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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<title>Drupal 8 Caching overview</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/theme/md_systems.css">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighting of code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/css/zenburn.css">
<!-- Printing and PDF exports -->
<script>
var link = document.createElement('link');
link.rel = 'stylesheet';
link.type = 'text/css';
link.href = window.location.search.match(/print-pdf/gi) ? 'css/print/pdf.css' : 'css/print/paper.css';
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(link);
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="front">
<h2>Drupal 8+ Caching overview</h2>
<a href="https://www.drupal.org/u/berdir">Sascha Grossenbacher</a> | <a
href="http://twitter.com/berdir">@berdir</a> | <a
href="http://md-systems.ch">md-systems.ch</a>
<p>
<a href="http://md-systems.github.io/drupal-8-caching">md-systems.github.io/drupal-8-caching</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<section id="about-presenter">
<h3>Sascha Grossenbacher (<a href="https://drupal.org/u/berdir">@berdir</a>)</h3>
<ul>
<li>Lead developer at MD Systems</li>
<li> Active member of Drupal community since 2008</li>
<li>Maintainer of the Entity system and plenty of
contrib projects
</li>
<li>"Core generalist", top 5 D8 contributor</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>MD Systems - top contributors</h2>
<div class="columns aspect-1-by-1">
<div>
<img data-src="md_assets/credits.png" style="border: none; width: 600px">
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Drupal expert</li>
<li>Drupal media expert - lots of media clients</li>
<li>20% of every project to the community</li>
<li>Full projects, audits, bootstrap weeks, consulting,
architecture, ...
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="topics">
<h2>Topics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Basics</li>
<li>Cache Backends</li>
<li>Cache bins</li>
<li>Cache invalidation</li>
<li>Render caching</li>
<li>Cacheability metadata: Keys, Tags, Contexts, Age</li>
<li>Page cache & BigPipe</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<section id="cache-api">
<h2>Basic Cache API</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Why cache?</h2>
<p><strong>Goal</strong><br> Improve performance</p>
<p>
<strong>How</strong><br>
Store the result of slow calculations so that they do not need to be
executed again
</p>
<p>
Documentation: <a href="https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core%21core.api.php/group/cache">api.drupal.org
caching topic</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Get / Set</h2>
<pre><code class="php">
$key = 'my-unique-cache-key';
if ($cache = \Drupal::cache()->get($key)) {
$data = $cache->data;
}
else {
$data = my_slow_calculation();
\Drupal::cache()->set($key, $data);
}
// Alternative for multiple items
\Drupal::cache()->getMultiple($keys);
\Drupal::cache()->setMultiple($items);
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Static cache</h2>
<p>Static caching refers to the concept doing in-memory, per-request
caching</p>
<p>In Drupal 7 and non-OOP code in Drupal 8, the function
drupal_static() is often used</p>
<p>In Drupal 8, using a <strong>non-static</strong> property on a service works in the
same way</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Static and persistent cache</h2>
<p>Cache backends usually do not use static cache, requesting the same
item twice results in two queries</p>
<pre><code class="php">
protected $data;
protected function getData() {
if ($this->data === NULL) {
$key = 'my-unique-cache-key';
if ($cache = $this->cacheBackend->get($key)) {
$this->data = $cache->data;
}
else {
$this->data = $this->buildData();
$this->cacheBackend->set($key, $this->data);
}
}
return $this->data;
}</code></pre>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="cache-backends">
<h2>Cache backends</h2>
<p>Storage for cache items</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Core</h3>
<ul>
<li>Memory: In-Memory storage, not persisted across requests</li>
<li>Database: Default storage in the (SQL) database</li>
<li>APCu: Shared-Memory inside the PHP process, not shared with CLI/multiple servers</li>
<li>Null: No caching at all</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Contrib</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.drupal.org/project/redis">Redis</a>: Standalone "in-memory data structure store". In
beta now, and heavily used on our sites.
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.drupal.org/project/memcache">Memcache</a>: Standalone "memory object caching system".
