From f5768d2759b14f8595bf2382d50df00905398986 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: obrl-soil Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2024 22:13:07 +1300 Subject: [PATCH] re-render --- docs/acknowledgements.html | 9 +- docs/annex-01-field-guide.html | 9877 ++++---- docs/annex-02-analytical-procedures.html | 115 +- docs/annex-03-horizon-layer-designations.html | 9 +- docs/annex-04-soil-description-sheet.html | 9 +- docs/annex-05-database-setup.html | 9 +- docs/annex-06-rsg-colours.html | 9 +- docs/chapter-01.html | 221 +- docs/chapter-02.html | 225 +- docs/chapter-03.html | 9 +- docs/chapter-04.html | 21 +- docs/chapter-05.html | 9 +- docs/chapter-06.html | 455 +- docs/chapter-07.html | 9 +- docs/foreword.html | 9 +- docs/index.html | 9 +- docs/list-of-acronyms.html | 9 +- docs/preface.html | 9 +- docs/search.json | 122 +- docs/site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css | 4 +- docs/site_libs/quarto-html/quarto.js | 6 +- docs/site_libs/quarto-nav/quarto-nav.js | 1 - docs/sitemap.xml | 36 +- index.tex | 19980 ---------------- 24 files changed, 5681 insertions(+), 25490 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 index.tex diff --git a/docs/acknowledgements.html b/docs/acknowledgements.html index 70736ba..8058351 100644 --- a/docs/acknowledgements.html +++ b/docs/acknowledgements.html @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ - + @@ -445,7 +445,12 @@

Acknowledgements

if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i - + @@ -403,7 +403,7 @@

Modified
-

January 10, 2024

+

February 10, 2024

@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@

-
-
+
+
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@

-
+
@@ -587,23 +587,23 @@

Position of the soil profile
-
- @@ -1096,23 +1096,23 @@

Climate

-
- @@ -1710,23 +1710,23 @@

Climate

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- @@ -2220,23 +2220,23 @@

Season of Description

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- @@ -2735,23 +2735,23 @@

Weather conditions

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- @@ -3229,23 +3229,23 @@

Weather conditions

-
- @@ -3677,7 +3677,7 @@

Weather conditions

-Current weather conditions +Past weather conditions Code @@ -3731,23 +3731,23 @@

Vegetation strata

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- @@ -4222,23 +4222,23 @@

Vegetation type or cultivati
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- @@ -4791,23 +4791,23 @@

Vegetation type or cultivati
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- @@ -5334,23 +5334,23 @@

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- @@ -5861,23 +5861,23 @@

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- @@ -6378,23 +6378,23 @@

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Width

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Distance between surface crac
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Spatial arrangement of surfac
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- @@ -8375,23 +8375,23 @@

Persistence of surface cracks
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- @@ -8858,23 +8858,23 @@

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- @@ -9384,23 +9384,23 @@

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Natural surface unevenness
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Human-made surface unevennes
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- @@ -10890,23 +10890,23 @@

Surface unevenness caused by
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Surface unevenness caused by
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Surface unevenness caused by
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- @@ -12883,23 +12883,23 @@

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Layer composed of several str
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Water saturation (o, m)

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Soil water status (m) (*)

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- @@ -15437,23 +15437,23 @@

Distinctness of the layer’s
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Shape

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- @@ -16452,23 +16452,23 @@

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- @@ -16949,23 +16949,23 @@

Size and shape

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Weathering stage (coarse frag
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- @@ -18053,23 +18053,23 @@

Weathering stage (coarse frag
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- @@ -18580,23 +18580,23 @@

Type

-
- @@ -19187,23 +19187,23 @@

Size

-
- @@ -19704,23 +19704,23 @@

Particle-size classes

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- @@ -20227,23 +20227,23 @@

Texture classes

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Subclasses of the texture cla
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Types

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Types

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- @@ -22551,23 +22551,23 @@

Grade

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Penetrability for roots

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- @@ -23528,23 +23528,23 @@

Size

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Type

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Size and abundance

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Size and abundance

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Persistence

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Continuity

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- @@ -27142,23 +27142,23 @@

Size

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- @@ -27650,23 +27650,23 @@

Substance (*)

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- @@ -28145,23 +28145,23 @@

Substance (*)

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- @@ -28626,23 +28626,23 @@

Location (*)

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- @@ -29168,23 +29168,23 @@

Location (*)

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- @@ -29679,23 +29679,23 @@

Size of oximorphic features
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- @@ -30180,23 +30180,23 @@

C
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- @@ -30713,23 +30713,23 @@

Estimate the rH value (*)
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- @@ -31259,23 +31259,23 @@

Organic matter coatings and
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- @@ -31747,23 +31747,23 @@

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- @@ -32257,23 +32257,23 @@

Content (*)

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- @@ -32761,23 +32761,23 @@

Content (*)

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- @@ -33243,23 +33243,23 @@

Secondary carbonates

-
- @@ -33737,23 +33737,23 @@

Secondary carbonates

-
- @@ -34226,23 +34226,23 @@

Content

-
- @@ -34750,23 +34750,23 @@

Form

-
- @@ -35244,23 +35244,23 @@

Size

-
- @@ -35753,23 +35753,23 @@

-
- @@ -36362,23 +36362,23 @@

-
- @@ -36864,23 +36864,23 @@

Potentiometric method

-
- @@ -37369,23 +37369,23 @@

Cementing agents (cemented s
-
- @@ -37885,23 +37885,23 @@

Cementation (cemented soil)
-
- @@ -38397,23 +38397,23 @@

Cementation (cemented soil)
-
- @@ -38944,23 +38944,23 @@

Susceptibility for cementati
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- @@ -39426,23 +39426,23 @@

Manner of failure (non-cemen
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- @@ -39917,23 +39917,23 @@

Plasticity (non-cemented soi
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- @@ -40419,23 +40419,23 @@

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- @@ -40947,23 +40947,23 @@

Volcanic glasses in the sand
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- @@ -41447,23 +41447,23 @@

Andic characteristics

-
- @@ -41940,23 +41940,23 @@

Cryogenic alteration

-
- @@ -42450,23 +42450,23 @@

Layers with permafrost

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- @@ -42937,23 +42937,23 @@

-
- @@ -43452,23 +43452,23 @@

Estimation of the content (*
-
- @@ -43987,23 +43987,23 @@

Natural accumulations of org
-
- @@ -44483,23 +44483,23 @@

-
- @@ -44997,23 +44997,23 @@

-
- @@ -45529,23 +45529,23 @@

Additions of human-transport
-
- @@ -46019,23 +46019,23 @@

In-situ alterations

-
- @@ -46533,23 +46533,23 @@

Soil aggregate formation aft
-
- @@ -47020,23 +47020,23 @@

-
- @@ -47976,23 +47976,23 @@

Subdivisions of the Oa horiz
-
- @@ -48467,23 +48467,23 @@

Dead natural plant residues<
-
- @@ -49206,7 +49206,12 @@

- + @@ -347,23 +347,23 @@

-
- @@ -1287,7 +1287,12 @@

- + @@ -934,7 +934,12 @@

- + @@ -443,7 +443,12 @@

- + @@ -453,7 +453,12 @@

- + @@ -694,7 +694,12 @@

- + @@ -434,23 +434,23 @@

General principles
-
- @@ -1279,23 +1279,23 @@

-
- @@ -2190,7 +2190,12 @@

- + @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@

Modified
-

January 10, 2024

+

January 24, 2024

@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@

2.4 Buried soils

A buried soil is a soil covered by younger deposits. Where a soil is buried, the following rules apply:

    -
  1. The overlying material and the buried soil are classified as one soil if both together qualify as a Histosol, Anthrosol, Technosol, Cryosol, Leptosol, Vertisol, Gleysol, Andosol, Planosol, Stagnosol, Fluvisol, Arenosol, or Regosol.
    2. +
  2. The overlying material and the buried soil are classified as one soil if both together qualify as a Histosol, Anthrosol, Technosol, Cryosol, Leptosol, Vertisol, Gleysol, Andosol, Planosol, Stagnosol, Fluvisol, Arenosol, or Regosol.
  3. Otherwise, the overlying material is classified with preference if it is ≥ 50 cm thick or if the overlying material, if it stood alone, satisfies the requirements of a RSG other than a Regosol. For depth requirements in the overlying material, the lower limit of the overlying material is regarded as if it were the upper limit of continuous rock.
  4. In all other cases, the buried soil is classified with preference. For depth requirements in the buried soil, the upper limit of the buried soil is regarded as its soil surface.
  5. If the overlying soil is classified with preference, there are two options to consider the underlying soil: @@ -588,23 +588,23 @@

    Example for creating a map
    -
    - @@ -1090,23 +1090,23 @@

    Example for creating a map
    -
    - @@ -1794,7 +1794,12 @@
    Example 3
    if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i - + @@ -3076,7 +3076,12 @@

    Relationships with some ot if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i - + @@ -1068,7 +1068,7 @@

    Leptosols (LP)

  • no duric, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsic, pisoplinthic or spodic horizon.
    • -

  • 1 The volume occupied neither by fine earth not by dead plant residues is occupied by coarse fragments, remnants of broken-up cemented layers ≥ 2 mm, or interstices.

    • +

    1 The volume occupied neither by fine earth not by dead plant residues is occupied by coarse fragments, remnants of broken-up cemented layers ≥ 2 mm, or interstices.

    6.2 Qualifiers

    -
    -
    +
    Table 6.2: Qualifiers
    +
    -
    - -
    - +
    +
    -
    +
    @@ -1226,23 +1226,23 @@

    -
    - @@ -1752,23 +1752,23 @@

    -
    - @@ -2466,7 +2466,12 @@

    - + @@ -737,7 +737,12 @@

    7  - + @@ -449,7 +449,12 @@

    Foreword

    if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i - + @@ -489,7 +489,12 @@

    Citation

    if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i - + @@ -557,7 +557,12 @@

    List of acronyms

    if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i - + @@ -483,7 +483,12 @@

