\nBy tackling them early, a conscious decision can be made rather than needing to deal with consequences of implicit choices.\nResource planning moreover is vital for the sustainability of the software.\nFinally, the SMP will allow later verification of plans in a publicly funded project."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/smpguide.png","width":"50%"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7038280","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7038280"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nTo get started on creating a Software Management Plan, this practical guide has been created by NWO and the Netherlands eScience Center.\nIts first version was released in August of 2022, but it has since been, and will continue to be, updated.\nAll past versions and the latest release are available on Zenodo via this DOI."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/groupedrequirements.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nIn the practical guide, the core requirements for an SMP are listed, and grouped into four categories."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Focusing on the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"engineering"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the guide asks about version control, packaging, testing, and software quality."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Focusing on "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the guide discusses documentation needs for users, developers, and for deployment specifically."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Focusing on "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"project management"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the guide addresses licensing, maintenance, resources, the project repository, and a risk analysis."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Finally, the guide asks about the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/purpose.png","width":"40%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What problem does it solve?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Who is the intended audience?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What are its advantages and limitations?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe software's purpose is a central question in the SMP."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It is important to be clear about the problem it addresses, and who the software is aimed at.\nAddressing the limitations of the software, as well as the advantages it will provide, help determine its scope.\nThis will help the developers focus on the specific needs of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/engineering.png","width":"30%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What version control will you use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will you test the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will the project be organized or packaged?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will you manage code quality?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nOn the engineering focus, several specific areas are addressed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Version control"}]},{"type":"text","value":" has a myriad of benefits: it allows keeping track of history and provenance, can support experimentation and collaboration, and is crucial for the identification of specific versions of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Testing"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ensures that software continues to work as intended.\nThere are many different approaches to this: units of code can be tested in unit tests; entire workflows can be verified in integration tests; acceptance tests can be created to ensure specific requirements are met; regression testing can be done to ensure new changes do not break existing functionality; and so on.\nDeciding whether and if so what testing will be implemented is an important element of the SMP."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Packaging"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is important for the distribution of software.\nThe format in which the software will be distributed is an important decision that should be made early on."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Code quality"}]},{"type":"text","value":" should be addressed: what standards will be adhered to, and how will they be measured and supported?\nThere are many tools that can help with this, and it is important to choose them early on to maintain consistent code quality throughout the project."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/documentation.png","width":"30%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What documentation will you provide\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for users?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for developers?"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will you manage system requirements (e.g. dependencies)?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nDocumentation is an important component of software, and should be tailored to different audiences."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"user documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":", the software's function should be explained, and instructions on how to use it should be provided."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"In "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"developer documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":", instructions on how to modify the software, and how to contribute to the project should be provided."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Deployment documentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":" explains any system requirements (such as dependencies) for deploying the software, and installation and testing instructions."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/projectmanagement.png","width":"30%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What license will you use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How will the software be maintained? For how long?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"How should the software be cited?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What repository(ies) will you use?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What resources will you need?\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e.g. infrastructure, personnel, training, hardware..."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What risks and challenges do you foresee?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe project management focus is broad, and addresses various conditions for the software's long-term sustainability and re-use."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Any reusable software should have an appropriate "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"license"}]},{"type":"text","value":", which is an important early decision."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of the software should be addressed in an SMP: who will maintain it, and for how long?\nHow and when will it be retired?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Plan the "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"citation"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of the software: how will you collect information about its use? What DOI will you use for this?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"repository"}]},{"type":"text","value":" where the software will be deposited is preferably publicly accessible, and should allow users to obtain a functional copy of the software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"What "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"resources"}]},{"type":"text","value":" — human, infrastructure, financial - will be needed, and when?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Finally, a "},{"type":"element","tag":"em","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"risk analysis"}]},{"type":"text","value":" should be performed: for instance, are there privacy or security concerns? Is there potential for vendor lock, or other considerations for future reliability and reuse?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-template"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP template"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Should be provided by the institution"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include guidance:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Instructions on how to fill it out"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Resources for information and support"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Institution-specific regulations"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Institution-specific resources available"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Include an assessment rubric (e.g. with (un)acceptable answers)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nThe Software Management Plan template is a duty of the institution.\nA good SMP includes guidance on how to fill it out, including institution-specific regulations and resources."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An assessment rubric should accompany the template, indicating per question or focus what conditions need to be met, and which answers are (un)acceptable."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"not-all-software-is-equal"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Not all software is equal"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"alt":"","src":"media/softwarespectrum.png"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nIt is important to realize when making an SMP, that research software comes in many shapes and sizes."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An ad-hoc R script written by a PhD student to analyse data from a specific machine, is research software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"It can also be a multinational collaboration to develop a tool that is used by thousands of researchers worldwide."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Different software has different needs, but there are common principles in managing them and ensuring their sustainability."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The diversity of research software does mean that not all requirements apply to every type of software.\nTo address this, we can subset the core requirements to create different SMP templates tailored to software with different management needs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The SMP Guide distinguishes software with low, medium, and high management needs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-level-low"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP level: low"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Single purpose scripts"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Developer is the primary user"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Performs limited function:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Analyses a single experiment or dataset"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Automates a routine task"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware with low management requirements is defined by its limited function: it performs a single analysis or automates a routine task.\nIts "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is typically limited to a specific experiment, and the developer is the primary user."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of this type of software is usually easy to assess: the output can be visually inspected, or tested with a limited set of inputs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of this type of software is usually limited to the duration of the project in which it was developed.\nIt is not intended to be used by others, and therefore its influence beyond the scope for which it was intended is likely small."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Best practices during development (e.g. version control), as well as measures to enable its reuse (documentation, versioning, archiving) are appropriate and recommended.\nThey are however not requirements, nor is long term maintenance planning necessary."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-level-medium"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP level: medium"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Primary or secondary output of a research project"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Adds a library or module to existing tool, or even works standalone"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Unique functionality that will be reused\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Implements a new or higher performance algorithm"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Simulation software implementing a new model or method"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nSoftware requiring "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"medium"}]},{"type":"text","value":" management, is defined as software that is the primary or secondary output of a research project."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Its original "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is typically limited to a single research project, but incorporates functionality that may be of use to others, either as a standalone tool, library, or module in an existing tool."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is more difficult to assess due to its increased complexity, but it is also also more important: this software likely has an effect on other research outside of the original project.\nGood software practices such as version control and user/technical documentation are therefore essential here.\nMore advanced requirements, such as code auditing, automated testing, software packaging, and distribution also need to be considered."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"This software's longer term "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is relevant as it will have a lifespan longer than the project in which it was developed.\nSoftware management planning should include providing information on archiving and citation as well as strategies for post-project maintenance and support."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"smp-level-high"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SMP level: high"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mission critical software"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"High standards required for reliability"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Absence or replacement of the software would threaten research"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software that is continually in use:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Preprocessing data coming from a telescope"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Controlling a medical device"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\n"},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"High"}]},{"type":"text","value":" management software is defined as mission critical software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Its "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is to perform a critical function, and its absence or replacement would threaten the research."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"The "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":" of this software is of utmost importance, and all possible actions should be taken to ensure it."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Its "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":" is not limited to the duration of the project in which it was developed, but should be maintained as long as it is in use.\nThus, maintenance strategies, including funding and/or community development plans, should be in place."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"making-that-call"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Making that call"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Purpose"}]},{"type":"text","value":": what is the reason or expected end-use for the software?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Reliability"}]},{"type":"text","value":": what is the effect of software failure and/or non-maintenance?"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maintenance"}]},{"type":"text","value":": what is the long-term effort needed to maintain the software?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Check the Practical Guide: "},{"type":"element","tag":"a","props":{"href":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7038280","rel":["nofollow"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7038280"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nDeciding what level of management, and therefore which SMP template, is appropriate for a specific software project, is not always straightforward.\nThe practical guide provides some guidance on how to make this decision.\nAddressing what purpose the software serves, how reliable it needs to be, and what efforts will be required for its longer term maintenance, will help determine the appropriate level of management."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"center","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"img","props":{"src":"media/threelevels.png","width":"60%"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Note:\nWith a specific level of management in mind, the core requirements that are relevant for this software's management can be determined.\nThe practical guide provides a clear overview of this."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"take-home-messages"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Take home messages"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"ul","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software is found in all stages of the research 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questions:","type":"exercise","order":2,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-1"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 1"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Choose an alternative that correctly answers the following questions:"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.1 What is software testing?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a) A method for evaluating a software's compatibility with different operating systems."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"b) The process of releasing updates and patches for software."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c) The process of verifying and validating that a software meets the required specifications and works as intended."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"d) A step in the software lifecycle focused on community engagement and feedback."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e) The practice of documenting software functionalities."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.2 Why is software testing important?"}]}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a) To build and maintain the community's trust by demonstrating commitment to quality."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"b) To identify and fix bugs, ensure the software meets required standards, and assess its reliability and reproducibility."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c) To design the software's user interface and graphics."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"d) To accelerate the overall software development process."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e) To facilitate easier collaboration among developers."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tag":"strong","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"answers:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1.1 c)\n1.2 The most obvious answer is b), but in fact all answers except c) are 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Style of testing that focuses on retesting after changes are made. The results of tests after the changes are compared to the results before, and errors are raised if these are different. The purpose of this test is to ensure that changes (enhancements or defect fixes) to the software have not adversely affected it."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"B. A level of the software testing process where the complete, integrated system is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate whether the system as a whole gives the correct outputs for given inputs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"C. Very brief initial checks that ensure the basic units required to run the software can be initialized. If these fail there is no point proceeding to additional levels of testing until they are fixed."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"D. 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When two or more units are ready, they are assembled and integration testing is performed, for example a test to check the cap fits on the body. When the complete pen is integrated, system testing is performed to check it can be used to write like any pen should."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" correct answers: 1.C., 2.E., 3.D., 4.B., and 5.A "}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[{"id":"instructions","depth":2,"text":"Instructions","children":[{"id":"column-a","depth":3,"text":"Column A"},{"id":"column-b","depth":3,"text":"Column B"}]},{"id":"answers","depth":2,"text":"Answers"},{"id":"hint","depth":2,"text":"Hint"}]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:testing:exercise2.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/testing/exercise2.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/testing/exercise3","_dir":"testing","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Exercise 3","description":"","type":"exercise","order":4,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"h1","props":{"id":"exercise-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exercise 3"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"scenario"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Scenario"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"You are part of a research team working on a complex simulation software that models climate change. The software is developed collaboratively by a diverse group of scientists, each contributing to different modules (e.g., ocean temperature modeling, atmospheric chemistry, etc.). The team has faced issues with code integration, where new contributions occasionally break existing functionalities or cause unexpected results, leading to delays in their research. 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workload."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c) Continuous Integration is a development practice where team members frequently integrate their work, often several times a day, to detect and fix integration issues early, thereby improving collaboration and code quality."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"d) Continuous Integration is a method where team members manually review each other's code at the end of each day, ensuring that the code meets quality standards and is ready for client presentation."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"e) Continuous Integration refers to the continuous updating of software to incorporate user feedback and new features, ensuring the software evolves to meet user needs."}]},{"type":"element","tag":"p","props":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tag":"small","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" correct answer: c) 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testing"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Understand the types of tests and what info they convey"}]},{"type":"element","tag":"li","props":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Get familiar with the idea of continuous integration and its importance"}]}]}],"toc":{"title":"","searchDepth":2,"depth":2,"links":[]}},"_type":"markdown","_id":"local_fs:modules:testing:info.md","_source":"local_fs","_file":"modules/testing/info.md","_extension":"md"},{"_path":"/modules/testing/presentation","_dir":"testing","_draft":false,"_partial":false,"_locale":"","title":"Software Testing","description":"","type":"slides","order":1,"body":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tag":"hr","props":{},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tag":"h2","props":{"id":"software-testing"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Software 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Contributing to the Research Software Support

In the Research Software Support modules we want to provide a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of research software support. + + +

Contributing to the Research Software Support

In the Research Software Support modules we want to provide a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of research software support. This, as you can imagine, is no easy feat, and we need your help! So first of all, thank you very much for your interest in contributing to this project.

What can I do?

Go to our github repository by clicking on the GitHub logo in the top right of this website.

- \ No newline at end of file +
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    Module: citation

    The CITATION.cff file

    To facilitate the citation of scientific software, a group of software developers, researchers, and publishers have come together to develop the CITATION.cff format. A CITATION.cff file is a lightweight, machine-readable file that provides information about the software, its creators, and how it should be cited. This file can be included in the software, and should be easy to find and access.

    There are even nice integrations with GitHub and Zenodo.

    Here is an example of a CITATION.cff file:

    cff-version: 1.2.0
    +

    Module: citation

    The CITATION.cff file

    To facilitate the citation of scientific software, a group of software developers, researchers, and publishers have come together to develop the CITATION.cff format. A CITATION.cff file is a lightweight, machine-readable file that provides information about the software, its creators, and how it should be cited. This file can be included in the software, and should be easy to find and access.

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     message: "If you use this software, please cite it as below."
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    @@ -48,5 +48,5 @@
       - type: doi
         value: 10.5281/zenodo.1234
     date-released: 2021-08-11
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    Module: citation

    Exercise: Which software should I cite?

    Suppose you are writing a paper on your latest research and are putting together the reference list. During your research you have used all the software mentioned below.

    • Ubuntu - Operating System ()
    • Microsoft word - text editor (used to write the paper, take notes)
    • Git - Version control software ()
    • Numpy - Python math library (used in nearly all python-based research software)
    • ESMValTool - Diagnostic tool/library for Earth System Models (Used in many climate research projects)
    • ClimAnal - Your own domain specific python library (defines various analytical functions that you used in your climate research)
    • The original code on which you based your library ClimAnal
    • Your own local python script, used to execute the analysis

    Which software would you cite and which not? Why?

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: citation

    Exercise: Which software should I cite?

    Suppose you are writing a paper on your latest research and are putting together the reference list. During your research you have used all the software mentioned below.

    • Ubuntu - Operating System ()
    • Microsoft word - text editor (used to write the paper, take notes)
    • Git - Version control software ()
    • Numpy - Python math library (used in nearly all python-based research software)
    • ESMValTool - Diagnostic tool/library for Earth System Models (Used in many climate research projects)
    • ClimAnal - Your own domain specific python library (defines various analytical functions that you used in your climate research)
    • The original code on which you based your library ClimAnal
    • Your own local python script, used to execute the analysis

    Which software would you cite and which not? Why?

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    Module: citation

    Citing software

    Software has become a crucial part of scientific research, yet it is not cited or credited as often and as easily as traditional research outputs. However, it is important to properly cite software, for many reasons, among which:

    Understanding Research Fields: Software is a product of research, and by not citing it, we leave holes in the record of research of progress in those fields.

    Recognition: Academic researchers at all levels, including students, postdocs, faculty, and staff, should be credited for the software products they develop and contribute to, particularly when those products enable or further research done by others. Non-academic researchers should also be credited for their software work, though the specific forms of credit are different than for academic researchers. Furthermore, citations can be tracked, which allows for more accurate assessment of the software's impact: who uses it, and what projects does it contribute to?

    Discovering Software: Citations enable the specific software used in a research product to be found. Additional researchers can then use the same software for different purposes, leading to credit for those responsible for the software.

    Reproducibility: Citation of specific software used is a crucial step in allowing other researchers to reproduce your results, although it is not sufficient. Additional information such as configurations and platform issues are also needed. Accurate information about the software — and its version! — used in your research is necessary for others to obtain and use the same software, making it easier to validate and build upon your research.

    In this module, we will further illustrate the importance of software citation, and we will demonstrate how scientific software can be cited, and how to facilitate this as the author of scientific software. Here, you will be introduced to the file type CITATION.cff, which was developed especially for this purpose. -:::

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: citation

    Citing software

    Software has become a crucial part of scientific research, yet it is not cited or credited as often and as easily as traditional research outputs. However, it is important to properly cite software, for many reasons, among which:

    Understanding Research Fields: Software is a product of research, and by not citing it, we leave holes in the record of research of progress in those fields.

