-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathSIOPpaper.tex
474 lines (372 loc) · 22.7 KB
/
SIOPpaper.tex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
% Options for packages loaded elsewhere
\PassOptionsToPackage{unicode}{hyperref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
%
\documentclass[
english,
man]{apa6}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
\usepackage{ifxetex,ifluatex}
\ifnum 0\ifxetex 1\fi\ifluatex 1\fi=0 % if pdftex
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{textcomp} % provide euro and other symbols
\else % if luatex or xetex
\usepackage{unicode-math}
\defaultfontfeatures{Scale=MatchLowercase}
\defaultfontfeatures[\rmfamily]{Ligatures=TeX,Scale=1}
\fi
% Use upquote if available, for straight quotes in verbatim environments
\IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{}
\IfFileExists{microtype.sty}{% use microtype if available
\usepackage[]{microtype}
\UseMicrotypeSet[protrusion]{basicmath} % disable protrusion for tt fonts
}{}
\makeatletter
\@ifundefined{KOMAClassName}{% if non-KOMA class
\IfFileExists{parskip.sty}{%
\usepackage{parskip}
}{% else
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}}
}{% if KOMA class
\KOMAoptions{parskip=half}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{xcolor}
\IfFileExists{xurl.sty}{\usepackage{xurl}}{} % add URL line breaks if available
\IfFileExists{bookmark.sty}{\usepackage{bookmark}}{\usepackage{hyperref}}
\hypersetup{
pdftitle={Measurement Invariance of the Dirty Dozen: Student and Working Adult Samples},
pdfauthor={Yang Yang1 \& John Kulas2},
pdflang={en-EN},
pdfkeywords={keywords},
hidelinks,
pdfcreator={LaTeX via pandoc}}
\urlstyle{same} % disable monospaced font for URLs
\usepackage{graphicx,grffile}
\makeatletter
\def\maxwidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}
\def\maxheight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>\textheight\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}
\makeatother
% Scale images if necessary, so that they will not overflow the page
% margins by default, and it is still possible to overwrite the defaults
% using explicit options in \includegraphics[width, height, ...]{}
\setkeys{Gin}{width=\maxwidth,height=\maxheight,keepaspectratio}
% Set default figure placement to htbp
\makeatletter
\def\fps@figure{htbp}
\makeatother
\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em} % prevent overfull lines
\providecommand{\tightlist}{%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-\maxdimen} % remove section numbering
% Make \paragraph and \subparagraph free-standing
\ifx\paragraph\undefined\else
\let\oldparagraph\paragraph
\renewcommand{\paragraph}[1]{\oldparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
\fi
\ifx\subparagraph\undefined\else
\let\oldsubparagraph\subparagraph
\renewcommand{\subparagraph}[1]{\oldsubparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
\fi
% Manuscript styling
\usepackage{upgreek}
\captionsetup{font=singlespacing,justification=justified}
% Table formatting
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{lscape}
% \usepackage[counterclockwise]{rotating} % Landscape page setup for large tables
\usepackage{multirow} % Table styling
\usepackage{tabularx} % Control Column width
\usepackage[flushleft]{threeparttable} % Allows for three part tables with a specified notes section
\usepackage{threeparttablex} % Lets threeparttable work with longtable
% Create new environments so endfloat can handle them
% \newenvironment{ltable}
% {\begin{landscape}\begin{center}\begin{threeparttable}}
% {\end{threeparttable}\end{center}\end{landscape}}
\newenvironment{lltable}{\begin{landscape}\begin{center}\begin{ThreePartTable}}{\end{ThreePartTable}\end{center}\end{landscape}}
% Enables adjusting longtable caption width to table width
% Solution found at http://golatex.de/longtable-mit-caption-so-breit-wie-die-tabelle-t15767.html
\makeatletter
\newcommand\LastLTentrywidth{1em}
\newlength\longtablewidth
\setlength{\longtablewidth}{1in}
\newcommand{\getlongtablewidth}{\begingroup \ifcsname LT@\roman{LT@tables}\endcsname \global\longtablewidth=0pt \renewcommand{\LT@entry}[2]{\global\advance\longtablewidth by ##2\relax\gdef\LastLTentrywidth{##2}}\@nameuse{LT@\roman{LT@tables}} \fi \endgroup}
% \setlength{\parindent}{0.5in}
% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt plus 0pt minus 0pt}
% \usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd{\HyOrg@maketitle}
{\section{\normalfont\normalsize\abstractname}}
{\section*{\normalfont\normalsize\abstractname}}
{}{\typeout{Failed to patch abstract.}}
\patchcmd{\HyOrg@maketitle}
{\section{\protect\normalfont{\@title}}}
{\section*{\protect\normalfont{\@title}}}
{}{\typeout{Failed to patch title.}}
\makeatother
\shorttitle{Measurement Invariance}
\keywords{keywords\newline\indent Word count: X}
\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{ThreePartTable}{table}
\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{lltable}{table}
\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor*{longtable}{table}
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\efloat@iwrite}[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{lineno}
\linenumbers
\usepackage{csquotes}
\ifxetex
% Load polyglossia as late as possible: uses bidi with RTL langages (e.g. Hebrew, Arabic)
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\setmainlanguage[]{english}
\else
\usepackage[shorthands=off,main=english]{babel}
\fi
\title{Measurement Invariance of the Dirty Dozen: Student and Working Adult Samples}
\author{Yang Yang\textsuperscript{1} \& John Kulas\textsuperscript{2}}
\date{}
\authornote{
Add complete departmental affiliations for each author here. Each new line herein must be indented, like this line.