    Preface

    if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { window.Quarto.typesetMath(note); } - return note.innerHTML; + // TODO in 1.5, we should make sure this works without a callout special case + if (note.classList.contains("callout")) { + return note.outerHTML; + } else { + return note.innerHTML; + } } } for (var i=0; i1      Background and basics" + ] + }, { "objectID": "chapter-01.html#sec-hist", "href": "chapter-01.html#sec-hist", "title": "1  Background and basics", - "section": "1.1 History", - "text": "1.1 History\n\n1.1.1 From its beginnings to the third edition 2014/15\nThe World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is based on the Legend (FAO-UNESCO 1974) and the Revised Legend (FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988) of the Soil Map of the World (FAO-UNESCO 1971–1981). In 1980, the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS, since 2002 the International Union of Soil Sciences, IUSS) formed a Working Group ‘International Reference Base for Soil Classification’ for further elaboration of a science-based international soil classification system. This Working Group was renamed ‘World Reference Base for Soil Resources’ in 1992. The Working Group presented the first edition of the WRB in 1998 (ISSS-ISRIC_FAO 1998), the second edition in 2006 (IUSS Working Group WRB 2006) and the third edition in 2014/15 (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015). In 1998, the ISSS Council endorsed the WRB as its officially recommended terminology to name and classify soils.\nA detailed description of the older WRB history is given in the second edition (IUSS Working Group WRB 2006) and the third edition of the WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015).\n\n\n1.1.2 From the third edition 2014 (Update 2015) to the fourth edition 2022\nThe third edition of the WRB was presented at the 20th World Congress of Soil Science 2014 in Jeju, Korea. In 2015, an Update was published online, which is the valid WRB from 2015 to 2022: https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf.\nThe second edition was translated into several languages: Czech, French, Georgian, Polish, Russian, Slovene, and Spanish.\nSince 2014, several WRB field workshops were organized to test the third edition:\n2014: Ireland\n2017: Latvia and Estonia\n2018: Romania\n2019: Mongolia\n2022: Iceland\nThe field tours associated with the meetings of the IUSS Commission on Soil Classification in South Africa (2016) and Mexico (2022) were additional tests of the third edition and also the tours offered with the 21st World Congress of Soil Science 2018 in Brazil.\nNow, after 8 years, a fourth edition has been prepared.", + "section": "", + "text": "1.1.1 From its beginnings to the third edition 2014/15\nThe World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is based on the Legend (FAO-UNESCO 1974) and the Revised Legend (FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988) of the Soil Map of the World (FAO-UNESCO 1971–1981). In 1980, the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS, since 2002 the International Union of Soil Sciences, IUSS) formed a Working Group ‘International Reference Base for Soil Classification’ for further elaboration of a science-based international soil classification system. This Working Group was renamed ‘World Reference Base for Soil Resources’ in 1992. The Working Group presented the first edition of the WRB in 1998 (ISSS-ISRIC_FAO 1998), the second edition in 2006 (IUSS Working Group WRB 2006) and the third edition in 2014/15 (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015). In 1998, the ISSS Council endorsed the WRB as its officially recommended terminology to name and classify soils.\nA detailed description of the older WRB history is given in the second edition (IUSS Working Group WRB 2006) and the third edition of the WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015).\n\n\n1.1.2 From the third edition 2014 (Update 2015) to the fourth edition 2022\nThe third edition of the WRB was presented at the 20th World Congress of Soil Science 2014 in Jeju, Korea. In 2015, an Update was published online, which is the valid WRB from 2015 to 2022: https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf.\nThe second edition was translated into several languages: Czech, French, Georgian, Polish, Russian, Slovene, and Spanish.\nSince 2014, several WRB field workshops were organized to test the third edition:\n2014: Ireland\n2017: Latvia and Estonia\n2018: Romania\n2019: Mongolia\n2022: Iceland\nThe field tours associated with the meetings of the IUSS Commission on Soil Classification in South Africa (2016) and Mexico (2022) were additional tests of the third edition and also the tours offered with the 21st World Congress of Soil Science 2018 in Brazil.\nNow, after 8 years, a fourth edition has been prepared.", "crumbs": [ "1  Background and basics" ] @@ -129,12 +139,22 @@ "1  Background and basics" ] }, + { + "objectID": "chapter-02.html", + "href": "chapter-02.html", + "title": "2  The rules for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps", + "section": "", + "text": "2.1 General rules and definitions\nThe following principles have to be considered for classification in WRB:\nClassification consists of three steps:", + "crumbs": [ + "2  The rules for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps" + ] + }, { "objectID": "chapter-02.html#sec-gnrl", "href": "chapter-02.html#sec-gnrl", "title": "2  The rules for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps", - "section": "2.1 General rules and definitions", - "text": "2.1 General rules and definitions\nThe following principles have to be considered for classification in WRB:\n\nAll data refer to the fine earth, unless stated otherwise. The fine earth comprises the soil constituents ≤ 2 mm. The whole soil comprises fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts, cemented parts and dead plant residues of any size.\nAll data are given by mass (dried at 105° C, see Annex 2, Chapter 9.2), unless stated otherwise.\nA litter layer is a loose layer that contains > 90% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant residues) recognizable dead plant tissues (e.g. undecomposed leaves). Dead plant material still connected to living plants (e.g. dead parts of Sphagnum mosses) is not regarded to form part of a litter layer. The soil surface (0 cm) is by convention the surface of the soil after removing, if present, the litter layer and, if present, below a layer of living plants (e.g. living mosses). The mineral soil surface is the upper limit of the uppermost layer consisting of mineral material (see Chapter 3.3.11 and Annex 1, Chapter 8.3.1).\nA soil layer is a zone in the soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, with properties different from layers above and/or below it. If at least one of these properties is the result of soil-forming processes, the layer is called a soil horizon. In the diagnostic criteria, the term ‘horizon’ is mainly used for the defined diagnostic horizons. The other layers are mainly called ‘layer’ to make sure that the criteria apply, even if they were not regarded to be soil horizons.\nIf a criterion is worded as a conditional clause (if…) and the condition (if-clause) is not true, the criterion is ignored.\nNumerical values obtained in the field or in the laboratory have to be taken as such and must not be rounded when compared with the threshold values in the diagnostic criteria.\nThe diagnostic criteria must be fulfilled throughout the specified depth range, unless stated otherwise. If a diagnostic horizon consists of several subhorizons, the diagnostic criteria (except thickness) must be fulfilled in every subhorizon separately (averages are not calculated), unless stated otherwise.\nThe term limiting layer used in definitions comprises continuous rock, technic hard material, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsic and petroplinthic horizons and other cemented layers with both of the following: cementation with a class of at least moderately cemented and a continuity to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil).\nOn a slope, the soil is described as a vertical profile. The thickness and depth values are calculated by multiplying the vertically measured values by the cosine of the inclination angle (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.1.2) (Prietzel and Wiesmeier 2019). This is especially important on steep slopes.\n\nClassification consists of three steps:\n\n2.1.1 Step one – detecting diagnostic horizons, properties and materials (for short: diagnostics)\nDescribe the soil applying the Field Guide in Annex 1 (Chapter 8). It is useful that you already in the field compile a list of the possible diagnostic horizons, properties and materials observed (see Chapter 3). Conduct the relevant analyses according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9). Then, decide on the presence of diagnostics. For the decision, only the diagnostic criteria are relevant - neither the name of the diagnostic, nor any other description. A layer may fulfil the criteria of more than one diagnostic horizon, property or material, which are then regarded as overlapping or coinciding.\n\n\n2.1.2 Step two – allocating the soil to a Reference Soil Group\nFor the first level of the WRB classification, the described combination of diagnostic horizons, properties and materials and/or additional characteristics are compared to the WRB Key (Chapter 4) in order to allocate the soil to the appropriate Reference Soil Group (RSG). The user must go through the Key systematically, starting at the beginning and excluding one by one all RSGs for which the specified requirements are not met. The soil belongs to the first RSG for which it fulfils the criteria.\n\n\n2.1.3 Step three – allocating the qualifiers\nFor the second level of the WRB classification, qualifiers are used. The qualifiers available for use with a particular RSG are listed in the Key, along with the RSG. They are divided into principal and supplementary qualifiers.\nThe principal qualifiers are ranked and given in an order of importance. The rank of the principal qualifiers reflects particular soil characteristics or properties strongly influencing the soil’s functionality:\nExamples of principal qualifiers indicating subdivisions of the RSG based on soil characteristics:\n\nVitric, Aluandic and Silandic for Andosols\nCarbic and Rustic for Podzols\nanthropogenic horizons: Anthraquic, Hortic, Hydragric, Irragric, Plaggic, Pretic, Terric. These soils have distinct physico-chemical characteristics reflecting their formation.\n\nExamples of subdivisions reflecting major functional restrictions (many of them indicate a deviation from the central image of the RSG): Abruptic, Fragic, Gleyic, Leptic, Petrocalcic, Petroduric, Petrogypsic, Petroplinthic, Retic, Skeletic, Stagnic, Thionic.\nThe supplementary qualifiers are not ranked. Supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, if applicable, are the first in the list. If several ones apply (see Chapter 2.3) they are placed in the sequence from the top to the bottom of the soil profile (e.g. Episiltic, Katoloamic). All other supplementary qualifiers follow them and are used in alphabetical order.\nQualifiers may be principal for some RSGs and supplementary for others, e.g., Turbic is principal for Cryosols and supplementary for other RSGs.\nThe principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG without brackets and without commas. The sequence is from right to left, i.e. the uppermost qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name of the RSG. The supplementary qualifiers are added in brackets after the name of the RSG and are separated from each other by commas. The sequence is from left to right, i.e. the first qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name of the RSG.\nIf two or more qualifiers in the list are separated by a slash (/), they are either mutually exclusive (e.g. Dystric and Eutric) or one of them is redundant (see below) with the redundant qualifier(s) listed after the slash(es). In the soil name, supplementary qualifiers are placed in the order of the alphabet (exception: supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, see above), even if their position in the list differs from the alphabetical sequence due to the use of the slash.\nQualifiers that are mutually exclusive may apply to the same soil at different depths. In this case, they can be used both, each one with the respective specifier (see Chapter 2.3). If no specifier is used, only the first applicable qualifier can be used.\nQualifiers conveying redundant information are not added. This is a general rule and applies even if the slash is not used. For example, Eutric is not added if the Calcaric qualifier applies.\nIf qualifiers apply but are not in the list for the particular RSG, they should be added last as supplementary qualifiers. This is mainly relevant for polygenetic soils.\nThe names of the RSGs and the (sub)qualifiers must start with a capital letter.", + "section": "", + "text": "All data refer to the fine earth, unless stated otherwise. The fine earth comprises the soil constituents ≤ 2 mm. The whole soil comprises fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts, cemented parts and dead plant residues of any size.\nAll data are given by mass (dried at 105° C, see Annex 2, Chapter 9.2), unless stated otherwise.\nA litter layer is a loose layer that contains > 90% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant residues) recognizable dead plant tissues (e.g. undecomposed leaves). Dead plant material still connected to living plants (e.g. dead parts of Sphagnum mosses) is not regarded to form part of a litter layer. The soil surface (0 cm) is by convention the surface of the soil after removing, if present, the litter layer and, if present, below a layer of living plants (e.g. living mosses). The mineral soil surface is the upper limit of the uppermost layer consisting of mineral material (see Chapter 3.3.11 and Annex 1, Chapter 8.3.1).\nA soil layer is a zone in the soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, with properties different from layers above and/or below it. If at least one of these properties is the result of soil-forming processes, the layer is called a soil horizon. In the diagnostic criteria, the term ‘horizon’ is mainly used for the defined diagnostic horizons. The other layers are mainly called ‘layer’ to make sure that the criteria apply, even if they were not regarded to be soil horizons.\nIf a criterion is worded as a conditional clause (if…) and the condition (if-clause) is not true, the criterion is ignored.\nNumerical values obtained in the field or in the laboratory have to be taken as such and must not be rounded when compared with the threshold values in the diagnostic criteria.\nThe diagnostic criteria must be fulfilled throughout the specified depth range, unless stated otherwise. If a diagnostic horizon consists of several subhorizons, the diagnostic criteria (except thickness) must be fulfilled in every subhorizon separately (averages are not calculated), unless stated otherwise.\nThe term limiting layer used in definitions comprises continuous rock, technic hard material, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsic and petroplinthic horizons and other cemented layers with both of the following: cementation with a class of at least moderately cemented and a continuity to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil).\nOn a slope, the soil is described as a vertical profile. The thickness and depth values are calculated by multiplying the vertically measured values by the cosine of the inclination angle (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.1.2) (Prietzel and Wiesmeier 2019). This is especially important on steep slopes.\n\n\n\n2.1.1 Step one – detecting diagnostic horizons, properties and materials (for short: diagnostics)\nDescribe the soil applying the Field Guide in Annex 1 (Chapter 8). It is useful that you already in the field compile a list of the possible diagnostic horizons, properties and materials observed (see Chapter 3). Conduct the relevant analyses according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9). Then, decide on the presence of diagnostics. For the decision, only the diagnostic criteria are relevant - neither the name of the diagnostic, nor any other description. A layer may fulfil the criteria of more than one diagnostic horizon, property or material, which are then regarded as overlapping or coinciding.