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<!doctype html>
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<h1>A Functional Grammar of Nunggubuyu</h1>
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<button class="collapsible">TABLES/FIGURES/TEXT</button>
<button class="collapsible">ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS</button>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>1.1 The Nunggubuyu people <a href = "grammar/FGN-1-1.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>1.2 Main features of the language <a href = "grammar/FGN-1-2.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>1.3 The data base and its usage here <a href = "grammar/FGN-1-3.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>1.4 Use of this grammar <a href = "grammar/FGN-1-4.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>1.5 Acknowledgements <a href = "grammar/FGN-1-5.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 2 SEGMENTAL PHONETICS/PHONOLOGY</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>2.1 Vowel segments <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-1.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.2 Vowel archiphoneme /V/ and other problematic cases <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-2.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.3 Consonantal segments <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-3.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.4 Consonant archiphonemes /G/ and /N/ <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-4.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.5 Paired stops and continuants; the problem of /w<sub>1</sub>/ and /w<sub>2</sub>/ <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-5.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.6 Distributional restrictions: vowels <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-6.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.7 Distributional restrictions: initial and final C, CC <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-7.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.8 Distributional restrictions: medial CC clusters <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-8.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.9 CCC clusters <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-9.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.10 Phonologically significant phoneme classes <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-10.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.11 Intonation and pitch contour <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-11.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>2.12 /o:/ <a href = "grammar/FGN-2-12.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 3 PHONOLOGICAL RULES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>3.1 General <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-1.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.2 ngu-Epenthesis P-1 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-2.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.3 Initial Reduplication P-2 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-3.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.4 Final Reduplication P-3 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-4.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.5 Homorganic Semivowel-Deletion P-4 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-5.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.6 Initial Semivowel-Insertion P-5 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-6.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.7 w1-Insertion P-6 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-7.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.8 w-Insertion P-7 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-8.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.9 Velar-Insertion P-8 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-9.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.10 w1-Deletion P-9 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-10.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.11 y-Insertion P-10 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-11.