All routes and controllers should return a response to be sent back to the user's browser. Laravel provides several different ways to return responses. The most basic response is returning a string from a route or controller. The framework will automatically convert the string into a full HTTP response:
Route::get('/', function () {
return 'Hello World';
});
In addition to returning strings from your routes and controllers, you may also return arrays. The framework will automatically convert the array into a JSON response:
Route::get('/', function () {
return [1, 2, 3];
});
Note
Did you know you can also return Eloquent collections from your routes or controllers? They will automatically be converted to JSON. Give it a shot!
Typically, you won't just be returning simple strings or arrays from your route actions. Instead, you will be returning full Illuminate\Http\Response instances or views.
Returning a full Response instance allows you to customize the response's HTTP status code and headers. A Response instance inherits from the Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response class, which provides a variety of methods for building HTTP responses:
Route::get('/home', function () {
return response('Hello World', 200)
->header('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
});
You may also return Eloquent ORM models and collections directly from your routes and controllers. When you do, Laravel will automatically convert the models and collections to JSON responses while respecting the model's hidden attributes:
use App\Models\User;
Route::get('/user/{user}', function (User $user) {
return $user;
});
Keep in mind that most response methods are chainable, allowing for the fluent construction of response instances. For example, you may use the header method to add a series of headers to the response before sending it back to the user:
return response($content)
->header('Content-Type', $type)
->header('X-Header-One', 'Header Value')
->header('X-Header-Two', 'Header Value');
Or, you may use the withHeaders method to specify an array of headers to be added to the response:
return response($content)
->withHeaders([
'Content-Type' => $type,
'X-Header-One' => 'Header Value',
'X-Header-Two' => 'Header Value',
]);
Laravel includes a cache.headers middleware, which may be used to quickly set the Cache-Control header for a group of routes. Directives should be provided using the "snake case" equivalent of the corresponding cache-control directive and should be separated by a semicolon. If etag is specified in the list of directives, an MD5 hash of the response content will automatically be set as the ETag identifier:
Route::middleware('cache.headers:public;max_age=2628000;etag')->group(function () {
Route::get('/privacy', function () {
// ...
});
Route::get('/terms', function () {
// ...
});
});
You may attach a cookie to an outgoing Illuminate\Http\Response instance using the cookie method. You should pass the name, value, and the number of minutes the cookie should be considered valid to this method:
return response('Hello World')->cookie(
'name', 'value', $minutes
);
The cookie method also accepts a few more arguments which are used less frequently. Generally, these arguments have the same purpose and meaning as the arguments that would be given to PHP's native setcookie method:
return response('Hello World')->cookie(
'name', 'value', $minutes, $path, $domain, $secure, $httpOnly
);
If you would like to ensure that a cookie is sent with the outgoing response but you do not yet have an instance of that response, you can use the Cookie facade to "queue" cookies for attachment to the response when it is sent. The queue method accepts the arguments needed to create a cookie instance. These cookies will be attached to the outgoing response before it is sent to the browser:
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cookie;
Cookie::queue('name', 'value', $minutes);
If you would like to generate a Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Cookie instance that can be attached to a response instance at a later time, you may use the global cookie helper. This cookie will not be sent back to the client unless it is attached to a response instance:
$cookie = cookie('name', 'value', $minutes);
return response('Hello World')->cookie($cookie);
You may remove a cookie by expiring it via the withoutCookie method of an outgoing response:
return response('Hello World')->withoutCookie('name');
If you do not yet have an instance of the outgoing response, you may use the Cookie facade's expire method to expire a cookie:
Cookie::expire('name');
By default, thanks to the Illuminate\Cookie\Middleware\EncryptCookies middleware, all cookies generated by Laravel are encrypted and signed so that they can't be modified or read by the client. If you would like to disable encryption for a subset of cookies generated by your application, you may use the encryptCookies method in your application's bootstrap/app.php file:
->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) {
$middleware->encryptCookies(except: [
'cookie_name',
]);
})
Redirect responses are instances of the Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse class, and contain the proper headers needed to redirect the user to another URL. There are several ways to generate a RedirectResponse instance. The simplest method is to use the global redirect helper:
Route::get('/dashboard', function () {
return redirect('/home/dashboard');
});
Sometimes you may wish to redirect the user to their previous location, such as when a submitted form is invalid. You may do so by using the global back helper function. Since this feature utilizes the session, make sure the route calling the back function is using the web middleware group:
Route::post('/user/profile', function () {
// Validate the request...
return back()->withInput();
});
When you call the redirect helper with no parameters, an instance of Illuminate\Routing\Redirector is returned, allowing you to call any method on the Redirector instance. For example, to generate a RedirectResponse to a named route, you may use the route method:
return redirect()->route('login');
If your route has parameters, you may pass them as the second argument to the route method:
// For a route with the following URI: /profile/{id}
return redirect()->route('profile', ['id' => 1]);
If you are redirecting to a route with an "ID" parameter that is being populated from an Eloquent model, you may pass the model itself. The ID will be extracted automatically:
// For a route with the following URI: /profile/{id}
return redirect()->route('profile', [$user]);
If you would like to customize the value that is placed in the route parameter, you can specify the column in the route parameter definition (/profile/{id:slug}) or you can override the getRouteKey method on your Eloquent model:
/**
* Get the value of the model's route key.