\n\n\n2.1.2 Step two – allocating the soil to a Reference Soil Group\nFor the first level of the WRB classification, the described combination of diagnostic horizons, properties and materials and/or additional characteristics are compared to the WRB Key (Chapter 4) in order to allocate the soil to the appropriate Reference Soil Group (RSG). The user must go through the Key systematically, starting at the beginning and excluding one by one all RSGs for which the specified requirements are not met. The soil belongs to the first RSG for which it fulfils the criteria.\n\n\n2.1.3 Step three – allocating the qualifiers\nFor the second level of the WRB classification, qualifiers are used. The qualifiers available for use with a particular RSG are listed in the Key, along with the RSG. They are divided into principal and supplementary qualifiers.\nThe principal qualifiers are ranked and given in an order of importance. The rank of the principal qualifiers reflects particular soil characteristics or properties strongly influencing the soil’s functionality:\nExamples of principal qualifiers indicating subdivisions of the RSG based on soil characteristics:\n\nVitric, Aluandic and Silandic for Andosols\nCarbic and Rustic for Podzols\nanthropogenic horizons: Anthraquic, Hortic, Hydragric, Irragric, Plaggic, Pretic, Terric. These soils have distinct physico-chemical characteristics reflecting their formation.\n\nExamples of subdivisions reflecting major functional restrictions (many of them indicate a deviation from the central image of the RSG): Abruptic, Fragic, Gleyic, Leptic, Petrocalcic, Petroduric, Petrogypsic, Petroplinthic, Retic, Skeletic, Stagnic, Thionic.\nThe supplementary qualifiers are not ranked. Supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, if applicable, are the first in the list. If several ones apply (see Chapter 2.3) they are placed in the sequence from the top to the bottom of the soil profile (e.g. Episiltic, Katoloamic). All other supplementary qualifiers follow them and are used in alphabetical order.\nQualifiers may be principal for some RSGs and supplementary for others, e.g., Turbic is principal for Cryosols and supplementary for other RSGs.\nThe principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG without brackets and without commas. The sequence is from right to left, i.e. the uppermost qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name of the RSG. The supplementary qualifiers are added in brackets after the name of the RSG and are separated from each other by commas. The sequence is from left to right, i.e. the first qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name of the RSG.\nIf two or more qualifiers in the list are separated by a slash (/), they are either mutually exclusive (e.g. Dystric and Eutric) or one of them is redundant (see below) with the redundant qualifier(s) listed after the slash(es). In the soil name, supplementary qualifiers are placed in the order of the alphabet (exception: supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, see above), even if their position in the list differs from the alphabetical sequence due to the use of the slash.\nQualifiers that are mutually exclusive may apply to the same soil at different depths. In this case, they can be used both, each one with the respective specifier (see Chapter 2.3). If no specifier is used, only the first applicable qualifier can be used.\nQualifiers conveying redundant information are not added. This is a general rule and applies even if the slash is not used. For example, Eutric is not added if the Calcaric qualifier applies.\nIf qualifiers apply but are not in the list for the particular RSG, they should be added last as supplementary qualifiers. This is mainly relevant for polygenetic soils.\nThe names of the RSGs and the (sub)qualifiers must start with a capital letter.", "crumbs": [ "2  The rules for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps" ] @@ -179,12 +199,22 @@ "2  The rules for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps" ] }, + { + "objectID": "chapter-03.html", + "href": "chapter-03.html", + "title": "3  Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials", + "section": "", + "text": "3.1 Diagnostic horizons\nDiagnostic horizons are characterized by a combination of attributes that reflect widespread, common results of soil-forming processes. Their features can be observed or measured in the field or the laboratory and require a minimum or maximum expression to qualify as diagnostic. In addition, diagnostic horizons require a certain minimum thickness, thus forming a recognizable layer in the soil.", + "crumbs": [ + "3  Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials" + ] + }, { "objectID": "chapter-03.html#sec-diagh", "href": "chapter-03.html#sec-diagh", "title": "3  Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials", - "section": "3.1 Diagnostic horizons", - "text": "3.1 Diagnostic horizons\nDiagnostic horizons are characterized by a combination of attributes that reflect widespread, common results of soil-forming processes. Their features can be observed or measured in the field or the laboratory and require a minimum or maximum expression to qualify as diagnostic. In addition, diagnostic horizons require a certain minimum thickness, thus forming a recognizable layer in the soil.\n\n3.1.1 Albic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn albic horizon (from Latin albus, white) is a light-coloured horizon overlying an argic, natric, plinthic or spodic horizon or forming part of a layer with stagnic properties. It has low contents of Fe and Mn (depleted from both oxidized and reduced forms) and of organic matter, and at least one of these substances has previously been present and was lost due to clay migration, podzolization, and/or redox processes caused by water stagnation.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn albic horizon consists of mineral material and\n\nconsists of claric material;\nand\none or both of the following:\n\noverlies an argic, natric, plinthic or spodic horizon; or\nforms part of a layer with stagnic properties;\nand\n\nhas a thickness of ≥ 1 cm.\n\n\n\nAdditional information\nAlbic horizons are normally overlain by humus-enriched surface layers but may also be at the mineral soil surface as a result of erosion or artificial removal of the surface layer. Many albic horizons represent a strong expression of eluviation and are therefore called eluvial horizons. In sandy materials, albic horizons can reach considerable thickness, up to several metres, especially in humid tropical regions, and underlying diagnostic horizons may be hard to establish. Albic horizons generally have a weakly expressed soil aggregate structure, a single grain structure or a massive structure. Albic horizons are widely depleted from Fe, both the oxidized and the reduced forms, and typically do not show red colours when applying α,α-dipyridyl solution.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nWhile the albic horizon is the result of soil-forming processes, the claric material is only defined by colour criteria, and layers with claric material may or may not have undergone soil-forming processes. The definition of the albic horizon uses the argic, natric, plinthic or spodic horizon or the stagnic properties as criterion. The definitions of the spodic horizon and of the retic and stagnic properties, in turn, use the claric material as criterion.\nMany albic horizons that were formed by stagnant water do not show active reducing conditions.\n\n\n\n3.1.2 Anthraquic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn anthraquic horizon (from Greek anthropos, human being, and Latin aqua, water) is a surface horizon that results from wet-field cultivation and comprises a puddled layer and a plough pan.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn anthraquic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\na puddled layer with the following Munsell colours, moist, in ≥ 80% of its exposed area:\n\na hue of 7.5YR or yellower, a value of ≤ 4 and a chroma of ≤ 2; or\na hue of GY, B or BG and a value of ≤ 4;\nand\n\na plough pan underlying the puddled layer, with all of the following:\n\none or both of the following:\n\na platy structure in ≥ 25% of its volume; or\na massive structure in ≥ 25% of its volume;\nand\n\na bulk density higher by ≥ 10% (relative) than that of the puddled layer;\nand\noximorphic features, in ≥ 5% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class), that:\n\nare predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; and\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material;\nand\n\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nAn anthraquic horizon shows evidence of reduction and oxidation owing to flooding for part of the year. When not flooded, it is very dispersible and has a loose packing of sorted small soil aggregates. The plough pan is compact, has a platy or massive structure and a very low infiltration rate. It has a reduced matrix and yellowish-brown, brown or reddish-brown oximorphic features along cracks and root channels due to oxygen release from plant roots.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nAfter a long time of wet-field cultivation, a hydragric horizon develops under the anthraquic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.3 Argic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn argic horizon (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with a distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:\n\nan illuvial accumulation of clay mineral\npredominant pedogenic formation of clay minerals in the subsoil\ndestruction of clay minerals in the overlying horizon\nselective surface erosion of clay minerals\nupward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking\nbiological activity, or\na combination of two or more of these different processes.\n\nIron (hydr)oxides are often accumulated or formed together with clay minerals, giving the argic horizon a redder hue and/or a higher chroma.\nA clay-richer stratum overlain by a clay-poorer stratum may resemble an argic horizon. However, a textural difference due only to a lithic discontinuity does not qualify as an argic horizon. In some soils, we may have both: a clay-poorer stratum overlying a clay-richer stratum and additionally a textural differentiation caused by soil-forming processes.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn argic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of loamy sand or finer and ≥ 8% clay;\nand\none or both of the following:\n\nhas an overlying coarser-textured layer with all of the following:\n\nthe coarser-textured layer is not separated from the argic horizon by a lithic discontinuity; and\nif the coarser-textured layer directly overlies the argic horizon, its lowermost sublayer does not form part of a plough layer; and\nif the coarser-textured layer does not directly overlie the argic horizon, the transitional horizon between the coarser-textured layer and the argic horizon has a thickness of ≤ 15 cm; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has < 15% clay, the argic horizon has ≥ 6% (absolute) more clay; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 15 and < 50% clay, the ratio of clay in the argic horizon to that of the coarser-textured layer is ≥ 1.4; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 50% clay, the argic horizon has ≥ 20% (absolute) more clay;\nor\n\nhas evidence of illuvial clay in one or more of the following forms:\n\nclay bridges connecting ≥ 15% of the sand grains; or\nclay coatings covering ≥ 15% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, coarse fragments and/or biopore walls; or\nin thin sections, oriented clay bodies that constitute ≥ 1% of the section and and that have not been transported laterally after they had been formed; or\na ratio of fine clay to total clay in the argic horizon greater by ≥ 1.2 times than the ratio in the overlying coarser-textured layer;\nand\n\n\nboth of the following:\n\ndoes not form part of a natric horizon; and\ndoes not form part of a spodic horizon, unless illuvial clay is evidenced by one or more of the diagnostic criteria listed under 2.b;\nand\n\nhas a thickness of one-tenth or more of the thickness of the overlying mineral material, if present, and one of the following:\n\n≥ 7.5 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella) if the argic horizon has a texture class of sandy loam or finer; or\n≥ 15 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella).\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nTextural differentiation and the evidence of clay illuviation are the main features of argic horizons. The recognition of clay coatings and clay bridges is explained in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.23).\nIn shrink-swell soils, clay coatings at soil aggregate surfaces are easily confused with pressure faces (stress cutans). Pressure faces do not differ in colour from the original aggregate and do not occur on coarse fragments and biopore walls.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe illuvial character of an argic horizon can best be established using thin sections. Diagnostic illuvial argic horizons show areas with oriented clay bodies that constitute on average ≥ 1% of the entire cross-section. Other tests involved are particle-size distribution analysis to determine the increase in clay content over a specified depth, and the fine clay/total clay ratio. In illuvial argic horizons, the fine clay to total clay ratio is larger than in the overlying horizons, due to preferential transport of fine clay particles.\nIf the soil shows a lithic discontinuity directly over the argic horizon, or if the surface horizon has been removed by erosion, or if a plough layer directly overlies the argic horizon, then the illuvial nature must be clearly established (diagnostic criterion 2.b).\nThe argic horizon may be subdivided into several lamellae with coarser-textured layers in between.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nArgic horizons are normally situated below eluvial horizons i.e. horizons from which clay minerals have been removed, commonly together with oxides and some organic matter. Although initially formed as a subsurface horizon, argic horizons may occur at the mineral soil surface as a result of erosion or removal of the overlying horizons. Afterwards, new sediments may be added.\nSome argic horizons fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of the ferralic horizon. Ferralsols must have a ferralic horizon and may have an argic horizon as well, which may or may not overlap with the ferralic horizon; but if an argic horizon is present, it must have in its upper 30 cm: < 10% water-dispersible clay or a ΔpH (pHKCl - pHwater) ≥ 0 or ≥ 1.4% soil organic carbon.\nArgic horizons lack the sodium saturation characteristics of the natric horizon.\nArgic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.4 Calcic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated as discontinuous concentrations. The accumulation usually occurs in subsurface layers, or more rarely, in surface horizons. The calcic horizon may contain primary carbonates as well.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA calcic horizon:\n\nhas a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥ 15% (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation class);\nand\none or both of the following:\n\nmeets the diagnostic criteria of protocalcic properties; or\nhas a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥ 5% higher (absolute, related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation class) than that of an underlying layer and no lithic discontinuity between the two layers; and\n\ndoes not form part of a petrocalcic horizon;\nand\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nCalcium carbonate can be identified in the field using 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The degree of effervescence is an indication of its amount (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.25).\nSecondary carbonates are visible as usually discrete permanent accumulations (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.25). In the calcic horizon, they are predominantly non-cemented or less than moderately cemented. However, discontinuous accumulations, which are moderately or more cemented, may also occur.\nOther possible indications of a calcic horizon are:\n\nwhite, pinkish to reddish, or grey colours (if not overlapping horizons rich in organic carbon)\na low porosity (interaggregate porosity is usually less than in the horizon directly above, and possibly also less than in the horizon directly below).\n\nWhen sampling, please make sure that the sample includes the accumulations of secondary carbonates in order to obtain the laboratory data for criteria 1 and 2.b.