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.12 Prefixal w2-Deletion P-11 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-12.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.13 Stem w2-Deletion P-12 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-13.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.14 w1-Palatalisation P-13 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-14.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.15 yr-Contraction P-14 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-15.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.16 iy-Contraction P-15 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-16.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.17 Lenition P-16 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-17.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.18 digu-Lenition P-17 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-18.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.19 Hardening P-18 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-19.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.20 Leftward-Hardening P-19 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-20.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.21 Pronominal d-Insertion P-20 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-21.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.22 Derivational d-Insertion P-21 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-22.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.23 Nasalisation P-22 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-23.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.24 Denasalisation P-23 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-24.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.25 rn-Contraction P-24 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-25.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.26 r-Deletion P-25 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-26.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.27 Palatal-Deletion P-26 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-27.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.28 Nasal-Assimilation P-27 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-28.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.29 Semivowel-Deletion P-28 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-29.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.30 Stop-Deletion P-29 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-30.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.31 Nasal-Deletion P-30 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-31.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.32 Geminate-Contraction P-31 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-32.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.33 lh-Delateralisation P-32 <a href = "grammar/FGN-3-33.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>3.34 Initial Nasal-Deletion P-33</li>
<li>3.35 Feminine Prefix-Truncation P-34</li>
<li>3.36 Prefix-Truncation P-35</li>
<li>3.37 rV-Truncation P-36</li>
<li>3.38 V-Assimilation P-37</li>
<li>3.39 V-Ablaut P-38</li>
<li>3.40 Interjection-Formation P-39</li>
<li>3.41 Rdp-Shortening P-40</li>
<li>3.42 Nonsg-Shortening P-41</li>
<li>3.43 Adverb-Shortening P-42</li>
<li>3.44 Length-Shift P-43</li>
<li>3.45 Monosyllable-Lengthening P-44</li>
<li>3.46 Verb-Lengthening P-45</li>
<li>3.47 V-Truncation P-46</li>
<li>3.48 yi-Elision P-47</li>
<li>3.49 w2an-Contraction P-48</li>
<li>3.50 VV-Contraction P-49</li>
<li>3.51 V-Fronting P-50</li>
<li>3.52 Order of application</li>
<li>3.53 Diagrams of rule ordering</li>
<li>3.54 Final remarks on phonology</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 4 NOUN MORPHOLOGY</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>4.1 General</li>
<li>4.2 Common and adjectival nouns</li>
<li>4.3 Adverbial nouns</li>
<li>4.4 Personal names, including necronyms</li>
<li>4.5 Place names (toponyms)</li>
<li>4.6 Inflection and derivation</li>
<li>4.7 NC (noun-class) prefixes: forms</li>
<li>4.8 Uses of NCinfl prefixes</li>
<li>4.9 Uses of NCder prefixes; defective (bound) roots</li>
<li>4.10 Semantics of NC categories: human</li>
<li>4.11 Semantics of nonhuman NC categories: NA, NgARA</li>
