diff --git a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/can_generate_candidates.py b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/can_generate_candidates.py
index 30eb127913e..624f5fabf57 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/can_generate_candidates.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/can_generate_candidates.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 import json
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional
 
 import pandas as pd
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCardLevel
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ def __init__(
 
     def compute(
         self,
-        experiment: Optional[Experiment] = None,
+        experiment: Experiment | None = None,
         generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy | None = None,
     ) -> HealthcheckAnalysisCard:
         status = HealthcheckStatus.PASS
diff --git a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/constraints_feasibility.py b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/constraints_feasibility.py
index 82399c186b0..1d21fe823a3 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/constraints_feasibility.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/constraints_feasibility.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import json
-from typing import Tuple
 
 import pandas as pd
 
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ def constraints_feasibility(
     optimization_config: OptimizationConfig,
     model: Adapter,
     prob_threshold: float = 0.99,
-) -> Tuple[bool, pd.DataFrame]:
+) -> tuple[bool, pd.DataFrame]:
     r"""
     Check the feasibility of the constraints for the experiment.
 
diff --git a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/regression_analysis.py b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/regression_analysis.py
index 43f456e5a66..2c58c79e211 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/regression_analysis.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/regression_analysis.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import json
-from typing import Tuple
 
 import pandas as pd
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCardLevel
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def compute(
 
 def process_regression_dict(
     regressions_by_trial: dict[int, dict[str, dict[str, float]]],
-) -> Tuple[pd.DataFrame, str]:
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, str]:
     r"""
     Process the dictionary of trial indices, regressing arms and metrics into
         a dataframe and a string.
diff --git a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/tests/test_search_space_analysis.py b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/tests/test_search_space_analysis.py
index 725057fa145..0c8b2f5d7aa 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/healthcheck/tests/test_search_space_analysis.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/healthcheck/tests/test_search_space_analysis.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
-from typing import List, Union
 
 import pandas as pd
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCardLevel
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ def test_search_space_boundary_proportions(self) -> None:
             ],
         )
 
-        parametrizations: List[dict[str, Union[None, bool, float, int, str]]] = [
+        parametrizations: list[dict[str, None | bool | float | int | str]] = [
             {
                 "float_range_1": 1.0,
                 "float_range_2": 1.0,
diff --git a/ax/analysis/plotly/scatter.py b/ax/analysis/plotly/scatter.py
index e058b195202..2154bc6fa14 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/plotly/scatter.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/plotly/scatter.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
-from typing import Optional
 
 import pandas as pd
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCardLevel
@@ -50,8 +49,8 @@ def __init__(
 
     def compute(
         self,
-        experiment: Optional[Experiment] = None,
-        generation_strategy: Optional[GenerationStrategy] = None,
+        experiment: Experiment | None = None,
+        generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy | None = None,
     ) -> PlotlyAnalysisCard:
         if experiment is None:
             raise UserInputError("ScatterPlot requires an Experiment")
diff --git a/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/contour.py b/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/contour.py
index 216766c159b..60bb32a7ede 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/contour.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/contour.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import math
-from typing import Optional
 
 import pandas as pd
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCardLevel
@@ -61,8 +60,8 @@ def __init__(
 
     def compute(
         self,
-        experiment: Optional[Experiment] = None,
-        generation_strategy: Optional[GenerationStrategy] = None,
+        experiment: Experiment | None = None,
+        generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy | None = None,
     ) -> PlotlyAnalysisCard:
         if experiment is None:
             raise UserInputError("ContourPlot requires an Experiment")
diff --git a/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/slice.py b/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/slice.py
index b69754979be..d0cbc6a7a7c 100644
--- a/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/slice.py
+++ b/ax/analysis/plotly/surface/slice.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import math
-from typing import Optional
 
 import pandas as pd
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCardLevel
@@ -55,8 +54,8 @@ def __init__(
 
     def compute(
         self,
-        experiment: Optional[Experiment] = None,
-        generation_strategy: Optional[GenerationStrategy] = None,
+        experiment: Experiment | None = None,
+        generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy | None = None,
     ) -> PlotlyAnalysisCard:
         if experiment is None:
             raise UserInputError("SlicePlot requires an Experiment")
diff --git a/ax/benchmark/benchmark.py b/ax/benchmark/benchmark.py
index 264f3480a6f..22513d32dea 100644
--- a/ax/benchmark/benchmark.py
+++ b/ax/benchmark/benchmark.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 from itertools import product
 from logging import Logger, WARNING
 from time import monotonic, time
-from typing import Set
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ def benchmark_replication(
     best_params_by_trial: list[list[TParameterization]] = []
 
     is_mf_or_mt = len(problem.target_fidelity_and_task) > 0
-    trials_used_for_best_point: Set[int] = set()
+    trials_used_for_best_point: set[int] = set()
 