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe determination of carbonates in the laboratory (Annex 2, Chapter 9.9) uses an acid and measures the evolved CO2. It may stem from various carbonates, but the carbonate content is calculated as if it were only from calcium carbonate. This is called the calcium carbonate equivalent.\nDetermination of the amount of calcium carbonate (by mass) and the changes of calcium carbonate content within the soil profile are the main analytical criteria for establishing the presence of a calcic horizon. Lithic discontinuities and any change of water permeability may favour the formation of secondary carbonates. Determination of pHwater enables distinction between accumulations with a basic (calcic) character (pH 8-8.7) due to the dominance of CaCO3, and those with an ultrabasic (non-calcic) character (pH > 8.7) because of the presence of Na2CO3 and/or MgCO3.\nIn addition, the analysis of thin sections may reveal the presence of calcium carbonate pedofeatures (e.g. nodules, pendents) or evidence of silicate epigenesis (calcite pseudomorphs after primary minerals), besides evidences of removal of carbonates in layers above or below the calcic horizon.\nIf the accumulation of soft carbonates is such that all or most of the soil structure and/or rock structure disappears and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, the Hypercalcic qualifier is used.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nWhen calcic horizons become continuously cemented with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented, transition takes place to the petrocalcic horizon, the expression of which may be massive or platy. A calcic horizon and a petrocalcic horizon may overlie each other.\nAccumulations of secondary carbonates, not qualifying for a calcic horizon, may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of protocalcic properties, which are fulfilled by most calcic horizons as well. Calcaric material includes primary carbonates.\nIn dry regions and in the presence of sulfate-bearing soil or groundwater solutions, calcic horizons occur associated with gypsic horizons. Calcic and gypsic horizons typically (but not always) occupy different positions in the soil profile because gypsum is more soluble than calcium carbonate, and they can normally be distinguished clearly from each other by a difference in crystal morphology. Gypsum crystals tend to be needle-shaped, usually visible to the naked eye, whereas pedogenic calcium carbonate crystals are much finer in size.\n\n\n\n3.1.5 Cambic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA cambic horizon (from Latin cambire, to change) is a subsurface horizon showing evidence of soil formation that ranges from weak to relatively strong. The cambic horizon shows soil aggregate structure at least in half of the volume of the fine earth. If the underlying layer has the same parent material, the cambic horizon usually shows higher oxide and/or clay contents than this underlying layer and/or evidence of removal of carbonates and/or gypsum. The soil formation in a cambic horizon can also be established by contrast with one of the overlying mineral horizons that are generally richer in organic matter and therefore have a darker and/or less intense colour.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA cambic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of\n\nsandy loam or finer; or\nvery fine sand or loamy very fine sand;\nand\n\nhas soil aggregate structure in ≥ 50% (by volume);\nand\nshows evidence of soil formation in one or more of the following:\n\ncompared to the directly underlying layer, not separated from the cambic horizon by a lithic discontinuity, one or more of the following:\n\nif the underlying layer has a Munsell colour hue of 5YR or redder, a hue ≥ 2.5 units yellower, else a hue ≥ 2.5 units redder, all moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na Munsell colour chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na clay content ≥ 4% (absolute) higher;\nor\n\ncompared to an overlying mineral layer, ≥ 5 cm thick and not separated from the cambic horizon by a lithic discontinuity, one or more of the following:\n\na Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na Munsell colour value ≥ 1 unit higher, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na Munsell colour chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area;\nor\n\ncompared to the directly underlying layer, not showing gleyic properties and not forming part of a calcic or gypsic horizon, evidence of removal of carbonates or gypsum by one or more of the following:\n\n≥ 5% (absolute) less calcium carbonate equivalent or ≥ 5% (absolute) less gypsum and no lithic discontinuity between this underlying layer and the cambic horizon; or\nprotocalcic properties or protogypsic properties in the underlying layer but not in the cambic horizon;\nor\n\nall of the following:\n\nFedith ≥ 0.1%; and\na ratio between Feox and Fedith of ≥ 0.1; and\na Munsell colour hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y and a chroma of > 3, all moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area;\nand\n\n\ndoes not form part of a plough layer, does not form part of an albic, anthraquic, argic, calcic, duric, ferralic, fragic, gypsic, hortic, hydragric, irragric, limonic, mollic, natric, nitic, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsic, petroplinthic, pisoplinthic, plaggic, plinthic, pretic, salic, sombric, spodic, umbric, terric, tsitelic or vertic horizon and does not from part of a layer with andic properties;\nand\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nAdditional characteristics\nIn many cambic horizons, Fe oxides are formed, which give the horizon a redder hue and a higher chroma. However, if the parent material has much hematite, the formation of goethite in cooler and humid conditions usually makes it yellower.\nDissolution of carbonates or gypsum is a widespread feature of cambic horizons in both humid and semi-arid environments. In many cases, this may be proven by a lesser carbonate or gypsum content compared to the underlying layer. However, in some soils, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, this lesser content is not evident. In these soils, the presence of protocalcic or protogypsic properties in the underlying layer is a proof that carbonates or gypsum have been dissolved in the horizon above. On the other hand, such accumulations may also be caused by ascending groundwater in soils with gleyic properties, and gleyic properties have to be excluded in the underlying layer for this comparison.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe cambic horizon can be considered the predecessor of many other diagnostic horizons, all of which have specific properties that are not or only weakly expressed in the cambic horizon – such as illuvial or residual accumulations, removal of substances other than carbonates or gypsum, accumulation of soluble components, or the development of specific soil structure like wedge-shaped aggregates.\nCambic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons. The ratio between Feox and Fedith differentiates the cambic horizon from the tsitelic horizon (higher ratio). The plinthic and the petroplinthic horizon have usually much higher Fedith contents.\n\n\n\n3.1.6 Chernic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA chernic horizon (from Russian chorniy, black) is a relatively thick, well-structured, very dark-coloured surface horizon, with a high base saturation, a high animal activity and a moderate to high content of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA chernic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 50% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) fine earth and does not consist of mulmic material; and\nsingle or in combination, in ≥ 90% (by volume):\n\ngranular structure; or\nsubangular blocky structure with an average aggregate size of ≤ 2 cm; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices;\nand\n\n≥ 1% soil organic carbon;\nand\none of the following:\n\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 2 moist;\nor\nall of the following:\n\n≥ 15 and < 40% calcium carbonate equivalent; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist; and\n≥ 1.5% soil organic carbon;\nor\n\nall of the following:\n\n≥ 40% calcium carbonate equivalent and/or a texture class of loamy sand or coarser; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 5 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist; and\n≥ 2.5% soil organic carbon;\nand\n\n\nif a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the chernic horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4, moist, ≥ 1% (absolute) more soil organic carbon than this layer;\nand\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50%;\nand\na thickness of ≥ 30 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA chernic horizon may easily be identified by its blackish colour, caused by the accumulation of organic matter, its well-developed granular or subangular blocky structure, an indication of high base saturation (e.g. pHwater > 6), and its thickness.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe chernic horizon is a special case of the mollic horizon with a higher content of soil organic carbon, a lower chroma, generally better developed soil structure, a minimum content of fine earth and a greater minimum thickness. The upper limit of the content of soil organic carbon is 20%, which is the lower limit for organic material.\n\n\n\n3.1.7 Cohesic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA cohesic horizon (from Latin cohaerere, to stick together) is a subsurface horizon with a massive structure or a weak subangular blocky structure. It is poor in organic matter and iron oxides, normally contains quartz, and the clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite. It is typical for old landscapes of the tropics with a seasonal climate.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA cohesic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas < 0.5% soil organic carbon; and\nhas ≥ 15% clay; and\nhas a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 24 cmolc kg-1 clay; and\nhas, single or in combination, a massive structure or a weak subangular blocky structure; and\nis not cemented; and\nhas, when dry, a rupture-resistance class of at least hard; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nCohesic horizons are very resistant to penetration of knife or hammer and have a rupture-resistance class of hard to extremely hard when dry, becoming friable or firm when moist.\n\n\nAdditional information\nCohesic horizons have a porosity low enough to restrict root penetration, but drainage is usually not restricted. The low porosity is attributed to parallel orientation of kaolinite crystals and infilling of voids by clay particles. Usually, they have a bulk density higher than the over- and underlying layers. They are typically found directly below a surface horizon.\nMany soils with the cohesic horizon have the Caráter coeso in the Brazilian system and have an apedal B horizon in the South African system. Cohesic horizons may also occur in paleosols.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nCohesic horizons may coincide with ferralic or, less widespread, with argic horizons. They differ strongly from nitic horizons. Some cohesic horizons show active or relict stagnic properties or overlie a plinthic, pisoplinthic or petroplinthic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.8 Cryic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA cryic horizon (from Greek kryos, cold, ice) is a perennially frozen soil horizon in mineral or organic material.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA cryic horizon has:\n\ncontinuously for ≥ 2 consecutive years one of the following:\n\nmassive ice, cementation by ice or readily visible ice crystals; or\na soil temperature of < 0 °C and insufficient water to form readily visible ice crystals;\nand\n\na thickness of ≥ 5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nCryic horizons occur in areas with permafrost and most of them show evidence of perennial ice segregation. Many of them are overlain by horizons with evidence of cryogenic alteration (mixed soil material, disrupted soil horizons, involutions, organic intrusions, frost heave, separation of coarse fragments from fine earth, cracks). Patterned surface features (earth hummocks, frost mounds, stone circles, stripes, nets and polygons) are common. To identify cryogenic alteration, a soil profile should intersect different elements of patterned ground, if present, or be wider than 2 m.\nSoils that contain saline water do not freeze at 0 °C. In order to develop a cryic horizon, such soils must be cold enough to freeze.\n\n\nAdditional information\nPermafrost is defined as follows: layer of soil or rock, at some depth beneath the surface, in which the temperature has been continuously below 0 °C for at least some years. It exists where summer heating fails to reach the base of the layer of frozen ground (Arctic Climatology and Meteorology Glossary, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, USA).\nEngineers distinguish between warm and cold permafrost. Warm permafrost has a temperature > -2 °C and has to be considered unstable. Cold permafrost has a temperature of ≤ -2 °C and can be used more safely for construction purposes provided the temperature remains under control.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nCryic horizons may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of histic, folic or spodic horizons and may occur in association with salic, calcic, mollic or umbric horizons. In cold arid regions, yermic properties may be present.\n\n\n\n3.1.9 Duric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA duric horizon (from Latin durus, hard) is a subsurface horizon showing nodules or concretions (durinodes), cemented by silica (SiO2), presumably in the form of opal and microcrystalline silica. Many durinodes have carbonate coatings. It may also contain remnants of a broken-up petroduric horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA duric horizon consists of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil) of nodules or concretions (durinodes) and/or of remnants of a broken-up petroduric horizon with all of the following:\n\nhave ≥ 1% (by exposed area of the nodules or concretions) accumulation of visible secondary silica; and\nwhen air-dry, < 50% (by volume) slake in 1 M HCl, even after prolonged soaking, and\nwhen air-dry, ≥ 50% (by volume) slake in hot concentrated KOH or hot concentrated NaOH, at least if alternating with 1 M HCl; and\nare cemented, at least partially by secondary silica, with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, both before and after treatment with acid; and\nhave a diameter of ≥ 1 cm; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe identification of secondary silica is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.27). The durinodes are usually hard (high penetration resistance). Many durinodes are brittle when moist, both before and after treatment with acid.\n\n\nAdditional information\nDry durinodes do not slake appreciably in water, but prolonged soaking can result in the breaking-off of very thin platelets and some slaking. In cross-section, most durinodes are roughly concentric, and concentric stringers of opal may be visible under a hand lens.\nIf both silica and carbonates are present as cementing agents, the durinodes will only slake if hot concentrated KOH or NaOH (to dissolve the silica) are alternated with HCl (to dissolve the carbonates). If carbonates are absent, KOH or NaOH alone will be able to slake the durinodes.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn arid regions, duric horizons occur in association with gypsic, petrogypsic, calcic and petrocalcic horizons. A horizon continuously cemented by silica is a petroduric horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.10 Ferralic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA ferralic horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron, and alumen, alum) is a subsurface horizon resulting from long and intense weathering. The clay fraction is dominated by low-activity clays and contains various amounts of resistant minerals such as (hydr-)oxides of Fe, Al, Mn and Ti. There may be a marked residual accumulation of quartz in the silt or sand fractions.