<li>4.12 Semantics of nonhuman NC categories: WARA</li>
<li>4.13 Semantics of nonhuman NC categories: ANAø, ANAwu, and MANA</li>
<li>4.14 Types of reduplication <a href = "grammar/FGN-4-14.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>4.15 Regular number-marking</li>
<li>4.16 Minor plural markers: /man-/, /mulung-/, /-w1ang/, /-yung/, and /-yinyung/</li>
<li>4.17 Multiple /-w1ara(G)-/, Pl intensifier /-lhangu/</li>
<li>4.18 Case system: general</li>
<li>4.19 Nominative /-ø/</li>
<li>4.20 Allative-Dative /-w1uy/; direct vs. indirect object</li>
<li>4.21 Ablative /-w1ala/</li>
<li>4.22 Special nuclear uses of /-w1uy/ and /-w1ala/</li>
<li>4.23 Pergressive /-w2aj/ and Retrospective Pergressive /-w1aj/</li>
<li>4.24 Purposive /-yungguyung/</li>
<li>4.25 Locative /-ruj/</li>
<li>4.26 Ablative-Pergressive /-w1ala-waj/</li>
<li>4.27 Instrumental /-miri/</li>
<li>4.28 Originative /-mira:dhu/</li>
<li>4.29 Similative /-yi:/</li>
<li>4.30 Relative /-yinyung/</li>
<li>4.31 Vocatives</li>
<li>4.32 Postpositions: /-w2ugij/, /-maji:/, /-w2indi:yung/, /-maga:/, /-magi/</li>
<li>4.33 Nouns used as abstractives: /wunga:ri/, /wumangumangu/, /wungali/, /bari/, /lharug/, /wungubal/, /wuyungguwan/, /galij/</li>
<li>4.34 Nominal affixes used with other word classes</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 5 KIN TERMS</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>5.1 General <a href = "grammar/FGNH-5-1.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>5.2 Stem morphology</li>
<li>5.3 Dual /-w2a:/ and /-w2i:yung/ <a href = "grammar/FGNH-5-3.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>5.4 Further analysis of stem forms<a href = "grammar/FGNH-5-4.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>5.5 NPs with separate expression of propositus</li>
<li>5.6 Dyadic kin terms <a href = "grammar/FGNH-5-6.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a></li>
<li>5.7 Bereavement terms and avoidance style</li>
<li>5.8 Markedness relations; choice of propositus</li>
<li>5.9 Suffix sequence /-lhara-yung/</li>
<li>5.1 Kinship subcategories; body-part metonyms</li>
<li>5.11 Nonhuman kin terms and compounds</li>
<li>5.12 Kinship verbs</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>6.1 General</li>
<li>6.2 Stem forms</li>
<li>6.3 Uses of Nominative pronouns</li>
<li>6.4 Uses of Relative case forms of pronouns</li>
<li>6.5 Unsuffixed Oblique stem (predicate genitive)</li>
<li>6.6 Other nonzero case forms</li>
<li>6.7 Vocatives</li>
<li>6.8 Contrastive /-ayung/, /-ayung-gaj/</li>
<li>6.9 Emphatic /-waj/, /-waj-baj/</li>
<li>6.10 Sequential /-abilhangu/</li>
<li>6.11 Lateral derivatives</li>
<li>6.12 Suffix /-miri/</li>
<li>6.13 Postpositions: /-w2ugij/, /-maji:/, etc.</li>
<li>6.14 Interaction of pronominal and demonstrative categories</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 7 DEMONSTRATIVES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>7.1 General</li>
<li>7.2 Forms of predicative (unprefixed) DemPro</li>
<li>7.3 Forms of nonpredicative (prefixed) DemPro</li>
<li>7.4 Uses of predicative and nonpredicative DemPro</li>
<li>7.5 Centripetal /-ala/, Centrifugal /-ali/, Transverse /-waj/</li>
<li>7.6 Concrete /-u/</li>
<li>7.7 Absolute /-yung/ and Absolute Dual /-yum-ba:/</li>
<li>7.8 Centripetal plus Ablative: /an-uba-ni:-'la-wala/</li>
<li>7.9 /-ala-yung/, /-ala-yung-gala/, /-ala-yung-gala-waj/</li>
<li>7.10 /-yung-gaj/</li>
<li>7.11 Demonstrative adverbs (DemAdv) in general</li>
<li>7.12 Locative DemAdv in /-ji/, /-gu/</li>
<li>7.13 Allative DemAdv in /-guni/</li>
<li>7.14 Directional DemAdv in /-u-wuy/</li>
<li>7.15 Centripetal DemAdv in /-ala/, /-ala-yung/</li>
<li>7.16 Centrifugal DemAdv in /-ali/</li>
<li>7.17 Pergressive DemAdv in /-waj/, /-waj-gaj/, /-w1ala-waj/</li>
<li>7.18 Case suffixes with DemAdv and DemPro: Locative /-ruj/</li>
<li>7.19 Case suffixes with DemAdv and DemPro: Instrumental /-miri/</li>
<li>7.20 Case suffixes with DemAdv and DemPro: /-mira:dhu/, /-w1ala/, /-w1uy/, /-yungguyung/, /-yi:/, /-yinyung/</li>
<li>7.21 Lateral DemAdv and DemPro: /ya:-ji-ji:-'la/, /ya:-ji-ji:-'li/, /wa-ga-ga:-'la/, /wa-ni:-'la/, etc.</li>
<li>7.22 'Facing here/away/' derivatives /-bu-gunu:-'/, /buguwugunu:/, /ba-ga:-'la/, /bagawaga:la/, /bagawaga:lu:/</li>