No personal experience with the 8.x version.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>ChainedFast Backend</h2>
<p>Problem: APCu is fast but not shared across multiple servers/with
drush</p>
<ul>
<li>Backend that wraps a fast and a consistent backend.</li>
<li>A last-write timestamp is stored in consistent backend.</li>
<li>Loads from fast first, if missing or too old, fetch from
consistent backend
</li>
<li>If it exists there, update fast backend</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>BackendChain</h2>
<p>Limited use cases, no non-test uses right now in core</p>
<p>Can be used as an alternative to the static cache pattern shown
before</p>
<pre><code class="php">
$chain = new BackendChain('noop');
$chain
->appendBackend(\Drupal::cache('static'))
->appendBackend(\Drupal::cache('default'));
$chain->get('my-unique-cache-key');
$chain->get('my-unique-cache-key');
</code></pre>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="cache-bins">
<h2>Cache bins</h2>
<p>A container for cache entries with a configurable backend</p>
<pre><code>
\Drupal::cache($bin)->get()
$container->get("cache.$bin")
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Standard bins (directly used)</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>default</strong>: Default, for small-ish, few key variations
</li>
<li><strong>data</strong>: Bigger caches, many key variations</li>
<li><strong>discovery</strong>: Small, frequently used, usually for
plugins and similar discovery processes
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Standard bins (indirectly used)</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>bootstrap</strong>: For small caches used on most requests</li>
<li><strong>render</strong>: Used by the render cache and page cache,
huge amount of keys
</li>
<li><strong>config</strong>: Used for caching configuration</li>
<li><strong>static</strong>: Memory only, when persistence is not
desired
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Define your own</h2>
<pre><code>
yourmodule.services.yml:
cache.your_bin:
class: Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheBackendInterface
tags:
- { name: cache.bin }
factory: cache_factory:get
arguments: [your_bin]
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Configuration</h2>
<pre><code class="php">
// Use redis by default.
$settings['cache']['default'] = 'cache.backend.redis';
// Use the null backend to disable caching for certain bins.
$settings['cache']['bins']['render'] = 'cache.backend.null';
</code></pre>
<p>How to configure Redis: <a
href="https://git.drupalcode.org/project/redis/-/blob/8.x-1.x/README.md">See README.md</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Intermezzo: Development settings</h2>
<p>Never develop without using sites/example.settings.local.php</p>
<ul>
<li>Enables verbose error display</li>
<li>Disables CSS/JS aggregation</li>
<li>Can disable render cache</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="cache-invalidation">
<h2>Cache invalidation</h2>
<br>
<blockquote cite="http://martinfowler.com/bliki/TwoHardThings.html">
There are only two hard things in Computer Science: cache
invalidation, naming things and off-by-one errors.
</blockquote>
http://martinfowler.com/bliki/TwoHardThings.html
</section>
<section>
<h2>Delete</h2>
<p>In case there is a single or only a few cache item with known keys,
delete them directly</p>
<pre><code class="php">
\Drupal::cache()->delete('my-key');
\Drupal::cache()->deleteMultiple(['my-key:de', 'my-key:en']);
\Drupal::cache()->deleteAll();
</code></pre>
<p>Faster than cache tags, no runtime overhead. If possible, just write
new caches instead of using delete()</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Invalidate</h2>
<p>Same methods as delete, except invalidate*(). Does not actually
delete just marks records as invalidated.</p>
<pre><code class="php">
\Drupal::cache()->invalidate('my-key');
\Drupal::cache()->invalidateMultiple(['my-key:de', 'my-key:en']);
\Drupal::cache()->invalidateAll();
</code></pre>
<p>Extremely rarely used. Core has a single invalidate call and that is
likely wrong*.</p>
<p>* Might be my fault.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Expiration</h2>
<p>Set a fixed expiration time for a cache item on write.</p>
<p>Examples</p>
<pre><code class="php">
// Cache for 10 minutes, not known if/when it changes.
$cache->set($key, $data, REQUEST_TIME + 600);
// $data is only valid today.
$cache->set($key, $data, strtotime('tomorrow midnight'));
</code></pre>
<br>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: Expiration is a timestamp, not an age</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache tags</h2>
<p>Dependencies of your cache: entities, configuration, custom</p>
<pre><code class="php">
// Data must be invalidated if node 1 or the node settings change.
$cache->set($key, $data, ..., ['node:1', 'config:node.settings']);
// Tag invalidation is across all bins.
$cache_tag_invalidator->invalidateTags(['my_tag']);
Cache::invalidateTags(['my_tag']);
</code></pre>
<p>Entity and Config cache tags are invalidated automatically. Use
custom cache tags for unknown amount of cache item variations.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.drupal.org/docs/drupal-apis/cache-api/cache-tags">www.drupal.org/docs/drupal-apis/cache-api/cache-tags</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Behind the Scenes: Cache tags</h2>
<ul>
<li>Invalidations of each cache tag are counted by the checksum
service.
