Crash on startup

[workesOG]

My game is crashing on startup with the following message:

What I've tried:
Removing every mod except Harmony, ButterLib, ModLib, and Bannerlord Tweaks
Unblocking everything with PowerShell
Launching as administrator
I tried getting the "Fixed Launcher" installed, but I could at that point not even launch the launcher, so I guess it's broken.

Note: For some reason, after the aforementioned message has appeared and I have clicked ok, the game still launches.