    Recognition: Academic researchers at all levels, including students, postdocs, faculty, and staff, should be credited for the software products they develop and contribute to, particularly when those products enable or further research done by others. Non-academic researchers should also be credited for their software work, though the specific forms of credit are different than for academic researchers. Furthermore, citations can be tracked, which allows for more accurate assessment of the software's impact: who uses it, and what projects does it contribute to?

    Discovering Software: Citations enable the specific software used in a research product to be found. Additional researchers can then use the same software for different purposes, leading to credit for those responsible for the software.

    Reproducibility: Citation of specific software used is a crucial step in allowing other researchers to reproduce your results, although it is not sufficient. Additional information such as configurations and platform issues are also needed. Accurate information about the software — and its version! — used in your research is necessary for others to obtain and use the same software, making it easier to validate and build upon your research.

    In this module, we will further illustrate the importance of software citation, and we will demonstrate how scientific software can be cited, and how to facilitate this as the author of scientific software. Here, you will be introduced to the file type CITATION.cff, which was developed especially for this purpose. +:::

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    Module: citation

    The FORCE11 working group published the Software Citation Principles

    The principles

    Importance: Software should be considered a legitimate and citable product of research. Software citations should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such as publications and data; they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the reference list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated. Software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book, that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers.

    Credit and Attribution: Software citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative, legal attribution to all contributors to the software, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may not be applicable to all software.

    Unique Identification: A software citation should include a method for identification that is machine actionable, globally unique, interoperable, and recognized by at least a community of the corresponding domain experts, and preferably by general public researchers.

    Persistence: Unique identifiers and metadata describing the software and its disposition should persist – even beyond the lifespan of the software they describe.

    Accessibility: Software citations should facilitate access to the software itself and to its associated metadata, documentation, data, and other materials necessary for both humans and machines to make informed use of the referenced software.

    Specificity: Software citations should facilitate identification of, and access to, the specific version of software that was used. Software identification should be as specific as necessary, such as using version numbers, revision numbers, or variants such as platforms.

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: citation

    The FORCE11 working group published the Software Citation Principles

    The principles

    Importance: Software should be considered a legitimate and citable product of research. Software citations should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such as publications and data; they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the reference list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated. Software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book, that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers.

    Credit and Attribution: Software citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative, legal attribution to all contributors to the software, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may not be applicable to all software.

    Unique Identification: A software citation should include a method for identification that is machine actionable, globally unique, interoperable, and recognized by at least a community of the corresponding domain experts, and preferably by general public researchers.

    Persistence: Unique identifiers and metadata describing the software and its disposition should persist – even beyond the lifespan of the software they describe.

    Accessibility: Software citations should facilitate access to the software itself and to its associated metadata, documentation, data, and other materials necessary for both humans and machines to make informed use of the referenced software.

    Specificity: Software citations should facilitate identification of, and access to, the specific version of software that was used. Software identification should be as specific as necessary, such as using version numbers, revision numbers, or variants such as platforms.

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Should something be restructured?",{"title":7,"searchDepth":10,"depth":10,"links":372},[373],{"id":258,"depth":10,"text":261,"children":374},[375],{"id":269,"depth":207,"text":272},"local_fs:main:contribute.md","main/contribute.md",1715801014772] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/fairsoftware/exercise1/index.html b/modules/fairsoftware/exercise1/index.html index 0b7e0621..09d06970 100644 --- a/modules/fairsoftware/exercise1/index.html +++ b/modules/fairsoftware/exercise1/index.html @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ What is FAIR? - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + -

    Module: fairsoftware

    Exercise 1

    What is FAIR?

    FAIR principles (15 minutes)

    The FAIR principles are:

    • Findable
    • Accessible
    • Interoperable
    • Reusable

    They were originally introduced in this paper by Wilkinson et al.. +

    Module: fairsoftware

    Exercise 1

    What is FAIR?

    FAIR principles (15 minutes)

    The FAIR principles are:

    • Findable
    • Accessible
    • Interoperable
    • Reusable

    They were originally introduced in this paper by Wilkinson et al.. This paper is a good starting point to learn more about FAIR, but if you are already familiar with the concept, a quick skim of the paper should do. The most important take-away from this particular paper is the point that FAIR, while originally a data-specific concept, was designed with other digital objects in mind as well.

    FAIR software (10 minutes)

    To extend the FAIR principles to software, the FAIR 4 Research Software working group was formed. Their paper Introducing the FAIR principles for research software describes in more practical terms how FAIR can be applied to software.

    You should now be able to

    • Understand the different facets of FAIR
    • Be aware of the machine-actionable nature of FAIR
    • Get a feeling for additional challenges that software poses to FAIR

    FAIR software (20 minutes, optional)

    While the intepretation of the FAIR4RS working group has been the dominant set of principles since its publication, it was not the first attempt to apply FAIR to software. This paper by Anna Lena Lamprecht et al. was published a few years earlier, and also described an extension of the FAIR principles for software. The paper is a more elaborate in its descriptions of software, the different aspects of software, and how they are or are not addressed by FAIR. -It is a good read if you want to get a deeper understanding of software and its relation to the FAIR principles.

    Discussion

    • What are the differences between FAIR principles for data and software?
    • What challenges do you see in making software FAIR?
    • Why is FAIR software important?
    - \ No newline at end of file +It is a good read if you want to get a deeper understanding of software and its relation to the FAIR principles.

    Discussion

    • What are the differences between FAIR principles for data and software?
    • What challenges do you see in making software FAIR?
    • Why is FAIR software important?
    + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/fairsoftware/exercise2/_payload.json b/modules/fairsoftware/exercise2/_payload.json index d05ea83d..91cf1135 100644 --- a/modules/fairsoftware/exercise2/_payload.json +++ b/modules/fairsoftware/exercise2/_payload.json @@ -1 +1 @@ -[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":536},["Reactive",2],{"content-query-q85y8uYjRW":3,"content-query-AT44bg6JPw":374},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":7,"type":9,"order":10,"body":11,"_type":369,"_id":370,"_source":371,"_file":372,"_extension":373},"/modules/fairsoftware/exercise2","fairsoftware",false,"","Mapping the principles","exercise",3,{"type":12,"children":13,"toc":361},"root",[14,23,29,36,43,81,87,113,119,132,138,169,175,181,196,201,239,252,257,300,313,318,336,342,356],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":17,"children":19},"element","h1",{"id":18},"exercise-2",[20],{"type":21,"value":22},"text","Exercise 2",{"type":15,"tag":24,"props":25,"children":27},"h2",{"id":26},"mapping-the-principles",[28],{"type":21,"value":8},{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":31,"children":33},"h3",{"id":32},"the-fair4rs-principles-are",[34],{"type":21,"value":35},"The FAIR4RS Principles are:",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":38,"children":40},"h4",{"id":39},"f-software-and-its-associated-metadata-is-easy-for-both-humans-and-machines-to-find",[41],{"type":21,"value":42},"F: Software, and its associated metadata, is easy for both humans and machines to find.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":45,"children":46},"ul",{},[47,66,71,76],{"type":15,"tag":48,"props":49,"children":50},"li",{},[51,53],{"type":21,"value":52},"F1. 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    Module: fairsoftware

    Exercise 2

    Mapping the principles

    The FAIR4RS Principles are:

    F: Software, and its associated metadata, is easy for both humans and machines to find.

    • F1. Software is assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier. +

      Module: fairsoftware

      Exercise 2

      Mapping the principles

      The FAIR4RS Principles are:

      F: Software, and its associated metadata, is easy for both humans and machines to find.

      • F1. Software is assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier.
        • F1.1. Components of the software representing levels of granularity are assigned distinct identifiers.
        • F1.2. Different versions of the software are assigned distinct identifiers.
      • F2. Software is described with rich metadata.
      • F3. Metadata clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the software they describe.
      • F4. Metadata are FAIR, searchable and indexable.

      A: Software, and its metadata, is retrievable via standardised protocols.

      • A1. Software is retrievable by its identifier using a standardised communications protocol.
        • A1.1. The protocol is open, free, and universally implementable.
        • A1.2. The protocol allows for an authentication and authorization procedure, where necessary.
      • A2. Metadata are accessible, even when the software is no longer available.

      I: Software interoperates with other software by exchanging data and/or metadata, and/or through interaction via application programming interfaces (APIs), described through standards.

      • I1. Software reads, writes and exchanges data in a way that meets domain-relevant community standards.
      • I2. Software includes qualified references to other objects.

      R: Software is both usable (can be executed) and reusable (can be understood, modified, built upon, or incorporated into other software).

      • R1. Software is described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attributes.
        • R1.1. Software is given a clear and accessible license.
        • R1.2. Software is associated with detailed provenance.
      • R2. Software includes qualified references to other software.
      • R3. Software meets domain-relevant community standards.

      Three examples

      The following three examples of software have been described with statements that can be mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles. With each statement, identify the principle(s) it maps to, and the (sub)facet(s) of the principle(s) it addresses. A single statement may map to multiple (sub)facets.

      Example 1: Comet

      Comet is a command-line tool and desktop application for tandem mass spectrometry sequence database search6.

      • Comet is licensed under the Apache 2.0 open source licence.
      • Comet is registered in the bio.tools catalogue of bioinformatics tools, where it has a globally unique and persistent identifier, and rich metadata that includes the identifier and is searchable and indexable.
      • The metadata in bio.tools is independent from the Comet repository, and will stay accessible should the software itself become inaccessible.
      • The publicly accessible project repository on GitHub includes detailed information about the development of Comet.
      • The code includes dependencies to external software packages, such as Thermo Scientific’s MSFileReader library.
      • Comet can be downloaded via the browser following the links provided in the metadata using https.
      • Comet uses standard data types from the proteomics domain for its input and output data that are documented in the metadata as functional annotations.

      Example 2: PureGoMe

      PuReGoMe is a project aimed at understanding Dutch public sentiment during the COVID-19 outbreak period by analysing real-time Twitter data. It provides a collection of Python scripts and Jupyter notebooks for this purpose.

      • PureGoMe can be downloaded from the project repository, while metadata is accessible independently from the registry.
      • PuReGoMe's GitHub repository has detailed records of the development history.
      • The code includes dependencies to other software, such as various Python libraries.
      • PuReGoMe has a (versioned) DOI from Zenodo.
      • PuReGoMe uses the Apache 2.0 open source licence.
      • PuReGoMe uses standard file formats (e.g., CSV files) for data exchange.
      • PuReGoMe refers to other objects such as websites.
      • PureGoMe is registered in the Research Software Directory that captures the most relevant metadata, including the identifier, in searchable and indexable form.

      Example 3: gammaShiny

      gammaShiny is an application that provides enhanced graphical user interfaces for the R gamma package8. It is used to process in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry measurements for luminescence dating.

      • gammaShiny has been deposited in the HAL French national archive and it has a persistent globally unique identifier, with the HAL identifier of the metadata record and a SWHID, identifying specifically the software artefact on the Software Heritage universal software source code archive.
      • Thanks to the HAL platform, where a licence is mandatory, gammaShiny is under a GNU General Public Licence v3.0.
      • The archived versions of gammaShiny’s source code in Software Heritage include a codemeta.json file, identifiable with a SWHID, where other metadata is available including dependencies named in CodeMeta ("softwareRequirements").

      Do you agree?

      The examples were taken from this paper. -In the Results section of the paper you will find the authors' analysis of the software, which contains the statements above, mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles.

      Do you agree with their assessment?

      - \ No newline at end of file +In the Results section of the paper you will find the authors' analysis of the software, which contains the statements above, mapped to the FAIR4RS Principles.

      Do you agree with their assessment?

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    Module: fairsoftware

    Exercise 3

    FAIR in practice

    Role playing exercise: -One person presents the software, the other person gives feedback.

    Tasks for presenter:

    • What is the software about?
    • Who will use it?
    • What is the expected lifecycle of the software?
    • What potential users or applications are untapped?

    Tasks for reviewer:

    • Which FAIR principles are addressed?
    • How can the software be made more FAIR?
    • What would be the next step (low-hanging fruit)?

    Together:

    • Define the next steps for the software

    Goals:

    • Frame an assessment positively: always start with assessing the things that have been done that contribute to good management and FAIR software. This is crucial, as well as motivating.
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: fairsoftware

    Exercise 3

    FAIR in practice

    Role playing exercise: +One person presents the software, the other person gives feedback.

    Tasks for presenter:

    • What is the software about?
    • Who will use it?
    • What is the expected lifecycle of the software?
    • What potential users or applications are untapped?

    Tasks for reviewer:

    • Which FAIR principles are addressed?
    • How can the software be made more FAIR?
    • What would be the next step (low-hanging fruit)?

    Together:

    • Define the next steps for the software

    Goals:

    • Frame an assessment positively: always start with assessing the things that have been done that contribute to good management and FAIR software. This is crucial, as well as motivating.
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    FAIR Research Software Principles adoption

    The FAIR4RS Principles were released in 2022, and since then there have been many efforts for adopting them. +The blog post The FAIR for Research Software Principles after two years: an adoption update contains a summary of these efforts.

    + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware/_payload.json b/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware/_payload.json index 37b95e59..c23b3337 100644 --- a/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware/_payload.json +++ b/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware/_payload.json @@ -1 +1 @@ -[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1064},["Reactive",2],{"content-query-md0S2SJMLS":3,"content-query-AT44bg6JPw":901},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":7,"type":9,"order":10,"body":11,"_type":896,"_id":897,"_source":898,"_file":899,"_extension":900},"/modules/fairsoftware/slides-fairsoftware","fairsoftware",false,"","FAIR software","slides",1,{"type":12,"children":13,"toc":880},"root",[14,19,26,29,40,50,69,74,86,91,96,101,104,111,119,123,128,131,139,154,159,162,168,176,181,184,192,197,200,206,211,257,262,267,272,295,298,304,341,346,349,357,369,377,382,385,393,398,401,407,415,471,476,481,486,489,495,503,533,538,541,547,555,584,589,594,597,603,611,694,699,702,709,714,727,739,762,767,772,777,782,787,790,796,803,807,812,817,820,826,853,856,866,875],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":17,"children":18},"element","hr",{},[],{"type":15,"tag":20,"props":21,"children":23},"h1",{"id":22},"fair-software",[24],{"type":25,"value":8},"text",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":27,"children":28},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":31,"children":33},"h2",{"id":32},"ceci-nest-pas-une-photo",[34],{"type":15,"tag":35,"props":36,"children":37},"em",{},[38],{"type":25,"value":39},"Ceci n'est pas une photo",{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":42,"children":43},"center",{},[44],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":46,"children":49},"img",{"src":47,"width":48},"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/1280px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg","55%",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":52,"children":53},"p",{},[54],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":56,"children":57},"small",{},[58,67],{"type":15,"tag":59,"props":60,"children":64},"a",{"href":61,"rel":62},"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7",[63],"nofollow",[65],{"type":25,"value":66},"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al. 2019",{"type":25,"value":68}," (CC BY 3.0)",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":70,"children":71},{},[72],{"type":25,"value":73},"Note:",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":75,"children":76},{},[77,79,84],{"type":25,"value":78},"Software plays an important role in science. A first thought may be its role in data collection and analysis. Further, it may play a role in designing experiments, based on models generated. It may ",{"type":15,"tag":35,"props":80,"children":81},{},[82],{"type":25,"value":83},"be",{"type":25,"value":85}," the experiment itself, simulate a research outcome based on data or ideas entered; it may also be the \"brain\" behind controlling crucial instrumentation.",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":87,"children":88},{},[89],{"type":25,"value":90},"What scientific software can you think of?",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":92,"children":93},{},[94],{"type":25,"value":95},"What role does it play?",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":97,"children":98},{},[99],{"type":25,"value":100},"An example here: the Event Horizon Telescope, which took a \"picture\" of a black hole.\nThe \"telescope\" is not a single tool, but complex: a \"planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes\" (wikipedia).\nThe separate telescopes collect data that is synchronized with atomic clocks, and the data is combined at highly specialised supercomputers.\nThe data can be converted into an image using custom software.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":102,"children":103},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":105,"children":106},{},[107],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":108,"children":110},{"src":109,"width":48},"media/definition.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":112,"children":113},{},[114],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":115,"children":116},{},[117],{"type":25,"value":118},"definition of Research Software from the FAIR4RS working group",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":120,"children":121},{},[122],{"type":25,"value":73},{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":124,"children":125},{},[126],{"type":25,"value":127},"A definition of research software, from the FAIR4RS working group.\nIt is important that not all software that is used in research is research software.\nFor example, a text editor that is used to write a paper is not research software.\nNor is powerpoint, a web browser, or the software used to guide the telescope.\nEven tools like R or Python are not necessarily research software.\nThe code written in R or Python for an analysis would be research software, however.\nJust like a custom-made Excel macro that is used to analyse data.\nOr a custom-made web application that is used to collect data.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":129,"children":130},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":132,"children":133},{},[134],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":135,"children":138},{"src":136,"width":137},"media/unescoopenscience.png","50%",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":140,"children":141},{},[142],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":143,"children":144},{},[145,152],{"type":15,"tag":59,"props":146,"children":149},{"href":147,"rel":148},"https://creativecommons.org/2021/12/02/unesco-recommendation-on-open-science-ratified/",[63],[150],{"type":25,"value":151},"UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, 2021",{"type":25,"value":153}," (CC BY IGO 3.0)",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":155,"children":156},{},[157],{"type":25,"value":158},"Note:\nOpen Science encompasses many aspects of science.\nIt is a movement that aims to make science — which includes software — more open, transparent, and accessible.\nThis is supported by many organisations, including UNESCO.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":160,"children":161},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":163,"children":165},{"id":164},"the-fair-principles",[166],{"type":25,"value":167},"The FAIR principles",{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":169,"children":170},{},[171],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":172,"children":175},{"src":173,"width":174},"media/fair.png","60%",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":177,"children":178},{},[179],{"type":25,"value":180},"Note:\nthe FAIR principles standardize values that help openness, transparency, and accessibility.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":182,"children":183},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":185,"children":186},{},[187],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":188,"children":191},{"alt":189,"src":190},"screenshot Wilkinson 2016","media/fairwilkinson.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":193,"children":194},{},[195],{"type":25,"value":196},"Note:\nFAIR principles were originally designed for data, but are also applicable to software.\nDesigned also with other digital objects in mind, though actual description was data-specific.\nThis has been extended meanwhile.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":198,"children":199},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":201,"children":203},{"id":202},"software-is-not-data",[204],{"type":25,"value":205},"Software is not data",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":207,"children":208},{},[209],{"type":25,"value":210},"Software is...",{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":213,"children":214},"ul",{},[215,227,237,247],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":217,"children":218},"li",{},[219,225],{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":221,"children":222},"strong",{},[223],{"type":25,"value":224},"complex",{"type":25,"value":226},": code is creatively generated, interconnected and multi-layered",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":228,"children":229},{},[230,235],{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":231,"children":232},{},[233],{"type":25,"value":234},"interdependent",{"type":25,"value":236},": it builds upon and therefore depends on other software",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":238,"children":239},{},[240,245],{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":241,"children":242},{},[243],{"type":25,"value":244},"executable",{"type":25,"value":246},": it is not static, but can be run",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":248,"children":249},{},[250,255],{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":251,"children":252},{},[253],{"type":25,"value":254},"dynamic",{"type":25,"value":256},": it can break over time, and versioning is common",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":258,"children":259},{},[260],{"type":25,"value":261},"Note:\nWhile technically, software is a special kind of data (in that it is representation of information in a digital state), they are in essence quite different.",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":263,"children":264},{},[265],{"type":25,"value":266},"Software and data both are digital objects, sharing certain characteristics: they can be assigned a DOI, and they can have a license.",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":268,"children":269},{},[270],{"type":25,"value":271},"Software is quite different from data, however. Consider:",{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":273,"children":274},{},[275,280,285,290],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":276,"children":277},{},[278],{"type":25,"value":279},"Complexity; it is not a single file, but a collection of files that are interconnected and multi-layered, and do not necessarily stand on their own. Software is also the result of a creative process that provides a tool to do something, and not the result of a measurement or observation.",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":281,"children":282},{},[283],{"type":25,"value":284},"Interdependence; software is often built using other software, and rarely built completely from scratch. This makes it dependent on other existing applications, which themselves may also change over time.",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":286,"children":287},{},[288],{"type":25,"value":289},"Executability; software is in its dryest form a set of instructions that can be an archive of a procedure. However, the main goal of software is that these instructions can be executed. Data, by contrast, stand on their own.",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":291,"children":292},{},[293],{"type":25,"value":294},"Dynamic vs static; its interdependence and context-dependency drives software to require maintenance to retain its value, and this maintenance is not straightforward. Maintenance is also counter to academic culture; it does not fit in existing structures (both in terms of reward/recognition, but also in terms of funding and understanding of what is needed). Versioning of software is very common, while data is often static (though versions may happen).",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":296,"children":297},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":299,"children":301},{"id":300},"software-opportunities",[302],{"type":25,"value":303},"Software opportunities",{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":305,"children":306},{},[307,317,329],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":308,"children":309},{},[310,312],{"type":25,"value":311},"Software is a ",{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":313,"children":314},{},[315],{"type":25,"value":316},"living thing",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":318,"children":319},{},[320,322,327],{"type":25,"value":321},"Creative process allows for ",{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":323,"children":324},{},[325],{"type":25,"value":326},"early adoption",{"type":25,"value":328}," of good practices",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":330,"children":331},{},[332,334,339],{"type":25,"value":333},"Openness and transparency are ",{"type":15,"tag":220,"props":335,"children":336},{},[337],{"type":25,"value":338},"inherent",{"type":25,"value":340}," to software",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":342,"children":343},{},[344],{"type":25,"value":345},"Note:\nThe different nature of software also provides opportunities.\nSoftware is a living thing, and therefore it is easier to adopt good practices early on.\nCrucially, there is a community driven openness in software that long predates the open science movement.\nThis is not to say that software is inherently open, but that there is a broad open culture, which also comes with existing tools and pathways to facilitate openness and transparency.\nConsider GitHub (and other code hosting platforms), which are designed for this purpose.\nConsider also version control software, a good software development practice that builds in provenance.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":347,"children":348},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":350,"children":351},{},[352],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":353,"children":356},{"alt":354,"src":355},"FAIR for Research Software paper","media/fair4rs_paper.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":358,"children":359},{},[360,362],{"type":25,"value":361},"Fair 4 Research Software (FAIR4RS) working group (2022)\n",{"type":15,"tag":59,"props":363,"children":366},{"href":364,"rel":365},"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x",[63],[367],{"type":25,"value":368},"doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01710-x",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":370,"children":371},{},[372],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":373,"children":376},{"alt":374,"src":375},"Contributing Organizations","media/fair4rs_logos.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":378,"children":379},{},[380],{"type":25,"value":381},"Note:\nIn 2022, the results of extensive community consultation were published in the FAIR for Research Software paper.\nThe group behind this was a collaboration between the Research Software Alliance, the Research Data Alliance, and FORCE11.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":383,"children":384},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":386,"children":387},{},[388],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":389,"children":392},{"alt":390,"src":391},"FAIR for Research Software principles","media/fair4rs_principles.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":394,"children":395},{},[396],{"type":25,"value":397},"Note:\nThese are the interpretations given to the FAIR principles for software by the working group.\nIn many cases these are rephrased to better fit software, but in some cases they are also extended.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":399,"children":400},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":402,"children":404},{"id":403},"findability",[405],{"type":25,"value":406},"Findability",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":408,"children":409},{},[410],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":411,"children":414},{"alt":412,"src":413},"FAIR4RS Findability","media/fair4rs_F.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":416,"children":417},{},[418,432,445,458],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":419,"children":420},{},[421,423,427],{"type":25,"value":422},"Archive on Zenodo for DOI and persistence",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":425,"children":426},"br",{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":428,"children":429},{},[430],{"type":25,"value":431}," Note that persistence on GitHub is not guaranteed!",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":433,"children":434},{},[435,437,440],{"type":25,"value":436},"Use (semantic) versioning with updates",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":438,"children":439},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":441,"children":442},{},[443],{"type":25,"value":444}," Zenodo assigns a DOI to each version ",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":446,"children":447},{},[448,450,453],{"type":25,"value":449},"Include metadata, explicitly containing the DOI",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":451,"children":452},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":454,"children":455},{},[456],{"type":25,"value":457}," but also license, version, dependencies, etc. ",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":459,"children":460},{},[461,463,466],{"type":25,"value":462},"Register the software in a community registry",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":464,"children":465},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":467,"children":468},{},[469],{"type":25,"value":470}," such as PyPI or CRAN, depending on the language/domain ",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":472,"children":473},{},[474],{"type":25,"value":475},"Note:\nFor software findability, a few things need to work together:",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":477,"children":478},{},[479],{"type":25,"value":480},"The software needs to be archived on a platform that provides a DOI and persistence. GitHub is not guaranteed to provide this, and while it is a useful tool is not a suitable archive for software.\nGitHub does work well together with Zenodo, which provides both.\nTogether they also provide functionality for versioning: when releasing a new version on GitHub, and using the Zenodo integration, Zenodo will update the entry and assign a new DOI to the new version.",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":482,"children":483},{},[484],{"type":25,"value":485},"For software-specific findability, though, Zenodo is insufficient. Here, you can think of more specific registries, such as PyPI, CRAN, or Bioconductor; depending on the language and domain of the software.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":487,"children":488},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":490,"children":492},{"id":491},"accessibility",[493],{"type":25,"value":494},"Accessibility",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":496,"children":497},{},[498],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":499,"children":502},{"alt":500,"src":501},"FAIR4RS Accessibility","media/fair4rs_A.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":504,"children":505},{},[506,528],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":507,"children":508},{},[509,511,514],{"type":25,"value":510},"Community registries provide standard download protocols",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":512,"children":513},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":515,"children":516},{},[517,519,526],{"type":25,"value":518}," e.g. ",{"type":15,"tag":520,"props":521,"children":523},"code",{"className":522},[],[524],{"type":25,"value":525},"pip install my_software",{"type":25,"value":527}," ",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":529,"children":530},{},[531],{"type":25,"value":532},"Metadata on Zenodo is part of the persistent archive",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":534,"children":535},{},[536],{"type":25,"value":537},"Note:\nA lot of accessibility is covered by the findability principles, but there are a few additional things to consider.\nSpecifically, software may still be FAIR as long as its metadata is accessible.\nThe code of the software itself, not the actual functional engine, could be considered metadata.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":539,"children":540},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":542,"children":544},{"id":543},"interoperability",[545],{"type":25,"value":546},"Interoperability",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":551,"children":554},{"alt":552,"src":553},"FAIR4RS Interoperability","media/fair4rs_I.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":556,"children":557},{},[558,571],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":559,"children":560},{},[561,563,566],{"type":25,"value":562},"Input and output both needs to meet community standards",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":564,"children":565},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":567,"children":568},{},[569],{"type":25,"value":570}," e.g. file formats, data models, ontologies ",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":572,"children":573},{},[574,576,579],{"type":25,"value":575},"References to external objects should be unambiguous",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":577,"children":578},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":580,"children":581},{},[582],{"type":25,"value":583}," use URLs, DOIs, version numbers etc. ",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":585,"children":586},{},[587],{"type":25,"value":588},"Note:\nAs with data, interoperability refers partly to formats and standards (in this case: inputs, outputs, or other objects used). For example CSV, JSON, and XML are interoperable formats, while PDF is not.\nThese standards may also be domain-specific, such as the use of ontologies in the life sciences.",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":590,"children":591},{},[592],{"type":25,"value":593},"The second sub-principle refers to the use of unambiguous references to external objects, such as libraries, data, or models. A clear link allows the right object to be used by the software.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":595,"children":596},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":598,"children":600},{"id":599},"reusability",[601],{"type":25,"value":602},"Reusability",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":15,"tag":45,"props":607,"children":610},{"alt":608,"src":609},"FAIR4RS Reusability","media/fair4rs_R.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":612,"children":613},{},[614,635,655,668,681],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":615,"children":616},{},[617,619,622],{"type":25,"value":618},"Include a software-specific license",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":620,"children":621},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":623,"children":624},{},[625,627,633],{"type":25,"value":626},"as a file called ",{"type":15,"tag":520,"props":628,"children":630},{"className":629},[],[631],{"type":25,"value":632},"LICENSE",{"type":25,"value":634}," in the project's root",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":636,"children":637},{},[638,640,643],{"type":25,"value":639},"Many Open Source software licenses exist",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":641,"children":642},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":644,"children":645},{},[646,648],{"type":25,"value":647}," see ",{"type":15,"tag":59,"props":649,"children":652},{"href":650,"rel":651},"https://choosealicense.com/",[63],[653],{"type":25,"value":654},"choosealicense.com",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":656,"children":657},{},[658,660,663],{"type":25,"value":659},"License choice is not always straightforward",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":661,"children":662},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":664,"children":665},{},[666],{"type":25,"value":667}," confirm with dependencies, copyright holder(s), and specialists ",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":669,"children":670},{},[671,673,676],{"type":25,"value":672},"Use version control (e.g. Git) with a public host (e.g. GitHub)",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":674,"children":675},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679],{"type":25,"value":680}," history and provenance is a public part of the repository ",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":682,"children":683},{},[684,686,689],{"type":25,"value":685},"Dependencies should be listed, and unambiguous",{"type":15,"tag":424,"props":687,"children":688},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":55,"props":690,"children":691},{},[692],{"type":25,"value":693}," use a standardized file/protocol, and version numbers",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":695,"children":696},{},[697],{"type":25,"value":698},"Note:\nLicenses are an important part of reusability.\nWithout a license, copyright disallows reuse.\nIn an open science context especially, Open Source licenses are the default choice.\nThey are numerous, but the choice is not always straightforward.\nIt is advised to learn about the different licenses, about important considerations (e.g. dependencies and the role and identity of copyright holders) and to consult with specialists when in doubt.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":700,"children":701},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":703,"props":704,"children":706},"h3",{"id":705},"fair-is-not-a-quality-checklist",[707],{"type":25,"value":708},"FAIR is not a quality checklist",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":710,"children":711},{},[712],{"type":25,"value":713},"Software quality is addressed insofar as it affects:",{"type":15,"tag":212,"props":715,"children":716},{},[717,722],{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":718,"children":719},{},[720],{"type":25,"value":721},"usability, an aspect of interoperability",{"type":15,"tag":216,"props":723,"children":724},{},[725],{"type":25,"value":726},"maintainability, an important element of reuse",{"type":15,"tag":51,"props":728,"children":729},{},[730,732,737],{"type":25,"value":731},"Quality aspects ",{"type":15,"tag":35,"props":733,"children":734},{},[735],{"type":25,"value":736},"not",{"type":25,"value":738}," part of 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    Module: licenses

    Creative works, like books, paintings and music, but also scientific articles and software, are covered by copyright. Copyright is a legal construct that gives the owner of the copyright on a work the exclusive right to reproduce, modify, publicly perform and distribute the work. As a result, anyone who is not the copyright holder needs to have permission from the copyright holder to also be able to do so.

    Newly created works are automatically covered by copyright. This copyright is owned by the creator of the work, unless they were employed and created the work as part of their employment, in which case their employer owns the work. If multiple persons or organisations contribute to a work, then they each own a share of the copyright, and all need to give permission for others to be able to do any of the things protected by copyright. This permission is called a license.