<li>7.23 Compounds with /mulung-/ 'group' and Gentilic /nuN-/</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 8 OUTLINE OF THE VERBAL INFLECTIONAL SYSTEM</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>8.1 Tense-Aspect-Mood-Negativity categories</li>
<li>8.2 Formal expression of the categories</li>
<li>8.3 Aspect</li>
<li>8.4 Verb reduplication</li>
<li>8.5 Imperative</li>
<li>8.6 Past Potential</li>
<li>8.7 Evitative</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 9 PRONOMINAL PREFIXES WITH VERBS</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>9.1 General</li>
<li>9.2 Additional phonological modifications</li>
<li>9.3 Formal internal analysis of pronominal prefixes</li>
<li>9.4 Direct, inverse, and equipollent transitive prefixes</li>
<li>9.5 Categorial neutralisations in transitive prefixes</li>
<li>9.6 Portmanteaus</li>
<li>9.7 The pronominal hierarchy and morpheme ordering rules</li>
<li>9.8 B-Insertion and Inverse-Insertion</li>
<li>9.9 Deletions of component morphemes within pronominal prefixes</li>
<li>9.10 A morpheme conversion rule (-P1-becomes -Nonsg-)</li>
<li>9.11 Allomorph-Assignment for component morphemes</li>
<li>9.12 Nominative-accusative or ergative-absolutive patterning?</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 10 VERBAL DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>10.1 General</li>
<li>10.2 Benefactive /-aG-/ or /-wa:G-/</li>
<li>10.3 Comitative /-anyji-/</li>
<li>10.4 Multiple prefixes: /-ngaran-/ or /-ngaraG-/, /-w1ara-/ or /-w1araG-/, /-lhagara-/, /-w1aragara-/, /-w2algara-/</li>
<li>10.5 Reflexive suffix //-i-//</li>
<li>10.6 Reciprocal suffix /-nyji-/</li>
<li>10.7 Causative suffix /-jga-/, /-jgi-/</li>
<li>10.8 Inchoative verbalising suffixes /-ma-/, /-w1i-'-/, /-w2i-/, /-dhi-/</li>
<li>10.9 Factitive /-w1a-/, /-ga-/</li>
<li>10.10 Minor derivational affixes: 'together' prefixes /-anggara-/, /-albunguN-/, /-ilbuN-/, /-ambirwir-/, /-w1aji-/; suffixes /-ja-/, /-dha-/, /-mi-/</li>
<li>10.11 Combinations of two or more derivational affixes</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 11 VERBAL INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>11.1 General</li>
<li>11.2 Verb classes</li>
<li>11.3 Identification of suffix allomorphs</li>
<li>11.4 Identification of stem-final vowel</li>
<li>11.5 YA class augments</li>
<li>11.6 Suppletive verbs: 'to come', 'to go'</li>
<li>11.7 Aspectual subsystems in the inflectional affixation</li>
<li>11.8 Assignment of verbs to inflectional classes</li>
<li>11.9 Textual attestations (selected)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 12 PARTICLES AND POSTPOSITIONS</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>12.1 Definitions: particle, postposition, enclitic particle</li>
<li>12.2 Verbal root forms</li>
<li>12.3 /adaba/ or /aba/ 'now, then' (immediate)</li>
<li>12.4 /mari/ or /nga/ 'and'</li>
<li>12.5 /wurugu/ 'later'</li>
<li>12.6 /ngijang/ 'more, again, further'</li>
<li>12.7 Anticipatory /yingga/, /araga/ 'suddenly', /giya:/ 'look out:'</li>
<li>12.8 Confirmative particles: /yigaj/, /ngubindi/</li>
<li>12.9 Exhortative particles: /jiri/, /wili/, /nga:bang/, /ma/</li>
<li>12.10 Concessive /wulguy/, Adversative /yagu/</li>
<li>12.11 Dubitatives /ari/, /muga/, /nga:lhug/</li>
<li>12.12 /yaga:/</li>
<li>12.13 Similative /ngunyju/ 'like, as'</li>
<li>12.14 /arbidi/ 'anyway' (noun)</li>
<li>12.15 Enclitic /yamba/ 'because'</li>
<li>12.16 Emotive exclamations: /aduga/, /anyjawalayung/</li>
<li>12.17 Terminal particle /wi:ya:/ 'that's all:'</li>
<li>12.18 Affirmative particles: /yao:/, /i:./</li>
<li>12.19 Self-correcting /gada:/</li>
<li>12.20 Exclamations: /gao:/, /way:/, /gay:/, /yay:/, /gaga:/, /yagay:/</li>
<li>12.21 Postpositions: /-w2ugij/, /-maji:/, /-maga:/, /-magi/, /-w2indi:yung/, /-lhangu/</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 13 INTERROGATIVES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>13.1 Yes/no particles: /yu:ga/, /aliyun<sup>g</sup>/, /ala/</li>
<li>13.2 WH interrogatives: general remarks</li>
<li>13.3 /yan<sup>g</sup>i/ 'what?'</li>
<li>13.4 /yan<sup>g</sup>i-mayi/, nun<sup>y</sup>-jan<sup>g</sup>i-mayi/ '(of) what place?'</li>
<li>13.5 /yan<sup>g</sup>i-n<sup>y</sup>un<sup>g</sup>/, /yan<sup>g</sup>i-n<sup>y</sup>um-ba:/, /yan<sup>g</sup>a-yan<sup>g</sup>i/ 'who?'</li>
