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chapter-04.qmd
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---
reference-location: margin
tbl-colwidths: [50,50]
---
# Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and supplementary qualifiers {#sec-key}
::: callout-important
Before using the key, please read the ['Rules for naming soils'](chapter-02.qmd#sec-ch02) (Chapter 2)
:::
## Overview of Key to Reference Soil Groups {#sec-key-ov .unnumbered}
| | | | | |
|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| [Histosols](#sec-key-hs) | [Solonchaks](#sec-key-sc) | [Nitisols](#sec-key-nt) | [Gypsisols](#sec-key-gy) | [Cambisols](#sec-key-cm) |
| [Anthrosols](#sec-key-at) | [Gleysols](#sec-key-gl) | [Ferralsols](#sec-key-fr) | [Calcisols](#sec-key-cl) | [Fluvisols](#sec-key-fl) |
| [Technosols](#sec-key-tc) | [Andosols](#sec-key-an) | [Chernozems](#sec-key-ch) | [Retisols](#sec-key-rt) | [Arenosols](#sec-key-ar) |
| [Cryosols](#sec-key-cr) | [Podzols](#sec-key-pz) | [Kastanozems](#sec-key-ks) | [Acrisols](#sec-key-ac) | [Regosols](#sec-key-rg) |
| [Leptosols](#sec-key-lp) | [Plinthosols](#sec-key-pt) | [Phaeozems](#sec-key-ph) | [Lixisols](#sec-key-lx) | |
| [Solonetz](#sec-key-sn) | [Planosols](#sec-key-pl) | [Umbrisols](#sec-key-um) | [Alisols](#sec-key-al) | |
| [Vertisols](#sec-key-vr) | [Stagnosols](#sec-key-st) | [Durisols](#sec-key-du) | [Luvisols](#sec-key-lv) | |
## Histosols (HS) {#sec-key-hs .unnumbered}
Soils having one or more of the following:
1. [*organic material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-orgm) starting ≤ 40 cm from the soil surface and having within 100 cm of the soil surface a combined thickness of:
a. ≥ 40 cm if \< 75% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant residues) consists of moss fibres; *or*
b. ≥ 60 cm; *or*
2. [*organic material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-orgm) starting at the soil surface, having a thickness of ≥ 10 cm and directly overlying ice, [*continuous rock*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-crockp) or [*technic hard material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-techhm); *or*
3. a layer of coarse fragments that, together with overlying [*organic material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-orgm), if present, starts at the soil surface and has a thickness of
a. ≥ 10 cm if overlying [*continuous rock*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-contr) or [*technic hard material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-techhm); *or*
b. ≥ 40 cm;\
\
and the major part of the interstices between the coarse fragments is filled with [*organic material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-orgm) and the remaining interstices, if present, are void.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-----------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| [Muusic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mu) \| [Rockic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rk) \| [Mawic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mw) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) \| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Cryic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cy) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) | [Bryic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-by) |
| [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| [Floatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ft) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Subaquatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sq) \| [Tidalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-td) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Fibric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fi) \| [Hemic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hm) \| [Sapric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sa) | [Hyperorganic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-jo) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) \| [Thyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-th) | [Isolatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-il) |
| [Murshic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mh) \| [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) | [Lignic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lg) |
| [Ombric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-om) \| [Rheic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rh) | [Limnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lm) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Limonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ln) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Mineralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mi) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Mulmic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mm) |
| [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) | [Ornithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oc) |
| | [Placic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pi) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Relocatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rc) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Wapnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-wa) |
:::
## Anthrosols (AT) {#sec-key-at .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*hortic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-hortih), [*irragric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-iragh), [*plaggic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-plaggh) or [*terric horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-terich), ≥ 50 cm thick; *or*
2. an [*anthraquic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-anthh) and an underlying [*hydragric horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-hydrh) with a combined thickness of ≥ 50 cm; *or*
3. a [*pretic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-preth), the layers of which have a combined thickness of ≥ 50 cm, within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) \| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) \| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) | [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Carbonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cx) |
| | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| | [Escalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ec) |
| | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| | [Glossic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gs) \| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) |
| | Endo[leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) \| Endo[thyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-th) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Spodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sd) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Technosols (TC) {#sec-key-tc .unnumbered}
Other soils:
1. with all of the following:
a. one or both of the following:
i. having ≥ 20% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) [*artefacts*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-artefm) in the upper 100 cm from the soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower; *or*
ii. having a layer, ≥ 10 cm thick and starting ≤ 50 cm from the soil surface, with ≥ 80% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) [*artefacts*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-artefm); *and*
b. not having a layer containing [*artefacts*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-artefm) that qualifies as an [*argic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-argich), [*duric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-durich), [*ferralic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-feralh), [*ferric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-ferich), [*fragic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-fragh), [*hydragric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-hydrh), [*natric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-natrich), [*nitic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-nitich), [*petrocalcic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petroh), [*petroduric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petdh), [*petrogypsic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petrgh), [*petroplinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petplh), [*pisoplinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-pisoph), [*plinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-plinth), [*spodic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-spodh) or [*vertic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-verth) starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface, unless buried; *and*
c. not having a limiting layer, unless consisting of [*artefacts*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-artefm), starting ≤ 10 cm from the soil surface; *or*
2. having a continuous, very slowly permeable to impermeable, constructed geomembrane of any thickness or [*technic hard material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-techhm) starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface.