    Creative works can depend on each other. Books for example can be translated, or turned into a stage play or a TV series. This creates a new work, which is known as a derivative work. A derivative work has its own copyright, because creating a translation or adaptation is itself a creative process. Like in a collaborative work, both the owner of the original copyright and the owner of the copyright on the derived adaptation need to give permission to reproduce and distribute the derived work.

    Software is a bit different from books or films or even databases because software is not only a collection of words and symbols, but also a machine that is used for something. As a result, working processes around software are quite different from those around books or films. Although it's bad practice, researchers quite often take a script from a colleague and modify it a bit so that it does what they want. A film director would be surprised indeed if you suggested they take a script from an existing film, change the dialog in the third act a bit, and then shoot it, but in software that's common. No novelist downloads ready-made paragraphs and chapters from the Internet and glues them together into a novel, but this is essentially how all modern software is developed.

    As a result, software and copyright is a bit of a specialist topic, but one that cannot be avoided because of the automatic nature of copyright and the fact that science is a collaborative enterprise. Universities therefore need a policy to govern what their employees should do and can't do with respect to the software they develop and use, and that policy needs to include something specifically about licensing software.

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: licenses

    Creative works, like books, paintings and music, but also scientific articles and software, are covered by copyright. Copyright is a legal construct that gives the owner of the copyright on a work the exclusive right to reproduce, modify, publicly perform and distribute the work. As a result, anyone who is not the copyright holder needs to have permission from the copyright holder to also be able to do so.

    Newly created works are automatically covered by copyright. This copyright is owned by the creator of the work, unless they were employed and created the work as part of their employment, in which case their employer owns the work. If multiple persons or organisations contribute to a work, then they each own a share of the copyright, and all need to give permission for others to be able to do any of the things protected by copyright. This permission is called a license.

    Creative works can depend on each other. Books for example can be translated, or turned into a stage play or a TV series. This creates a new work, which is known as a derivative work. A derivative work has its own copyright, because creating a translation or adaptation is itself a creative process. Like in a collaborative work, both the owner of the original copyright and the owner of the copyright on the derived adaptation need to give permission to reproduce and distribute the derived work.

    Software is a bit different from books or films or even databases because software is not only a collection of words and symbols, but also a machine that is used for something. As a result, working processes around software are quite different from those around books or films. Although it's bad practice, researchers quite often take a script from a colleague and modify it a bit so that it does what they want. A film director would be surprised indeed if you suggested they take a script from an existing film, change the dialog in the third act a bit, and then shoot it, but in software that's common. No novelist downloads ready-made paragraphs and chapters from the Internet and glues them together into a novel, but this is essentially how all modern software is developed.

    As a result, software and copyright is a bit of a specialist topic, but one that cannot be avoided because of the automatic nature of copyright and the fact that science is a collaborative enterprise. Universities therefore need a policy to govern what their employees should do and can't do with respect to the software they develop and use, and that policy needs to include something specifically about licensing software.

    + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license/_payload.json b/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license/_payload.json index 6cd76a6e..fab53bb4 100644 --- a/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license/_payload.json +++ b/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license/_payload.json @@ -1 +1 @@ -[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":225},["Reactive",2],{"content-query-c3ET3Td0zy":3,"content-query-AT44bg6JPw":59},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":7,"type":9,"order":10,"body":11,"_type":54,"_id":55,"_source":56,"_file":57,"_extension":58},"/modules/licenses/ex_choose_a_license","licenses",false,"","Choose a license for or using your policy","exercise",5,{"type":12,"children":13,"toc":50},"root",[14,23,29,34],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":17,"children":19},"element","h2",{"id":18},"exercise-1-choose-a-license-for-or-using-your-policy-10-minutes",[20],{"type":21,"value":22},"text","Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)",{"type":15,"tag":24,"props":25,"children":26},"p",{},[27],{"type":21,"value":28},"One of the concerns typically addressed in a software policy is licensing of software developed at the institution. 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    Module: licenses

    Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)

    One of the concerns typically addressed in a software policy is licensing of software developed at the institution. Policies can choose a single license, or offer a range of options.

    Try to find out whether your university has a license policy. What does it say about which license(s) to use? If you don't have a policy yet, which license(s) would you choose for your policy? Why?

    Go to Choosealicense.com and play around with the options to help you choose.

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: licenses

    Exercise 1: Choose a license for or using your policy (10 minutes)

    One of the concerns typically addressed in a software policy is licensing of software developed at the institution. Policies can choose a single license, or offer a range of options.

    Try to find out whether your university has a license policy. What does it say about which license(s) to use? If you don't have a policy yet, which license(s) would you choose for your policy? Why?

    Go to Choosealicense.com and play around with the options to help you choose.

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    Module: licenses

    Exercise 2: Does your university have a software licensing policy?

    Try and find out whether your university has a software (licensing) policy. If you can find it, compare it with the ones from TU Delft, ASTRON and the Netherlands eScience Center. What elements are commonly found? Which differences do you see, and what is their respective motivation?

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: licenses

    Exercise 2: Does your university have a software licensing policy?

    Try and find out whether your university has a software (licensing) policy. If you can find it, compare it with the ones from TU Delft, ASTRON and the Netherlands eScience Center. What elements are commonly found? Which differences do you see, and what is their respective motivation?