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA ferralic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of sandy loam or finer and ≥ 8% clay; and\nhas < 80% (by volume, related to the whole soil) coarse fragments, pisoplinthic concretions or nodules or remnants of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon, > 2 mm; and\nhas a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 16 cmolc kg-1 clay; and\nhas < 10% (by grain count) easily weatherable minerals in the 0.05–0.2 mm fraction; and\ndoes not have andic or vitric properties; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 30 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nFerralic horizons are associated with old and stable landforms. The macrostructure is moderate to weak but typical ferralic horizons have a strong microaggregation.\nFerralic horizons rich in Fe oxides (especially rich in hematite) have usually a friable rupture-resistance class, moist. Disrupted dry soil material flows like flour between the fingers. Lumps of ferralic horizons are usually relatively light in mass because of the low bulk density. Many ferralic horizons give a hollow sound when tapped, indicating high porosity. In some ferralic horizons, the high porosity is the result of termite activity. Generally, the voids between the microaggregates provide a high porosity.\nIf the ferralic horizon has less hematite and a more yellowish colour, it typically shows a higher bulk density and a lower porosity. It is massive or has a weak subangular blocky structure and a firm rupture-resistance class, moist.\nIndicators of clay illuviation such as clay coatings are generally absent or rare, as are pressure faces and other stress features. Boundaries of a ferralic horizon are normally gradual to diffuse, and little variation in colour or particle-size distribution within the horizon can be detected.\n\n\nAdditional information\nAs an alternative to the weatherable minerals requirement, a total reserve of bases (TRB = exchangeable plus mineral calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], potassium [K] and sodium [Na]) of < 25 cmolc kg-1 soil may be indicative.\nFerralic horizons normally have < 10% water-dispersible clay. Occasionally they may have more water-dispersible clay, but if so, they have a ΔpH (pHKCl - pHwater) ≥ 0 or a relatively high content of organic carbon.\nExamples of easily weatherable minerals are all 2:1 phyllosilicates, chlorites, sepiolites, palygorskites, allophanes, 1:1 trioctahedral phyllosilicates (serpentines), feldspars, feldspathoids, ferromagnesian minerals, glass, zeolites, dolomite and apatite. The intent of the term weatherable minerals is to include those minerals that are unstable in humid climates compared with other minerals, such as quartz and 1:1 clay minerals, but that are more resistant to weathering than calcite Soil Survey Staff (1999).\nIn thin sections, ferralic horizons have generally an undifferentiated b-fabric due to the isotropic behaviour of Fe oxides. The groundmass has commonly a granular microstructure, with a porosity composed by packing pores and star-like vughs, besides channels and chambers due to a strong bioturbation.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome argic horizons fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of the ferralic horizon.\nAlox, Feox, Siox in ferralic horizons are very low, which sets them apart from the nitic horizons and layers with andic or vitric properties.\nSome cambic horizons have a low CEC; however, the amount of weatherable minerals or the TRB is too high for a ferralic horizon. Such horizons represent an advanced stage of weathering and a transition to the ferralic horizon.\nFerralic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons.\nDue to redox processes, ferralic horizons may develop into plinthic horizons. Most plinthic horizons also fulfil the diagnostic criteria of ferralic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.11 Ferric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) has formed by redox processes, usually caused by stagnant water, which may be active or relict, and shows redoximorphic features. The segregation of Fe (or Fe and Mn) has advanced to such an extent that oximorphic features (coarse masses or discrete concretions and/or nodules) have formed inside soil aggregates, and the matrix between them is largely depleted of Fe and Mn. They do not necessarily have enhanced Fe (or Fe and Mn) contents, but Fe (or Fe and Mn) are concentrated in the oximorphic features. Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fe- and Mn-depleted zones and a compaction of the horizon. It mainly occurs in old landscapes.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA ferric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nconsists of one or more subhorizons with one or both of the following:\n\n≥ 15% of its exposed area occupied by coarse (> 20 mm, average length of the greatest dimension) masses inside soil aggregates that are black or have a Munsell colour hue redder than 7.5YR and a chroma of ≥ 5, both moist; or\n≥ 5% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus concretions and/or nodules of any size and cementation class) occupied by concretions and/or nodules with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, a reddish and/or blackish colour and a diameter of > 2 mm; and\n\ndoes not form part of a petroplinthic, pisoplinthic or plinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn tropical or subtropical regions, ferric horizons may grade laterally into plinthic horizons. In plinthic horizons, the amount of oximorphic features reaches ≥ 15% (by exposed area). Additionally, in plinthic horizons, a certain content of Fedith is exceeded and/or it changes irreversibly to a continuously cemented layer on exposure to repeated drying and wetting with free access of oxygen. If the amount of concretions and/or nodules with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented reaches ≥ 40% (by exposed area), it is a pisoplinthic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.12 Folic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA folic horizon (from Latin folium, leaf) consists of well-aerated organic material. It develops at the soil surface. In places, it may be covered by mineral material. Folic horizons predominantly occur in cool climate or at high elevation.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA folic horizon consists of organic material and:\n\nis saturated with water for < 30 consecutive days in most years and is not drained; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe folic horizon has characteristics similar to the histic horizon. However, the histic horizon forms while saturated with water consecutively for at least 30 days in most years, which causes a completely different vegetation and therefore a different character of the organic material.\nThe organic material sets the folic horizon apart from chernic, mollic or umbric horizons, which consist of mineral material. Folic horizons may show andic or vitric properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.13 Fragic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA fragic horizon (from Latin fragilis, fragile) is a natural, predominantly non-cemented subsurface horizon with large soil aggregates and a porosity pattern such that roots and percolating water penetrate the soil only in between these aggregates. The natural character excludes plough pans and surface traffic pans.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA fragic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\n≥ 60% (by volume) consist, single or in combination, of prismatic, columnar, angular or subangular blocky soil aggregates that are without coarse roots and that have an average horizontal spacing (aggregate centre to aggregate centre) of ≥ 10 cm; and\nshows evidence of soil formation as defined in criterion 3 of the cambic horizon, at least on the faces of the soil aggregates; and\nthe soil material in between the soil aggregates and ≥ 50% of the volume of the aggregated soil are not cemented; and\nthe non-cemented parts do not cement upon repeated drying and wetting; and\nthe non-cemented aggregated parts have a brittle manner of failure and a rupture-resistance class, moist, of at least firm; and\nhas < 0.5% soil organic carbon; and\ndoes not show effervescence after adding a 1 M HCl solution; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA fragic horizon has a prismatic and/or blocky structure. In some fragic horizons, the soil aggregates have a high bulk density. In others, the inner parts of the aggregates may have a relatively high total porosity but, as a result of a dense outer rim, there is no continuity between the pores within and outside the aggregates. Between the prisms or the angular blocks, a weaker aggregate structure or a massive structure and mostly also a lighter soil colour is found. The result is a closed box system with ≥ 60% of the soil volume that cannot be explored by roots and is not percolated by water. Possible reasons for the dense outer rim are: clay coatings, swelling and shrinking, or the pressure of the roots growing only vertically.\nIt is essential that the required soil volume is inspected from both vertical and horizontal sections; horizontal sections often reveal a polygonal pattern. Three or four such polygons (or a cut up to 1 m2) are sufficient to test the volumetric basis for the definition of the fragic horizon.\nFragic horizons are commonly loamy, but loamy sand and clay textures are not excluded. In the latter case, the clay mineralogy is dominantly kaolinitic.\nThe aggregates have commonly a penetration resistance ≥ 4 MPa at field capacity.\nThe fragic horizon has little faunal activity, except occasionally between the aggregates.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nA fragic horizon may underlie (but not necessarily directly) an albic, cambic, spodic or argic horizon, unless the soil has been truncated. It can overlap partly or completely with an argic horizon, and if so, the fragic horizon may show retic properties or albeluvic glossae. Many fragic horizons have reducing conditions and stagnic properties.\nContrary to fragic horizons, plinthic horizons will cement upon repeated drying and wetting. Contrary to fragic horizons, many other root-restricting horizons are cemented.\n\n\n\n3.1.14 Gypsic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA gypsic horizon (from Greek gypsos, gypsum) is a non-cemented horizon containing accumulations of secondary gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) in various forms. It may be a surface or a subsurface horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA gypsic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 5% gypsum (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas one or both of the following:\n\nmeets the diagnostic criteria of protogypsic properties; or\na gypsum content of ≥ 5% higher (absolute, related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class) than that of an underlying layer and no lithic discontinuity between the two layers; and\n\nhas a product of thickness (in centimetres) times gypsum content (percentage, by mass) of ≥ 150; and\ndoes not form part of a petrogypsic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nHow to recognize secondary gypsum is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.26). The accumulation may be in distinct form or flour-like. The latter gives the gypsic horizon a massive structure.\nGypsum crystals may be visually mistaken for quartz. Gypsum is soft and can easily be scratched with a knife or broken between thumbnail and forefinger. Quartz is hard and cannot be broken except by hammering.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe recommended procedure to determine gypsum in the laboratory (Annex 2, Chapter 9.10) also extracts anhydrite, which is considered to be mainly primary.\nThin section analysis is helpful to establish the presence of secondary gypsum, as individual gypsic pedofeatures or as generalized accumulations in the groundmass.\nIf the accumulation of gypsum becomes such that all or most of the soil structure and/or rock structure disappears and continuous concentrations of gypsum prevail, the Hypergypsic qualifier is used.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nWhen gypsic horizons become continuously cemented, transition takes place to the petrogypsic horizon, the expression of which may be as massive or platy structures. A gypsic horizon and a petrogypsic horizon may overlie each other. Accumulations of secondary gypsum, not qualifying for a gypsic horizon, may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of protogypsic properties, which are fulfilled by most gypsic horizons as well. Gypsiric material includes primary gypsum.\nIn dry regions, gypsic horizons may be associated with calcic and/or salic horizons. Calcic and gypsic horizons usually occupy distinct positions in the soil profile as the solubility of calcium carbonate is less than that of gypsum. They can normally be distinguished clearly from each other by the morphology (see calcic horizon). Salic and gypsic horizons also occupy different positions in the profile due to different solubilities.\n\n\n\n3.1.15 Histic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA histic horizon (from Greek histos, tissue) consists of poorly aerated organic material. It develops at the soil surface. In places, it may be covered by mineral material.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA histic horizon consists of organic material and:\n\nis saturated with water for ≥ 30 consecutive days in most years or is drained; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm,\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nHistic horizons have characteristics similar to the folic horizon. However, the folic horizon is consecutively saturated with water for less than thirty days in most years, which causes a completely different vegetation and therefore a different character of the organic material. Histic horizons may show andic or vitric properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.16 Hortic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA hortic horizon (from Latin hortus, garden) is a mineral surface horizon created by the human activities of deep cultivation, intensive fertilization and/or long-continued application of human and animal wastes and other organic residues (e.g. manures, kitchen refuse, compost and night soil).\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA hortic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\na Munsell colour value and chroma of ≤ 3, moist; and\n≥ 1% soil organic carbon; and\n≥ 120 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract in the upper 20 cm; and\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50%; and\n≥ 25% (by exposed area, weighted average) of animal pores, coprolites or other traces of soil animal activity; and\na thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe hortic horizon is thoroughly mixed. Potsherds and other artefacts are common, although often abraded. Tillage marks or evidence of mixing of the soil can be present.\n\n\nAdditional information\n120 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly correspond to 43.6 mg kg-1 P or 100 mg kg-1 P2O5 in the Olsen extract (Kabała et al. 2018), which was the requirement in former editions of WRB.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome hortic horizons may also fulfil the diagnostic criteria of a pretic, terric, mollic or chernic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.17 Hydragric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA hydragric horizon (from Greek hydor, water, and Latin ager, field) is a subsurface horizon that results from wet-field cultivation.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA hydragric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nis overlain by an anthraquic horizon; and\nconsists of one or more subhorizons and each of them has one or more of the following:\n\nreductimorphic features with a Munsell colour value of ≥ 4 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist, around biopore walls; or\n≥ 15% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features that:\n\nare predominantly inside soil aggregates; and\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material; or\n\n≥ 15% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features that:\n\nare predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; and\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material; or\n\nFedith ≥ 1.5 times and/or Mndith ≥ 3 times that of the weighted average of the puddled layer of the overlying anthraquic horizon; and\n\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe hydragric horizon occurs below the plough pan of an anthraquic horizon. The features listed as part of diagnostic criterion 2 rarely occur altogether in the same subhorizon but are commonly distributed over several subhorizons. Major subhorizons have reductimorphic features in pores with a Munsell colour hue of 2.5Y or yellower and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist, and/or concentrations of Fe and/or Mn oxides inside soil aggregates as a result of oxidizing conditions. It usually shows grey coatings on soil aggregate surfaces, consisting of clay, fine silt and organic matter.