::: callout-note
Technosols may bury other soils, which can be mentioned behind the Technosol classification using the word 'over' in between (see [Chapter 2.4](chapter-02.qmd#sec-buried)). Alternatively, buried diagnostic horizons or buried layers with a diagnostic property can be indicated with the Thapto- specifier followed by a qualifier. The soil material above a geomembrane or [*technic hard material*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-techhm) may also be characterized by qualifiers. If the thickness or depth criteria of these qualifiers are not met, the Supra- specifier can be used (see [Chapter 2.3.2](chapter-02.qmd#sec-subq-defn)).
:::
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| [Ekranic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ek) \| [Thyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-th) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Linic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lc) | [Geoabruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-go) |
| [Urbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ub) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) \| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Spolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sp) | [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) \| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) \| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) |
| [Garbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ga) | [Archaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ah) |
| [Cryic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cy) | [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) |
| [Isolatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-il) | [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Carbonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cx) |
| [Subaquatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sq) \| [Tidalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-td) | [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) |
| [Reductic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rd) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Ferritic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) \| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) |
| | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| | [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) |
| | [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) |
| | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Hyperartefactic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ja) |
| | [Immissic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-im) |
| | [Laxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-la) |
| | [Lignic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lg) |
| | [Limnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lm) |
| | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Mahic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ma) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Protic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pr) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Relocatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rc) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Protospodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qp) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Cryosols (CR) {#sec-key-cr .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*cryic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-cryich) starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface; *or*
2. a [*cryic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-cryich) starting ≤ 200 cm from the soil surface *and*\
evidence of cryogenic alteration (cryoturbation, frost heave, cryogenic sorting, thermal cracking, ice segregation, patterned ground, etc.) in some layer within 100 cm of the soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| [Glacic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gc) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Subaquatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sq) \| [Tidalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-td) \| [Reductaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ra) \| [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) | [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) \| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Biocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-bc) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Natric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-na) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) \| [Dorsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ds) |
| [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) | [Evapocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ev) \| [Puffic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pu) |
| [Spodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sd) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) \| [Wapnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-wa) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Yermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ye) | [Limnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lm) |
| [Protic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pr) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Ornithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oc) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Thixotropic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tp) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Leptosols (LP) {#sec-key-lp .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. one of the following:
a. [*continuous rock*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-crockp) starting ≤ 25 cm from the soil surface; *or*
b. \< 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil) fine earth plus dead plant residues of any size[^chapter-04-1], averaged over a depth of 75 cm from the soil surface or to [*continuous rock*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-crockp), whichever is shallower; *and*
2. no [*duric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-durich), [*petrocalcic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petroh), [*petroduric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petdh), [*petrogypsic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petrgh), [*pisoplinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-pisoph) or [*spodic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-spodh).