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They're organised in a hierarchystarting with the distinction between Free and Open Source on the one and, and proprietary software on the other. Proprietary software is software that isn't FOSS, which is to say that it has restrictions on use or modification or distribution. It's called proprietary because there is a proprietor or (copyright) owner, who has exclusive control over the software. For Open Source this is not the case: there is a copyright and it's owned by someone, but the license gives everyone else the same permissions they have and so they don't have exclusive control.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":330,"children":331},{},[332],{"type":21,"value":333},"Within the category of Open Source licenses, we can distinguish Copyleft licenses and Permissive licenses. Permissive licenses give everyone permission to use, modify and distribute with no further restrictions other than perhaps requiring an acknowledgement that the software was used. In particular, permissive licenses allow the software to be used as a part of non-Open Source software, and for it to be redistributed without the source code, so that it cannot be inspected or modified anymore.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":335,"children":336},{},[337],{"type":21,"value":338},"Copyleft licenses try to ensure that the software remains FOSS. You are free to distribute Open Source software that has a copyleft license, but you have to include the complete source code and distribute the modified or extended software under that same license. As a result, everyone who gets a copy of a version of the software and anything it's used in will be free to use, modify and distribute that product. Note that distribution isn't required, all common open source licenses allow making private modifications and not sharing them with anyone.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":340,"children":341},{},[342],{"type":21,"value":343},"Weak copyleft licenses are intended for use with libraries, software components that are intended to be used by other programmers to build larger programs. A weak copyleft license applies copyleft to the library itself, but not to the larger program using the library. As a result, programmers using the library can distribute their part of the program without source code or the right to make modifications, as long as they do distribute the source for the library, including any modifications. Strong copyleft licenses require the entire program to be under the same strong copyleft license.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":345,"children":347},{"id":346},"license-politics",[348],{"type":21,"value":349},"License politics",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":351,"children":352},{},[353],{"type":21,"value":354},"Besides the legal differences, there's a bit of a political difference between Free Software and Open Source, and between copyleft and permissive licenses, that is good to understand. Free Software adherents see everyone as a potential programmer, and believe that your computer isn't truly yours until you fully control what it does, which requires the ability to inspect and modify the software. They envision a world in which computer users collaboratively develop the software they use, sharing their improvements with each other. They therefore prefer copyleft licenses, because those ensure that as many software packages (and therefore, users) as possible are free.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":356,"children":357},{},[358],{"type":21,"value":359},"Open Source takes a more pragmatic approach in assuming that most software is made by a small cadre of software developers, often employed by companies, and that there are a potentially large number of end users that have neither the skills nor the inclination to change what their computer does. For these end users, having the source code is not useful, but the developers can often save some effort by working together on software that everyone needs. A permissive Open Source license makes that possible with a minimal amount of legal complexity. It also makes it easy to build commercial, proprietary products on top of the software.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":361,"children":362},{},[363],{"type":21,"value":364},"From the perspective of science, there's something to be said for each of these approaches. On the one hand, Free Software and copyleft matches the ideals of Open Science quite well. On the other hand, science and scientific software development is funded by society using public funds in the hopes that something useful will come out of it, and scientific papers are useless to most citizens. They want a product, which will be produced commercially, and that is a good match for the Open Source and permissive licensing model.",{"title":7,"searchDepth":189,"depth":189,"links":366},[367],{"id":18,"depth":189,"text":8,"children":368},[369,370,371,372],{"id":46,"depth":169,"text":49},{"id":87,"depth":169,"text":90},{"id":138,"depth":169,"text":141},{"id":346,"depth":169,"text":349},"markdown","local_fs:modules:licenses:licenses.md","local_fs","modules/licenses/licenses.md","md",[379,413],{"_path":380,"_dir":381,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":382,"description":7,"body":383,"_type":373,"_id":411,"_source":375,"_file":412,"_extension":377},"/main/about","main","About",{"type":12,"children":384,"toc":407},[385,391,396,402],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":386,"children":388},{"id":387},"about-the-research-software-support",[389],{"type":21,"value":390},"About the Research Software Support",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":392,"children":393},{},[394],{"type":21,"value":395},"In the Research Software Support modules we want to provide a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of research software support.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":397,"children":399},{"id":398},"target-audience",[400],{"type":21,"value":401},"Target audience",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405],{"type":21,"value":406},"The target audience for this material is University management and support staff.\nUniversity management taking part in courses involving these modules may be involved in creating university policy around research software.\nThe University support staff targeted are not themselves researchers or software engineers, but they support researchers and research software engineers in creating research software.",{"title":7,"searchDepth":189,"depth":189,"links":408},[409,410],{"id":387,"depth":189,"text":390},{"id":398,"depth":189,"text":401},"local_fs:main:about.md","main/about.md",{"_path":414,"_dir":381,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":415,"description":7,"body":416,"_type":373,"_id":540,"_source":375,"_file":541,"_extension":377},"/main/contribute","Contribute",{"type":12,"children":417,"toc":535},[418,424,429,435,440],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":419,"children":421},{"id":420},"contributing-to-the-research-software-support",[422],{"type":21,"value":423},"Contributing to the Research Software Support",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427],{"type":21,"value":428},"In the Research Software Support modules we want to provide a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of research software support.\nThis, as you can imagine, is no easy feat, and we need your help!\nSo first of all, thank you very much for your interest in contributing to this project.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":430,"children":432},{"id":431},"what-can-i-do",[433],{"type":21,"value":434},"What can I do?",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438],{"type":21,"value":439},"Go to our github repository by clicking on the GitHub logo in the top right of this website.",{"type":15,"tag":97,"props":441,"children":442},{},[443,459,500,523],{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":444,"children":445},{},[446,448,457],{"type":21,"value":447},"Contribute to the content discussion in the ",{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":450,"children":454},"a",{"href":451,"rel":452},"https://github.com/esciencecenter-digital-skills/research-software-support/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3Astory",[453],"nofollow",[455],{"type":21,"value":456},"chapter issues",{"type":21,"value":458},", e.g. by listing good resources for information.",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462,468,470],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":463,"children":465},{"href":464},"#elements-of-a-module",[466],{"type":21,"value":467},"Author a lesson",{"type":21,"value":469},", e.g. by:\n",{"type":15,"tag":97,"props":471,"children":472},{},[473,482,491],{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":474,"children":475},{},[476],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":477,"children":479},{"href":478},"#slides",[480],{"type":21,"value":481},"Creating slides",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":483,"children":484},{},[485],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":486,"children":488},{"href":487},"#exercises",[489],{"type":21,"value":490},"Designing an exercise",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":492,"children":493},{},[494],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":495,"children":497},{"href":496},"#online-resources",[498],{"type":21,"value":499},"Curating online resources",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":501,"children":502},{},[503,505,512,514,521],{"type":21,"value":504},"Review a lesson module; both by looking at ",{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":506,"children":509},{"href":507,"rel":508},"https://github.com/esciencecenter-digital-skills/research-software-support/pulls",[453],[510],{"type":21,"value":511},"open PRs",{"type":21,"value":513},", as well as flagging issues for improvement in the ",{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":515,"children":518},{"href":516,"rel":517},"https://esciencecenter-digital-skills.github.io/research-software-support/",[453],[519],{"type":21,"value":520},"existing content",{"type":21,"value":522},".",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":524,"children":525},{},[526,533],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":527,"children":530},{"href":528,"rel":529},"https://github.com/esciencecenter-digital-skills/research-software-support/issues",[453],[531],{"type":21,"value":532},"Provide feedback",{"type":21,"value":534}," on the different subjects covered: what did we miss? Should something be restructured?",{"title":7,"searchDepth":189,"depth":189,"links":536},[537],{"id":420,"depth":189,"text":423,"children":538},[539],{"id":431,"depth":169,"text":434},"local_fs:main:contribute.md","main/contribute.md",1715800937734] \ No newline at end of file +[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":542},["Reactive",2],{"content-query-ttn2rK0WZC":3,"content-query-AT44bg6JPw":378},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":7,"type":9,"order":10,"body":11,"_type":373,"_id":374,"_source":375,"_file":376,"_extension":377},"/modules/licenses/licenses","licenses",false,"","Software licenses","reading",4,{"type":12,"children":13,"toc":365},"root",[14,22,28,33,38,43,50,55,75,80,85,91,96,121,126,131,136,142,280,324,329,334,339,344,350,355,360],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":17,"children":19},"element","h2",{"id":18},"software-licenses",[20],{"type":21,"value":8},"text",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":24,"children":25},"p",{},[26],{"type":21,"value":27},"Software licenses are legal statements that give permission to use, modify and/or distribute software. By copyright law, only the copyright owner(s) can give this permission, so the license must be granted by those owners.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":29,"children":30},{},[31],{"type":21,"value":32},"There are different kinds of software licenses, with different underlying business models. Some software producers sell copies or seats, where the user has to pay for each computer that the software is used on or person the software is used by, and where the user does not have permission to modify or distribute the software. In this case, licenses are given to individual users or companies as part of a sales contract.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":34,"children":35},{},[36],{"type":21,"value":37},"It is also possible to make a general statement that anyone can use, modify and/or distribute a software package under certain conditions. In this case, there is no contract, and no specific counterparty. Instead, the owners of the copyright give the same permissions to everyone, usually in a document included with the software as it is put on the Internet. Software distributed like this can usually be downloaded without paying, although there may still be significant limitations on what you can do with it.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":39,"children":40},{},[41],{"type":21,"value":42},"Some software is distributed with a license that gives very broad permissions to anyone who obtains a copy. Such software is known as Free Software and/or Open Source Software. Before we look at what that is exactly, it helps to understand a bit better what software actually is, and how it's made.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":45,"children":47},"h3",{"id":46},"what-is-software",[48],{"type":21,"value":49},"What is software?",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":51,"children":52},{},[53],{"type":21,"value":54},"To non-programmers, software can appear to be a somewhat magical thing. It is in our computers and phones and it makes them work, or sometimes not work. It's made by specialist people who we call programmers, and who must be very smart to be able to make all this work, or perhaps very dumb given how often software doesn't work. In short, it seems to be mysterious.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":56,"children":57},{},[58,60,66,68,73],{"type":21,"value":59},"Of course, programmers are perfectly ordinary people. They make the software that makes our phones and computers work, and sometimes programmers make mistakes, and then the software doesn't work as intended. Computer programs are made by typing text into the computer, just like you do when writing an email or a letter. Computer programs consist of one or more files with instructions for the computer. These files can be modified to change what the software does, they can be combined together into a larger, more complex program, and they can be shared with others and reused. For the computer to be able to run the software, the files need to be translated from the human-readable text form (the ",{"type":15,"tag":61,"props":62,"children":63},"em",{},[64],{"type":21,"value":65},"source code",{"type":21,"value":67},") into a sequence of numbers encoding the same commands (a ",{"type":15,"tag":61,"props":69,"children":70},{},[71],{"type":21,"value":72},"binary",{"type":21,"value":74},"). This is done mechanically by a special program called a compiler or an interpreter.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":76,"children":77},{},[78],{"type":21,"value":79},"There are different ways of making software collaboratively. One is to work closely together (even sharing a computer!) on the same source code, which can help reduce mistakes as two see more than one, or it can be useful as a teaching exercise. Looser ways of collaborating include copying someone else's code and then independently modifying it to do something a bit different, and reusing a software component made by someone else in your own program, usually in its original form but possibly with changes as well.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":81,"children":82},{},[83],{"type":21,"value":84},"The looser forms of collaboration rely on software being distributed from its maker to its user, who then modifies it or integrates it. This requires permission from the copyright owners because there's distribution and the creation of a derivative work, which means that there needs to be a license. A reliable and easy way to do this is to make all the software Free and Open Source.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":86,"children":88},{"id":87},"free-and-open-source-software",[89],{"type":21,"value":90},"Free and Open Source Software",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":92,"children":93},{},[94],{"type":21,"value":95},"The Free Software Foundation lists four freedoms that users need to be given by the copyright owner(s) for a program to be considered Free Software:",{"type":15,"tag":97,"props":98,"children":99},"ul",{},[100,106,111,116],{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":102,"children":103},"li",{},[104],{"type":21,"value":105},"The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":107,"children":108},{},[109],{"type":21,"value":110},"The freedom to study how the program works, and change it, so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":112,"children":113},{},[114],{"type":21,"value":115},"The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":117,"children":118},{},[119],{"type":21,"value":120},"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code a precondition for this.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":122,"children":123},{},[124],{"type":21,"value":125},"Note that the word \"free\" here refers to freedom to do things, not to what the software costs. You're allowed to sell copies of Free Software!",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":127,"children":128},{},[129],{"type":21,"value":130},"Open Source Software has an official definition too, which is quite a bit longer but boils down to the same thing. Because of that, the terms are often combined into Free and Open Source Software, or FOSS, but the term Open Source is also popular. We will use them here interchangeably.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":132,"children":133},{},[134],{"type":21,"value":135},"You can make a software package that you own the copyright to Open Source by distributing it (usually on the Internet) under an Open Source license, i.e. one that gives everyone the above freedoms. In practice, that means that the software is distributed in source code form, with a license document stating that the copyright owners give everyone the freedom to do the above things, subject to certain conditions. There exist a small number of standard Open Source licenses that you can use. All of these are open source, but there are some difference as well that are good to know about.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":137,"children":139},{"id":138},"license-categories",[140],{"type":21,"value":141},"License categories",{"type":15,"tag":143,"props":144,"children":145},"table",{},[146,148],{"type":21,"value":147},"\n ",{"type":15,"tag":149,"props":150,"children":151},"tbody",{},[152,175,176,194,195,211,212],{"type":15,"tag":153,"props":154,"children":156},"tr",{"align":155},"center",[157,159,166,167,174],{"type":21,"value":158},"\n ",{"type":15,"tag":160,"props":161,"children":163},"th",{"colSpan":162},"3",[164],{"type":21,"value":165},"Free and Open Source",{"type":21,"value":158},{"type":15,"tag":160,"props":168,"children":171},{"rowSpan":169,"vAlign":170},3,"top",[172],{"type":21,"value":173},"Proprietary",{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":15,"tag":153,"props":177,"children":178},{"align":155},[179,180,186,187,193],{"type":21,"value":158},{"type":15,"tag":160,"props":181,"children":183},{"colSpan":182},"2",[184],{"type":21,"value":185},"Copyleft",{"type":21,"value":158},{"type":15,"tag":160,"props":188,"children":190},{"rowSpan":189},2,[191],{"type":21,"value":192},"Permissive",{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":15,"tag":153,"props":196,"children":197},{"align":155},[198,199,204,205,210],{"type":21,"value":158},{"type":15,"tag":160,"props":200,"children":201},{},[202],{"type":21,"value":203},"Strong",{"type":21,"value":158},{"type":15,"tag":160,"props":206,"children":207},{},[208],{"type":21,"value":209},"Weak",{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":15,"tag":153,"props":213,"children":214},{"align":155},[215,217,235,236,252,253,272,274,279],{"type":21,"value":216},"\n ",{"type":15,"tag":218,"props":219,"children":220},"td",{},[221,223,229,231],{"type":21,"value":222},"GPL",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":225,"children":226},"sup",{},[227],{"type":21,"value":228},"1",{"type":21,"value":230}," AGPL",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":232,"children":233},{},[234],{"type":21,"value":182},{"type":21,"value":216},{"type":15,"tag":218,"props":237,"children":238},{},[239,241,245,247],{"type":21,"value":240},"LGPL",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":242,"children":243},{},[244],{"type":21,"value":162},{"type":21,"value":246}," MPL",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":248,"children":249},{},[250],{"type":21,"value":251},"4",{"type":21,"value":216},{"type":15,"tag":218,"props":254,"children":255},{},[256,258,263,265,270],{"type":21,"value":257},"BSD",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":259,"children":260},{},[261],{"type":21,"value":262},"5",{"type":21,"value":264}," MIT",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":266,"children":267},{},[268],{"type":21,"value":269},"6",{"type":21,"value":271}," Apache",{"type":21,"value":273},"\n ",{"type":15,"tag":218,"props":275,"children":276},{},[277],{"type":21,"value":278},"Research Only: No copying, No modification",{"type":21,"value":147},{"type":15,"tag":281,"props":282,"children":285},"div",{"className":283},[284],"footnote",[286,288,292,294,298,300,304,306,310,312,316,318,322],{"type":21,"value":287},"\n ",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":289,"children":290},{},[291],{"type":21,"value":228},{"type":21,"value":293},"GPL: GNU General Public License ",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":295,"children":296},{},[297],{"type":21,"value":182},{"type":21,"value":299},"AGPL: Affero General Public License ",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":301,"children":302},{},[303],{"type":21,"value":162},{"type":21,"value":305},"LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License ",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":307,"children":308},{},[309],{"type":21,"value":251},{"type":21,"value":311}," MPL: Mozilla Public License ",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":313,"children":314},{},[315],{"type":21,"value":262},{"type":21,"value":317}," BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution ",{"type":15,"tag":224,"props":319,"children":320},{},[321],{"type":21,"value":269},{"type":21,"value":323}," MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":325,"children":326},{},[327],{"type":21,"value":328},"The table above shows five of the most common FOSS licenses. They're organised in a hierarchystarting with the distinction between Free and Open Source on the one and, and proprietary software on the other. Proprietary software is software that isn't FOSS, which is to say that it has restrictions on use or modification or distribution. It's called proprietary because there is a proprietor or (copyright) owner, who has exclusive control over the software. For Open Source this is not the case: there is a copyright and it's owned by someone, but the license gives everyone else the same permissions they have and so they don't have exclusive control.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":330,"children":331},{},[332],{"type":21,"value":333},"Within the category of Open Source licenses, we can distinguish Copyleft licenses and Permissive licenses. Permissive licenses give everyone permission to use, modify and distribute with no further restrictions other than perhaps requiring an acknowledgement that the software was used. In particular, permissive licenses allow the software to be used as a part of non-Open Source software, and for it to be redistributed without the source code, so that it cannot be inspected or modified anymore.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":335,"children":336},{},[337],{"type":21,"value":338},"Copyleft licenses try to ensure that the software remains FOSS. You are free to distribute Open Source software that has a copyleft license, but you have to include the complete source code and distribute the modified or extended software under that same license. As a result, everyone who gets a copy of a version of the software and anything it's used in will be free to use, modify and distribute that product. Note that distribution isn't required, all common open source licenses allow making private modifications and not sharing them with anyone.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":340,"children":341},{},[342],{"type":21,"value":343},"Weak copyleft licenses are intended for use with libraries, software components that are intended to be used by other programmers to build larger programs. A weak copyleft license applies copyleft to the library itself, but not to the larger program using the library. As a result, programmers using the library can distribute their part of the program without source code or the right to make modifications, as long as they do distribute the source for the library, including any modifications. Strong copyleft licenses require the entire program to be under the same strong copyleft license.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":345,"children":347},{"id":346},"license-politics",[348],{"type":21,"value":349},"License politics",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":351,"children":352},{},[353],{"type":21,"value":354},"Besides the legal differences, there's a bit of a political difference between Free Software and Open Source, and between copyleft and permissive licenses, that is good to understand. Free Software adherents see everyone as a potential programmer, and believe that your computer isn't truly yours until you fully control what it does, which requires the ability to inspect and modify the software. They envision a world in which computer users collaboratively develop the software they use, sharing their improvements with each other. They therefore prefer copyleft licenses, because those ensure that as many software packages (and therefore, users) as possible are free.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":356,"children":357},{},[358],{"type":21,"value":359},"Open Source takes a more pragmatic approach in assuming that most software is made by a small cadre of software developers, often employed by companies, and that there are a potentially large number of end users that have neither the skills nor the inclination to change what their computer does. For these end users, having the source code is not useful, but the developers can often save some effort by working together on software that everyone needs. A permissive Open Source license makes that possible with a minimal amount of legal complexity. It also makes it easy to build commercial, proprietary products on top of the software.",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":361,"children":362},{},[363],{"type":21,"value":364},"From the perspective of science, there's something to be said for each of these approaches. On the one hand, Free Software and copyleft matches the ideals of Open Science quite well. On the other hand, science and scientific software development is funded by society using public funds in the hopes that something useful will come out of it, and scientific papers are useless to most citizens. They want a product, which will be produced commercially, and that is a good match for the Open Source and permissive licensing model.",{"title":7,"searchDepth":189,"depth":189,"links":366},[367],{"id":18,"depth":189,"text":8,"children":368},[369,370,371,372],{"id":46,"depth":169,"text":49},{"id":87,"depth":169,"text":90},{"id":138,"depth":169,"text":141},{"id":346,"depth":169,"text":349},"markdown","local_fs:modules:licenses:licenses.md","local_fs","modules/licenses/licenses.md","md",[379,413],{"_path":380,"_dir":381,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":382,"description":7,"body":383,"_type":373,"_id":411,"_source":375,"_file":412,"_extension":377},"/main/about","main","About",{"type":12,"children":384,"toc":407},[385,391,396,402],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":386,"children":388},{"id":387},"about-the-research-software-support",[389],{"type":21,"value":390},"About the Research Software Support",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":392,"children":393},{},[394],{"type":21,"value":395},"In the Research Software Support modules we want to provide a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of research software support.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":397,"children":399},{"id":398},"target-audience",[400],{"type":21,"value":401},"Target audience",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405],{"type":21,"value":406},"The target audience for this material is University management and support staff.\nUniversity management taking part in courses involving these modules may be involved in creating university policy around research software.\nThe University support staff targeted are not themselves researchers or software engineers, but they support researchers and research software engineers in creating research software.",{"title":7,"searchDepth":189,"depth":189,"links":408},[409,410],{"id":387,"depth":189,"text":390},{"id":398,"depth":189,"text":401},"local_fs:main:about.md","main/about.md",{"_path":414,"_dir":381,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":415,"description":7,"body":416,"_type":373,"_id":540,"_source":375,"_file":541,"_extension":377},"/main/contribute","Contribute",{"type":12,"children":417,"toc":535},[418,424,429,435,440],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":419,"children":421},{"id":420},"contributing-to-the-research-software-support",[422],{"type":21,"value":423},"Contributing to the Research Software Support",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":425,"children":426},{},[427],{"type":21,"value":428},"In the Research Software Support modules we want to provide a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of research software support.\nThis, as you can imagine, is no easy feat, and we need your help!\nSo first of all, thank you very much for your interest in contributing to this project.",{"type":15,"tag":44,"props":430,"children":432},{"id":431},"what-can-i-do",[433],{"type":21,"value":434},"What can I do?",{"type":15,"tag":23,"props":436,"children":437},{},[438],{"type":21,"value":439},"Go to our github repository by clicking on the GitHub logo in the top right of this website.",{"type":15,"tag":97,"props":441,"children":442},{},[443,459,500,523],{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":444,"children":445},{},[446,448,457],{"type":21,"value":447},"Contribute to the content discussion in the ",{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":450,"children":454},"a",{"href":451,"rel":452},"https://github.com/esciencecenter-digital-skills/research-software-support/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3Astory",[453],"nofollow",[455],{"type":21,"value":456},"chapter issues",{"type":21,"value":458},", e.g. by listing good resources for information.",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462,468,470],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":463,"children":465},{"href":464},"#elements-of-a-module",[466],{"type":21,"value":467},"Author a lesson",{"type":21,"value":469},", e.g. by:\n",{"type":15,"tag":97,"props":471,"children":472},{},[473,482,491],{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":474,"children":475},{},[476],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":477,"children":479},{"href":478},"#slides",[480],{"type":21,"value":481},"Creating slides",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":483,"children":484},{},[485],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":486,"children":488},{"href":487},"#exercises",[489],{"type":21,"value":490},"Designing an exercise",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":492,"children":493},{},[494],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":495,"children":497},{"href":496},"#online-resources",[498],{"type":21,"value":499},"Curating online resources",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":501,"children":502},{},[503,505,512,514,521],{"type":21,"value":504},"Review a lesson module; both by looking at ",{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":506,"children":509},{"href":507,"rel":508},"https://github.com/esciencecenter-digital-skills/research-software-support/pulls",[453],[510],{"type":21,"value":511},"open PRs",{"type":21,"value":513},", as well as flagging issues for improvement in the ",{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":515,"children":518},{"href":516,"rel":517},"https://esciencecenter-digital-skills.github.io/research-software-support/",[453],[519],{"type":21,"value":520},"existing content",{"type":21,"value":522},".",{"type":15,"tag":101,"props":524,"children":525},{},[526,533],{"type":15,"tag":449,"props":527,"children":530},{"href":528,"rel":529},"https://github.com/esciencecenter-digital-skills/research-software-support/issues",[453],[531],{"type":21,"value":532},"Provide feedback",{"type":21,"value":534}," on the different subjects covered: what did we miss? Should something be restructured?",{"title":7,"searchDepth":189,"depth":189,"links":536},[537],{"id":420,"depth":189,"text":423,"children":538},[539],{"id":431,"depth":169,"text":434},"local_fs:main:contribute.md","main/contribute.md",1715801015043] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/licenses/licenses/index.html b/modules/licenses/licenses/index.html index a377cbef..bfb761d7 100644 --- a/modules/licenses/licenses/index.html +++ b/modules/licenses/licenses/index.html @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Software licenses - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + -

    Module: licenses

    Software licenses

    Software licenses are legal statements that give permission to use, modify and/or distribute software. By copyright law, only the copyright owner(s) can give this permission, so the license must be granted by those owners.

    There are different kinds of software licenses, with different underlying business models. Some software producers sell copies or seats, where the user has to pay for each computer that the software is used on or person the software is used by, and where the user does not have permission to modify or distribute the software. In this case, licenses are given to individual users or companies as part of a sales contract.

    It is also possible to make a general statement that anyone can use, modify and/or distribute a software package under certain conditions. In this case, there is no contract, and no specific counterparty. Instead, the owners of the copyright give the same permissions to everyone, usually in a document included with the software as it is put on the Internet. Software distributed like this can usually be downloaded without paying, although there may still be significant limitations on what you can do with it.

    Some software is distributed with a license that gives very broad permissions to anyone who obtains a copy. Such software is known as Free Software and/or Open Source Software. Before we look at what that is exactly, it helps to understand a bit better what software actually is, and how it's made.

    What is software?

    To non-programmers, software can appear to be a somewhat magical thing. It is in our computers and phones and it makes them work, or sometimes not work. It's made by specialist people who we call programmers, and who must be very smart to be able to make all this work, or perhaps very dumb given how often software doesn't work. In short, it seems to be mysterious.

