diff --git a/flow/record/adapter/elastic.py b/flow/record/adapter/elastic.py
index f5469e3..e1163c7 100644
--- a/flow/record/adapter/elastic.py
+++ b/flow/record/adapter/elastic.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def record_to_document(self, record: Record, index: str) -> dict:
         }
 
         if self.hash_record:
-            document["_id"] = hashlib.md5(document["_source"].encode()).hexdigest()
+            document["_id"] = hashlib.md5(document["_source"].encode(errors="surrogateescape")).hexdigest()
 
         return document
 
diff --git a/flow/record/adapter/line.py b/flow/record/adapter/line.py
index 3765fb0..28a7697 100644
--- a/flow/record/adapter/line.py
+++ b/flow/record/adapter/line.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def write(self, rec: Record) -> None:
         for key, value in rdict.items():
             if rdict_types:
                 key = f"{key} ({rdict_types[key]})"
-            self.fp.write(fmt.format(key, value).encode())
+            self.fp.write(fmt.format(key, value).encode(errors="surrogateescape"))
 
     def flush(self) -> None:
         if self.fp:
diff --git a/flow/record/adapter/sqlite.py b/flow/record/adapter/sqlite.py
index 2e308d2..7fb4b82 100644
--- a/flow/record/adapter/sqlite.py
+++ b/flow/record/adapter/sqlite.py
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def read_table(self, table_name: str) -> Iterator[Record]:
                         if value == 0:
                             row[idx] = None
                         elif isinstance(value, str):
-                            row[idx] = value.encode("utf-8")
+                            row[idx] = value.encode(errors="surrogateescape")
                 yield descriptor_cls.init_from_dict(dict(zip(fnames, row)))
 
     def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Record]:
diff --git a/flow/record/adapter/text.py b/flow/record/adapter/text.py
index 0b36d8a..0d4b359 100644
--- a/flow/record/adapter/text.py
+++ b/flow/record/adapter/text.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def write(self, rec):
             buf = self.format_spec.format_map(DefaultMissing(rec._asdict()))
         else:
             buf = repr(rec)
-        self.fp.write(buf.encode() + b"\n")
+        self.fp.write(buf.encode(errors="surrogateescape") + b"\n")
 
         # because stdout is usually line buffered we force flush here if wanted
         if self.auto_flush:
diff --git a/flow/record/adapter/xlsx.py b/flow/record/adapter/xlsx.py
index a9bf8c7..8742d45 100644
--- a/flow/record/adapter/xlsx.py
+++ b/flow/record/adapter/xlsx.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def sanitize_fieldvalues(values: Iterator[Any]) -> Iterator[Any]:
         elif isinstance(value, bytes):
             base64_encode = False
             try:
-                new_value = 'b"' + value.decode() + '"'
+                new_value = 'b"' + value.decode(errors="surrogateescape") + '"'
                 if ILLEGAL_CHARACTERS_RE.search(new_value):
                     base64_encode = True
                 else:
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
                     if field_types[idx] == "bytes":
                         if value[1] == '"':  # If so, we know this is b""
                             # Cut of the b" at the start and the trailing "
-                            value = value[2:-1].encode()
+                            value = value[2:-1].encode(errors="surrogateescape")
                         else:
                             # If not, we know it is base64 encoded (so we cut of the starting 'base64:')
                             value = b64decode(value[7:])
diff --git a/flow/record/base.py b/flow/record/base.py
index 43de77b..2f915cb 100644
--- a/flow/record/base.py
+++ b/flow/record/base.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
-from .utils import to_native_str, to_str
+from .utils import to_str
 from .whitelist import WHITELIST, WHITELIST_TREE
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__package__)
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ def __init__(self, name: str, fields: Optional[Sequence[tuple[str, str]]] = None
             name, fields = parse_def(name)
 
         self.name = name
-        self._field_tuples = tuple([(to_native_str(k), to_str(v)) for k, v in fields])
+        self._field_tuples = tuple([(to_str(k), to_str(v)) for k, v in fields])
         self.recordType = _generate_record_class(name, self._field_tuples)
         self.recordType._desc = self
 
diff --git a/flow/record/fieldtypes/__init__.py b/flow/record/fieldtypes/__init__.py
index 9f1bf68..2a02077 100644
--- a/flow/record/fieldtypes/__init__.py
+++ b/flow/record/fieldtypes/__init__.py
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 from flow.record.base import FieldType
 