[^chapter-04-1]: The volume occupied neither by fine earth not by dead plant residues is occupied by coarse fragments, remnants of broken-up cemented layers ≥ 2 mm, or interstices.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| [Nudilithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nt) \| [Lithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-li) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Aeolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ay) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Subaquatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sq) \| [Tidalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-td) | [Biocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-bc) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Rendzic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rz) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) \| [Brunic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-br) | [Isolatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-il) |
| [Yermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ye) \| [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) | [Lapiadic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ld) |
| [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Ornithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oc) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Placic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pi) |
| | [Protic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pr) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Protospodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qp) |
| | [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Protovertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qv) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Solonetz (SN) {#sec-key-sn .unnumbered}
Other soils having a [*natric horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-natrich) starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Aeolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ay) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Biocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-bc) |
| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) | [Neocambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nc) \| [Neobrunic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nb) |
| [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) | [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Columnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cu) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Cutanic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ct) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Differentic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-df) |
| [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) | [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) |
| [Yermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ye) \| [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) |
| [Nudinatric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nn) | [Ferric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Hypernatric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-jn) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Petroplinthic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pp) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
:::
## Vertisols (VR) {#sec-key-vr .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*vertic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-verth) starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; *and*
2. ≥ 30% clay between the mineral soil surface and the [*vertic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-verth) throughout; *and*
3. [*shrink-swell cracks*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-shrswc) that start:
a. at the mineral soil surface; *or*
b. at the base of a plough layer; *or*
c. directly below a layer with strong granular structure or strong angular or subangular blocky structure with an aggregate size of ≤ 1 cm (self-mulching surface); *or*
d. directly below a surface crust; *and*\
\
extend to the [*vertic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-verth).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) \| Endo[dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) |
| [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) |
| [Petroduric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pd) \| [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | Hyper[eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) |
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) \| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) | [Ferric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Pellic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pe) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) | [Gilgaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gg) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) |
| | [Grumic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gm) \| [Mazic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mz) \| [Pelocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-p) |
| | [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) |
| | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
:::
## Solonchaks (SC) {#sec-key-sc .unnumbered}
Other soils:
1. having a [*salic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-salich) starting ≤ 50 cm from the soil surface; *and*
2. not having a [*thionic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-thionh) starting ≤ 50 cm from the soil surface; *and*
3. not being permanently submerged by water and not located below the line affected by tidal water (i.e. not located below the line of mean high water springs).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Petrosalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ps) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Aceric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ae) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Aeolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ay) |
| [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) |
| [Petrogypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pg) | [Biocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-bc) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Carbonatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cn) \| [Chloridic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cl) \| [Sulfatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) | [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Evapocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ev) \| [Puffic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pu) |
| [Yermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ye) \| [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) \| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| | [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) |
| | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Hypersalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-jz) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | Endo[thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) |
:::
## Gleysols (GL) {#sec-key-gl .unnumbered}
Other soils having one or more of the following:
1. a layer, ≥ 25 cm thick and starting ≤ 40 cm from the mineral soil surface, that has
a. [*gleyic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-gleyicp) throughout; *and*
b. [*reducing conditions*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-reducc) in some parts of every sublayer; *or*
2. both of the following:
a. a [*mollic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh) or [*umbric horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-umbrich), \> 40 cm thick, that has [*reducing conditions*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-reducc) in some parts of every sublayer, from 40 cm below the mineral soil surface to the lower limit of the [*mollic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh) or [*umbric horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-umbrich); *and*
b. directly underneath the [*mollic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh)*/[umbric horizon](chapter-03.qmd#sec-umbrich)*, a layer, ≥ 10 cm thick, that has its lower limit ≥ 65 cm below the mineral soil surface, and that has:
i. [*gleyic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-gleyicp) throughout; *and*
ii. [*reducing conditions*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-reducc) in some parts of every sublayer; *or*
3. permanent saturation by water starting ≤ 40 cm from the mineral soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Reductic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rd) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Subaquatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sq) \| [Tidalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-td) | [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) |
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) \| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) \| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Arenicolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ad) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| [Pisoplinthic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-px) \| [Plinthic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pl) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Oxygleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oy) \| [Reductigleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ry) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Inclinic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ic) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) \| [Wapnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-wa) | [Laxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-la) |
| [Spodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sd) | [Limnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lm) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Limonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ln) |
| [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Mulmic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mm) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Placic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pi) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Relocatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rc) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Uterquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-uq) |
| | [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) |
:::
## Andosols (AN) {#sec-key-an .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. one or more layers with [*andic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-andicp) or [*vitric properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-vitricp) with a combined thickness of:
a. ≥ 30 cm, within 100 cm of the soil surface and starting ≤ 25 cm from the soil surface; *or*
b. ≥ 60% of the entire thickness of the soil, if a limiting layer starts \> 25 and ≤ 50 cm from the soil surface; *and*
2. no [*argic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-argich), [*ferralic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-feralh), [*petroplinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petplh), [*pisoplinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-pisoph), [*plinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-plinth) or [*spodic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-spodh) starting ≤ 100 cm of the soil surface, unless buried deeper than 50 cm from the mineral soil surface.