     # Run the optimization loop.
     timeout_hours = method.timeout_hours
diff --git a/ax/benchmark/benchmark_runner.py b/ax/benchmark/benchmark_runner.py
index 9b5868bd864..ad5ac39695b 100644
--- a/ax/benchmark/benchmark_runner.py
+++ b/ax/benchmark/benchmark_runner.py
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def get_total_runtime(
     # By default, each step takes 1 virtual second.
     if step_runtime_function is not None:
         max_step_runtime = max(
-            (step_runtime_function(arm.parameters) for arm in trial.arms)
+            step_runtime_function(arm.parameters) for arm in trial.arms
         )
     else:
         max_step_runtime = 1
diff --git a/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_metric.py b/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_metric.py
index 9850c41bf2d..ed07f9b8b26 100644
--- a/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_metric.py
+++ b/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_metric.py
@@ -89,12 +89,10 @@ def get_test_trial(
     n_steps = 3 if multiple_time_steps else 1
     dfs = {
         name: pd.concat(
-            (
-                _get_one_step_df(
-                    batch=batch, metric_name=name, step=i, observe_noise_sd=True
-                )
-                for i in range(n_steps)
+            _get_one_step_df(
+                batch=batch, metric_name=name, step=i, observe_noise_sd=True
             )
+            for i in range(n_steps)
         )
         for name in ["test_metric1", "test_metric2"]
     }
diff --git a/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_runner.py b/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_runner.py
index c21bd5d37d7..f45cb180740 100644
--- a/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_runner.py
+++ b/ax/benchmark/tests/test_benchmark_runner.py
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ def test_runner(self) -> None:
                 for i, df in enumerate(res.values()):
                     if isinstance(noise_std, list):
                         self.assertEqual(df["sem"].item(), noise_std[i])
-                        if all((n == 0 for n in noise_std)):
+                        if all(n == 0 for n in noise_std):
                             self.assertTrue(np.array_equal(df["mean"], Y[i, :]))
                     else:  # float
                         self.assertEqual(df["sem"].item(), noise_std)
diff --git a/ax/core/search_space.py b/ax/core/search_space.py
index 9b214f27205..b75cf380596 100644
--- a/ax/core/search_space.py
+++ b/ax/core/search_space.py
@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@
 
 import math
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable, Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from functools import reduce
 from logging import Logger
 from random import choice, uniform
-from typing import Sequence
 
 import numpy.typing as npt
 import pandas as pd
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/map_torch.py b/ax/modelbridge/map_torch.py
index 597407556e6..e8aaac8e51c 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/map_torch.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/map_torch.py
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/modelbridge_utils.py b/ax/modelbridge/modelbridge_utils.py
index 9a34bc084f4..547fd086e4c 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/modelbridge_utils.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/modelbridge_utils.py
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
 from functools import partial
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Any, Sequence, SupportsFloat, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Any, SupportsFloat, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/torch.py b/ax/modelbridge/torch.py
index 6bf4e0f555a..54ee8d13811 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/torch.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/torch.py
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/log_y.py b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/log_y.py
index 1376b270262..500d4a99d37 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/log_y.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/log_y.py
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Callable, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/metadata_to_float.py b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/metadata_to_float.py
index 0e5ed2d585b..0d379c46c6f 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/metadata_to_float.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/metadata_to_float.py
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, SupportsFloat, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Any, SupportsFloat, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from ax.core import ParameterType
 