 RE_NORMALIZE_PATH = re.compile(r"[\\/]+")
-NATIVE_UNICODE = isinstance("", str)
 
 UTC = timezone.utc
 
@@ -207,10 +206,7 @@ def _pack(self):
 class string(string_type, FieldType):
     def __new__(cls, value):
         if isinstance(value, bytes_type):
-            value = cls._decode(value, "utf-8")
-            if isinstance(value, bytes_type):
-                # Still bytes, so decoding failed (Python 2)
-                return bytes(value)
+            value = value.decode(errors="surrogateescape")
         return super().__new__(cls, value)
 
     def _pack(self):
@@ -221,27 +217,6 @@ def __format__(self, spec):
             return defang(self)
         return str.__format__(self, spec)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def _decode(cls, data, encoding):
-        """Decode a byte-string into a unicode-string.
-
-        Python 3: When `data` contains invalid unicode characters a `UnicodeDecodeError` is raised.
-        Python 2: When `data` contains invalid unicode characters the original byte-string is returned.
-        """
-        if NATIVE_UNICODE:
-            # Raises exception on decode error
-            return data.decode(encoding)
-        try:
-            return data.decode(encoding)
-        except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            # Fallback to bytes (Python 2 only)
-            preview = data[:16].encode("hex_codec") + (".." if len(data) > 16 else "")
-            warnings.warn(
-                "Got binary data in string field (hex: {}). Compatibility is not guaranteed.".format(preview),
-                RuntimeWarning,
-            )
-            return data
-
 
 # Alias for backwards compatibility
 wstring = string
@@ -278,7 +253,7 @@ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         if len(args) == 1 and not kwargs:
             arg = args[0]
             if isinstance(arg, bytes_type):
-                arg = arg.decode("utf-8")
+                arg = arg.decode(errors="surrogateescape")
             if isinstance(arg, string_type):
                 # If we are on Python 3.11 or newer, we can use fromisoformat() to parse the string (fast path)
                 #
diff --git a/flow/record/fieldtypes/net/ipv4.py b/flow/record/fieldtypes/net/ipv4.py
index c212732..86efb22 100644
--- a/flow/record/fieldtypes/net/ipv4.py
+++ b/flow/record/fieldtypes/net/ipv4.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import warnings
 
 from flow.record import FieldType
-from flow.record.utils import to_native_str
 
 
 def addr_long(s):
@@ -45,9 +44,6 @@ def __init__(self, addr, netmask=None):
             DeprecationWarning,
             stacklevel=5,
         )
-        if isinstance(addr, type("")):
-            addr = to_native_str(addr)
-
         if not isinstance(addr, str):
             raise TypeError("Subnet() argument 1 must be string, not {}".format(type(addr).__name__))
 
@@ -67,9 +63,6 @@ def __contains__(self, addr):
         if addr is None:
             return False
 
-        if isinstance(addr, type("")):
-            addr = to_native_str(addr)
-
         if isinstance(addr, str):
             addr = addr_long(addr)
 
diff --git a/flow/record/jsonpacker.py b/flow/record/jsonpacker.py
index 96c646e..06264c8 100644
--- a/flow/record/jsonpacker.py
+++ b/flow/record/jsonpacker.py
@@ -47,12 +47,8 @@ def pack_obj(self, obj):
                 serial["_recorddescriptor"] = obj._desc.identifier
 
             for field_type, field_name in obj._desc.get_field_tuples():
-                # PYTHON2: Because "bytes" are also "str" we have to handle this here
-                if field_type == "bytes" and isinstance(serial[field_name], str):
-                    serial[field_name] = base64.b64encode(serial[field_name]).decode()
-
                 # Boolean field types should be cast to a bool instead of staying ints
-                elif field_type == "boolean" and isinstance(serial[field_name], int):
+                if field_type == "boolean" and isinstance(serial[field_name], int):
                     serial[field_name] = bool(serial[field_name])
 
             return serial
diff --git a/flow/record/utils.py b/flow/record/utils.py
index a359139..a1c5cf4 100644
--- a/flow/record/utils.py
+++ b/flow/record/utils.py
@@ -3,13 +3,10 @@
 import base64
 import os
 import sys
+import warnings
 from functools import wraps
 from typing import BinaryIO, TextIO
 