    Of course, programmers are perfectly ordinary people. They make the software that makes our phones and computers work, and sometimes programmers make mistakes, and then the software doesn't work as intended. Computer programs are made by typing text into the computer, just like you do when writing an email or a letter. Computer programs consist of one or more files with instructions for the computer. These files can be modified to change what the software does, they can be combined together into a larger, more complex program, and they can be shared with others and reused. For the computer to be able to run the software, the files need to be translated from the human-readable text form (the source code) into a sequence of numbers encoding the same commands (a binary). This is done mechanically by a special program called a compiler or an interpreter.

    There are different ways of making software collaboratively. One is to work closely together (even sharing a computer!) on the same source code, which can help reduce mistakes as two see more than one, or it can be useful as a teaching exercise. Looser ways of collaborating include copying someone else's code and then independently modifying it to do something a bit different, and reusing a software component made by someone else in your own program, usually in its original form but possibly with changes as well.

    The looser forms of collaboration rely on software being distributed from its maker to its user, who then modifies it or integrates it. This requires permission from the copyright owners because there's distribution and the creation of a derivative work, which means that there needs to be a license. A reliable and easy way to do this is to make all the software Free and Open Source.

    Free and Open Source Software

    The Free Software Foundation lists four freedoms that users need to be given by the copyright owner(s) for a program to be considered Free Software:

    • The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.
    • The freedom to study how the program works, and change it, so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
    • The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.
    • The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code a precondition for this.

    Note that the word "free" here refers to freedom to do things, not to what the software costs. You're allowed to sell copies of Free Software!

    Open Source Software has an official definition too, which is quite a bit longer but boils down to the same thing. Because of that, the terms are often combined into Free and Open Source Software, or FOSS, but the term Open Source is also popular. We will use them here interchangeably.

    You can make a software package that you own the copyright to Open Source by distributing it (usually on the Internet) under an Open Source license, i.e. one that gives everyone the above freedoms. In practice, that means that the software is distributed in source code form, with a license document stating that the copyright owners give everyone the freedom to do the above things, subject to certain conditions. There exist a small number of standard Open Source licenses that you can use. All of these are open source, but there are some difference as well that are good to know about.

    License categories

    +

    Module: licenses

    Software licenses

    Software licenses are legal statements that give permission to use, modify and/or distribute software. By copyright law, only the copyright owner(s) can give this permission, so the license must be granted by those owners.

    There are different kinds of software licenses, with different underlying business models. Some software producers sell copies or seats, where the user has to pay for each computer that the software is used on or person the software is used by, and where the user does not have permission to modify or distribute the software. In this case, licenses are given to individual users or companies as part of a sales contract.

    It is also possible to make a general statement that anyone can use, modify and/or distribute a software package under certain conditions. In this case, there is no contract, and no specific counterparty. Instead, the owners of the copyright give the same permissions to everyone, usually in a document included with the software as it is put on the Internet. Software distributed like this can usually be downloaded without paying, although there may still be significant limitations on what you can do with it.

    Some software is distributed with a license that gives very broad permissions to anyone who obtains a copy. Such software is known as Free Software and/or Open Source Software. Before we look at what that is exactly, it helps to understand a bit better what software actually is, and how it's made.

    What is software?

    To non-programmers, software can appear to be a somewhat magical thing. It is in our computers and phones and it makes them work, or sometimes not work. It's made by specialist people who we call programmers, and who must be very smart to be able to make all this work, or perhaps very dumb given how often software doesn't work. In short, it seems to be mysterious.

    Of course, programmers are perfectly ordinary people. They make the software that makes our phones and computers work, and sometimes programmers make mistakes, and then the software doesn't work as intended. Computer programs are made by typing text into the computer, just like you do when writing an email or a letter. Computer programs consist of one or more files with instructions for the computer. These files can be modified to change what the software does, they can be combined together into a larger, more complex program, and they can be shared with others and reused. For the computer to be able to run the software, the files need to be translated from the human-readable text form (the source code) into a sequence of numbers encoding the same commands (a binary). This is done mechanically by a special program called a compiler or an interpreter.

    There are different ways of making software collaboratively. One is to work closely together (even sharing a computer!) on the same source code, which can help reduce mistakes as two see more than one, or it can be useful as a teaching exercise. Looser ways of collaborating include copying someone else's code and then independently modifying it to do something a bit different, and reusing a software component made by someone else in your own program, usually in its original form but possibly with changes as well.

    The looser forms of collaboration rely on software being distributed from its maker to its user, who then modifies it or integrates it. This requires permission from the copyright owners because there's distribution and the creation of a derivative work, which means that there needs to be a license. A reliable and easy way to do this is to make all the software Free and Open Source.

    Free and Open Source Software

    The Free Software Foundation lists four freedoms that users need to be given by the copyright owner(s) for a program to be considered Free Software:

    • The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.
    • The freedom to study how the program works, and change it, so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
    • The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.
    • The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code a precondition for this.

    Note that the word "free" here refers to freedom to do things, not to what the software costs. You're allowed to sell copies of Free Software!

    Open Source Software has an official definition too, which is quite a bit longer but boils down to the same thing. Because of that, the terms are often combined into Free and Open Source Software, or FOSS, but the term Open Source is also popular. We will use them here interchangeably.

    You can make a software package that you own the copyright to Open Source by distributing it (usually on the Internet) under an Open Source license, i.e. one that gives everyone the above freedoms. In practice, that means that the software is distributed in source code form, with a license document stating that the copyright owners give everyone the freedom to do the above things, subject to certain conditions. There exist a small number of standard Open Source licenses that you can use. All of these are open source, but there are some difference as well that are good to know about.

    License categories

    @@ -59,5 +59,5 @@
    Free and Open Source ProprietaryResearch Only: No copying, No modification
    1GPL: GNU General Public License 2AGPL: Affero General Public License 3LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License 4 MPL: Mozilla Public License 5 BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution 6 MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology -

    The table above shows five of the most common FOSS licenses. They're organised in a hierarchystarting with the distinction between Free and Open Source on the one and, and proprietary software on the other. Proprietary software is software that isn't FOSS, which is to say that it has restrictions on use or modification or distribution. It's called proprietary because there is a proprietor or (copyright) owner, who has exclusive control over the software. For Open Source this is not the case: there is a copyright and it's owned by someone, but the license gives everyone else the same permissions they have and so they don't have exclusive control.

    Within the category of Open Source licenses, we can distinguish Copyleft licenses and Permissive licenses. Permissive licenses give everyone permission to use, modify and distribute with no further restrictions other than perhaps requiring an acknowledgement that the software was used. In particular, permissive licenses allow the software to be used as a part of non-Open Source software, and for it to be redistributed without the source code, so that it cannot be inspected or modified anymore.

    Copyleft licenses try to ensure that the software remains FOSS. You are free to distribute Open Source software that has a copyleft license, but you have to include the complete source code and distribute the modified or extended software under that same license. As a result, everyone who gets a copy of a version of the software and anything it's used in will be free to use, modify and distribute that product. Note that distribution isn't required, all common open source licenses allow making private modifications and not sharing them with anyone.

    Weak copyleft licenses are intended for use with libraries, software components that are intended to be used by other programmers to build larger programs. A weak copyleft license applies copyleft to the library itself, but not to the larger program using the library. As a result, programmers using the library can distribute their part of the program without source code or the right to make modifications, as long as they do distribute the source for the library, including any modifications. Strong copyleft licenses require the entire program to be under the same strong copyleft license.

    License politics

    Besides the legal differences, there's a bit of a political difference between Free Software and Open Source, and between copyleft and permissive licenses, that is good to understand. Free Software adherents see everyone as a potential programmer, and believe that your computer isn't truly yours until you fully control what it does, which requires the ability to inspect and modify the software. They envision a world in which computer users collaboratively develop the software they use, sharing their improvements with each other. They therefore prefer copyleft licenses, because those ensure that as many software packages (and therefore, users) as possible are free.

    Open Source takes a more pragmatic approach in assuming that most software is made by a small cadre of software developers, often employed by companies, and that there are a potentially large number of end users that have neither the skills nor the inclination to change what their computer does. For these end users, having the source code is not useful, but the developers can often save some effort by working together on software that everyone needs. A permissive Open Source license makes that possible with a minimal amount of legal complexity. It also makes it easy to build commercial, proprietary products on top of the software.

    From the perspective of science, there's something to be said for each of these approaches. On the one hand, Free Software and copyleft matches the ideals of Open Science quite well. On the other hand, science and scientific software development is funded by society using public funds in the hopes that something useful will come out of it, and scientific papers are useless to most citizens. They want a product, which will be produced commercially, and that is a good match for the Open Source and permissive licensing model.

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    The table above shows five of the most common FOSS licenses. They're organised in a hierarchystarting with the distinction between Free and Open Source on the one and, and proprietary software on the other. Proprietary software is software that isn't FOSS, which is to say that it has restrictions on use or modification or distribution. It's called proprietary because there is a proprietor or (copyright) owner, who has exclusive control over the software. For Open Source this is not the case: there is a copyright and it's owned by someone, but the license gives everyone else the same permissions they have and so they don't have exclusive control.

    Within the category of Open Source licenses, we can distinguish Copyleft licenses and Permissive licenses. Permissive licenses give everyone permission to use, modify and distribute with no further restrictions other than perhaps requiring an acknowledgement that the software was used. In particular, permissive licenses allow the software to be used as a part of non-Open Source software, and for it to be redistributed without the source code, so that it cannot be inspected or modified anymore.

    Copyleft licenses try to ensure that the software remains FOSS. You are free to distribute Open Source software that has a copyleft license, but you have to include the complete source code and distribute the modified or extended software under that same license. As a result, everyone who gets a copy of a version of the software and anything it's used in will be free to use, modify and distribute that product. Note that distribution isn't required, all common open source licenses allow making private modifications and not sharing them with anyone.

    Weak copyleft licenses are intended for use with libraries, software components that are intended to be used by other programmers to build larger programs. A weak copyleft license applies copyleft to the library itself, but not to the larger program using the library. As a result, programmers using the library can distribute their part of the program without source code or the right to make modifications, as long as they do distribute the source for the library, including any modifications. Strong copyleft licenses require the entire program to be under the same strong copyleft license.

    License politics

    Besides the legal differences, there's a bit of a political difference between Free Software and Open Source, and between copyleft and permissive licenses, that is good to understand. Free Software adherents see everyone as a potential programmer, and believe that your computer isn't truly yours until you fully control what it does, which requires the ability to inspect and modify the software. They envision a world in which computer users collaboratively develop the software they use, sharing their improvements with each other. They therefore prefer copyleft licenses, because those ensure that as many software packages (and therefore, users) as possible are free.

    Open Source takes a more pragmatic approach in assuming that most software is made by a small cadre of software developers, often employed by companies, and that there are a potentially large number of end users that have neither the skills nor the inclination to change what their computer does. For these end users, having the source code is not useful, but the developers can often save some effort by working together on software that everyone needs. A permissive Open Source license makes that possible with a minimal amount of legal complexity. It also makes it easy to build commercial, proprietary products on top of the software.

    From the perspective of science, there's something to be said for each of these approaches. On the one hand, Free Software and copyleft matches the ideals of Open Science quite well. On the other hand, science and scientific software development is funded by society using public funds in the hopes that something useful will come out of it, and scientific papers are useless to most citizens. They want a product, which will be produced commercially, and that is a good match for the Open Source and permissive licensing model.

    + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/licenses/slides/_payload.json b/modules/licenses/slides/_payload.json index cdc1e1b2..25630d3a 100644 --- a/modules/licenses/slides/_payload.json +++ b/modules/licenses/slides/_payload.json @@ -1 +1 @@ -[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":466},["Reactive",2],{"content-query-EwSIIzumT3":3,"content-query-AT44bg6JPw":301},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":7,"type":9,"order":10,"body":11,"_type":296,"_id":297,"_source":298,"_file":299,"_extension":300},"/modules/licenses/slides","licenses",false,"","Software Licensing","slides",1,{"type":12,"children":13,"toc":287},"root",[14,19,26,29,35,55,61,66,71,76,79,85,103,107,112,117,120,126,144,148,153,158,161,167,190,194,199,222,225,231,244,248,253,258,261,273,282],{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":17,"children":18},"element","hr",{},[],{"type":15,"tag":20,"props":21,"children":23},"h2",{"id":22},"software-licensing",[24],{"type":25,"value":8},"text",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":27,"children":28},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":20,"props":30,"children":32},{"id":31},"about-copyright",[33],{"type":25,"value":34},"About copyright",{"type":15,"tag":36,"props":37,"children":38},"ul",{},[39,45,50],{"type":15,"tag":40,"props":41,"children":42},"li",{},[43],{"type":25,"value":44},"Berne convention",{"type":15,"tag":40,"props":46,"children":47},{},[48],{"type":25,"value":49},"Owned by author or employer?",{"type":15,"tag":40,"props":51,"children":52},{},[53],{"type":25,"value":54},"Can be licensed",{"type":15,"tag":56,"props":57,"children":58},"p",{},[59],{"type":25,"value":60},"Note:",{"type":15,"tag":56,"props":62,"children":63},{},[64],{"type":25,"value":65},"By the Berne convention, software is automatically protected by copyright when it is made. 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    Module: licenses

    University software policies

    Universities employ researchers, who often create and use software in the course of doing research. That means that they create and use copyrighted works, activities governed by copyright law. Works created by employees as part of their work are normally owned by their employer. This is the default legally in many places, and is almost always stated in the employment contract as well. So, the university owns the software created by its employees, and because the employees also act on behalf of their employer, is responsible for any violations of copyright by their employees.

    In practice, for example when submitting a paper to a journal, it is often assumed that scientists can transfer copyright ownership or otherwise give permission to the publisher to publish their work on behalf of the university, but strictly speaking there is usually no legal basis for this. Likewise, if scientists produce software as part of their scientific work, then that software is owned by the university, and publishing it as Open Source software, while often done, does not sit on solid legal footing.

    Sharing scientific software offers great possibilities for collaboration, sharing of resources, and increased impact of the scientific work as well as of the software itself. Universities are increasingly aware of this, and have created or are creating policies to guide how they create and use research software. In this module we'll look into the why, how and what of university software policies.

    Why?

    • Ensure scientific software is properly licensed -
      • Including the software your employees use!
    • Increase collaboration
    • Increase impact

    How?

    • Still in development
    • TU Delft
    • Astron
    • NLeSC

    What?

    • Software quality
    • Software development processes and tooling
    • Adhering to others' licenses
    • How to publish as Open Source
    • Acceptable licenses
    • Registering output
    • Education of researchers in software development
    • Acknowledge funding
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: licenses

    University software policies

    Universities employ researchers, who often create and use software in the course of doing research. That means that they create and use copyrighted works, activities governed by copyright law. Works created by employees as part of their work are normally owned by their employer. This is the default legally in many places, and is almost always stated in the employment contract as well. So, the university owns the software created by its employees, and because the employees also act on behalf of their employer, is responsible for any violations of copyright by their employees.

    In practice, for example when submitting a paper to a journal, it is often assumed that scientists can transfer copyright ownership or otherwise give permission to the publisher to publish their work on behalf of the university, but strictly speaking there is usually no legal basis for this. Likewise, if scientists produce software as part of their scientific work, then that software is owned by the university, and publishing it as Open Source software, while often done, does not sit on solid legal footing.

    Sharing scientific software offers great possibilities for collaboration, sharing of resources, and increased impact of the scientific work as well as of the software itself. Universities are increasingly aware of this, and have created or are creating policies to guide how they create and use research software. In this module we'll look into the why, how and what of university software policies.

    Why?

    • Ensure scientific software is properly licensed +
      • Including the software your employees use!
    • Increase collaboration
    • Increase impact

    How?

    • Still in development
    • TU Delft
    • Astron
    • NLeSC

    What?

    • Software quality
    • Software development processes and tooling
    • Adhering to others' licenses
    • How to publish as Open Source
    • Acceptable licenses
    • Registering output
    • Education of researchers in software development
    • Acknowledge funding
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    Module: notebooks

    Learning objectives for the FAIR software module

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    Module: notebooks

    Learning objectives for the FAIR software module

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    Module: publication

    Automating software publication

    Most of the steps in the modern software publishing pipeline can be automated.