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         search_space: SearchSpace | None = None,
         observations: list[Observation] | None = None,
-        modelbridge: Optional["modelbridge_module.base.Adapter"] = None,
+        modelbridge: modelbridge_module.base.Adapter | None = None,
         config: TConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if observations is None or not observations:
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_map_key_to_float_transform.py b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_map_key_to_float_transform.py
index ee94c237af2..969cd08d7bc 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_map_key_to_float_transform.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_map_key_to_float_transform.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Iterator
 
 import numpy as np
 from ax.core.observation import Observation, ObservationData, ObservationFeatures
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_metadata_to_float_transform.py b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_metadata_to_float_transform.py
index 46a014c0ad8..a26c991162d 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_metadata_to_float_transform.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/tests/test_metadata_to_float_transform.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Iterator
 
 import numpy as np
 from ax.core.observation import Observation, ObservationData, ObservationFeatures
diff --git a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/time_as_feature.py b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/time_as_feature.py
index cb1053dc51d..84d4d15b8cb 100644
--- a/ax/modelbridge/transforms/time_as_feature.py
+++ b/ax/modelbridge/transforms/time_as_feature.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 from logging import Logger
 from time import time
-from typing import Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import pandas as pd
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         search_space: SearchSpace | None = None,
         observations: list[Observation] | None = None,
-        modelbridge: Optional["modelbridge_module.base.Adapter"] = None,
+        modelbridge: modelbridge_module.base.Adapter | None = None,
         config: TConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         assert observations is not None, "TimeAsFeature requires observations"
diff --git a/ax/models/torch_base.py b/ax/models/torch_base.py
index 7cc3ff23d00..3bd10d3792d 100644
--- a/ax/models/torch_base.py
+++ b/ax/models/torch_base.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import torch
 from ax.core.metric import Metric
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/client.py b/ax/preview/api/client.py
index 4053e30c8ef..99140177d05 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/client.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/client.py
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/configs.py b/ax/preview/api/configs.py
index d7585c55937..dcc29a08e2e 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/configs.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/configs.py
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Callable, List, Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 from ax.preview.api.types import TParameterValue
 from ax.storage.registry_bundle import RegistryBundleBase
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ class ChoiceParameterConfig:
     """
 
     name: str
-    values: List[float] | List[int] | List[str] | List[bool]
+    values: list[float] | list[int] | list[str] | list[bool]
     parameter_type: ParameterType
     is_ordered: bool | None = None
     dependent_parameters: Mapping[TParameterValue, Sequence[str]] | None = None
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/protocols/metric.py b/ax/preview/api/protocols/metric.py
index 4ec1d71b3d3..d354408a28f 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/protocols/metric.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/protocols/metric.py
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 
-from typing import Any, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any
 
 from ax.preview.api.protocols.utils import _APIMetric
 from pyre_extensions import override
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/protocols/runner.py b/ax/preview/api/protocols/runner.py
index 91219c0c3e8..b6e9e426314 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/protocols/runner.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/protocols/runner.py
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 
-from typing import Any, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any
 
 from ax.core.trial_status import TrialStatus
 from ax.preview.api.protocols.utils import _APIRunner
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/protocols/utils.py b/ax/preview/api/protocols/utils.py
index 878c9edc5b4..55615a3f364 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/protocols/utils.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/protocols/utils.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 import json
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Any, Iterable, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
+from typing import Any
 
 import pandas as pd
 
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/tests/test_client.py b/ax/preview/api/tests/test_client.py
index 8e09030aa45..4a378dd549a 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/tests/test_client.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/tests/test_client.py
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
-from typing import Any, Mapping
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/types.py b/ax/preview/api/types.py
index c3cdbc47487..bd1a3b84818 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/types.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/types.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 
-from typing import Mapping
+from collections.abc import Mapping
 
 TParameterValue = int | float | str | bool
 TParameterization = Mapping[str, TParameterValue]
diff --git a/ax/preview/api/utils/instantiation/from_string.py b/ax/preview/api/utils/instantiation/from_string.py
index 474b561c646..f6e23969e80 100644
--- a/ax/preview/api/utils/instantiation/from_string.py
+++ b/ax/preview/api/utils/instantiation/from_string.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import re
-from typing import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 from ax.core.map_metric import MapMetric
 
diff --git a/ax/service/ax_client.py b/ax/service/ax_client.py
index 9f360c6463f..dbe966b36af 100644
--- a/ax/service/ax_client.py
+++ b/ax/service/ax_client.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from functools import partial
 