-_native = str
-_unicode = type("")
-_bytes = type(b"")
-
 
 def get_stdout(binary: bool = False) -> TextIO | BinaryIO:
     """Return the stdout stream as binary or text stream.
@@ -50,33 +47,32 @@ def is_stdout(fp: TextIO | BinaryIO) -> bool:
 
 def to_bytes(value):
     """Convert a value to a byte string."""
-    if value is None or isinstance(value, _bytes):
+    if value is None or isinstance(value, bytes):
         return value
-    if isinstance(value, _unicode):
-        return value.encode("utf-8")
-    return _bytes(value)
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value.encode(errors="surrogateescape")
+    return bytes(value)
 
 
 def to_str(value):
     """Convert a value to a unicode string."""
-    if value is None or isinstance(value, _unicode):
+    if value is None or isinstance(value, str):
         return value
-    if isinstance(value, _bytes):
-        return value.decode("utf-8")
-    return _unicode(value)
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return value.decode(errors="surrogateescape")
+    return str(value)
 
 
 def to_native_str(value):
-    """Convert a value to a native `str`."""
-    if value is None or isinstance(value, _native):
-        return value
-    if isinstance(value, _unicode):
-        # Python 2: unicode -> str
-        return value.encode("utf-8")
-    if isinstance(value, _bytes):
-        # Python 3: bytes -> str
-        return value.decode("utf-8")
-    return _native(value)
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "The to_native_str() function is deprecated, "
+            "this function will be removed in flow.record 3.20, "
+            "use to_str() instead"
+        ),
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return to_str(value)
 
 
 def to_base64(value):
diff --git a/tests/test_adapter_line.py b/tests/test_adapter_line.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfa641a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_adapter_line.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from flow.record import RecordDescriptor
+from flow.record.adapter.line import LineWriter
+
+
+def test_line_writer_write_surrogateescape():
+    output = BytesIO()
+
+    lw = LineWriter(
+        path=output,
+        fields="name",
+    )
+
+    TestRecord = RecordDescriptor(
+        "test/string",
+        [
+            ("string", "name"),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    # construct from 'bytes' but with invalid unicode bytes
+    record = TestRecord(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
+    lw.write(record)
+
+    output.seek(0)
+    data = output.read()
+
+    assert data == b"--[ RECORD 1 ]--\nname = R\xc3\xa9\xeamy\n"
diff --git a/tests/test_adapter_text.py b/tests/test_adapter_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dd6ae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_adapter_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from flow.record import RecordDescriptor
+from flow.record.adapter.text import TextWriter
+
+
+def test_text_writer_write_surrogateescape():
+    output = BytesIO()
+
+    tw = TextWriter(
+        path=output,
+    )
+
+    TestRecord = RecordDescriptor(
+        "test/string",
+        [
+            ("string", "name"),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    # construct from 'bytes' but with invalid unicode bytes
+    record = TestRecord(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
+    tw.write(record)
+
+    output.seek(0)
+    data = output.read()
+
+    assert data == b"<test/string name='R\xc3\xa9\\udceamy'>\n"
diff --git a/tests/test_fieldtypes.py b/tests/test_fieldtypes.py
index 81bd2aa..bb28758 100644
--- a/tests/test_fieldtypes.py
+++ b/tests/test_fieldtypes.py
@@ -213,15 +213,8 @@ def test_string():
     assert r.name == "Rémy"
 
     # construct from 'bytes' but with invalid unicode bytes
-    if isinstance("", str):
-        # Python 3
-        with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
-            TestRecord(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
-    else:
-        # Python 2
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning):
-            r = TestRecord(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
-            assert r.name
+    r = TestRecord(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
+    assert r.name == "Ré\udceamy"
 
 
 def test_wstring():
diff --git a/tests/test_json_packer.py b/tests/test_json_packer.py
index 2ea2883..acd2edb 100644
--- a/tests/test_json_packer.py
+++ b/tests/test_json_packer.py
@@ -90,3 +90,23 @@ def test_record_pack_bool_regression() -> None:
 