    An example with github-zenodo integration

    1. Choose a software repository on github that you own (either existing, or create a new one).
    2. Navigate to <zenodo.org>
    3. Log in with your zenodo account (create a new one if necessary)
    4. Navigate to the "GitHub" tab, located in a drop-down menu under your username
    5. Follow the instructions there to link your GitHub account with Zenodo (if not already done)
    6. Look through the list of repositories listed until you find the one you wanted to archive
    7. Flip the toggle on the right to "ON"
    8. Go back to your repository on github.com and make a new release. Zenodo will automatically archive this release.
    9. Add the zenodo badge for your repository to the README file.
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    Module: publication

    Discussion

    Before we dive in...

    What do you already know about software publication?

    Discuss how you would publish a piece of software.

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: publication

    Discussion

    Before we dive in...

    What do you already know about software publication?

    Discuss how you would publish a piece of software.

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    Choose a piece of research software that you know, or pick one of the packages in this list:

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    3. Discuss with your partner(s) why you chose that registry.
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    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: publication

    Exercise: Find your registry

    Software registries are an important player in the findability of research software. +A collection of software registries can be found here: Research Software Registries Awesome List

    Choose a piece of research software that you know, or pick one of the packages in this list:

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    PeerJ Computer Science

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    Module: publication

    Software publication pipeline

    Steps

    It is recommended that all steps in the pipeline are followed, but they are not dependent on each other. In this pipeline we provide resources to achieve the whole pipeline using GitHub or GitLab for hosting the source code

    • Software repository
    • Tag/semantic versioning
    • Get a persistent identifier
    • Registries
    • Software Paper

    Software repository

    If possible, during the development of Research Software, changes should be tracked using dedicated version control software like git.

    Put all source files in a public version-controlled repository, preferably GitHub or GitLab. Both GitHub and Gitlab provide online repositories for hosting source code. As can be inferred from their names, they were designed to be used together with Git version control. The nice thing about using git together with GitHub and GitLab is that it stores the complete history of changes to the source code, rather than just a single version .

    A quickstart tutorial for...

    Versions, tags and releases

    Every time software changes, and that history is stored, that can be considered a new version of the software. It is useful to add special identifiers, called tags to new versions that mark significant changes, so that specific versions of your software can be cited or referenced as dependency by other software. If you use git for version control, you can create tags in git

    It is good practice to use semantic versioning to tag the software. In this way, information about the impact of the change from one version to the next is stored in the tag. Usually, tagged versions of the software are opened up to the public in a software release, together with updated documentation and a documentation of the changes since the previous release in a so called changelog.

    The documentation of creating releases...

    Get a persistent identifier

    Specific versions of the software should be published to an archiving service that provides persistent identifiers

    For example, Zenodo is a long term archiving service for scientific data and software. -Zenodo will assign a DOI to the published data, making it citable.

    Documentation on how to integrate Zenodo with your repository...

    Registries

    To improve findability of the software, it should be shared in existing software registries. Preferably, software is added to a registry specific to the domain and/or programming language. Software can be shared in multiple registries if they are relevant to the software.

    Software Paper

    A major, but also optional step is to publish a journal article about the software specifically in a dedicated software journal. Some examples are:

    Check this extensive list of software journals

    Note that this is different than other scientific journal publications in that the publication should be focussing on the software and its features and not on any particular research results. However, research projects in which the software plays a crucial role can of course be mentioned as use cases.

    Communication and outreach

    Once software is released, it is often a good idea to spend some time on communication and outreach to potential users of the software. In this way the world will get to know your software. This can be in many forms:

    • Blogposts
    • Organisational/institutional newsletters
    • Conference presentations/posters
    • Etc.
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: publication

    Software publication pipeline

    Steps

    It is recommended that all steps in the pipeline are followed, but they are not dependent on each other. In this pipeline we provide resources to achieve the whole pipeline using GitHub or GitLab for hosting the source code

    • Software repository
    • Tag/semantic versioning
    • Get a persistent identifier
    • Registries
    • Software Paper

    Software repository

    If possible, during the development of Research Software, changes should be tracked using dedicated version control software like git.

    Put all source files in a public version-controlled repository, preferably GitHub or GitLab. Both GitHub and Gitlab provide online repositories for hosting source code. As can be inferred from their names, they were designed to be used together with Git version control. The nice thing about using git together with GitHub and GitLab is that it stores the complete history of changes to the source code, rather than just a single version .

    A quickstart tutorial for...

    Versions, tags and releases

    Every time software changes, and that history is stored, that can be considered a new version of the software. It is useful to add special identifiers, called tags to new versions that mark significant changes, so that specific versions of your software can be cited or referenced as dependency by other software. If you use git for version control, you can create tags in git

    It is good practice to use semantic versioning to tag the software. In this way, information about the impact of the change from one version to the next is stored in the tag. Usually, tagged versions of the software are opened up to the public in a software release, together with updated documentation and a documentation of the changes since the previous release in a so called changelog.

    The documentation of creating releases...

    Get a persistent identifier

    Specific versions of the software should be published to an archiving service that provides persistent identifiers

    For example, Zenodo is a long term archiving service for scientific data and software. +Zenodo will assign a DOI to the published data, making it citable.

    Documentation on how to integrate Zenodo with your repository...

    Registries

    To improve findability of the software, it should be shared in existing software registries. Preferably, software is added to a registry specific to the domain and/or programming language. Software can be shared in multiple registries if they are relevant to the software.

    Software Paper

    A major, but also optional step is to publish a journal article about the software specifically in a dedicated software journal. Some examples are:

    Check this extensive list of software journals

    Note that this is different than other scientific journal publications in that the publication should be focussing on the software and its features and not on any particular research results. However, research projects in which the software plays a crucial role can of course be mentioned as use cases.

    Communication and outreach

    Once software is released, it is often a good idea to spend some time on communication and outreach to potential users of the software. In this way the world will get to know your software. This can be in many forms:

    • Blogposts
    • Organisational/institutional newsletters
    • Conference presentations/posters
    • Etc.
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    Module: researchsoftware

    Exercise: Is it research software?

    Using the definition of research software from the FAIR4RS working group, try to classify the following as "research software" or "software in research"

    Example software tools

    Shape Preserving Local Histogram Modification Algorithm

    An Analysis and Implementation of the Shape Preserving Local Histogram Modification Algorithm is a published article on IPOL. The source code implementing the algorithm is available for download.

    Is this "research software" or "software in research"?

    SciPy

    SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering. +

    Module: researchsoftware

    Exercise: Is it research software?

    Using the definition of research software from the FAIR4RS working group, try to classify the following as "research software" or "software in research"

    Example software tools

    Shape Preserving Local Histogram Modification Algorithm

    An Analysis and Implementation of the Shape Preserving Local Histogram Modification Algorithm is a published article on IPOL. The source code implementing the algorithm is available for download.

    Is this "research software" or "software in research"?

    SciPy

    SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering. It is also the name of a very popular conference on scientific programming with Python. The SciPy library depends on NumPy, which provides convenient and fast N-dimensional array manipulation. The SciPy library is built to work with NumPy arrays, and provides many user-friendly and efficient numerical routines such as routines for numerical integration and optimization. Together, they run on all popular operating systems, are quick to install, and are free of charge. NumPy and SciPy are easy to use, but powerful enough to be depended upon by some of the world’s leading scientists and engineers.

    Is this "research software" or "software in research"?

    Other software tools

    How about other software tools you are familiar with? -Can you provide an example of software you are familiar with, and then classify it as "research software" or "software in research"?

    - \ No newline at end of file +Can you provide an example of software you are familiar with, and then classify it as "research software" or "software in research"?

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    Module: researchsoftware

    Exercise: Where does software fit in the research life cycle?

    Take a look at the research life cycle below.

    The Research Life Cycle

    Think of a piece of research software you have used or developed.

    Where does it fit in the research life cycle?

    Existing software

    The following research software can also be used as examples:

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: researchsoftware

    Exercise: Where does software fit in the research life cycle?

    Take a look at the research life cycle below.

    The Research Life Cycle

    Think of a piece of research software you have used or developed.

    Where does it fit in the research life cycle?

    Existing software

    The following research software can also be used as examples:

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    Module: researchsoftware

    The role of research software (10 minutes)

    The following piece was written after a workshop called "The Future of Research Software", held in the Netherlands in 2022.

    It explores the different roles for research software in the research life cycle, strengthening the case for sustainable software.

    Defining the Roles of Research Software

    After reading the piece, discuss the following questions:

    • What are the different roles of research software?
    • What are the challenges for each of these roles?
    • How can we address these challenges?
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: researchsoftware

    The role of research software (10 minutes)

    The following piece was written after a workshop called "The Future of Research Software", held in the Netherlands in 2022.

    It explores the different roles for research software in the research life cycle, strengthening the case for sustainable software.

    Defining the Roles of Research Software

    After reading the piece, discuss the following questions:

    • What are the different roles of research software?
    • What are the challenges for each of these roles?
    • How can we address these challenges?
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    Module: researchsoftware

    Software is data (10 minutes, optional)

    In computer science, the fact that software is data is considered one of the fundamental concepts of computing. The fact that the thing that operates the machine (software) is the same kind of thing as the thing it operates on (data) is definitely one of the strengths of current computersystems and one of the main reasons why we can do such complex and powerful things with the combination of hardware and software.

    Read the following blogpost about why this concept is so powerful: -https://www.blackliszt.com/2014/04/fundamental-concepts-of-computing-software-is-data.html

    Software is a special type of data ()

    However for most practical purposes in most domains of scientific research (except maybe the domain of computer science) it is useful to make a distinction between the data that is software and other data. From now on, when we use the word data, we mean the kind fo data which is not software and which we use to store more static information.

    • Software is executable, data is not.
    • Data provides information or evidence, software provides a tool to do work on the data.
    • Software is a creative work, scientific data are facts or observations.
    • The lifetime of software is generally not as long as that of data.

    https://github.com/danielskatz/software-vs-data

    https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2630v1

    Discussion

    • Can you think of examples where the line between software and data becomes fuzzy?
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: researchsoftware

    Software is data (10 minutes, optional)

    In computer science, the fact that software is data is considered one of the fundamental concepts of computing. The fact that the thing that operates the machine (software) is the same kind of thing as the thing it operates on (data) is definitely one of the strengths of current computersystems and one of the main reasons why we can do such complex and powerful things with the combination of hardware and software.

    Read the following blogpost about why this concept is so powerful: +https://www.blackliszt.com/2014/04/fundamental-concepts-of-computing-software-is-data.html

    Software is a special type of data ()

    However for most practical purposes in most domains of scientific research (except maybe the domain of computer science) it is useful to make a distinction between the data that is software and other data. From now on, when we use the word data, we mean the kind fo data which is not software and which we use to store more static information.

    • Software is executable, data is not.
    • Data provides information or evidence, software provides a tool to do work on the data.
    • Software is a creative work, scientific data are facts or observations.
    • The lifetime of software is generally not as long as that of data.

    https://github.com/danielskatz/software-vs-data

    https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2630v1

    Discussion

    • Can you think of examples where the line between software and data becomes fuzzy?
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    Module: smp

    Exercise 1

    Software Management Plans (10 minutes)

    Research software plays a crucial role in academic research and has become a key output of many research projects. A software management plan helps to implement best practices during software development and ensures that software is accessible and reusable in the short and longer term. It also contributes to the reproducibility of results and stimulates collaborative work on open-source software for research.

    In practice, a software management plan helps:

    • Assess whether developing new software is necessary
    • Plan to make the research software reusable and sustainable
    • Plan for necessary resources
    • Allow for verification of work that went into implementation

    In the Practical Guide to Software Management plans, this is described in more detail:

    A practical guide to software management plans

    After reading this guide, you should:

    • Be aware of different types of research software
    • Understand different demands placed on these types of software
    • Know about various aspects of software management
    • Be able to explain the importance of a software management plan for software sustainability.
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: smp

    Exercise 1

    Software Management Plans (10 minutes)

    Research software plays a crucial role in academic research and has become a key output of many research projects. A software management plan helps to implement best practices during software development and ensures that software is accessible and reusable in the short and longer term. It also contributes to the reproducibility of results and stimulates collaborative work on open-source software for research.

    In practice, a software management plan helps:

    • Assess whether developing new software is necessary
    • Plan to make the research software reusable and sustainable
    • Plan for necessary resources
    • Allow for verification of work that went into implementation

    In the Practical Guide to Software Management plans, this is described in more detail:

    A practical guide to software management plans

    After reading this guide, you should:

    • Be aware of different types of research software
    • Understand different demands placed on these types of software
    • Know about various aspects of software management
    • Be able to explain the importance of a software management plan for software sustainability.
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    Module: smp

    Exercise 2

    In a live setting, this exercise is done in groups. +

    Module: smp

    Exercise 2

    In a live setting, this exercise is done in groups. Each group will be assigned a software project. The group will then create an SMP for this project.

    Step 1: Choose a software project

    Choose a software project for this exercise, preferably one you are familiar with.

    If you don't have a project in mind, you can use one of the following:

    Find the Practical Guide at tinyurl.com/SMP-guide.

    Step 2: Assess the management level needed

    • Look at the software repository or page in the Research Software Directory
    • Assess what level of management the software needs: low, medium, or high.

    For this, use the following considerations (section 5 in the guide):

    1. Purpose. What is the current reason or expected end-use for developing the software?
    2. Reliability. The effect of software failure and/or non-maintenance on:
      • Risk of harm to self or others. This includes injury, privacy violation, bias, and inappropriate content.
      • Reputation. For example to self, institution or other.
      • Research, either your own or of others. This effect could be due to an obvious software failure ("crash") or a hidden one, for example, returning inconsistent numerical results on different operating systems.
    3. Maintenance. The long-term effort needed to maintain the software as long as it might be used as a standalone tool or dependency. This includes maintenance functions that can extend beyond the lifespan of the original development project and includes fixing bugs, dependency management, operating system compatibility, and security issues.

    This may not be a clear-cut decision, but that is fine. The goal is to get a sense of the level of management needed. -Discuss with your group and come to a consensus.

    Step 3: Fill in the SMP template

    From the assessment made in Step 1, get the requirements that match the level of management needed.

    Copy a template, and fill it in for your software project.

    - \ No newline at end of file +Discuss with your group and come to a consensus.

    Step 3: Fill in the SMP template

    From the assessment made in Step 1, get the requirements that match the level of management needed.

    Copy a template, and fill it in for your software project.

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    Module: smp

    Exercise 3

    SMP vs FAIR

    Why do we care?

    When thinking of the importance of good software stewardship, management, and development practice, many reasons and motivations come to mind. +

    Module: smp

    Exercise 3

    SMP vs FAIR

    Why do we care?

    When thinking of the importance of good software stewardship, management, and development practice, many reasons and motivations come to mind. You may think of:

    • Accuracy of results
    • Reproducibility of results
    • Reusability of software
    • User friendliness of software
    • Software quality
    • Recognition and rewards for software developers
    • Scholarly archive
    • Software sustainability

    What are the reasons and motivations that come to mind for you?

    Mapping motivations

    (NB: If you are not yet familiar with the FAIR principles for research software, take a look at the chapter on FAIR software before doing the following exercise.)

    The motivations we listed above were important considerations for the development of Software Management Plans as well as the FAIR principles for research software. They do not match completely, however. -Each has its own focus and emphasis.

    In the following exercise, we will map the motivations we listed above to the ultimate goals of SMPs and the FAIR principles.

    Draw a Venn diagram with two circles: SMP and FAIR:

    Map the motivations listed above to the Venn diagram.

    • Which motivations are covered by SMPs, which by FAIR, and which by both?
    • Do you find any motivations that are not covered by either?
    • What does this tell you about the relationship between SMPs and FAIR?
    - \ No newline at end of file +Each has its own focus and emphasis.