<li>13.6 /-n<sup>g</sup>argu/ 'how much?, how many?'</li>
<li>13.7 /lhal-n<sup>g</sup>argu/ 'when?'</li>
<li>13.8 Interrogative-demonstratives</li>
<li>13.9 Interrogative verb /=yamin<sup>g</sup>gari-/</li>
<li>13.10 /(w)a:n<sup>g</sup>/ 'whatchamacallit?'</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 14 COMPOUNDS AND SIMILAR DERIVATIVES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>14.1 Classification of cpds.</li>
<li>14.2 Special cpd. initials</li>
<li>14.3 Special cpd. finals</li>
<li>14.4 Auxiliary compound finals: /-w2u-/ and others</li>
<li>14.5 Nc-NAdj and (rare) Nc-Nc cpds.</li>
<li>14.6 Grammatical relation of nominal cpd. initial</li>
<li>14.7 Derivational layering (double cpds., etc.)</li>
<li>14.8 Discourse uses of productive cpds.</li>
<li>14.9 Transitivity changes accompanying compounding</li>
<li>14.10 Unmarked (dummy) cpd. initials: /-w1ara-/, /-lhalma-/, /-ngagara-/, /-rangga-/, /-wurugu-/, /-malangaG-/, /-aG-/</li>
<li>14.11 Gentilic /nuN-/</li>
<li>14.12 Special nuclear initials: /bala-/ 'side', /malG-/ 'time(s)', /agalhal-/ 'season', /lhal-/ 'country, place'</li>
<li>14.13 /w1andha-/ 'craving' , /anyji-/ 'being with' as cpd. initials</li>
<li>14.14 Proprietive derivation: reduplication and suffix /-yij/</li>
<li>14.15 Nc or NAdj nominaliser /-j/ (with or without reduplication)</li>
<li>14.16 Abstractive nominalisations: /-j/, /-ny/</li>
<li>14.17 Special reduplications of /anybaj/ 'other, different'</li>
<li>14.18 Cpd. initial /-malangaG-/ 'considerably, very'</li>
<li>14.19 Actor-indexing cpd. initials for myth characters</li>
<li>14.20 Special Pl/Collective initials with verbs and NAdj: /-man-/, /-mandag-/, /-mulung-/</li>
<li>14.21 Root nouns (participial, agentive); Negative final /-ari/</li>
<li>14.22 /-w2alij/ 'pair of'</li>
<li>14.23 Diminutives (compounded or by consonantal "symbolism")</li>
<li>14.24 Irregular and problematic sets</li>
<li>14.25 Numerals; /anyja:-'nyja:-'nyja:bugij/ 'one by one'</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 15 SYNTAX: "PHRASE" AND "CLAUSE" LEVEL</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>15.1 General</li>
<li>15.2 Status of "NP"</li>
<li>15.3 Status of "VP"</li>
<li>15.4 Basic word order patterns within breath/intonation groups</li>
<li>15.5 Status of "clause"; double-predicate construction</li>
<li>15.6 Negation, "negative context," and aspectual skewing</li>
<li>15.7 Conjunction (of nouns, etc.)</li>
<li>15.8 Possession</li>
<li>15.9 Grammatical relations; "dummy" subjects</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 16 SYNTAX: COMPLEX CONSTRUCTIONS</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>16.1 Simple clause conjunction and chaining</li>
<li>16.2 Status of "complement" and "subordinated" clauses</li>
<li>16.3 Direct and indirect quotation</li>
<li>16.4 Relative clause with /-yinyung/ ; case-spreading from head noun</li>
<li>16.5 Purposive clause with /-yungguyung/</li>
<li>16.6 Other case suffix subordinators: /-ruj/, /-w1ala/, /-waj/, /-w1uy/, /-mira:dhu/, /-miri/, /-yi:/</li>
<li>16.7 Conditionals</li>
<li>16.8 'to want' construction</li>
<li>16.9 Rough equivalents of English matrix verb with complements</li>
<li>16.10 Comparatives</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">CHAPTER 17 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMATICS (TEXT ANALYSIS)</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>17.1 General</li>
<li>17.2 Remarks on "Text A"</li>
<li>17.3 Information units in Text A (Echoes, Rephrasings, etc.)</li>
<li>17.4 Discourse uses of intonation</li>
<li>17.5 Referential tracking and disambiguation</li>
<li>17.6 Focus, topic, definiteness, givenness</li>
<li>17.7 Preposed and "afterthought" constituents</li>
<li>17.8 Compounding in Text A</li>
<li>17.9 Particles in Text A</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">APPENDICES</button>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>A. Adaptation of English and Creole borrowings</li>
<li>B. Historical linguistic notes</li>
<li>C. Addenda/Corrigenda to earlier publications</li>
</ul>
</div>
<button class="collapsible">BIBLIOGRAPHY</button>
<div class="content">
<a href = "grammar/FGN-Biblio.html"><img src = "img/arrow.png" height = "20" width = "20" /></a>
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