Possible outlets: International Journal of Assessment and Selection; Personality and Individual Differences
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Yang Yang, Shanghai, China. E-mail: \href{mailto:[email protected]}{\nolinkurl{[email protected]}}
}
\affiliation{\vspace{0.5cm}\textsuperscript{1} \\\textsuperscript{2} Montclair State University}
\abstract{
Now we are evaluating the psychometric properties of the dirty dozen simplified Chinese version by using samples in real settings: job applicants and incumbents (in addition to students). We replicate a previous study using the student sample (Geng, Sun, Huang, Zhu, \& Han, 2015), then continue to evaluate with organizational data. We find that the scales are non-invariant.
}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
Initially we were interested in looking at reliance on student samples. Now we are evaluating the psychometric properties of the dirty dozen (DD) simplified Chinese version by using samples in real settings: job applicants and incumbents (in addition to students). We replicate a previous study using the student sample (Yang gonna send some articles), then continue to evaluate with organizational data. We find that the scales are non-invariant.
SDSME another version (27 items).
All studies investigating psychometric properties of these scales use University students.
Some groups may be expected to exhibit different item-construct associations due to shifting motivational forces.
ITC guidlines for translating and adapting tests recommends looking at possible differences across motives (Commission, 2017). For example,
Yang's references: Church et al. (2011), Schoot, Lugtig, and Hox (2012), Schmitt and Kuljanin (2008), Geng et al. (2015), Grigoras, Butucescu, Miulescu, Opariuc-Dan, and Iliescu (2020), Jonason and Webster (2010)
\hypertarget{methods}{%
\section{Methods}\label{methods}}
We applied three different nested multiple group confirmatory factor analysis models progressing through levels of restriction. These invariance tests were evaluations of configural-, weak-, and finally strict-invariance. The weak invariance models constrained factor loadings to be equal across groups and the strong invariance models also constrained intercepts to be equal across groups. We also look at intercorrelations among items within the samplings. We use the methodology of Grigoras et al. (2020)
\hypertarget{participants}{%
\subsection{Participants}\label{participants}}
In total 1106 individuals responded to the Dirty Dozen (as well as additional scales not the focus of the current presentation). This total was comprised of 208 working adults low-stakes, 527 working adults high-stakes, and 371 students low-stakes individuals. After screening for undifferentiated responses via the \texttt{R} package \texttt{careless} (Yentes \& Wilhelm, 2021), we retained 1054 respondents who had no more than 6 sequentially identical responses across the 12 total items.
\hypertarget{materials}{%
\subsection{Materials}\label{materials}}
Dirty dozen version XX. Coefficiant alphas for the scales were 0.81 (Machiavellianism), 0.62 (Psychopathy), and 0.74 (Narcissism), with corresponding corrected item-total correlations ranging from 0.52 to 0.74 (Machiavellianism), 0.31 to 0.51 (Psychopathy), and 0.53 to 0.56 (Narcissism).
\hypertarget{procedure}{%
\subsection{Procedure}\label{procedure}}
Decrease in \(\Delta\chi^2\) across models indicates a lack of invariance (typically not considered a \enquote{good thing}). Multiple indices can be consulted across models, including \(\Delta\chi^2\), RMSEA, CFI, TLI, BIC, and AIC. Our determination of level of invariance achieved was informed by a likelihood ration test
Also want to look at correlations of the simplified Chinese version of the DD with the Honesty-Humility subscales (Sincerity, Fairness, Greed Avoidance, and Modesty).