::: callout-note
Andosols may bury other soils, which can be mentioned behind the Andosol classification using the word 'over' in between (see [Chapter 2.4](chapter-02.qmd#sec-buried)). Alternatively, buried diagnostic horizons or buried layers with a diagnostic property can be indicated with the Thapto- specifier followed by a qualifier.
:::
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| [Aluandic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aa) \| [Silandic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sn) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) | [Protoandic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qa) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) | [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Hydric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hy) | [Eutrosilic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-es) \| [Acroxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ao) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Petroduric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pd) \| [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) | [Fragic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fg) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) | [Mulmic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mm) |
| [Aeolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ay) | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) |
| | [Placic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pi) |
| | [Posic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-po) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Reductic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rd) |
| | [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Protospodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qp) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Thixotropic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tp) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
:::
## Podzols (PZ) {#sec-key-pz .unnumbered}
Other soils having a [*spodic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-spodh) starting ≤ 200 cm from the mineral soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| [Ortsteinic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-os) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Carbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cb) \| [Rustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rs) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) \| [Entic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-et) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Neocambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nc) \| [Neobrunic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nb) |
| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Cordic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cd) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) \| [Dorsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ds) |
| [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) | [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Anthromollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-am) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Fragic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fg) |
| [Glossic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gs) \| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) | [Limonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ln) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Ornithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oc) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Placic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pi) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| | [Hyperspodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-jp) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
:::
## Plinthosols (PT) {#sec-key-pt .unnumbered}
Other soils having a [*plinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-plinth), [*pisoplinthic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-pisoph) or [*petroplinthic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petplh) starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Petric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pt) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Pisoplinthic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-px) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Gibbsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gi) | [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Geric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gr) | [Cohesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-co) |
| [Nitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ni) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) |
| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Isopteric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ip) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Posic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-po) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Saprolithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sh) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
:::
## Planosols (PL) {#sec-key-pl .unnumbered}
Other soils having an [*abrupt textural difference*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-abtxdf) ≤ 75 cm from the mineral soil surface and having within the range of 5 cm directly above or below the [*abrupt textural difference*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-abtxdf):
1. [*stagnic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-stagnp), in which the area of reductimorphic features plus the area of oximorphic features is ≥ 50% (weighted average, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) of the total area; *and*
2. [*reducing conditions*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-reducc) for some time during the year in some parts of the soil volume that has the reductimorphic features.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| [Reductic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rd) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) \| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) \| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Capillaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cp) |
| [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) | [Cohesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-co) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Columnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cu) |
| [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Glossic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gs) \| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| [Petroduric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pd) \| [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) | [Ferric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Fragic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fg) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| | [Gelistagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gt) |
| | [Geric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gr) |
| | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Inclinic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ic) |
| | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Mochipic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mc) |
| | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Uterquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-uq) |
:::
## Stagnosols (ST) {#sec-key-st .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. [*stagnic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-stagnp), in which the area of reductimorphic features plus the area of oximorphic features is ≥ one third (weighted average, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) of the area from the mineral soil surface to a depth of 60 cm or to [*continuous rock*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-crockp), whichever is shallower; *and*
2. [*reducing conditions*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-reducc) for some time during the year in some parts of the soil volume that has the reductimorphic features within 60 cm from the mineral soil surface or to [*continuous rock*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-crockp), whichever is shallower.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| [Reductic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rd) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) | Endo[abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Alcalic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ax) |
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) \| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) \| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Histic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hi) | [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Capillaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cp) |
| [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Cohesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-co) |
| [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) | [Ferric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Glossic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gs) \| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Fragic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fg) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Gelistagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gt) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Geric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gr) |
| | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Inclinic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ic) |
| | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| | [Mochipic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mc) |
| | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| | [Nitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ni) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Ornithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oc) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Rhodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ro) \| [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| | [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Protospodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qp) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Uterquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-uq) |
:::
## Nitisols (NT) {#sec-key-nt .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*nitic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-nitich) starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; *and*
2. from the mineral soil surface to the [*nitic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-nitich), a clay content that is at least half of the weighted average clay content of the [*nitic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-nitich); *and*