</li>
<li>When writing a cache item, the sum of invalidations of all given
cache tags is stored as checksum
</li>
<li>When reading the cache item, the invalidations are counted again
and compared
</li>
<li>If the checksum is different, then the item is invalid.</li>
</ul>
<p>Runtime overhead on every cache read. Limit cache tags to the
required minimum.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Allow invalid</h2>
<p>Invalid data can still be used.</p>
<pre><code class="php">$cache = \Drupal::cache()->get('my-key', TRUE);
if ($cache && $cache->valid) {
return $cache->data;
}
elseif (\Drupal::lock()->acquire('my-key')) {
// Rebuild and set new data.
}
elseif ($cache) {
// Someone else is rebulding, work with stale data.
return $cache->data;
}
else {
// Wait or rebuild.
}</code></pre>
<p>Other uses: Rebuild in background (queue), min-age</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="render-caching">
<h2>Render caching</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/render_cache_example.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Input: Render arrays</h2>
<pre><code class="php">$build = $view_builder->view($node, 'full');</code></pre>
<img data-src="images/node_render_array.png" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Output: HTML</h2>
<img data-src="images/node_html.png" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Delay processing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Render caching can not cache what already happened</li>
<li>Do a little as possible initially</li>
<li>Only define #theme/#type, #pre_render callbacks and information needed for them</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<img width="80%" data-src="images/render_cache_process.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="cacheability">
<h2>Cacheability metadata</h2>
<ul>
<li>Cache Key</li>
<li>Cache Tags</li>
<li>Cache Contexts</li>
<li>Max Age</li>
</ul>
<p><a
href="https://www.drupal.org/docs/drupal-apis/render-api/cacheability-of-render-arrays">www.drupal.org/docs/drupal-apis/render-api/cacheability-of-render-arrays</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache Key</h2>
<p><i>Is my data worth caching? If yes, what identifies my data?</i></p>
<img data-src="images/node_render_array_cache_keys.png" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache Contexts</h2>
<p><i>Does my output vary by something?</i></p>
<p>Examples: </p>
<pre><code class="nohighlight">theme, language, user roles, permissions, URL, query
arguments, timezone, ...</code></pre>
<p>Default cache contexts: </p>
<pre><code class="nohighlight">theme, languages:language_interface, user.permissions</code></pre>
<p><a href="https://www.drupal.org/docs/drupal-apis/cache-api/cache-contexts">www.drupal.org/docs/drupal-apis/cache-api/cache-contexts</a>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache Contexts</h2>
<img data-src="images/node_render_array_cache_contexts.png" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache Tags</h2>
<p><i>What things does my output depend on?</i></p>
<p><i>What changes require that my data is regenerated?</i></p>
<img data-src="images/node_render_array_cache_tags.png" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Max Age</h2>
<p><i>When does my output become outdated?</i></p>
<ul>
<li>Permanent (-1)</li>
<li>Age in seconds (3600)</li>
<li>Uncacheable (0)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>How is this stored?</h2>
<pre><code class="nohighlight">
{cache_render}
cid: entity_view:node:4:full:[languages:language_interface]=en
:[theme]=bartik:[timezone]=Europe/Berlin:
[url.query_args:key]=:[user.permissions]=da0b1c64....:
[user.roles]=is-super-user
data: a:3:{s:7:"#markup";O:25:"Drupal\Core\Render\Markup....