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Any, Optional, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
 
 import ax.service.utils.early_stopping as early_stopping_utils
 import numpy as np
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class AxClient(AnalysisBase, BestPointMixin, InstantiationBase):
     def __init__(
         self,
         generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy | None = None,
-        db_settings: Optional[DBSettings] = None,
+        db_settings: DBSettings | None = None,
         enforce_sequential_optimization: bool = True,
         random_seed: int | None = None,
         torch_device: torch.device | None = None,
diff --git a/ax/service/scheduler.py b/ax/service/scheduler.py
index bd9f85c8c70..c24d83609fd 100644
--- a/ax/service/scheduler.py
+++ b/ax/service/scheduler.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 from enum import IntEnum
 from logging import LoggerAdapter
 from time import sleep
-from typing import Any, cast, NamedTuple, Optional
+from typing import Any, cast, NamedTuple
 
 import ax.service.utils.early_stopping as early_stopping_utils
 from ax.core.base_trial import BaseTrial, TrialStatus
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def __init__(
         experiment: Experiment,
         generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy,
         options: SchedulerOptions,
-        db_settings: Optional[DBSettings] = None,
+        db_settings: DBSettings | None = None,
         _skip_experiment_save: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         self.experiment = experiment
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def from_stored_experiment(
         cls,
         experiment_name: str,
         options: SchedulerOptions,
-        db_settings: Optional[DBSettings] = None,
+        db_settings: DBSettings | None = None,
         generation_strategy: GenerationStrategy | None = None,
         reduced_state: bool = True,
         **kwargs: Any,
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ def run_n_trials(
         max_trials: int,
         ignore_global_stopping_strategy: bool = False,
         timeout_hours: float | None = None,
-        idle_callback: Optional[Callable[[Scheduler], None]] = None,
+        idle_callback: Callable[[Scheduler], None] | None = None,
     ) -> OptimizationResult:
         """Run up to ``max_trials`` trials; will run all ``max_trials`` unless
         completion criterion is reached. For base ``Scheduler``, completion criterion
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ def run_n_trials(
     def run_all_trials(
         self,
         timeout_hours: float | None = None,
-        idle_callback: Optional[Callable[[Scheduler], None]] = None,
+        idle_callback: Callable[[Scheduler], None] | None = None,
     ) -> OptimizationResult:
         """Run all trials until ``should_consider_optimization_complete`` yields
         true (by default, ``should_consider_optimization_complete`` will yield true when
@@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@ def _abort_optimization(self, num_preexisting_trials: int) -> dict[str, Any]:
     def _complete_optimization(
         self,
         num_preexisting_trials: int,
-        idle_callback: Optional[Callable[[Scheduler], None]] = None,
+        idle_callback: Callable[[Scheduler], None] | None = None,
     ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Conclude optimization with waiting for anymore running trials and
         return final results via `wait_for_completed_trials_and_report_results`.
diff --git a/ax/service/tests/scheduler_test_utils.py b/ax/service/tests/scheduler_test_utils.py
index d353b28346c..a51a5a2f5da 100644
--- a/ax/service/tests/scheduler_test_utils.py
+++ b/ax/service/tests/scheduler_test_utils.py
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import re
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from math import ceil
 from random import randint
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
-from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Optional
+from typing import Any, cast
 from unittest.mock import call, Mock, patch
 
 import pandas as pd
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class AxSchedulerTestCase(TestCase):
         str,
         Callable[
             [...],
-            Optional[dict[str, list[ObservationFeatures]]],
+            dict[str, list[ObservationFeatures]] | None,
         ],
     ] = (
         f"{Scheduler.__module__}."
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class AxSchedulerTestCase(TestCase):
         str,
         Callable[
             [...],
-            Optional[dict[str, list[ObservationFeatures]]],
+            dict[str, list[ObservationFeatures]] | None,
         ],
     ] = (
         f"{GenerationStrategy.__module__}.extract_pending_observations",
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ def db_settings(self) -> DBSettings:
         return DBSettings(encoder=encoder, decoder=decoder)
 
     @property
-    def db_settings_if_always_needed(self) -> Optional[DBSettings]:
+    def db_settings_if_always_needed(self) -> DBSettings | None:
         if self.ALWAYS_USE_DB:
             return self.db_settings
         return None
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ def test_logging_file_stream(self) -> None:
 
             testScheduler.logger.debug(testDebugMessage)
 
