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+---
+layout: blog
+title: "Kubernetes 1.31：对 cgroup v1 的支持转为维护模式"
+date: 2024-08-14
+slug: kubernetes-1-31-moving-cgroup-v1-support-maintenance-mode
+author: Harshal Patil
+translator: >
+  [Michael Yao](https://github.com/windsonsea) (DaoCloud)
+---
+<!--
+layout: blog
+title: "Kubernetes 1.31: Moving cgroup v1 Support into Maintenance Mode"
+date: 2024-08-14
+slug: kubernetes-1-31-moving-cgroup-v1-support-maintenance-mode
+author: Harshal Patil
+-->
+
+<!--
+As Kubernetes continues to evolve and adapt to the changing landscape of
+container orchestration, the community has decided to move cgroup v1 support
+into [maintenance mode](#what-does-maintenance-mode-mean) in v1.31.
+This shift aligns with the broader industry's move towards cgroup v2, offering
+improved functionalities: including scalability and a more consistent interface.
+Before we dive into the consequences for Kubernetes, let's take a step back to
+understand what cgroups are and their significance in Linux.
+-->
+随着 Kubernetes 不断发展，为了适应容器编排全景图的变化，社区决定在 v1.31 中将对 cgroup v1
+的支持转为[维护模式](#what-does-maintenance-mode-mean)。
+这一转变与行业更广泛地向 cgroup v2 的迁移保持一致，后者的功能更强，
+包括可扩展性和更加一致的接口。在我们深入探讨对 Kubernetes 的影响之前，
+先回顾一下 cgroup 的概念及其在 Linux 中的重要意义。
+
+<!--
+## Understanding cgroups
+
+[Control groups](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/cgroups.7.html), or
+cgroups, are a Linux kernel feature that allows the allocation, prioritization,
+denial, and management of system resources (such as CPU, memory, disk I/O,
+and network bandwidth) among processes. This functionality is crucial for
+maintaining system performance and ensuring that no single process can
+monopolize system resources, which is especially important in multi-tenant
+environments.
+-->
+## 理解 cgroup   {#understanding-cgroups}
+
+[控制组（Control Group）](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/cgroups.7.html)也称为 cgroup，
+是 Linux 内核的一项特性，允许在进程之间分配、划分优先级、拒绝和管理系统资源（如 CPU、内存、磁盘 I/O 和网络带宽）。
+这一功能对于维护系统性能至关重要，确保没有单个进程能够垄断系统资源，这在多租户环境中尤其重要。
+
+<!--
+There are two versions of cgroups:
+[v1](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/index.html) and
+[v2](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html). While cgroup v1
+provided sufficient capabilities for resource management, it had limitations
+that led to the development of cgroup v2. Cgroup v2 offers a more unified and
+consistent interface, on top of better resource control features.
+-->
+cgroup 有两个版本：
+[v1](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/index.html) 和
+[v2](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html)。
+虽然 cgroup v1 提供了足够的资源管理能力，但其局限性促使了 cgroup v2 的开发。
+cgroup v2 在更好的资源控制特性之外提供了更统一且更一致的接口。
+
+<!--
+## Cgroups in Kubernetes
+
+For Linux nodes, Kubernetes relies heavily on cgroups to manage and isolate the
+resources consumed by containers running in pods. Each container in Kubernetes
+is placed in its own cgroup, which allows Kubernetes to enforce resource limits,
+monitor usage, and ensure fair resource distribution among all containers.
+-->
+## Kubernetes 中的 cgroup
+
+对于 Linux 节点，Kubernetes 在管理和隔离 Pod 中运行的容器所消耗的资源方面高度依赖 cgroup。
+Kubernetes 中的每个容器都放在其自己的 cgroup 中，这使得 Kubernetes 能够强制执行资源限制、
+监控使用情况并确保所有容器之间的资源公平分配。
+
+<!--
+### How Kubernetes uses cgroups
+
+**Resource Allocation**
+: Ensures that containers do not exceed their allocated CPU and memory limits.
+
+**Isolation**
+: Isolates containers from each other to prevent resource contention.
+
+**Monitoring**
+: Tracks resource usage for each container to provide insights and metrics.
+-->
+### Kubernetes 如何使用 cgroup   {#how-kubernetes-uses-cgroups}
+
+**资源分配**
+: 确保容器不超过其分配的 CPU 和内存限制。
+
+**隔离**
+: 将容器相互隔离，防止资源争用。
+
+**监控**
+: 跟踪每个容器的资源使用情况，以提供洞察数据和指标。
+
+<!--
+## Transitioning to Cgroup v2
+
+The Linux community has been focusing on cgroup v2 for new features and
+improvements. Major Linux distributions and projects like
+[systemd](https://systemd.io/) are
+[transitioning](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/30852) towards cgroup v2.