\n\n\nAdditional information\nReduced manganese and/or iron move down slowly through the plough pan of the overlying anthraquic horizon into the hydragric horizon; the manganese tending to move further than the iron. Within the hydragric horizon, manganese and iron migrate further into the interiors of the soil aggregates where they are oxidized. In the lower part, subhorizons may be influenced by groundwater.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe hydragric horizon underlies an anthraquic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.18 Irragric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn irragric horizon (from Latin irrigare, to irrigate, and ager, field) is a mineral surface horizon that builds up gradually through continuous application of irrigation water with substantial amounts of sediments, often including artefacts and a significant amount of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn irragric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and:\n\nhas, single or in combination, in ≥ 90% (by volume):\n\nsoil aggregate structure; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices; and\n\nhas one or both of the following:\n\na clay content ≥ 10% (relative) and ≥ 3% (absolute) higher than that of the layer directly buried by the irragric horizon; or\na fine clay content ≥ 10% (relative) and ≥ 3% (absolute) higher than that of the layer directly buried by the irragric horizon; and\n\nhas differences in medium sand contents, fine sand contents, very fine sand contents, silt contents, clay contents and carbonate contents of < 20% (relative) or < 4% (absolute) between subhorizons; and\nhas both of the following:\n\n≥ 0.3% soil organic carbon; and\na weighted average of ≥ 0.5% soil organic carbon; and\n\nhas ≥ 25% (by exposed area, weighted average) of animal pores, coprolites or other traces of soil animal activity; and\nshows evidence that the land surface has been raised; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nSoils with an irragric horizon show evidence of surface raising, which may be inferred from either field observations or from historical records. The irragric horizon shows evidence of considerable animal activity. The lower boundary is clear; and irrigation deposits or buried soils may be present below.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nDue to continuous ploughing, irragric horizons lack the continuous stratification of fluvic material. Some irragric horizons may also qualify as mollic or umbric horizons, depending on their base saturation.\n\n\n\n3.1.19 Limonic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA limonic horizon (from Greek leimon, meadow) develops in layers with gleyic properties and oximorphic features. Reduced Fe and/or Mn move upwards with ascending groundwater, are oxidized and accumulate to such an extent that at least some parts of the accumulation zones are cemented. It is traditionally called bog iron.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA limonic horizon:\n\nhas ≥ 50% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features that are\n\nblack, surrounded by lighter-coloured material, or\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material or\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the matrix of the directly underlying layer; and\n\nthe oximorphic features are one or both of the following:\n\npredominantly on (former) biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are or were present, predominantly on or adjacent to (former) aggregate surfaces; or\nunderlain by a layer with ≥ 95% (by exposed area) reductimorphic features that have the following Munsell colours, moist:\n\na hue of N, 10Y, GY, G, BG, B or PB; or\na hue of 2.5Y or 5Y and a chroma of ≤ 2; and\n\n\nis cemented with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented in ≥ 25% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas ≥ 2.5% Fedith + Mndith (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 2.5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nLimonic horizons show the typical characteristics of layers with gleyic properties and oximorphic features. In addition, they are at least partially cemented.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nLimonic horizons develop in layers with gleyic properties and oximorphic features. The process of groundwater ascent may be active or relict. Limonic horizons differ from tsitelic horizons, which are non-cemented and, if fine-textured, have a low bulk density. Limonic horizons, especially if with Mn oxides, may resemble spodic horizons, but typically lack the Al translocation required for spodic horizons. However, limonic horizons may overlap with spodic horizons, especially with the lower part of the spodic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.20 Mollic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a relatively thick, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA mollic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\nsingle or in combination, in ≥ 50% (by volume):\n\nsoil aggregate structure with an average aggregate size of ≤ 10 cm; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices; and\n\n≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\none of the following:\n\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 3 moist; or\nall of the following:\n\na sum of calcium carbonate equivalent and gypsum of ≥ 15 and < 40%; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 1% soil organic carbon; or\n\nall of the following:\n\na sum of calcium carbonate equivalent and gypsum of ≥ 40% and/or a texture class of loamy sand or coarser; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 5 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 2.5% soil organic carbon; and\n\n\nif a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the mollic horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4, moist, ≥ 0.6% (absolute) more soil organic carbon than this layer; and\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50% on a weighted average; and\na thickness of one of the following:\n\n≥ 10 cm if directly overlying continuous rock, technic hard material or a cryic, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsicor petroplinthic horizon; or\n≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nA mollic horizon may easily be identified by its dark colour, caused by the accumulation of organic matter, in most cases a well-developed structure (usually a granular or subangular blocky structure), an indication of high base saturation (e.g. pHwater > 6), and its thickness.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe base saturation of ≥ 50% separates the mollic horizon from the umbric horizon, which is otherwise similar. The upper limit of the content of soil organic carbon is 20%, which is the lower limit for organic material.\nA special type of mollic horizon is the chernic horizon. It requires a higher content of soil organic carbon, a lower chroma, a better developed soil structure, a minimum content of fine earth and a greater minimum thickness.\nSome hortic, irragric, pretic or terric horizons may also qualify as mollic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.21 Natric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA natric horizon (from Arabic natroon, salt) is a dense subsurface horizon with a distinctly higher clay content than in the overlying horizon(s). It has a high content of exchangeable Na and in some cases, a relatively high content of exchangeable Mg.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA natric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of loamy sand or finer and ≥ 8% clay; and\none or both of the following:\n\nhas an overlying coarser-textured layer with all of the following:\n\nthe coarser-textured layer is not separated from the natric horizon by a lithic discontinuity; and\nif the coarser-textured layer directly overlies the natric horizon, its lowermost sublayer does not form part of a plough layer; and\nif the coarser-textured layer does not directly overlie the natric horizon, the transitional horizon between the coarser-textured layer and the natric horizon has a thickness of ≤ 15 cm; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has < 15% clay, the natric horizon has ≥ 6% (absolute) more clay; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 15 and < 50% clay, the ratio of clay in the natric horizon to that of the coarser-textured layer is ≥ 1.4; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 50% clay, the natric horizon has ≥  20% (absolute) more clay; or\n\nhas evidence of illuvial clay in one or more of the following forms:\n\nclay bridges connecting ≥ 15% of the sand grains; or\nclay coatings covering ≥ 15% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, coarse fragments and/or biopore walls; or\nin thin sections, oriented clay bodies (pure or interlayered with silt layers) that constitute ≥ 1% of the section and that have not been transported laterally after they had been formed; or\na ratio of fine clay to total clay in the natric horizon greater by ≥ 1.2 times than the ratio in the overlying coarser-textured layer; and\n\n\nhas one or more of the following:\n\na columnar or prismatic structure in some part of the horizon; or\nboth of the following:\n\nan angular or subangular blocky structure; and\npenetrations of an overlying coarser-textured layer, in which there are uncoated sand and/or coarse silt grains, extending ≥ 2.5 cm into the natric horizon; and\n\n\nhas one of the following:\n\nan exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥ 15 throughout the entire natric horizon or its upper 40 cm, whichever is thinner; or\nboth of the following,\n\nmore exchangeable Mg plus Na than Ca plus exchange acidity (buffered at pH 8.2) throughout the entire natric horizon or its upper 40 cm, whichever is thinner; and\nan exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥ 15 in some subhorizon starting ≤ 50 cm below the upper limit of the natric horizon; and\n\n\nhas a thickness of one-tenth or more of the thickness of the overlying mineral material, if present, and one of the following:\n\n≥ 7.5 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella) if the natric horizon has a texture class of sandy loam or finer; or\n≥ 15 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella).\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe colour of many natric horizons ranges from brown to black, especially in the upper part, but lighter colours or yellow to red colours may also be found. The structure is usually coarse columnar or coarse prismatic, in places blocky. Rounded tops of the aggregates are characteristic. In many cases, they are covered by a whitish powder coming from the overlying eluvial horizon.\nBoth colour and structural characteristics depend on the composition of the exchangeable cations and the soluble salt content in the underlying layers. Often, thick and dark-coloured clay coatings occur, especially in the upper part of the horizon. Many natric horizons have poor soil aggregate stability and very low permeability under wet conditions. When dry, the rupture-resistance class of the natric horizon is at least hard. Soil reaction is commonly strongly alkaline with pHwater ≥ 8.5.\n\n\nAdditional information\nAnother measure to characterize the natric horizon is the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), which is ≥ 13. The SAR is calculated from soil solution data (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ given in mmolc/litre): SAR = Na+/[(Ca2+ + Mg2+)/2]0.5.\nIn micromorphological studies, natric horizons have a specific fabric. The low structural stability is shown by a pore system with many vesicles and vughs. Pedofeatures consist of layered silt and clay cappings, coatings and infillings; clay intercalations and fragments of clay coatings in the groundmass, due to partial structure collapse.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe surface horizon may be rich in organic matter, have a thickness from a few centimetres to > 25 cm and may be a mollic or chernic horizon. An albic horizon may be present between the surface and the natric horizon.\nFrequently, a salt-affected layer occurs below the natric horizon. The salt influence may extend into the natric horizon, which then becomes saline as well. Salts present may be chlorides, sulfates or carbonates/bicarbonates.\nThe high ESP of the humus-illuvial part of the natric horizon separates it from the sombric horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.22 Nitic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA nitic horizon (from Latin nitidus, shiny) is a clay-rich subsurface horizon. It has moderately to strongly developed blocky structure breaking to polyhedral or flat-edged elements with many shiny pressure faces.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA nitic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 30% clay; and\nhas, single or in combination:\n\nmoderate to strong angular or subangular blocky structure, breaking into polyhedral or flat-edged second-level structure with pressure faces (shiny surfaces) at ≥ 25% of the surfaces of the soil aggregates of the second-level structure; or\npolyhedral structure with pressure faces (shiny surfaces) at ≥ 25% of the surfaces of the soil aggregates; and\n\nhas all of the following:\n\n≥ 4% Fedith (‘free iron’); and\n≥ 0.2% Feox (‘active iron’); and\na ratio between Feox and Fedith of ≥ 0.05; and\n\ndoes not form part of a plinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 30 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA nitic horizon has ≥ 30% clay but may feel loamy. Little difference in clay content compared to the overlying and the underlying horizon and a gradual or diffuse distinctness of the horizon boundaries are typical. Similarly, there is no abrupt colour difference to the horizons directly above and below. The colours are of low value with a hue often 2.5YR, moist, but sometimes redder or yellower. The structure is moderate to strong blocky, breaking into polyhedral or flat-edged elements showing shiny pressure faces. In addition, clay coatings may be found. Nitic horizons do not show reducing conditions but may show relict oximorphic features, e.g., concretions and nodules of Fe and Mn oxides.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIn many nitic horizons, the CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) is < 36 cmolc kg-1 clay, or even < 24 cmolc kg-1 clay. The sum of exchangeable bases (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) plus exchangeable Al (by 1 M KCl, unbuffered) is about half of the CEC. The moderate to low CEC reflects the dominance of 1:1 clay minerals (either kaolinite and/or [meta-]halloysite). Many nitic horizons have a ratio of water-dispersible clay to total clay of < 0.1. Through the microscope, the birefringent fabric may be striated. Clay coatings, if present, normally form fine coatings around aggregates or may be incorporated into the matrix.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe nitic horizon may be considered as a strongly expressed cambic horizon with specific properties such as a high amount of oxalate-extractable (active) iron. Nitic horizons may show clay coatings and may satisfy the requirements of an argic horizon, although the clay content in the nitic horizon is not much higher than in the overlying horizon. Its mineralogy (kaolinitic/[meta]halloysitic) sets it apart from most vertic horizons, which have a dominantly smectitic mineralogy and usually occur in climates with a more pronounced dry season. However, nitic horizons may grade laterally into vertic horizons in lower landscape positions. The well-expressed soil structure, the high amount of oxalate-extractable iron, and in some cases, the intermediate CEC in nitic horizons set them apart from ferralic horizons. Nitic horizons strongly differ from cohesic horizons, which may also be rich in clay. Nitic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.23 Panpaic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA panpaic horizon (from Quechua p’anpay, to bury) is a buried mineral surface horizon with a significant amount of organic matter formed before having been buried. It is considered a diagnostic horizon, although the process of burying is a geological process and not a soil-forming process.