-            with open(temp_file.name, "r") as f:
+            with open(temp_file.name) as f:
                 log_contents = f.read()
                 self.assertIn(testDebugMessage, log_contents)
             temp_file.close()
diff --git a/ax/service/utils/analysis_base.py b/ax/service/utils/analysis_base.py
index c2c0b612b22..fe7204a1d19 100644
--- a/ax/service/utils/analysis_base.py
+++ b/ax/service/utils/analysis_base.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 # pyre-strict
 import traceback
-from typing import Iterable
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 
 import pandas as pd
 
diff --git a/ax/service/utils/best_point.py b/ax/service/utils/best_point.py
index bbd1a5e8d66..a2d7ce48af6 100644
--- a/ax/service/utils/best_point.py
+++ b/ax/service/utils/best_point.py
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 from collections import OrderedDict
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
 from functools import reduce
 
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Mapping
 
 import pandas as pd
 import torch
diff --git a/ax/service/utils/report_utils.py b/ax/service/utils/report_utils.py
index 92f2d7ccd94..94267d2f090 100644
--- a/ax/service/utils/report_utils.py
+++ b/ax/service/utils/report_utils.py
@@ -1186,8 +1186,8 @@ def _objective_vs_true_objective_scatter(
 # TODO: may want to have a way to do this with a plot_fn
 # that returns a list of plots, such as get_standard_plots
 def get_figure_and_callback(
-    plot_fn: Callable[["Scheduler"], go.Figure],
-) -> tuple[go.Figure, Callable[["Scheduler"], None]]:
+    plot_fn: Callable[[Scheduler], go.Figure],
+) -> tuple[go.Figure, Callable[[Scheduler], None]]:
     """
     Produce a figure and a callback for updating the figure in place.
 
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ def get_figure_and_callback(
     fig = go.FigureWidget(layout=go.Layout())
 
     # pyre-fixme[53]: Captured variable `fig` is not annotated.
-    def _update_fig_in_place(scheduler: "Scheduler") -> None:
+    def _update_fig_in_place(scheduler: Scheduler) -> None:
         try:
             new_fig = plot_fn(scheduler)
         except RuntimeError as e:
diff --git a/ax/service/utils/with_db_settings_base.py b/ax/service/utils/with_db_settings_base.py
index f00a0ad25b2..ac5cf2c78e9 100644
--- a/ax/service/utils/with_db_settings_base.py
+++ b/ax/service/utils/with_db_settings_base.py
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@
 
 import re
 import time
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 
 from logging import INFO, Logger
-from typing import Optional, Sequence
 
 from ax.analysis.analysis import AnalysisCard
 
@@ -94,11 +93,11 @@ class WithDBSettingsBase:
     if `db_settings` property is set to a non-None value on the instance.
     """
 
-    _db_settings: Optional[DBSettings] = None
+    _db_settings: DBSettings | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        db_settings: Optional[DBSettings] = None,
+        db_settings: DBSettings | None = None,
         logging_level: int = INFO,
         suppress_all_errors: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ def __init__(
         logger.setLevel(logging_level)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_default_db_settings() -> Optional[DBSettings]:
+    def _get_default_db_settings() -> DBSettings | None:
         """Overridable method to get default db_settings
         if none are passed in __init__
         """
diff --git a/ax/storage/sqa_store/sqa_classes.py b/ax/storage/sqa_store/sqa_classes.py
index 560f286207d..da5ec6a2ef4 100644
--- a/ax/storage/sqa_store/sqa_classes.py
+++ b/ax/storage/sqa_store/sqa_classes.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 from datetime import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
-from typing import Any, List
+from typing import Any
 
 from ax.core.batch_trial import LifecycleStage
 from ax.core.parameter import ParameterType
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ class SQAParameter(Base):
     upper: Column[Decimal | None] = Column(Float)
 
     # Attributes for Choice Parameters
-    choice_values: Column[List[TParamValue] | None] = Column(JSONEncodedList)
+    choice_values: Column[list[TParamValue] | None] = Column(JSONEncodedList)
     is_ordered: Column[bool | None] = Column(Boolean)
     is_task: Column[bool | None] = Column(Boolean)
-    dependents: Column[dict[TParamValue, List[str]] | None] = Column(JSONEncodedObject)
+    dependents: Column[dict[TParamValue, list[str]] | None] = Column(JSONEncodedObject)
 
