Remove Debian 10

[richardlau]

Refs: #3916

Debian 10 went End-of-Life as of 30 June 2024.

There are some potential issues coming up that have non-trivial solutions (i.e. no available upgrade package in the package repositories):

• Jenkins LTS will drop support for Java 11 in October #3916
• npm 10.8.3 includes an updated node-gyp which requires Python 3.8. Debian 10 runs Python 3.7.3.

While it may be possible to individually address those through alternative (i.e. non-package manager) installations that will increase the maintenance overhead for an End-of-Life platform.

Removal will still leave Debian 11 and 12 in the CI for coverage on Debian.

---

Existing Debian 10 machines for decommissioning/migration to something else:

• test-rackspace-debian10-x64-1
• test-softlayer-debian10-x64-1

[richardlau]

I've removed debian10-x64 from

• node-test-commit-linux
• node-stress-single-test
• libuv-test-commit-linux
• node-test-node-addon-api-new

so we're not running on it anymore there.

[richardlau]

We already have #3499 tracking Debian modernization -- moving this to there.