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA panpaic horizon is a buried surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 0.2% soil organic carbon; and\na content of soil organic carbon ≥ 25% (relative) and ≥ 0.2% (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; and\na lithic discontinuity at its upper limit; and\na thickness of ≥ 5 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome panpaic horizons also meet the criteria of the chernic, mollic or umbric horizon. They differ from the sombric horizon that has no lithic discontinuity at its upper limit. A panpaic horizon may form part of layers of fluvic material.\n\n\n\n3.1.24 Petrocalcic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petrocalcic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and Latin calx, lime) is cemented by calcium carbonate and in some places, by magnesium carbonate as well. It is either massive or platy in nature and has a very high penetration resistance.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petrocalcic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas very strong effervescence after adding a 1 M HCl solution; and\nis cemented, at least partially by secondary carbonates, with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil), and\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of one of the following\n\n≥ 1 cm if it is laminar and rests directly on continuous rock; or\n≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nPetrocalcic horizons occur as non-platy calcrete (either massive or nodular) or as platy calcrete, of which the following types are the most common:\nLamellar calcrete: superimposed, separate, petrified layers varying in thickness from a few millimetres to several centimetres. The colour is generally white or pink.\nPetrified lamellar calcrete: one or several extremely petrified layers, grey or pink in colour. They are generally more cemented than the lamellar calcrete and very massive (no fine lamellar structures, but coarse lamellar structures may be present).\nNon-capillary pores in petrocalcic horizons are filled, and the hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow to very slow.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn arid regions, petrocalcic horizons may occur in association with (petro-)duric horizons, into which they may grade laterally. The cementing agent differentiates petrocalcic and (petro-)duric horizons. In petrocalcic horizons, calcium and some magnesium carbonate constitute the main cementing agent while some accessory silica may be present. In (petro-)duric horizons, silica is the main cementing agent, with or without calcium carbonate. Petrocalcic horizons also occur in association with gypsic or petrogypsic horizons. Horizons with a significant accumulation of secondary carbonates without continuous cementation qualify as calcic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.25 Petroduric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petroduric horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and Latin durus, hard), also known as duripan (United States) or dorbank (South Africa), is a subsurface horizon, usually reddish or reddish brown in colour, that is cemented mainly by illuvial secondary silica (SiO2, presumably opal and microcrystalline forms of silica). Calcium carbonate may be present as a supplementary cementing agent.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petroduric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 1% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary silica of any size and any cementation class) accumulation of visible secondary silica; and\nboth of the following:\n\nwhen air-dry, < 50% (by volume) slake in 1 M HCl, even after prolonged soaking, and\nwhen air-dry, ≥ 50% (by volume) slake in hot concentrated KOH or hot concentrated NaOH, at least if alternating with 1 M HCl; and\n\nis cemented, at least partially by secondary silica, with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, both before and after treatment with acid; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil); and\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 1 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe identification of secondary silica is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.27). Effervescence after applying 1 M HCl may take place but is mostly not as vigorous as in petrocalcic horizons, which appear similar. In very dry environments, the petroduric horizons commonly are platy. In less dry environments, vertical fractures are more common. It has usually a high penetration resistance.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIf both silica and carbonates are present as cementing agents, the petroduric horizon will only slake if hot concentrated KOH or NaOH (to dissolve the silica) are alternated with HCl (to dissolve the carbonates). If carbonates are absent, KOH or NaOH alone will be able to slake the petroduric horizon.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn arid climates, petroduric horizons may occur in association with petrocalcic horizons, into which they may grade laterally, and/or occur in conjunction with calcic or gypsic horizons. Remnants of a petroduric horizon or durinodes constitute a duric horizon. Petroduric horizons may develop from volcanic ashes and may be overlain by layers with andic or vitric properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.26 Petrogypsic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petrogypsic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and gypsos, gypsum) is a cemented horizon containing accumulations of secondary gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O).\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petrogypsic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\n1. has ≥ 40% gypsum (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas ≥ 1% (by exposed area) visible secondary gypsum; and\nis cemented, at least partially by secondary gypsum, with a cementation class of at least extremely weakly cemented; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil);\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 1 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nPetrogypsic horizons are cemented, whitish and composed predominantly of gypsum. Old petrogypsic horizons may be capped by a thin, laminar layer of newly precipitated gypsum. How to recognize secondary gypsum is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.26).\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe recommended procedure to determine gypsum in the laboratory (Annex 2, Chapter 9.10) also extracts anhydrite, which is considered to be mainly primary.\nIn thin sections, the petrogypsic horizon shows a a groundmass composed of interlocked gypsum crystals with a hypidiotopic or xenotopic fabric, mixed with varying amounts of detrital material.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nAs the petrogypsic horizon develops from a gypsic horizon, the two are closely related. Petrogypsic horizons frequently occur in association with (petro-)calcic horizons. Accumulations of calcium carbonate and gypsum usually occupy different positions in the soil profile because the solubility of calcium carbonate is less than that of gypsum. Normally, they can be distinguished clearly from each other by their morphology (see calcic horizon).\n\n\n\n3.1.27 Petroplinthic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petroplinthic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and plinthos, brick) is a continuous or fractured layer of cemented material, in which Fe (and in some cases also Mn) (hydr-)oxides are an important cement and in which organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. It has formed by continuous cementation of a plinthic or pisoplinthic horizon. Advanced crystallization of the oxides causes a very high penetration resistance. Traditional names for horizons similar to the petroplinthic horizon are ‘laterite’ or ‘ironstone’.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petroplinthic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nconsists of oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are at least partially interconnected and have a reddish, yellowish and/or blackish colour; and\nhas one or both of the following:\n\n≥ 2.5% Fedith (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); or\n≥ 10% Fedith in the oximorphic features; and\n\nhas a ratio between Feox and Fedith of < 0.1 in the fine earth or in the oximorphic features; and\nis cemented with a cementation class of at least strongly cemented; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil); and\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nPetroplinthic horizons are extremely hard (high penetration resistance) and typically rusty brown to yellowish brown. They are either massive or show an interconnected nodular pattern that encloses material with a lower penetration resistance. They may be fractured. Roots are generally found only in vertical fractures. Penetration resistance is ≥ 4.5 MPa in ≥ 50% of the volume of the fine earth. From this value upwards, the rupture resistance will not sink upon wetting (see Asiamah 2000).\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe ratio between Feox and Fedith has been estimated from data given by Varghese and Byju (1993).\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nPetroplinthic horizons are closely associated with plinthic and pisoplinthic horizons from which they develop. In some places, plinthic horizons can be traced by following petroplinthic layers that have formed, for example, in road cuts.\nThe low ratio between Feox and Fedith separates the petroplinthic horizon from cemented spodic horizons (Ortsteinic or Placic qualifiers), which in addition contain mostly a fair amount of organic matter. Limonic horizons also have higher ratios.\n\n\n\n3.1.28 Pisoplinthic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA pisoplinthic horizon (from Latin pisum, pea, and Greek plinthos, brick) contains a large amount of concretions and/or nodules that are at least moderately cemented by Fe (and in some cases also by Mn) (hydr-)oxides. It may also contain remnants of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA pisoplinthic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 40% of its volume (related to the whole soil) occupied by, single or in combination,\n\nyellowish, reddish and/or blackish concretions and/or nodules; or\nremnants of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon, with a diameter of > 2 mm and a cementation class of at least moderately cemented; and\n\ndoes not form part of a petroplinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nA pisoplinthic horizon results, when discrete concretions and/or nodules of a plinthic horizon reach a certain percentage and a cementation class of at least moderately cemented. The cementation class and the amount of concretions and/or nodules separate it from the ferric horizon. If the concretions and/or nodules are sufficiently interconnected, the pisoplinthic horizon becomes a petroplinthic horizon. A pisoplinthic horizon may also be formed by the fracturing of a petroplinthic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.29 Plaggic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA plaggic horizon (from Low German plaggen, sod) is a black or brown mineral surface horizon that results from human activity. Mostly in nutrient-poor soils in the north-western part of Central Europe from Medieval times until the introduction of mineral fertilizers at the beginning of the 20th century, sod and other topsoil materials were commonly used for bedding livestock. The sods consist of grassy, herbaceous or dwarf-shrub vegetation, its root mats and organic and mineral soil sticking to them. The mixture of sods and excrements was later spread on fields. The material brought in eventually produced an appreciably thickened horizon (in places > 100 cm thick) that is rich in soil organic carbon. Base saturation is typically low.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA plaggic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of sand, loamy sand, sandy loam or loam, or a combination of them; and\none or more of the following:\n\ncontains artefacts, but < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil); or\nhas ≥ 100 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract in the upper 20 cm; or\nhas in its lower part spade or hook marks, remnants of a plough layer or other evidence of former agricultural activity; and\n\nhas a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 4 moist; and\nhas ≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\nhas a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 50%, unless the soil has been limed or received mineral fertilizers; and\nshows evidence that the land surface has been raised; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe plaggic horizon has brownish or blackish colours, related to the origin of source materials. It may contain artefacts, but less than 20%. Its reaction is mostly slightly to strongly acid. The pH may have risen due to recent liming but seldom reaching a high base saturation. It may show evidence of old agricultural operations in its lower part, such as spade or hook marks as well as old plough layers. Plaggic horizons commonly overlie buried soils although the original surface layers may be mixed with the plaggen. In some cases, ditches have been made in the buried soil as a cultivation mode for soil improvement. The lower boundary is typically clear to abrupt.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe texture class is in most cases sand or loamy sand. Sandy loam and loam are rare. The soil organic carbon may include carbon added with the plaggen. 100 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract (same value as for pretic horizons) roughly correspond to 143 mg kg-1 P or 327 mg kg-1 P2O5 in 1% citric acid (Kabała et al. 2018). Originally, the plaggic horizon has a low base saturation. If limed or fertilized, this criterion is waived.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nAfter liming, some plaggic horizons may fulfil the criteria of the terric horizon, but terric horizons usually have a higher animal activity. Some plaggic horizons may contain black carbon and also fulfil the criteria of the pretic horizon. Some plaggic horizons may also qualify as umbric or even as mollic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.30 Plinthic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA plinthic horizon (from Greek plinthos, brick) is a subsurface horizon that is rich in Fe (in some cases also Mn) (hydr-)oxides and poor in humus. The clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite, together with other products of strong weathering, such as gibbsite. It may contain quartz. The plinthic horizon has formed by redox processes, usually caused by stagnant water, which may be active or relict, and shows redoximorphic features. The plinthic horizon is not continuously cemented. On exposure to repeated drying and wetting with free access to oxygen, the oxides become more crystallized leading to a continuously cemented horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA plinthic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas in ≥ 15% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are black or have a redder hue and a higher chroma than the surrounding material; and\none or more of the following:\n\nhas ≥ 2.5% Fedith (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); or\nhas ≥ 10% Fedith in the oximorphic features; or\nchanges irreversibly to a continuously cemented horizon with a cementation class of at least strongly cemented after repeated drying and wetting; and\n\nhas a ratio between Feox and Fedith of < 0.1 in the fine earth or in the oximorphic features; and\ndoes not form part of a petroplinthic or pisoplinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA plinthic horizon shows prominent redoximorphic features. In a perennially moist soil, many of the oximorphic features are non-cemented or have a low cementation class and can be cut with a spade.\n\n\nAdditional information\nMicromorphological studies may reveal the extent of impregnation of the soil mass by Fe (hydr-)oxides. In many plinthic horizons, prolonged reducing conditions are not present anymore.