     # Attributes for Fixed Parameters
     fixed_value: Column[TParamValue | None] = Column(JSONEncodedObject)
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class SQAMetric(Base):
     # of Multi/Scalarized Objective contains all children of the parent metric
     # join_depth argument: used for loading self-referential relationships
     # https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/13/orm/self_referential.html#configuring-self-referential-eager-loading
-    scalarized_objective_children_metrics: List["SQAMetric"] = relationship(
+    scalarized_objective_children_metrics: list[SQAMetric] = relationship(
         "SQAMetric",
         cascade="all, delete-orphan",
         lazy=True,
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class SQAMetric(Base):
     scalarized_outcome_constraint_id: Column[int | None] = Column(
         Integer, ForeignKey("metric_v2.id")
     )
-    scalarized_outcome_constraint_children_metrics: List["SQAMetric"] = relationship(
+    scalarized_outcome_constraint_children_metrics: list[SQAMetric] = relationship(
         "SQAMetric",
         cascade="all, delete-orphan",
         lazy=True,
@@ -214,19 +214,19 @@ class SQAGeneratorRun(Base):
     # relationships
     # Use selectin loading for collections to prevent idle timeout errors
     # (https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/13/orm/loading_relationships.html#selectin-eager-loading)
-    arms: List[SQAArm] = relationship(
+    arms: list[SQAArm] = relationship(
         "SQAArm",
         cascade="all, delete-orphan",
         lazy="selectin",
         order_by=lambda: SQAArm.id,
     )
-    metrics: List[SQAMetric] = relationship(
+    metrics: list[SQAMetric] = relationship(
         "SQAMetric", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    parameters: List[SQAParameter] = relationship(
+    parameters: list[SQAParameter] = relationship(
         "SQAParameter", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    parameter_constraints: List[SQAParameterConstraint] = relationship(
+    parameter_constraints: list[SQAParameterConstraint] = relationship(
         "SQAParameterConstraint", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
 
@@ -268,15 +268,15 @@ class SQAGenerationStrategy(Base):
 
     id: Column[int] = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
     name: Column[str] = Column(String(NAME_OR_TYPE_FIELD_LENGTH), nullable=False)
-    steps: Column[List[dict[str, Any]]] = Column(JSONEncodedList, nullable=False)
+    steps: Column[list[dict[str, Any]]] = Column(JSONEncodedList, nullable=False)
     curr_index: Column[int | None] = Column(Integer, nullable=True)
     experiment_id: Column[int | None] = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("experiment_v2.id"))
-    nodes: Column[List[dict[str, Any]]] = Column(JSONEncodedList, nullable=True)
+    nodes: Column[list[dict[str, Any]]] = Column(JSONEncodedList, nullable=True)
     curr_node_name: Column[str | None] = Column(
         String(NAME_OR_TYPE_FIELD_LENGTH), nullable=True
     )
 
-    generator_runs: List[SQAGeneratorRun] = relationship(
+    generator_runs: list[SQAGeneratorRun] = relationship(
         "SQAGeneratorRun",
         cascade="all, delete-orphan",
         lazy="selectin",
@@ -322,10 +322,10 @@ class SQATrial(Base):
     # a child, the old one will be deleted.
     # Use selectin loading for collections to prevent idle timeout errors
     # (https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/13/orm/loading_relationships.html#selectin-eager-loading)
-    abandoned_arms: List[SQAAbandonedArm] = relationship(
+    abandoned_arms: list[SQAAbandonedArm] = relationship(
         "SQAAbandonedArm", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    generator_runs: List[SQAGeneratorRun] = relationship(
+    generator_runs: list[SQAGeneratorRun] = relationship(
         "SQAGeneratorRun", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
     runner: SQARunner = relationship(
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ class SQAExperiment(Base):
     # pyre-fixme[8]: Incompatible attribute type [8]: Attribute
     # `auxiliary_experiments_by_purpose` declared in class `SQAExperiment` has
     # type `Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]]` but is used as type `Column[typing.Any]`
-    auxiliary_experiments_by_purpose: dict[str, List[dict[str, Any]]] | None = Column(
+    auxiliary_experiments_by_purpose: dict[str, list[dict[str, Any]]] | None = Column(
         JSONEncodedTextDict, nullable=True, default={}
     )
 