*/
public function getRouteKey(): mixed
{
return $this->slug;
}
You may also generate redirects to controller actions. To do so, pass the controller and action name to the action method:
use App\Http\Controllers\UserController;
return redirect()->action([UserController::class, 'index']);
If your controller route requires parameters, you may pass them as the second argument to the action method:
return redirect()->action(
[UserController::class, 'profile'], ['id' => 1]
);
Sometimes you may need to redirect to a domain outside of your application. You may do so by calling the away method, which creates a RedirectResponse without any additional URL encoding, validation, or verification:
return redirect()->away('https://www.google.com');
Redirecting to a new URL and flashing data to the session are usually done at the same time. Typically, this is done after successfully performing an action when you flash a success message to the session. For convenience, you may create a RedirectResponse instance and flash data to the session in a single, fluent method chain:
Route::post('/user/profile', function () {
// ...
return redirect('/dashboard')->with('status', 'Profile updated!');
});
After the user is redirected, you may display the flashed message from the session. For example, using Blade syntax:
@if (session('status'))
<div class="alert alert-success">
{{ session('status') }}
</div>
@endif
You may use the withInput method provided by the RedirectResponse instance to flash the current request's input data to the session before redirecting the user to a new location. This is typically done if the user has encountered a validation error. Once the input has been flashed to the session, you may easily retrieve it during the next request to repopulate the form:
return back()->withInput();
The response helper may be used to generate other types of response instances. When the response helper is called without arguments, an implementation of the Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\ResponseFactory contract is returned. This contract provides several helpful methods for generating responses.
If you need control over the response's status and headers but also need to return a view as the response's content, you should use the view method:
return response()
->view('hello', $data, 200)
->header('Content-Type', $type);
Of course, if you do not need to pass a custom HTTP status code or custom headers, you may use the global view helper function.
The json method will automatically set the Content-Type header to application/json, as well as convert the given array to JSON using the json_encode PHP function:
return response()->json([
'name' => 'Abigail',
'state' => 'CA',
]);
If you would like to create a JSONP response, you may use the json method in combination with the withCallback method:
return response()
->json(['name' => 'Abigail', 'state' => 'CA'])
->withCallback($request->input('callback'));
The download method may be used to generate a response that forces the user's browser to download the file at the given path. The download method accepts a filename as the second argument to the method, which will determine the filename that is seen by the user downloading the file. Finally, you may pass an array of HTTP headers as the third argument to the method:
return response()->download($pathToFile);
return response()->download($pathToFile, $name, $headers);
Warning
Symfony HttpFoundation, which manages file downloads, requires the file being downloaded to have an ASCII filename.
The file method may be used to display a file, such as an image or PDF, directly in the user's browser instead of initiating a download. This method accepts the absolute path to the file as its first argument and an array of headers as its second argument:
return response()->file($pathToFile);
return response()->file($pathToFile, $headers);
By streaming data to the client as it is generated, you can significantly reduce memory usage and improve performance, especially for very large responses. Streamed responses allow the client to begin processing data before the server has finished sending it:
function streamedContent(): Generator {
yield 'Hello, ';
yield 'World!';
}
Route::get('/stream', function () {
return response()->stream(function (): void {
foreach (streamedContent() as $chunk) {
echo $chunk;
ob_flush();
flush();
sleep(2); // Simulate delay between chunks...
}
}, 200, ['X-Accel-Buffering' => 'no']);
});
Note
Internally, Laravel utilizes PHP's output buffering functionality. As you can see in the example above, you should use the ob_flush and flush functions to push buffered content to the client.
If you need to stream JSON data incrementally, you may utilize the streamJson method. This method is especially useful for large datasets that need to be sent progressively to the browser in a format that can be easily parsed by JavaScript:
use App\Models\User;
Route::get('/users.json', function () {
return response()->streamJson([
'users' => User::cursor(),
]);
});
Sometimes you may wish to turn the string response of a given operation into a downloadable response without having to write the contents of the operation to disk. You may use the streamDownload method in this scenario. This method accepts a callback, filename, and an optional array of headers as its arguments:
use App\Services\GitHub;
return response()->streamDownload(function () {
echo GitHub::api('repo')
->contents()
->readme('laravel', 'laravel')['contents'];
}, 'laravel-readme.md');
If you would like to define a custom response that you can re-use in a variety of your routes and controllers, you may use the macro method on the Response facade. Typically, you should call this method from the boot method of one of your application's service providers, such as the App\Providers\AppServiceProvider service provider:
<?php
namespace App\Providers;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Response;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
/**
* Bootstrap any application services.
*/
public function boot(): void
{
Response::macro('caps', function (string $value) {
return Response::make(strtoupper($value));
});
}
}
The macro function accepts a name as its first argument and a closure as its second argument. The macro's closure will be executed when calling the macro name from a ResponseFactory implementation or the response helper:
return response()->caps('foo');