3. no [*vertic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-verth) starting above or at the upper limit of the [*nitic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-nitich).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Ferritic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Rhodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ro) \| [Xanthic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-xa) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) |
| [Geric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gr) | [Ferric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Hydragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hg) \| [Anthraquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-aq) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) | Endo[gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) |
| [Profundihumic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dh) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Posic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-po) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | Endo[stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
:::
## Ferralsols (FR) {#sec-key-fr .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*ferralic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-feralh) starting ≤ 150 cm from the mineral soil surface; *and*
2. no [*argic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-argich) starting above or at the upper limit of the [*ferralic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-feralh), unless the [*argic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-argich) has, in its upper 30 cm or throughout, whichever is shallower, one or more of the following:
a. \< 10% water-dispersible clay; *or*
b. a ΔpH (pH~KCl~ - pH~water~) ≥ 0 (both in 1:1 solution); *or*
c. ≥ 1.4% [*soil organic carbon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-soc).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Ferritic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Gibbsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gi) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Rhodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ro) \| [Xanthic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-xa) | [Activic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-at) |
| [Geric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gr) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Nitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ni) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) | [Cohesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-co) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Profundihumic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dh) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) \| [Dorsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ds) |
| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Umbric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-um) | [Ferric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fe) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| | [Isopteric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ip) |
| | [Litholinic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lh) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Posic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-po) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Saprolithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sh) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sombric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sb) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
:::
## Chernozems (CH) {#sec-key-ch .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*chernic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-chernh); *and*
2. starting ≤ 50 cm below the lower limit of the [*mollic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh)[^chapter-04-2] and, if present, above a [*petrocalcic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petroh), a layer with [*protocalcic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-protcp), ≥ 5 cm thick, or a [*calcic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-calch); *and*
3. a base saturation (by 1 *M* NH~4~OAc, pH 7)[^chapter-04-3] of ≥ 50% from the mineral soil surface to the layer with [*protocalcic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-protcp) or to the [*calcic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-calch), throughout.
[^chapter-04-2]: Any [*chernic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-chernh) also meets the criteria of a [*mollic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh). The [*mollic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh) may extend below the [*chernic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-chernh).
[^chapter-04-3]: If the data for base saturation are not available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 ([Chapter 9.13](annex-02-analytical-procedures.qmd#sec-a2-913)).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Petroduric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pd) \| [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| [Greyzemic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gz) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) |
| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) | [Pachic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ph) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| [Vermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vm) | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| [Tonguic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-to) | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sombric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sb) |
| | [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te)/ [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Kastanozems (KS) {#sec-key-ks .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*mollic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh); *and*
2. starting ≤ 70 cm of the mineral soil surface and, if present, above a [*petrocalcic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petroh), a layer with [*protocalcic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-protcp), ≥ 5 cm thick, or a [*calcic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-calch); *and*
3. a base saturation (by 1 *M* NH~4~OAc, pH 7)[^chapter-04-4] of ≥ 50% from the mineral soil surface to the layer with [*protocalcic properties*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-protcp) or to the [*calcic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-calch), throughout.
[^chapter-04-4]: If the data for base saturation are not available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 ([Chapter 9.13](annex-02-analytical-procedures.qmd#sec-a2-913)).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Someric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-si) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Petroduric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pd) \| [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Petrogypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pg) | [Anthric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ak) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) |
| [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) | [Laxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-la) |
| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) \| [Brunic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-br) | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Pachic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ph) |
| [Tonguic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-to) | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sombric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sb) |
| | [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Phaeozems (PH) {#sec-key-ph .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*mollic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh); *and*
2. a base saturation (by 1 *M* NH~4~OAc, pH 7)[^chapter-04-5] of ≥ 50% throughout to a depth of 100 cm from the mineral soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower.
[^chapter-04-5]: If the data for base saturation are not available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 ([Chapter 9.13](annex-02-analytical-procedures.qmd#sec-a2-913)).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| [Rendzic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rz) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Someric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-si) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Mulmic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mm) | [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) |
| [Petroduric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pd) \| [Duric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-du) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Anthric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ak) |
| Endo[calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Columnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cu) |
| [Irragric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ir) \| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) |
| [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) |
| [Greyzemic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gz) | [Isolatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-il) |
| [Glossic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gs) \| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) | [Laxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-la) |
| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Limonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ln) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) \| [Brunic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-br) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| [Vermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vm) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Tonguic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-to) | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) | [Pachic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ph) |
| [Dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Relocatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rc) |
| | [Rhodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ro) \| [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sombric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sb) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Tephric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tf) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Umbrisols (UM) {#sec-key-um .unnumbered}
Other soils having an [*umbric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-umbrich) or [*mollic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-mollh) or [*hortic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-hortih).