\hypertarget{data-analysis}{%
\subsection{Data analysis}\label{data-analysis}}
We used R (Version 4.0.3; R Core Team, 2021) and the R-packages \emph{careless} (Version 1.1.3; Yentes \& Wilhelm, 2021), \emph{corx} (Version 1.0.6.1; Conigrave, 2020), \emph{foreign} (Version 0.8.80; R Core Team, 2020), \emph{lavaan} (Version 0.6.8; Rosseel, 2012), \emph{papaja} (Version 0.1.0.9997; Aust \& Barth, 2020), and \emph{semTools} (Version 0.5.4; Jorgensen, Pornprasertmanit, Schoemann, \& Rosseel, 2021) for all analyses.
\hypertarget{results}{%
\section{Results}\label{results}}
\hypertarget{mean-differences-and-scale-correlations}{%
\subsection{Mean differences and scale correlations}\label{mean-differences-and-scale-correlations}}
\begin{lltable}
\begin{TableNotes}[para]
\normalsize{\textit{Note.} * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001}
\end{TableNotes}
\begin{longtable}{llllllllll}\noalign{\getlongtablewidth\global\LTcapwidth=\longtablewidth}
\caption{\label{tab:scalecors}Scale intercorrelations (all participants).}\\
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\caption*{\normalfont{Table \ref{tab:scalecors} continued}}\\
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
\endhead
1. Machiavelliansm & - & & & & & & & 1.62 & 0.78\\
2. Narcissism & .29*** & - & & & & & & 3.69 & 1.07\\
3. Psychopathy & .57*** & .19*** & - & & & & & 1.51 & 0.62\\
4. Fairness & -.34*** & -.02 & -.45*** & - & & & & 5.40 & 0.84\\
5. GreedAvoidance & -.26*** & -.45*** & -.24*** & .27*** & - & & & 3.52 & 1.14\\
6. Modesty & -.23*** & -.43*** & -.17*** & .15** & .43*** & - & & 3.72 & 0.85\\
7. Sincerity & -.14** & .04 & -.04 & .23*** & .11* & .18*** & - & 3.85 & 0.74\\
8. HonestyHumility & -.38*** & -.37*** & -.35*** & .61*** & .77*** & .68*** & .51*** & 4.12 & 0.59\\
\bottomrule
\addlinespace
\insertTableNotes
\end{longtable}
\end{lltable}
\begin{lltable}
\begin{TableNotes}[para]
\normalsize{\textit{Note.} * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001}
\end{TableNotes}
\begin{longtable}{llllllllll}\noalign{\getlongtablewidth\global\LTcapwidth=\longtablewidth}
\caption{\label{tab:scalecors}Scale intercorrelations (working adults low-stakes).}\\
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\caption*{\normalfont{Table \ref{tab:scalecors} continued}}\\
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
\endhead
1. Machiavelliansm & - & & & & & & & 1.74 & 0.86\\
2. Narcissism & .31*** & - & & & & & & 3.64 & 1.10\\
3. Psychopathy & .61*** & .20** & - & & & & & 1.73 & 0.74\\
4. Fairness & -.35*** & -.02 & -.45*** & - & & & & 5.27 & 0.88\\
5. GreedAvoidance & -.27*** & -.45*** & -.21** & .30*** & - & & & 3.53 & 1.08\\
6. Modesty & -.18** & -.42*** & -.16* & .24*** & .43*** & - & & 3.72 & 0.82\\
7. Sincerity & -.15* & .10 & -.08 & .26*** & .13 & .14* & - & 3.79 & 0.73\\
8. HonestyHumility & -.36*** & -.33*** & -.35*** & .68*** & .76*** & .68*** & .52*** & 4.08 & 0.59\\
\bottomrule
\addlinespace
\insertTableNotes
\end{longtable}
\end{lltable}
\begin{lltable}
\begin{TableNotes}[para]
\normalsize{\textit{Note.} * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001}
\end{TableNotes}
\begin{longtable}{llllllllll}\noalign{\getlongtablewidth\global\LTcapwidth=\longtablewidth}
\caption{\label{tab:scalecors}Scale intercorrelations (working adults high-stakes).}\\
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\caption*{\normalfont{Table \ref{tab:scalecors} continued}}\\
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
\endhead
1. Machiavelliansm & - & & & & & & & 1.57 & 0.74\\
2. Narcissism & .29*** & - & & & & & & 3.71 & 1.06\\
3. Psychopathy & .53*** & .21*** & - & & & & & 1.42 & 0.55\\
4. Fairness & -.33*** & -.03 & -.40*** & - & & & & 5.54 & 0.78\\
5. GreedAvoidance & -.26*** & -.46*** & -.29*** & .24*** & - & & & 3.52 & 1.19\\
6. Modesty & -.27*** & -.43*** & -.18** & .06 & .42*** & - & & 3.73 & 0.88\\
7. Sincerity & -.14* & -.02 & .02 & .17* & .09 & .21** & - & 3.90 & 0.74\\
8. HonestyHumility & -.39*** & -.41*** & -.34*** & .54*** & .78*** & .68*** & .50*** & 4.17 & 0.58\\
\bottomrule
\addlinespace
\insertTableNotes
\end{longtable}
\end{lltable}
\begin{table}[tbp]
\begin{center}
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{\label{tab:scalecors}Scale intercorrelations (students low-stakes).}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$M$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$SD$}\\
\midrule
1. Machiavelliansm & - & & 2.25 & 1.21\\
2. Narcissism & .39*** & - & 4.24 & 1.13\\
3. Psychopathy & .51*** & .27*** & 1.99 & 1.06\\
\bottomrule
\addlinespace
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}[para]
\normalsize{\textit{Note.} * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{center}
\end{table}
Inter-scale correlations are presented in Tables X, Y, and Z.