expire: -1
tags: config:filter.format.basic_html config:image.style.large
file:1 node:4 node_view rendered taxonomy_term:1 user:1
user_view
checksum: 17
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Bubbling</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/render_cache_bubbling.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Problem: List cache tags</h2>
<p>Every node view on your site has the node_list cache tag</p>
<p>Example: "Promoted events" block in sidebar</p>
<p>Every time <strong>any</strong> node is saved, the block and every page containing
that block is invalidated</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Solution: Views Custom Cache Tag</h2>
<p>Allows to use a configurable cache, e.g. event:promoted</p>
<p>Placeholders: news:section:{{ raw_arguments.arg1 }}</p>
<p>Drupal 9+ now has built-in bundle cache tags, like node_list:article</p>
<p>More specific use cases requires code to define/invalidate cache tags in a
hook_entity_presave()</p>
<p><a
href="https://www.drupal.org/project/views_custom_cache_tag">www.drupal.org/project/views_custom_cache_tag</a>
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="invalidation">
<h2>Invalidation example</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/invalidation_example_start.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Changes</h2>
<ol>
<li>A new node (7) is created in the "Sport" section
Invalidations: <i>node:sport, node_list</i></li>
<li>Article 5 is changed
Invalidations: <i>node:5, node:sport, node_list</i></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Invalidations</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/invalidation_example_invalidated.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Next request</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/invalidation_example_rebuild_1.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
<section data-transition="none">
<h2>Next request</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/invalidation_example_rebuild_2.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
<section data-transition="none">
<h2>Next request</h2>
<img width="65%" data-src="images/invalidation_example_rebuild_3.svg" style="border: none">
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="render-cache-concepts">
<h2>Advanced render caching concepts</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Lazy Builder</h2>
<p>For self-contained parts of a page</p>
<p>Examples: Blocks, Comment form, Poll, CSRF tokens, Flag links</p>
<p>A callback with arguments (scalar values only)</p>
<p>Can be put as a placeholder in cached data if uncacheable/many variations</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Lazy Builder example</h2>
<pre><code class="php">
$output['comment_form'] = [
'#lazy_builder' => ['comment.lazy_builders:renderForm', [
$entity->getEntityTypeId(),
$entity->id(),
$field_name,
$this->getFieldSetting('comment_type'),
]],
'#create_placeholder' => TRUE,
];
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache Redirects</h2>
<p>Cache contexts can bubble up.. but they are part of the key that needs to be known initially</p>
<p>The secret is that two cache entries are stored, one just contains all the cache contexts</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Cache Redirect Example</h2>
<ol>
<li>Get render cache for node 1 full, with default cache contexts: theme, language, user.permissions</li>
<li>Cache hit, but the result is a redirect: This cache varies also by timezone and query args</li>
<li>New cache ID is built, fetched and the result of that is returned</li>
<li>On a cache miss for the new cache contexts, it is build.</li>
<li>If new contexts were added, the original cache item with the redirect is update to include those too.</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="page-cache">
<h2>Page caching</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Internal Page Cache</h2>
<ul>
<li>Only for visitors without a session</li>
<li>Cache Key is the URL, including all query arguments, caches permanently</li>
<li>Supports cache tags</li>
<li>Does not support cache contexts or max age*</li>
<li>Does not respect "Page cache maximum age" but does respect the "Expires" header on the response</li>
<li>Caches response objects</li>
<li>Fast</li>
</ul>
<p>* <a href="https://www.drupal.org/node/2352009">https://www.drupal.org/node/2352009</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Dynamic Page Cache</h2>
<ul>
<li>Caches full pages excluding placeholders, replaces them before sending the response</li>
<li>Supports cache tags, contexts and max-age</li>
<li>Works for all users</li>
<li>Considerably slower than Internal Page Cache</li>
<li>Skips pages that has uncacheable/high-variation elements that can not be placeholdered</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Big Pipe</h2>
<ul>
<li>Sends the page *with* placeholders as HTML tags</li>
<li>Browser can start to render the page</li>
<li>Drupal then starts to process placeholders and sends the actual content *in the same request*</li>
<li>Javascript then replaces the placeholders with the actual content</li>
<li>Improves perceived performance, time until fully rendered is the same</li>
<li>Concept developed by Facebook</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Big Pipe Demo Video</h2>
<div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9">
<iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JwzX0Qv6u3A?rel=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0"
allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
<p>Video by @WimLeers</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h3>So, which of those caching methods do I use now?</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h3>All of them!</h3>
<p>None of those features are exclusive, they work best when combined together. And Drupal 8 does that
automatically, based on cacheability metadata, with almost zero configuration.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h3>But this is all so complicated, I just want to build my D8 site and not worry about caching!</h3>
</section>
<section>
<img data-src="images/dont_panic.jpg" width="65%" style="border: none">
<p style="font-size: small">Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy,
http://geekifyinc.com/product/hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy-tablet-ereader-cover/</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>You can!</h2>
<p>Knowing some of these concepts can help, but...</p>
<ul>
<li>Site builders: All those things exist so that Drupal 8 is able to automatically cache and invalidate all
your views, blocks, content, ..
</li>
<li>Developers: You only need to think about caching for your own functionality</li>
<li>Frontend: Disable CSS/JS aggregation, twig and render cache (see example.settings.local.php) and caching
is mostly out of your way *
</li>
<p style="font-size: smaller">* Remember to test with caching enabled before deploying.</p>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="last">
<h2>Questions?</h2>
<a href="https://www.drupal.org/u/berdir">Sascha Grossenbacher</a> | <a
href="http://twitter.com/berdir">@berdir</a> | <a
href="http://md-systems.ch">md-systems.ch</a>
<p>
<a href="http://md-systems.github.io/drupal-8-caching">md-systems.github.io/drupal-8-caching</a>
</p>
</section>
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