    In the following exercise, we will map the motivations we listed above to the ultimate goals of SMPs and the FAIR principles.

    Draw a Venn diagram with two circles: SMP and FAIR:

    Map the motivations listed above to the Venn diagram.

    • Which motivations are covered by SMPs, which by FAIR, and which by both?
    • Do you find any motivations that are not covered by either?
    • What does this tell you about the relationship between SMPs and FAIR?
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DOI.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":417,"children":418},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":70,"props":420,"children":421},{},[422],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":423,"children":425},{"src":424,"width":76},"media/groupedrequirements.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429],{"type":25,"value":430},"Note:\nIn the practical guide, the core requirements for an SMP are listed, and grouped into four categories.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434,436,442],{"type":25,"value":435},"Focusing on the ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":438,"children":439},"em",{},[440],{"type":25,"value":441},"engineering",{"type":25,"value":443},", the guide asks about version control, packaging, testing, and software quality.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447,449,454],{"type":25,"value":448},"Focusing on ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":450,"children":451},{},[452],{"type":25,"value":453},"documentation",{"type":25,"value":455},", the guide discusses documentation 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software.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":480,"children":481},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":70,"props":483,"children":484},{},[485],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":486,"children":489},{"src":487,"width":488},"media/purpose.png","40%",[],{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493,498,503],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":494,"children":495},{},[496],{"type":25,"value":497},"What problem does it solve?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":499,"children":500},{},[501],{"type":25,"value":502},"Who is the intended audience?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":504,"children":505},{},[506],{"type":25,"value":507},"What are its advantages and limitations?",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":509,"children":510},{},[511],{"type":25,"value":512},"Note:\nThe software's purpose is a central question in the SMP.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":514,"children":515},{},[516],{"type":25,"value":517},"It is important to be clear about the problem it addresses, and who the software is aimed at.\nAddressing the limitations of the software, as well as the advantages it will provide, help determine its scope.\nThis will help the developers focus on the specific needs of the software.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":519,"children":520},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":70,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":525,"children":528},{"src":526,"width":527},"media/engineering.png","30%",[],{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532,537,542,547],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":25,"value":536},"What version control will you use?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":25,"value":541},"How will you test the software?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":543,"children":544},{},[545],{"type":25,"value":546},"How will the project be organized or packaged?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":25,"value":551},"How will you manage code 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regression testing can be done to ensure new changes do not break existing functionality; and so on.\nDeciding whether and if so what testing will be implemented is an important element of the SMP.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":578,"children":579},{},[580,585],{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":581,"children":582},{},[583],{"type":25,"value":584},"Packaging",{"type":25,"value":586}," is important for the distribution of software.\nThe format in which the software will be distributed is an important decision that should be made early on.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":588,"children":589},{},[590,595],{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":25,"value":594},"Code quality",{"type":25,"value":596}," should be addressed: what standards will be adhered to, and how will they be measured and supported?\nThere are many tools that can help with this, and it is important to choose them early on to maintain consistent code quality throughout the project.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":598,"children":599},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":70,"props":601,"children":602},{},[603],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":604,"children":606},{"src":605,"width":527},"media/documentation.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":608,"children":609},{},[610,628],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":611,"children":612},{},[613,615],{"type":25,"value":614},"What documentation will you provide\n",{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":616,"children":617},{},[618,623],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":619,"children":620},{},[621],{"type":25,"value":622},"for users?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":624,"children":625},{},[626],{"type":25,"value":627},"for developers?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":629,"children":630},{},[631],{"type":25,"value":632},"How will you manage system requirements (e.g. dependencies)?",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":634,"children":635},{},[636],{"type":25,"value":637},"Note:\nDocumentation is an important component of software, and should be tailored to different audiences.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":639,"children":640},{},[641,643,648],{"type":25,"value":642},"In ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":644,"children":645},{},[646],{"type":25,"value":647},"user documentation",{"type":25,"value":649},", the software's function should be explained, and instructions on how to use it should be provided.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":651,"children":652},{},[653,654,659],{"type":25,"value":642},{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":655,"children":656},{},[657],{"type":25,"value":658},"developer documentation",{"type":25,"value":660},", instructions on how to modify the software, and how to contribute to the project should be provided.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":662,"children":663},{},[664,669],{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":665,"children":666},{},[667],{"type":25,"value":668},"Deployment documentation",{"type":25,"value":670}," explains any system requirements (such as dependencies) for deploying the software, and installation and testing instructions.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":672,"children":673},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":70,"props":675,"children":676},{},[677],{"type":15,"tag":41,"props":678,"children":680},{"src":679,"width":527},"media/projectmanagement.png",[],{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":682,"children":683},{},[684,689,694,699,704,717],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":685,"children":686},{},[687],{"type":25,"value":688},"What license will you use?",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":690,"children":691},{},[692],{"type":25,"value":693},"How will the software be maintained? 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What DOI will you use for this?",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":764,"children":765},{},[766,767,772],{"type":25,"value":743},{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":768,"children":769},{},[770],{"type":25,"value":771},"repository",{"type":25,"value":773}," where the software will be deposited is preferably publicly accessible, and should allow users to obtain a functional copy of the software.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":775,"children":776},{},[777,779,784],{"type":25,"value":778},"What ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":780,"children":781},{},[782],{"type":25,"value":783},"resources",{"type":25,"value":785}," — human, infrastructure, financial - will be needed, and when?",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":787,"children":788},{},[789,791,796],{"type":25,"value":790},"Finally, a ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":792,"children":793},{},[794],{"type":25,"value":795},"risk analysis",{"type":25,"value":797}," should be performed: for instance, are there privacy or security concerns? Is there potential for vendor lock, or other considerations for future reliability and reuse?",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":799,"children":800},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":802,"children":804},{"id":803},"smp-template",[805],{"type":25,"value":806},"SMP template",{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":808,"children":809},{},[810,815,843],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813],{"type":25,"value":814},"Should be provided by the institution",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":816,"children":817},{},[818,820],{"type":25,"value":819},"Include guidance:\n",{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":821,"children":822},{},[823,828,833,838],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":824,"children":825},{},[826],{"type":25,"value":827},"Instructions on how to fill it out",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":829,"children":830},{},[831],{"type":25,"value":832},"Resources for information and support",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":834,"children":835},{},[836],{"type":25,"value":837},"Institution-specific 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sustainability.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":895,"children":896},{},[897],{"type":25,"value":898},"The diversity of research software does mean that not all requirements apply to every type of software.\nTo address this, we can subset the core requirements to create different SMP templates tailored to software with different management needs.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":900,"children":901},{},[902],{"type":25,"value":903},"The SMP Guide distinguishes software with low, medium, and high management needs.",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":905,"children":906},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":908,"children":910},{"id":909},"smp-level-low",[911],{"type":25,"value":912},"SMP level: low",{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":914,"children":915},{},[916,921,926],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":917,"children":918},{},[919],{"type":25,"value":920},"Single purpose scripts",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":922,"children":923},{},[924],{"type":25,"value":925},"Developer is the primary 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What DOI will you use for this?",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":764,"children":765},{},[766,767,772],{"type":25,"value":743},{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":768,"children":769},{},[770],{"type":25,"value":771},"repository",{"type":25,"value":773}," where the software will be deposited is preferably publicly accessible, and should allow users to obtain a functional copy of the software.",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":775,"children":776},{},[777,779,784],{"type":25,"value":778},"What ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":780,"children":781},{},[782],{"type":25,"value":783},"resources",{"type":25,"value":785}," — human, infrastructure, financial - will be needed, and when?",{"type":15,"tag":37,"props":787,"children":788},{},[789,791,796],{"type":25,"value":790},"Finally, a ",{"type":15,"tag":437,"props":792,"children":793},{},[794],{"type":25,"value":795},"risk analysis",{"type":25,"value":797}," should be performed: for instance, are there privacy or security concerns? Is there potential for vendor lock, or other considerations for future reliability and reuse?",{"type":15,"tag":16,"props":799,"children":800},{},[],{"type":15,"tag":30,"props":802,"children":804},{"id":803},"smp-template",[805],{"type":25,"value":806},"SMP template",{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":808,"children":809},{},[810,815,843],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813],{"type":25,"value":814},"Should be provided by the institution",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":816,"children":817},{},[818,820],{"type":25,"value":819},"Include guidance:\n",{"type":15,"tag":84,"props":821,"children":822},{},[823,828,833,838],{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":824,"children":825},{},[826],{"type":25,"value":827},"Instructions on how to fill it out",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":829,"children":830},{},[831],{"type":25,"value":832},"Resources for information and support",{"type":15,"tag":88,"props":834,"children":835},{},[836],{"type":25,"value":837},"Institution-specific 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    Module: testing

    Exercise 1

    Choose an alternative that correctly answers the following questions:

    1.1 What is software testing?

    a) A method for evaluating a software's compatibility with different operating systems.

    b) The process of releasing updates and patches for software.

    c) The process of verifying and validating that a software meets the required specifications and works as intended.

    d) A step in the software lifecycle focused on community engagement and feedback.

    e) The practice of documenting software functionalities.


    1.2 Why is software testing important?

    a) To build and maintain the community's trust by demonstrating commitment to quality.

    b) To identify and fix bugs, ensure the software meets required standards, and assess its reliability and reproducibility.

    c) To design the software's user interface and graphics.

    d) To accelerate the overall software development process.

    e) To facilitate easier collaboration among developers.


    answers: +

    Module: testing

    Exercise 1

    Choose an alternative that correctly answers the following questions:

    1.1 What is software testing?

    a) A method for evaluating a software's compatibility with different operating systems.

    b) The process of releasing updates and patches for software.

    c) The process of verifying and validating that a software meets the required specifications and works as intended.

    d) A step in the software lifecycle focused on community engagement and feedback.

    e) The practice of documenting software functionalities.


    1.2 Why is software testing important?

    a) To build and maintain the community's trust by demonstrating commitment to quality.

    b) To identify and fix bugs, ensure the software meets required standards, and assess its reliability and reproducibility.

    c) To design the software's user interface and graphics.

    d) To accelerate the overall software development process.

    e) To facilitate easier collaboration among developers.


    answers: 1.1 c) 1.2 The most obvious answer is b), but in fact all answers except c) are correct -

    - \ No newline at end of file +

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    Module: testing

    Exercise 2

    Instructions

    • Match the items in Column A with their corresponding items in Column B.
    • Write the letter of the correct match next to each item in Column A.
    • Have fun and learn!

    Column A

    1. Smoke Test
    2. Unit Test
    3. Integration Test
    4. System Test
    5. Regression Test

    Column B

    A. Style of testing that focuses on retesting after changes are made. The results of tests after the changes are compared to the results before, and errors are raised if these are different. The purpose of this test is to ensure that changes (enhancements or defect fixes) to the software have not adversely affected it.

    B. A level of the software testing process where the complete, integrated system is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate whether the system as a whole gives the correct outputs for given inputs.

    C. Very brief initial checks that ensure the basic units required to run the software can be initialized. If these fail there is no point proceeding to additional levels of testing until they are fixed.

    D. A level of software testing where individual units are combined and tested as a group. The purpose of this level of testing is to expose faults in the interaction between integrated units.

    E. A level of the software testing process where individual units of a software are tested. The purpose is to ensure that each unit of the software works as expected.


    Answers

    (Leave this blank for now, you can fill in the answers after completing the activity)


    Hint

    Here’s an analogy: during the process of manufacturing a ballpoint pen, the cap, the body, the tail, the ink cartridge and the ballpoint are produced separately and unit tested separately. When two or more units are ready, they are assembled and integration testing is performed, for example a test to check the cap fits on the body. When the complete pen is integrated, system testing is performed to check it can be used to write like any pen should.

    correct answers: 1.C., 2.E., 3.D., 4.B., and 5.A

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: testing

    Exercise 2

    Instructions

    • Match the items in Column A with their corresponding items in Column B.
    • Write the letter of the correct match next to each item in Column A.
    • Have fun and learn!

    Column A

    1. Smoke Test
    2. Unit Test
    3. Integration Test
    4. System Test
    5. Regression Test

    Column B

    A. Style of testing that focuses on retesting after changes are made. The results of tests after the changes are compared to the results before, and errors are raised if these are different. The purpose of this test is to ensure that changes (enhancements or defect fixes) to the software have not adversely affected it.

    B. A level of the software testing process where the complete, integrated system is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate whether the system as a whole gives the correct outputs for given inputs.

    C. Very brief initial checks that ensure the basic units required to run the software can be initialized. If these fail there is no point proceeding to additional levels of testing until they are fixed.

    D. A level of software testing where individual units are combined and tested as a group. The purpose of this level of testing is to expose faults in the interaction between integrated units.

    E. A level of the software testing process where individual units of a software are tested. The purpose is to ensure that each unit of the software works as expected.


    Answers

    (Leave this blank for now, you can fill in the answers after completing the activity)


    Hint

    Here’s an analogy: during the process of manufacturing a ballpoint pen, the cap, the body, the tail, the ink cartridge and the ballpoint are produced separately and unit tested separately. When two or more units are ready, they are assembled and integration testing is performed, for example a test to check the cap fits on the body. When the complete pen is integrated, system testing is performed to check it can be used to write like any pen should.

    correct answers: 1.C., 2.E., 3.D., 4.B., and 5.A

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    Module: testing

    Exercise 3

    Scenario

    You are part of a research team working on a complex simulation software that models climate change. The software is developed collaboratively by a diverse group of scientists, each contributing to different modules (e.g., ocean temperature modeling, atmospheric chemistry, etc.). The team has faced issues with code integration, where new contributions occasionally break existing functionalities or cause unexpected results, leading to delays in their research. You are considering the adoption of Continuous Integration.

    Question

    Which of the following best describes Continuous Integration and its benefits for this project?

    a) Continuous Integration is a practice where team members work in isolation to ensure their code is perfect before integrating it once at the end of the project, helping to avoid conflicts and errors.

    b) Continuous Integration involves the use of specialized software to automatically translate code into multiple programming languages, making it more versatile and reducing workload.

    c) Continuous Integration is a development practice where team members frequently integrate their work, often several times a day, to detect and fix integration issues early, thereby improving collaboration and code quality.

    d) Continuous Integration is a method where team members manually review each other's code at the end of each day, ensuring that the code meets quality standards and is ready for client presentation.

    e) Continuous Integration refers to the continuous updating of software to incorporate user feedback and new features, ensuring the software evolves to meet user needs.

    correct answer: c)

    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: testing

    Exercise 3

    Scenario

    You are part of a research team working on a complex simulation software that models climate change. The software is developed collaboratively by a diverse group of scientists, each contributing to different modules (e.g., ocean temperature modeling, atmospheric chemistry, etc.). The team has faced issues with code integration, where new contributions occasionally break existing functionalities or cause unexpected results, leading to delays in their research. You are considering the adoption of Continuous Integration.

    Question

    Which of the following best describes Continuous Integration and its benefits for this project?

    a) Continuous Integration is a practice where team members work in isolation to ensure their code is perfect before integrating it once at the end of the project, helping to avoid conflicts and errors.

    b) Continuous Integration involves the use of specialized software to automatically translate code into multiple programming languages, making it more versatile and reducing workload.

    c) Continuous Integration is a development practice where team members frequently integrate their work, often several times a day, to detect and fix integration issues early, thereby improving collaboration and code quality.

    d) Continuous Integration is a method where team members manually review each other's code at the end of each day, ensuring that the code meets quality standards and is ready for client presentation.

    e) Continuous Integration refers to the continuous updating of software to incorporate user feedback and new features, ensuring the software evolves to meet user needs.

    correct answer: c)

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    Module: testing

    • Appreciate the importance of testing software
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    • Understand the types of tests and what info they convey
    • Get familiar with the idea of continuous integration and its importance
    - \ No newline at end of file +

    Module: testing

    • Appreciate the importance of testing software
    • Understand the various benefits of testing
    • Understand the types of tests and what info they convey
    • Get familiar with the idea of continuous integration and its importance
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