Mean differences were noted across groups for all three dark triad scales: Machiavellianism (\(F(2, 1,101) = 56.59\), \(\mathit{MSE} = 0.89\), \(p < .001\), \(\hat{\eta}^2_G = .093\)), Psychopathy (\(F(2, 1,101) = 57.18\), \(\mathit{MSE} = 0.62\), \(p < .001\), \(\hat{\eta}^2_G = .094\)), and Narcissism (\(F(2, 1,101) = 31.46\), \(\mathit{MSE} = 1.19\), \(p < .001\), \(\hat{\eta}^2_G = .054\)). The Machiavellianism effect was driven by students exhibiting lower scores than both low- (\emph{t} = -6.18, \emph{p} \textless{} .0001) and high-stakes (\emph{t} = -10.53, \emph{p} \textless{} .0001) working adults. The Psychopathy effect occured across all contrasts: students exhibiting lower scores than both low- (\emph{t} = -3.88, \emph{p} \textless{} .001) and high-stakes (\emph{t} = -10.64, \emph{p} \textless{} .0001) working adults, as well as low-stakes working adults having higher Psychopathy scores than high-stakes working adults (\emph{t} = 4.70, \emph{p} \textless{} .0001). For Narcissism students once again exhibited lower scores than both low- (\emph{t} = -6.35, \emph{p} \textless{} .0001) and high-stakes (\emph{t} = -7.14, \emph{p} \textless{} .0001) working adults.
\hypertarget{measurement-invariance}{%
\subsection{Measurement Invariance}\label{measurement-invariance}}
We looked at structural invariance as well as latent means (Meredith, 1993; Steinmetz, Schmidt, Tina-Booh, Wieczorek, \& Schwartz, 2009). The models failed to exhibit metric invariance (Model 2 - Model 1 exhibited a significant \(\Delta\) on both \(\chi^2\) as well as RMSEA)
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=4.71in]{steps} \caption{Steps for measurement invariance (taken from Xu, 2012).}\label{fig:figure1}
\end{figure}
\begin{quote}
Not sure how to pull table or identify object elements - \texttt{model1} object is too large to navigate easily.