@@ -382,22 +382,22 @@ class SQAExperiment(Base):
     # a child, the old one will be deleted.
     # Use selectin loading for collections to prevent idle timeout errors
     # (https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/13/orm/loading_relationships.html#selectin-eager-loading)
-    data: List[SQAData] = relationship(
+    data: list[SQAData] = relationship(
         "SQAData", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    metrics: List[SQAMetric] = relationship(
+    metrics: list[SQAMetric] = relationship(
         "SQAMetric", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    parameters: List[SQAParameter] = relationship(
+    parameters: list[SQAParameter] = relationship(
         "SQAParameter", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    parameter_constraints: List[SQAParameterConstraint] = relationship(
+    parameter_constraints: list[SQAParameterConstraint] = relationship(
         "SQAParameterConstraint", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
-    runners: List[SQARunner] = relationship(
+    runners: list[SQARunner] = relationship(
         "SQARunner", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy=False
     )
-    trials: List[SQATrial] = relationship(
+    trials: list[SQATrial] = relationship(
         "SQATrial", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
     generation_strategy: SQAGenerationStrategy | None = relationship(
@@ -406,6 +406,6 @@ class SQAExperiment(Base):
         uselist=False,
         lazy=True,
     )
-    analysis_cards: List[SQAAnalysisCard] = relationship(
+    analysis_cards: list[SQAAnalysisCard] = relationship(
         "SQAAnalysisCard", cascade="all, delete-orphan", lazy="selectin"
     )
diff --git a/ax/storage/sqa_store/tests/test_sqa_store.py b/ax/storage/sqa_store/tests/test_sqa_store.py
index 0c03cd49dd7..39765bd8719 100644
--- a/ax/storage/sqa_store/tests/test_sqa_store.py
+++ b/ax/storage/sqa_store/tests/test_sqa_store.py
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@
 # pyre-strict
 
 import logging
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from datetime import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 from enum import Enum, unique
 from logging import Logger
-from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
 from unittest import mock
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
 
diff --git a/ax/utils/common/func_enum.py b/ax/utils/common/func_enum.py
index 2a5d8c5d92d..125f93ed493 100644
--- a/ax/utils/common/func_enum.py
+++ b/ax/utils/common/func_enum.py
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 # pyre-strict
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from enum import Enum, unique
 from importlib import import_module
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from ax.exceptions.core import UnsupportedError
 
diff --git a/ax/utils/common/tests/test_testutils.py b/ax/utils/common/tests/test_testutils.py
index 13e72920bf5..be09fe492e1 100644
--- a/ax/utils/common/tests/test_testutils.py
+++ b/ax/utils/common/tests/test_testutils.py
@@ -100,11 +100,6 @@ def test_silence_warning(self) -> None:
                 sys.stderr = old_err
         self.assertTrue(new_stderr.getvalue().startswith("A message\n"))
 
-    def test_fail_deprecated(self) -> None:
-        self.assertEqual(1, 1)
-        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-            self.assertEquals(1, 1)
-
     def test_ax_long_test_decorator(self) -> None:
         testReason: str = "testReason"
 
diff --git a/ax/utils/testing/benchmark_stubs.py b/ax/utils/testing/benchmark_stubs.py
index fdd52a05c1f..ca79ed0e714 100644
--- a/ax/utils/testing/benchmark_stubs.py
+++ b/ax/utils/testing/benchmark_stubs.py
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 # pyre-strict
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Iterator
+from typing import Any
 
 import numpy as np
 import torch
diff --git a/scripts/convert_ipynb_to_mdx.py b/scripts/convert_ipynb_to_mdx.py
index b2d28cf6d54..86961987a43 100644
--- a/scripts/convert_ipynb_to_mdx.py
+++ b/scripts/convert_ipynb_to_mdx.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 import subprocess
 import uuid
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Union
 
 import mdformat
 import nbformat
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 ]
 
 
-def load_nb_metadata() -> Dict[str, Dict[str, str]]:
+def load_nb_metadata() -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
     """
     Load the metadata and list of notebooks that are to be converted to MDX.
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def load_notebook(path: Path) -> NotebookNode:
     return nb
 
 
-def create_folders(path: Path) -> Tuple[str, Path]:
+def create_folders(path: Path) -> tuple[str, Path]:
     """
     Create asset folders for the tutorial.
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def create_folders(path: Path) -> Tuple[str, Path]:
     return filename, assets_folder
 
