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indexen12.html
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Google Scholar</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2">
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
<style>
html,
body,
form,
table,
div,
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
img,
ol,
ul,
li,
button {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
border: 0;
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
border-width: 0;
empty-cells: show;
}
html,
body {
height: 100%
}
#gs_top {
position: relative;
box-sizing: border-box;
min-height: 100%;
min-width: 964px;
-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
#gs_top>*:not(#x) {
-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, .5);
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_top,
.gs_el_ta #gs_top {
min-width: 320px;
}
#gs_top.gs_nscl {
position: fixed;
width: 100%;
}
body,
td,
input,
button {
font-size: 13px;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1.24;
}
body {
background: #fff;
color: #222;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
-moz-text-size-adjust: none;
}
.gs_gray {
color: #777777
}
.gs_red {
color: #dd4b39
}
.gs_grn {
color: #006621
}
.gs_lil {
font-size: 11px
}
.gs_med {
font-size: 16px
}
.gs_hlt {
font-weight: bold;
}
a:link {
color: #1a0dab;
text-decoration: none
}
a:visited {
color: #660099;
text-decoration: none
}
a:hover,
a:hover .gs_lbl {
text-decoration: underline
}
a:active,
a:active .gs_lbl,
a .gs_lbl:active {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_el_tc a:hover,
.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl {
text-decoration: none
}
.gs_pfcs a:focus,
.gs_pfcs button:focus,
.gs_pfcs input:focus,
.gs_pfcs label:focus {
outline: none
}
.gs_a,
.gs_a a:link,
.gs_a a:visited {
color: #006621
}
.gs_a a:active {
color: #d14836
}
a.gs_fl:link,
.gs_fl a:link {
color: #1a0dab
}
a.gs_fl:visited,
.gs_fl a:visited {
color: #660099
}
a.gs_fl:active,
.gs_fl a:active {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_fl {
color: #777777
}
.gs_ctc,
.gs_ctu {
vertical-align: middle;
font-size: 11px;
font-weight: bold
}
.gs_ctc {
color: #1a0dab
}
.gs_ctg,
.gs_ctg2 {
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: bold
}
.gs_ctg {
color: #1a0dab
}
a.gs_pda,
.gs_pda a {
padding: 7px 0 5px 0
}
.gs_alrt {
background: #f9edbe;
border: 1px solid #f0c36d;
padding: 0 16px;
text-align: center;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
border-radius: 2px;
}
.gs_alrt:empty {
display: none;
}
.gs_spc {
display: inline-block;
width: 12px
}
.gs_br {
width: 0;
font-size: 0
}
.gs_ibl {
display: inline-block;
}
.gs_scl:after {
content: "";
display: table;
clear: both;
}
.gs_ind {
padding-left: 8px;
text-indent: -8px
}
.gs_ico,
.gs_icm {
display: inline-block;
background: no-repeat url(https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);
background-position: -23px -161px;
background-size: 169px;
width: 21px;
height: 21px;
}
@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5), (min-resolution:144dpi) {
.gs_ico,
.gs_icm {
background-image: url(https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);
}
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,
.gs_ota,
.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,
.gs_oph {
display: none
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,
.gs_el_ph .gs_oph {
display: inline
}
.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,
.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph {
display: block
}
.gs_sth_g {
visibility: hidden;
max-height: 0;
}
.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g {
max-height: 1000px;
}
.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
}
.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b {
position: absolute;
top: auto;
}
@keyframes gs_anm_spin {
0% {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
100% {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
.gs_invis {
visibility: hidden;
}
.gs_rimg {
display: block;
background-color: #e5e5e5;
border-radius: 50%;
overflow: hidden;
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
}
.gs_rimg>img {
position: absolute;
margin: auto;
left: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
}
.gs_in_txtw {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.gs_in_txtb {
display: block;
}
.gs_in_txt {
color: #000;
background-color: #fff;
font-size: 16px;
box-sizing: border-box;
height: 29px;
line-height: 23px;
border: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
border-top-color: #c0c0c0;
padding: 3px 6px 1px 8px;
border-radius: 1px;
outline: none;
-webkit-appearance: none;
-moz-appearance: none;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt {
font-size: 18px;
}
.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt {
width: 100%;
}
.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 14.5px;
padding: 3px 12px 1px 12px;
}
.gs_in_txt:hover {
border-color: #b9b9b9;
border-top-color: #a0a0a0;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
}
.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt {
border-color: #dd4b39;
}
.gs_in_txt:focus {
border-color: #4d90fe;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);