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| [Hortic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ht) \| [Plaggic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pa) \| [Pretic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pk) \| [Terric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tr) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Chernic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ch) \| [Mollic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mo) \| [Someric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-si) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Mulmic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mm) | [Albic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ab) |
| [Fragic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fg) | [Andic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-an) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Anthric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ak) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Densic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dn) |
| [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) | [Drainic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dr) |
| [Greyzemic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gz) | Hyper[dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) |
| [Glossic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gs) \| [Retic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rt) | [Ferralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fl) \| [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Folic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fo) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) \| [Brunic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-br) | [Gelic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ge) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) |
| [Tonguic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-to) | [Isolatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-il) |
| Endo[dolomitic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-do) \| Endo[calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Laxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-la) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Limonic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ln) |
| | [Nechic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ne) |
| | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| | [Ornithic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oc) |
| | [Oxyaquic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oa) |
| | [Pachic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ph) |
| | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| | [Placic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pi) |
| | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Relocatic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rc) |
| | [Rhodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ro) \| [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| | [Solimovic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sv) |
| | [Sombric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sb) |
| | [Protospodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-qp) |
| | [Sulfidic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sf) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Thionic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ti) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Vitric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vi) |
:::
## Durisols (DU) {#sec-key-du .unnumbered}
Other soils having a [*petroduric*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petdh) or [*duric horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-durich) starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|-----------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| [Petric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pt) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Petrogypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pg) | [Aeolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ay) |
| [Gypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gy) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Biocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-bc) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Chromic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cr) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Cohesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-co) |
| [Acric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ac) \| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Alic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-al) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) | [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) | [Isopteric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ip) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Magnesic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-mg) |
| [Yermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ye) \| [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Gypsiric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gp) | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| [Dystric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-dy) \| [Eutric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-eu) | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sideralic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-se) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) |
:::
## Gypsisols (GY) {#sec-key-gy .unnumbered}
Other soils having:
1. a [*gypsic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-gypsih) or [*petrogypsic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petrgh) starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface; *and*
2. no [*argic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-argich) starting above or at the upper limit of the [*gypsic*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-gypsih) or [*petrogypsic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-petrgh), unless the [*argic horizon*](chapter-03.qmd#sec-argich) contains secondary gypsum or secondary carbonates, throughout.
::: {.callout-note collapse="true" appearance="minimal" icon="false"}
### Qualifiers
| Principal Qualifiers | Supplementary Qualifiers |
|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| [Petric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pt) | [Arenic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ar) \| [Clayic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ce) \| [Loamic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lo) \| [Siltic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sl) |
| [Petrocalcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pc) | [Abruptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ap) |
| [Calcic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cc) | [Aeolic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ay) |
| [Leptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-le) | [Aric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ai) |
| [Gleyic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-gl) | [Biocrustic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-bc) |
| [Stagnic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-st) | [Epic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ep) \| [Endic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ed) |
| [Lixic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lx) \| [Luvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-lv) | [Fluvic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fv) |
| [Cambic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cm) | [Hypergypsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-jy) |
| [Coarsic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-cs) | [Humic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-hu) \| [Ochric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-oh) |
| [Fractic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-fc) | [Isopteric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ip) |
| [Skeletic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sk) | [Naramic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nr) |
| [Yermic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ye) \| [Takyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ty) | [Novic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-nv) |
| [Calcaric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ca) | [Panpaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-pb) \| [Raptic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-rp) |
| [Haplic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ha) | [Pyric](chapter-05.qmd#sec-py) |
| | [Salic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-sz) |
| | [Sodic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-so) |
| | [Technic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-te) \| [Kalaic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-ka) |
| | [Toxic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tx) |
| | [Transportic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tn) |
| | [Turbic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-tu) |
| | [Vertic](chapter-05.qmd#sec-vr) |
:::
## Calcisols (CL) {#sec-key-cl .unnumbered}