     # pack the json string back to a record and make sure it is the same as before
     assert packer.unpack(data) == record
+
+
+def test_record_pack_surrogateescape() -> None:
+    TestRecord = RecordDescriptor(
+        "test/string",
+        [
+            ("string", "name"),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    record = TestRecord(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
+    packer = JsonRecordPacker()
+
+    data = packer.pack(record)
+
+    # pack to json string and check if the 3rd and 4th byte are properly surrogate escaped
+    assert data.startswith('{"name": "R\\u00e9\\udceamy",')
+
+    # pack the json string back to a record and make sure it is the same as before
+    assert packer.unpack(data) == record
diff --git a/tests/test_record.py b/tests/test_record.py
index f6b883b..e9d11a0 100644
--- a/tests/test_record.py
+++ b/tests/test_record.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import importlib
+import inspect
 import os
 import sys
 from unittest.mock import patch
@@ -27,8 +28,6 @@
 from flow.record.exceptions import RecordDescriptorError
 from flow.record.stream import RecordFieldRewriter
 
-from . import utils_inspect as inspect
-
 
 def test_record_creation():
     TestRecord = RecordDescriptor(
@@ -288,8 +287,30 @@ def isatty():
     writer.write(record)
 
     out, err = capsys.readouterr()
-    modifier = "" if isinstance("", str) else "u"
-    expected = "<test/a a_string={u}'hello' common={u}'world' a_count=10>\n".format(u=modifier)
+    expected = "<test/a a_string='hello' common='world' a_count=10>\n"
+    assert out == expected
+
+
+def test_record_printer_stdout_surrogateescape(capsys):
+    Record = RecordDescriptor(
+        "test/a",
+        [
+            ("string", "name"),
+        ],
+    )
+    record = Record(b"R\xc3\xa9\xeamy")
+
+    # fake capsys to be a tty.
+    def isatty():
+        return True
+
+    capsys._capture.out.tmpfile.isatty = isatty
+
+    writer = RecordPrinter(getattr(sys.stdout, "buffer", sys.stdout))
+    writer.write(record)
+
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    expected = "<test/a name='Ré\\udceamy'>\n"
     assert out == expected
 
 
diff --git a/tests/utils_inspect.py b/tests/utils_inspect.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b84678..0000000
--- a/tests/utils_inspect.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Backport of `inspect.signature` for Python 2.
-
-Based on: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Lib/inspect.py
-"""
-
-import collections
-import inspect
-
-
-class _empty:
-    pass
-
-
-class Parameter:
-    POSITIONAL_ONLY = 0
-    POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD = 1
-    VAR_POSITIONAL = 2
-    KEYWORD_ONLY = 3
-    VAR_KEYWORD = 4
-
-    empty = _empty
-
-    def __init__(self, name, kind, default=_empty):
-        self.name = name
-        self.kind = kind
-        self.default = default
-
-
-class Signature:
-    empty = _empty
-
-    def __init__(self, parameters=None):
-        self.parameters = parameters
-
-
-def signature(obj):
-    try:
-        # Python 3
-        return inspect.signature(obj)
-    except AttributeError:
-        # Python 2
-        spec = inspect.getargspec(obj)
-
-        # Create parameter objects which are compatible with python 3 objects
-        parameters = collections.OrderedDict()
-        for i in range(0, len(spec.args)):
-            arg = spec.args[i]
-            default = _empty
-            if spec.defaults and (len(spec.args) - i <= len(spec.defaults)):
-                default = spec.defaults[i - len(spec.args)]
-            parameters[arg] = Parameter(name=arg, default=default, kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
-        if spec.varargs:
-            parameters[spec.varargs] = Parameter(name=spec.varargs, kind=Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)
-        if spec.keywords:
-            parameters[spec.keywords] = Parameter(name=spec.keywords, kind=Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)
-
-        return Signature(parameters=parameters)