}
.gs_in_txt:disabled {
color: #b8b8b8;
border-color: #f1f1f1;
box-shadow: none;
}
.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt {
font-size: 13px;
height: 24px;
line-height: 16px;
padding: 3px 6px;
}
.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 12px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt {
height: 29px;
line-height: 21px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 14.5px;
}
.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt {
height: 41px;
padding: 9px 43px;
}
.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 20.5px;
}
.gs_in_txts {
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 18px;
color: #666;
}
.gs_in_txts:not(:empty) {
margin-top: 2px;
}
.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts {
color: #dd4b39;
}
button {
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
box-sizing: border-box;
font-size: 13px;
cursor: pointer;
height: 29px;
line-height: normal;
min-width: 72px;
padding: 0 8px;
color: #444;
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
border-radius: 3px;
text-align: center;
background-color: #f5f5f5;
-webkit-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
button.gs_btn_rnd {
border-radius: 14px;
padding: 0 12px;
}
button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci {
padding-left: 4px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge {
height: 41px;
min-width: 82px;
padding: 0 9px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym {
padding-left: 5px;
padding-right: 8px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd {
border-radius: 20px;
padding: 0 16px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci {
padding-left: 10px;
}
button.gs_btn_cir {
border-radius: 14.5px;
min-width: 29px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir {
border-radius: 20.5px;
min-width: 41px;
}
button.gs_btn_mini {
padding: 0;
border: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,
.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta {
height: 41px;
}
button .gs_wr {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
button .gs_wr:before {
content: "";
width: 0;
height: 100%;
}
button .gs_wr:before,
button .gs_ico,
button .gs_rdt,
button .gs_lbl,
button .gs_icm {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
button .gs_wr {
font-size: 13px;
text-transform: none;
}
.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr {
font-size: 15px;
}
.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr {
font-size: 11px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr {
font-size: 11px;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr {
font-size: 13px;
}
.gs_btn_half,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph {
min-width: 36px;
}
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph {
min-width: 41px;
}
.gs_btn_slt {
border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;
}
.gs_btn_srt {
margin-left: -1px;
border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;
}
.gs_btn_smd {
margin-left: -1px;
border-radius: 0;
}
button:hover {
z-index: 2;
color: #222;
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
background-color: #f8f8f8;
}
button.gs_sel {
background-color: #dcdcdc;
}
button:active {
z-index: 2;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
button:focus {
z-index: 2;
}
button::-moz-focus-inner {
padding: 0;
border: 0
}
button:-moz-focusring {
outline: 1px dotted ButtonText
}
.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring {
outline: none
}
a.gs_in_ib {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
line-height: 16px;
padding: 6px 0 7px 0;
-webkit-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
a.gs_btn_lrge {
height: 40px;
padding: 0;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw {
min-width: 41px;
}
a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before {
position: absolute;
content: "";
height: 29px;
width: 29px;
top: 6px;
left: 6px;
background-color: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgb(0, 0, 0, .4);
border-radius: 50%;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before {
background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before {
background-color: #e5e5e5;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before {
background-color: #fff;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl {
display: inline-block;
padding-left: 21px;
color: #222;
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl {
color: #444;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding-left: 29px;
}
button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding-left: 4px;
}
a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,
a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,
a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl {
color: #d14836;
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl {
display: none;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico {
position: absolute;
top: 3px;
left: 0;
}
.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico {
left: 14px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico {
top: 11px;
}
.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico {
top: 10px;
left: 16px;
}
a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico {
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
margin: -10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;
}
.gs_in_ib .gs_ico {
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,
.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,
.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,
.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico {
opacity: .28;
}
.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,
.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,
.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_rdt {
position: relative;
width: 0;
height: 21px;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt {
left: 21px;
}
.gs_rdt:before {
content: "";
position: absolute;
top: 1px;
right: 0;
width: 5px;
height: 5px;
border: 1px solid #fff;
border-radius: 50%;
background-color: #dd4b39;
}
.gs_notf {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-left: 8px;
width: 16px;
line-height: 16px;
background-color: #d14836;
border-radius: 50%;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
font-size: 9px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.gs_notf:empty {
display: none;
}
.gs_ind .gs_notf {
text-indent: 0;
}
button.gs_btn_flat {
border-color: transparent;
background-color: transparent;
}
button.gs_btn_olact {
color: #4d90fe;
background-color: transparent;
}
button.gs_btn_flat:hover,
button.gs_btn_olact:hover {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
}
button.gs_btn_flat:active,
button.gs_btn_olact:active {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
}
button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact {
color: #1a0dab;
}
button.gs_btn_act {
color: #fff;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
background-color: #4d90fe;
}
button.gs_btn_act:hover {
color: #fff;
background-color: #3983fe;
}
button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel {
background-color: #2f6bcc;
}
button.gs_btn_act:active {
background-color: #357ae8;
}
button.gs_btn_cre {
color: #fff;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
background-color: #d14836;
}
button.gs_btn_cre:hover {
color: #fff;
background-color: #c53727;
}
button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel {
background-color: #992b1e;
}
html:not(.gs_pfcs) .gs_btn_act:focus:not(:active) {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);
}
button.gs_btn_cre:active {
background-color: #b0281a;
}
button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,
button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active {
border: none;
background: transparent;
}
button:disabled,
button:disabled:hover,
button:disabled:active {
cursor: default;
color: #b8b8b8;
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
background-color: transparent;
z-index: 0;
}
button.gs_btn_flat:disabled {
color: #b8b8b8;
border-color: transparent;
}
button.gs_btn_act:disabled {
color: #fff;
background-color: #a6c8ff;
}
button.gs_btn_cre:disabled {
color: #fff;
background-color: #e8a49b;
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis {
cursor: default;
pointer-events: none
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl {
color: #b8b8b8;
text-decoration: none
}
.gs_ttp {
position: absolute;
top: 100%;
right: 50%;
z-index: 10;
pointer-events: none;
visibility: hidden;
opacity: 0;
transition: visibility 0s .13s, opacity .13s ease-out;
}
button:hover .gs_ttp,
button:focus .gs_ttp,
a:hover .gs_ttp,
a:focus .gs_ttp {
transition: visibility 0s .3s, opacity .13s ease-in .3s;
visibility: visible;
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp {
transition: none;
visibility: hidden;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp {
top: 75%;
}
.gs_ttp .gs_aro,
.gs_ttp .gs_aru {
position: absolute;
top: -2px;
right: -5px;
width: 0;
height: 0;
line-height: 0;
font-size: 0;
border: 5px solid transparent;
border-top: none;
border-bottom-color: #595959;
z-index: 1;
}
.gs_ttp .gs_aro {
top: -3px;
right: -6px;
border-width: 6px;
border-top: none;
border-bottom-color: white;
}
.gs_ttp .gs_txt {
display: block;
position: relative;
top: 2px;
right: -50%;
padding: 4px 6px;
background: #595959;
color: white;
font-size: 11px;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: normal;
white-space: nowrap;
border: 1px solid white;
border-radius: 3px;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
}
.gs_press,
.gs_in_se,
.gs_tan {
touch-action: none;
}
.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding-right: 14px;
}
.gs_in_se .gs_icm {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
margin-top: -5.5px;
right: 0;
width: 7px;
height: 11px;
background-position: -21px -88px;
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm {
opacity: .28;
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm {
display: none;
}
.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm {
margin-top: -3.5px;
height: 7px;
background-position: 0 -110px;
}
.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,
.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm {
margin-top: -3.5px;
height: 7px;
background-position: -42px -44px;
opacity: 1;
}