 
-def create_frontmatter(path: Path, nb_metadata: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]]) -> str:
+def create_frontmatter(path: Path, nb_metadata: dict[str, dict[str, str]]) -> str:
     """
     Create frontmatter for the resulting MDX file.
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def create_imports() -> str:
     return f"{imports}\n"
 
 
-def get_current_git_tag() -> Optional[str]:
+def get_current_git_tag() -> str | None:
     """
     Retrieve the current Git tag if the current commit is tagged.
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ def get_current_git_tag() -> Optional[str]:
 
 
 def create_buttons(
-    nb_metadata: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]],
+    nb_metadata: dict[str, dict[str, str]],
 ) -> str:
     """
     Create buttons that link to Colab and GitHub for the tutorial.
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ def handle_cell_input(cell: NotebookNode, language: str) -> str:
 
 
 def handle_image(
-    values: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+    values: list[dict[str, int | str | NotebookNode]],
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
     """
     Convert embedded images to string MDX can consume.
 
@@ -421,8 +421,8 @@ def handle_image(
 
 
 def handle_markdown(
-    values: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+    values: list[dict[str, int | str | NotebookNode]],
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
     """
     Convert and format Markdown for MDX.
 
@@ -445,8 +445,8 @@ def handle_markdown(
 
 
 def handle_pandas(
-    values: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+    values: list[dict[str, int | str | NotebookNode]],
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
     """
     Handle how to display pandas DataFrames.
 
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ def handle_pandas(
 
 
 def handle_plain(
-    values: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+    values: list[dict[str, int | str | NotebookNode]],
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
     """
     Handle how to plain cell output should be displayed in MDX.
 
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ def handle_plain(
 
 
 def handle_plotly(
-    values: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
+    values: list[dict[str, int | str | NotebookNode]],
     plot_data_folder: Path,
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
     """
     Convert Plotly outputs to MDX.
 
@@ -552,8 +552,8 @@ def handle_plotly(
 
 
 def handle_tqdm(
-    values: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str]]:
+    values: list[dict[str, int | str | NotebookNode]],
+) -> list[tuple[int, str]]:
     """
     Handle the output of tqdm.
 
@@ -575,9 +575,9 @@ def handle_tqdm(
     return [(index, f"<CellOutput>\n{{\n  `{md}`\n}}\n</CellOutput>\n\n")]
 
 
-CELL_OUTPUTS_TO_PROCESS = Dict[
+CELL_OUTPUTS_TO_PROCESS = dict[
     str,
-    List[Dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
+    list[dict[str, Union[int, str, NotebookNode]]],
 ]
 
 
@@ -622,8 +622,8 @@ def aggregate_mdx(
 
 
 def prioritize_dtypes(
-    cell_outputs: List[NotebookNode],
-) -> Tuple[List[List[str]], List[bool]]:
+    cell_outputs: list[NotebookNode],
+) -> tuple[list[list[str]], list[bool]]:
     """
     Prioritize cell output data types.
 
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ def aggregate_images_and_plotly(
     prioritized_data_dtype: str,
     cell_output: NotebookNode,
     data: NotebookNode,
-    plotly_flags: List[bool],
+    plotly_flags: list[bool],
     cell_outputs_to_process: CELL_OUTPUTS_TO_PROCESS,
     i: int,
 ) -> None:
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ def aggregate_plain_output(
     cell_outputs_to_process["plain"].append({"index": i, "data": data})
 
 
-def aggregate_output_types(cell_outputs: List[NotebookNode]) -> CELL_OUTPUTS_TO_PROCESS:
+def aggregate_output_types(cell_outputs: list[NotebookNode]) -> CELL_OUTPUTS_TO_PROCESS:
     """
     Aggregate cell outputs into a dictionary for further processing.
 
diff --git a/scripts/validate_sphinx.py b/scripts/validate_sphinx.py
index 8625830c64c..fc4d2963705 100755
--- a/scripts/validate_sphinx.py
+++ b/scripts/validate_sphinx.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 def parse_rst(rst_filename: str) -> Set[str]:
     """Extract automodule directives from rst."""
     ret = set()
-    with open(rst_filename, "r") as f:
+    with open(rst_filename) as f:
         lines = f.readlines()
         for line in lines:
             line = line.strip()