\end{quote}
\hypertarget{only-adults}{%
\subsection{Only Adults}\label{only-adults}}
These analyses only focus on working adults:
\begin{table}[tbp]
\begin{center}
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{\label{tab:measinv}Measurement invariance summary statistics (only adults).}
\begin{tabular}{llllllll}
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{Df} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{AIC} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{BIC} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Chisq} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Chisq diff} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Df diff} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Pr(>Chisq)}\\
\midrule
configural & 102 & 24,852.61 & 25,211.19 & 861.02 & NA & NA & NA\\
weak & 111 & 24,872.01 & 25,189.21 & 898.42 & 37.40 & 9 & 0.00\\
strong & 120 & 24,917.88 & 25,193.71 & 962.29 & 63.87 & 9 & 0.00\\
strict & 132 & 24,981.06 & 25,201.73 & 1,049.47 & 87.18 & 12 & 0.00\\
\bottomrule
\addlinespace
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}[para]
\normalsize{\textit{Note.} * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\hypertarget{adults-plus-students}{%
\subsection{Adults plus students:}\label{adults-plus-students}}
\begin{table}[tbp]
\begin{center}
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{\label{tab:measinv2}Measurement invariance summary statistics (adults plus students).}
\begin{tabular}{llllllll}
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{Df} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{AIC} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{BIC} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Chisq} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Chisq diff} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Df diff} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Pr(>Chisq)}\\
\midrule
configural2 & 153 & 39,187.40 & 39,773.18 & 1,685.22 & NA & NA & NA\\
weak2 & 171 & 39,279.90 & 39,775.56 & 1,813.72 & 128.50 & 18 & 0.00\\
strong2 & 189 & 39,388.61 & 39,794.15 & 1,958.43 & 144.71 & 18 & 0.00\\
strict2 & 213 & 39,857.14 & 40,142.52 & 2,474.96 & 516.53 & 24 & 0.00\\
\bottomrule
\addlinespace
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}[para]
\normalsize{\textit{Note.} * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\hypertarget{discussion}{%
\section{Discussion}\label{discussion}}
There is a lack of measurement invariance
\newpage
\hypertarget{references}{%
\section{References}\label{references}}
\begingroup
\setlength{\parindent}{-0.5in}
\setlength{\leftskip}{0.5in}
\hypertarget{refs}{}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-papaja}{}%
Aust, F., \& Barth, M. (2020). \emph{papaja: Create APA manuscripts with R Markdown}. Retrieved from \url{https://github.com/crsh/papaja}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-church2011cross}{}%
Church, A. T., Alvarez, J. M., Mai, N. T., French, B. F., Katigbak, M. S., \& Ortiz, F. A. (2011). Are cross-cultural comparisons of personality profiles meaningful? Differential item and facet functioning in the revised neo personality inventory. \emph{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, \emph{101}(5), 1068--1089.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-itc_2017}{}%
Commission, I. T. (2017). The itc guidelines for translating and adapting tests (second edition).
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-corx}{}%
Conigrave, J. (2020). \emph{Corx: Create and format correlation matrices}. Retrieved from \url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=corx}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-geng2015dirty}{}%
Geng, Y., Sun, Q., Huang, J., Zhu, Y., \& Han, X. (2015). Dirty dozen and short dark triad: A chinese validation of two brief measures of the dark triad. \emph{Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology}, \emph{23}(2), 246--250.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-grigoras2020measurement}{}%
Grigoras, M., Butucescu, A., Miulescu, A., Opariuc-Dan, C., \& Iliescu, D. (2020). The measurement invariance of the short dark triad: Implications for high-and low-stakes contexts. \emph{Journal of Individual Differences}, 1--12.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-jonason2010dirty}{}%
Jonason, P. K., \& Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. \emph{Psychological Assessment}, \emph{22}(2), 420--432.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-semTools}{}%
Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., \& Rosseel, Y. (2021). \emph{\texttt{semTools}: Useful tools for structural equation modeling}. Retrieved from \url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-meredith1993measurement}{}%
Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. \emph{Psychometrika}, \emph{58}(4), 525--543.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-foreign}{}%
R Core Team. (2020). \emph{Foreign: Read data stored by 'minitab', 's', 'sas', 'spss', 'stata', 'systat', 'weka', 'dBase', ...} Retrieved from \url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=foreign}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-base}{}%
R Core Team. (2021). \emph{R: A language and environment for statistical computing}. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from \url{https://www.R-project.org/}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-lavaan}{}%
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. \emph{Journal of Statistical Software}, \emph{48}(2), 1--36. Retrieved from \url{https://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/}
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-schmitt2008measurement}{}%
Schmitt, N., \& Kuljanin, G. (2008). Measurement invariance: Review of practice and implications. \emph{Human Resource Management Review}, \emph{18}(4), 210--222.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-vandevelopmetrics}{}%
Schoot, R. van de, Lugtig, P., \& Hox, J. (2012). Developmetrics: A checklist for testing measurement invariance. \emph{European Journal of Developmental Psychology}, \emph{9}(4), 486--492.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-steinmetz2009testing}{}%
Steinmetz, H., Schmidt, P., Tina-Booh, A., Wieczorek, S., \& Schwartz, S. H. (2009). Testing measurement invariance using multigroup cfa: Differences between educational groups in human values measurement. \emph{Quality \& Quantity}, \emph{43}(4), 599--616.
\leavevmode\hypertarget{ref-R-careless}{}%
Yentes, R. D., \& Wilhelm, F. (2021). \emph{Careless: Procedures for computing indices of careless responding}.
\endgroup
\end{document}