+Using cgroup v2 provides several benefits over cgroupv1, such as Unified Hierarchy,
+Improved Interface, Better Resource Control,
+[cgroup aware OOM killer](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/117793),
+[rootless support](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-node/2033-kubelet-in-userns-aka-rootless/README.md#cgroup) etc.
+-->
+## 向 cgroup v2 过渡   {#transitioning-to-cgroup-v2}
+
+Linux 社区一直在聚焦于为 cgroup v2 提供新特性和各项改进。
+主要的 Linux 发行版和像 [systemd](https://systemd.io/)
+这样的项目正在[过渡](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/30852)到 cgroup v2。
+使用 cgroup v2 相较于使用 cgroup v1 提供了多个好处，例如统一的层次结构、改进的接口、更好的资源控制，
+以及 [cgroup 感知的 OOM 杀手](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/117793)、
+[非 root 支持](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-node/2033-kubelet-in-userns-aka-rootless/README.md#cgroup)等。
+
+<!--
+Given these advantages, Kubernetes is also making the move to embrace cgroup
+v2 more fully. However, this transition needs to be handled carefully to avoid
+disrupting existing workloads and to provide a smooth migration path for users.
+
+## Moving cgroup v1 support into maintenance mode
+
+### What does maintenance mode mean?
+
+When cgroup v1 is placed into maintenance mode in Kubernetes, it means that:
+-->
+鉴于这些优势，Kubernetes 也正在更全面地转向 cgroup v2。然而，
+这一过渡需要谨慎处理，以避免干扰现有的工作负载，并为用户提供平滑的迁移路径。
+
+## 对 cgroup v1 的支持转入维护模式   {#moving-cgroup-v1-support-into-maintenance-mode}
+
+### 维护模式意味着什么？   {#what-does-maintenance-mode-mean}
+
+当 cgroup v1 在 Kubernetes 中被置于维护模式时，这意味着：
+
+<!--
+1. **Feature Freeze**: No new features will be added to cgroup v1 support.
+2. **Security Fixes**: Critical security fixes will still be provided.
+3. **Best-Effort Bug Fixes**: Major bugs may be fixed if feasible, but some
+issues might remain unresolved.
+-->
+1. **特性冻结**：不会再向 cgroup v1 添加新特性。
+2. **安全修复**：仍将提供关键的安全修复。
+3. **尽力而为的 Bug 修复**：在可行的情况下可能会修复重大 Bug，但某些问题可能保持未解决。
+
+<!--
+### Why move to maintenance mode?
+
+The move to maintenance mode is driven by the need to stay in line with the
+broader ecosystem and to encourage the adoption of cgroup v2, which offers
+better performance, security, and usability. By transitioning cgroup v1 to
+maintenance mode, Kubernetes can focus on enhancing support for cgroup v2
+and ensure it meets the needs of modern workloads. It's important to note
+that maintenance mode does not mean deprecation; cgroup v1 will continue to
+receive critical security fixes and major bug fixes as needed.
+-->
+### 为什么要转入维护模式？   {#why-move-to-maintenance-mode}
+
+转入维护模式的原因是为了与更广泛的生态体系保持一致，也为了鼓励采用 cgroup v2，后者提供了更好的性能、安全性和可用性。
+通过将 cgroup v1 转入维护模式，Kubernetes 可以专注于增强对 cgroup v2 的支持，并确保其满足现代工作负载的需求。
+需要注意的是，维护模式并不意味着弃用；cgroup v1 将继续按需进行关键的安全修复和重大 Bug 修复。
+
+<!--
+## What this means for cluster administrators
+
+Users currently relying on cgroup v1 are highly encouraged to plan for the
+transition to cgroup v2. This transition involves:
+
+1. **Upgrading Systems**: Ensuring that the underlying operating systems and
+container runtimes support cgroup v2.
+2. **Testing Workloads**: Verifying that workloads and applications function
+correctly with cgroup v2.
+-->
+## 这对集群管理员意味着什么   {#what-this-means-for-cluster-administrators}
+
+目前强烈鼓励那些依赖 cgroup v1 的用户做好向 cgroup v2 过渡的计划。这一过渡涉及：
+
+1. **升级系统**：确保底层操作系统和容器运行时支持 cgroup v2。
+2. **测试工作负载**：验证工作负载和应用程序在 cgroup v2 下正常工作。
+
+<!--
+## Further reading
+
+- [Linux cgroups](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/cgroups.7.html)
+- [Cgroup v2 in Kubernetes](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.25: cgroup v2 graduates to GA](/blog/2022/08/31/cgroupv2-ga-1-25/)
+-->
+## 进一步阅读   {#further-reading}
+
+- [Linux cgroup](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/cgroups.7.html)
+- [Kubernetes 中的 cgroup v2](/zh-cn/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.25：cgroup v2 进阶至 GA](/zh-cn/blog/2022/08/31/cgroupv2-ga-1-25/)