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIf the concretions and nodules of the plinthic horizon become at least moderately cemented and reach ≥ 40% of the exposed area, the plinthic horizon becomes a pisoplinthic horizon. If the plinthic horizon becomes continuously cemented, the plinthic horizon becomes a petroplinthic horizon.\nIf the oximorphic features do not reach 15% of the exposed area, it may be a ferric horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.31 Pretic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA pretic horizon (from Portuguese preto, black) is a mineral surface horizon that results from human activities with the addition of black carbon, especially charcoal. It is characterized by its dark colour, usually the presence of artefacts (ceramic fragments, lithic instruments, bone or shell tools etc.) and high contents of organic carbon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients (mainly zinc and manganese), usually contrasting with natural soils in the surrounding area. It contains remnants of black carbon, which may be recognized visually or by chemical analyses.\nPretic horizons are for example widespread in the Amazon Basin, where they are the result of pre-Columbian activities and have persisted over many centuries despite the prevailing humid tropical conditions generally causing high organic matter mineralization rates. These soils with a pretic horizon are known as ‘Terra Preta de Indio’ or ‘Amazonian Dark Earths’. They generally have high organic carbon stocks. Many of them are dominated by low-activity clays.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA pretic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\na Munsell colour value of ≤ 4 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\nexchangeable Ca plus Mg (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 1 cmolc kg-1 fine earth; and\n≥ 100 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract; and\none or both of the following:\n\n≥ 1% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus black carbon of any size) visible black carbon; or\nboth of the following\n\n≥ 0.3% carbon belonging to molecules of black carbon, determined by chemical analyses; and\na ratio between carbon belonging to molecules of black carbon and total organic carbon of ≥ 0.15, determined by chemical analyses; and\n\n\none or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nAdditional information\nBlack carbon is an artefact only if it is intentionally manufactured by humans. The minimum soil organic carbon content (criterion 2) must be fulfilled without the artefacts.\nP in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly is the double of the values obtained in the Mehlich-1 extract (Kabała et al. 2018), which was the requirement in the 3rd edition of WRB. Additionally, compared to the 3rd edition, the value was increased from 30 to 50 (Mehlich-1) or from 60 to 100 (Mehlich-3) mg kg-1.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome pretic horizons may also fulfil the criteria of the plaggic horizon and, especially in their upper parts, the criteria of the hortic horizon. Some pretic horizons may qualify as mollic or umbric horizons. Old charcoal hearths usually fail the P criterion of the pretic horizon. They do not fit into the concept of the pretic horizon, are characterized by the Carbonic and the Pyric qualifier, and many of them are Technosols.\n\n\n\n3.1.32 Protovertic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA protovertic horizon (from Greek proton, first, and Latin vertere, to turn) has swelling and shrinking clay minerals.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA protovertic horizon consists of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 30% clay; and\none or more of the following:\n\nwedge-shaped soil aggregates in ≥ 10% (by volume); or\nslickensides on ≥ 5% of the surfaces of soil aggregates; or\nshrink-swell cracks; or\na coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of ≥ 0.06; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nWedge-shaped soil aggregates and slickensides (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.10 and 8.4.14) may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a second-level structure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIf the swelling and shrinking is more prominent (or the layer is thicker) the protovertic horizon grades into a vertic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.33 Salic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA salic horizon (from Latin sal, salt) is a surface horizon or a subsurface horizon at a shallow depth that contains high amounts of readily soluble salts, i.e. salts more soluble than gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O; log Ks = -4.85 at 25 °C).\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA salic horizon has:\n\nat some time of the year\n\nif the pHwater of the saturation extract is ≥ 8.5, an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of ≥ 8 dS m-1 measured at 25 °C and a product of thickness (in centimetres) and ECe (in dS m-1) of ≥ 240; or\nan electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of ≥ 15 dS m-1 measured at 25 °C and a product of thickness (in centimetres) and ECe (in dS m-1) of ≥ 450; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm (combined thickness if there are superimposed subhorizons meeting criteria 1.a and 1.b).\n\n\n\nField identification\nHalophytes (e.g. some species of Salicornia, Tamarix and Suaeda) and salt-tolerant crops are first indicators. Salt-affected layers are often puffy. Salts precipitate only after evaporation of most soil moisture; if the soil is moist, salt may not be visible.\nSalts may precipitate at the soil surface (external Solonchaks) or at depth (internal Solonchaks). A salt crust, if present, may be part of the salic horizon.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIn alkaline carbonate soils, an ECe at 25 °C of ≥ 8 dS m-1 and a pHwater of ≥ 8.5 are very common. Salic horizons may consist of organic or mineral material.\n\n\n\n3.1.34 Sombric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA sombric horizon (from French sombre, dark) is a dark-coloured subsurface horizon containing more organic matter than the directly overlying horizon. It has no lithic discontinuity at its upper limit and is neither associated with Al nor dispersed by Na.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA sombric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 0.2% soil organic carbon; and\nhas a content of soil organic carbon ≥ 25% (relative) and ≥ 0.2% (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; and\ndoes not have a lithic discontinuity at its upper limit and does not form part of a natric or spodic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nSombric horizons are found in dark-coloured subsoils, in many cases associated with well-drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions. They resemble buried horizons but, in contrast to many of these, sombric horizons more or less follow the shape of the soil surface. They have a lower Munsell colour value than the directly overlying horizon and commonly a low base saturation.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThere are two important theories about the genesis of sombric horizons (Almeida, Lunardi Neto, and Vidal-Torrado 2015).\nFirst theory: The higher content of organic matter is illuvial, but neither associated with Al nor with Na. In this case, coatings of organic matter at soil aggregate surfaces and pore walls as well as illuvial organic matter in thin sections are found.\nSecond theory: The higher content of organic matter is residual. A moister climate and a higher plant biomass (e.g. forest) formed thick A horizons. Afterwards, climate became drier, the upper part of the old A horizon underwent an intense mineralization, while the residues of the current vegetation, poorer in biomass (e.g. savannah), form only a thin A horizon. At greater depth, mineralization is slower, and the lower part of the old A horizon is preserved, especially if climate is cool and base saturation low.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSombric horizons may coincide with argic, cambic, ferralic or nitic horizons. Contrary to panpaic horizons, sombric horizons have no lithic discontinuity at their upper limit. Spodic horizons are differentiated from sombric horizons by their much higher CEC of the clay fraction. The humus-illuvial part of natric horizons has a higher clay content, a high Na saturation and a specific structure, which separates them from sombric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.35 Spodic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA spodic horizon (from Greek spodos, wood ash) is a subsurface horizon that contains illuvial substances. In most spodic horizons, the appearance of the upper subhorizons is characterized by dark illuvial organic matter and that of the lower subhorizons by intensely coloured illuvial Fe oxides. Some spodic horizons, however, show either little illuviation of Fe or little illuviation of organic matter. In all spodic horizons, illuviated Al can be proven analytically. The illuvial materials are characterized by a high pH-dependent charge, a relatively large surface area and an elevated water retention. An overlying eluvial horizon may intrude with tongues into the spodic horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA spodic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a pH (1:1 in water) of < 5.9, unless the soil has been limed or fertilized; and\nhas a subhorizon with an Alox value that is ≥ 1.5 times that of the lowest Alox value of all the mineral layers above the spodic horizon; and\nhas in its uppermost 1 cm one or both of the following:\n\n≥ 0.5% soil organic carbon; or\na Munsell colour chroma of ≥ 6, moist, in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; and\n\nhas one or more subhorizons with the following Munsell colours, moist, in ≥ 90% of their exposed area:\n\na hue of 5YR or redder; or\na hue of 7.5YR and a value of ≤ 5; or\na hue of 10YR and a value and a chroma of ≤ 2; or\na hue of 10YR and a chroma of ≥ 6; or\na colour of 10YR 3/1; or\na hue of N and a value of ≤ 2; and\n\none or more of the following:\n\nis overlain by claric material that is not separated from the spodic horizon by a lithic discontinuity and that overlies the spodic horizon either directly or above a transitional horizon that has a thickness of one-tenth or less of the overlying claric material; or\n≥ 10% of the sand grains of the horizon show cracked coatings; or\nhas a subhorizon that is cemented with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented in ≥ 50% of its horizontal extension; or\nhas a subhorizon with an Alox + ½Feox value of ≥ 0.5% that is ≥ 2 times that of the lowest Alox + ½Feox value of all the mineral layers above the spodic horizon; and\n\ndoes not form part of a natric horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 2.5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nMany spodic horizons underly claric material and have brownish-black to reddish-brown colours, which often fade downwards. The shape of many spodic horizons is wavy, irregular, or broken. Spodic horizons may be (partially) cemented. Thin and relatively continuous cementations are indicated by the Placic qualifier and thicker and/or less continuous cementations by the Ortsteinic qualifier. Spodic horizons may extend further down in ribbon-like accumulations, which are not included in the calculation of the minimum thickness.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThere may be a hortic, plaggic, terric or umbric horizon above the spodic horizon, with or without claric material in between.\nSpodic horizons in volcanic materials may exhibit andic properties as well. Spodic horizons in other materials may exhibit some characteristics of the andic properties, but normally have a higher bulk density. For classification purposes, the presence of a spodic horizon, unless buried deeper than 50 cm, is given preference over the occurrence of andic properties.\nSome layers with andic properties resemble spodic horizons, if they are covered by relatively young, light-coloured volcanic ejecta that satisfy the requirements of claric material. There is a lithic discontinuity in between, which excludes them from being spodic horizons. This can be further proven by the following analyses: The uppermost 2.5 cm of the spodic horizon have a Cpy/OC and a Cf/Cpy of ≥ 0.5. Cpy, Cf and OC are pyrophosphate-extractable C, fulvic acid C and organic C, respectively (Ito et al. 1991).\nLimonic and tsitelic horizons may resemble spodic horizons, but lack the translocation of Al. However, limonic horizons may overlap with spodic horizons, especially with the lower part of the spodic horizon.\nSimilar to many spodic horizons, sombric horizons also contain more organic matter than an overlying layer. They can be differentiated from each other by the clay mineralogy. Kaolinite usually dominates in sombric horizons, whereas the clay fraction of spodic horizons commonly contains significant amounts of vermiculite and Al-interlayered chlorite.\nPlinthic horizons, which contain large amounts of accumulated Fe, have less Feox than spodic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.36 Terric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA terric horizon (from Latin terra, earth) is a mineral surface horizon that develops through addition of mineral material or a combination of mineral material and organic residues, for example, fertile mineral soil, compost, calcareous beach sands, loess or mud. It may contain stones, randomly sorted and distributed. In most cases, it is built up gradually over a long period of time. Occasionally, terric horizons are created by single additions of material. Normally the added material is mixed with the original topsoil.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA terric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and:\n\nshows evidence of addition of material substantially different from the environment, where it has been placed; and\ncontains, if any, < 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil) artefacts; and\nhas ≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\nhas a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50%; and\nshows evidence that the land surface has been raised; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nTerric horizons show characteristics related to the source material, e.g. in colour. Buried soils may be observed at the base of the horizon although mixing can obscure the contact. Soils with a terric horizon show a raised surface that may be inferred either from field observation or from historical records. The terric horizon is not homogeneous, but subhorizons are thoroughly mixed. It commonly contains a small amount of artefacts such as pottery fragments, cultural debris and refuse, that are typically very small (< 1 cm in diameter) and very abraded.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome terric horizons may also fulfil the criteria of anthropogenic horizons with stronger alterations, like the hortic, plaggic or the pretic horizon. Most hortic horizons show more and most plaggic horizons less soil animal activity than the terric horizon. The pretic horizons contain black carbon. Some terric horizons may qualify as mollic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.37 Thionic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA thionic horizon (from Greek theion, sulfur) is an extremely acid subsurface horizon in which sulfuric acid is formed through oxidation of sulfides.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA thionic horizon has:\n\na pH (1:1 by mass in water, or in a minimum of water to permit measurement) of < 4; and\none or more of the following:\n\naccumulations of iron or aluminium sulfate or hydroxysulfate minerals, predominantly on or adjacent to surfaces of soil aggregates; or\ndirect superposition on sulfidic material; or\n≥ 0.05% water-soluble sulfate; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThionic horizons generally exhibit pale yellow jarosite or yellowish-brown schwertmannite accumulations on or adjacent to surfaces of soil aggregates. Soil reaction is extremely acid; pHwater of 3.5 is quite common. While mostly associated with recent sulfidic coastal sediments, thionic horizons may also develop inland in sulfidic materials that may be present either in natural deposits or in artefacts such as mine spoil.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIron or aluminium sulfate or hydroxysulfate minerals include jarosite, natrojarosite, schwertmannite, sideronatrite and tamarugite. Thionic horizons may consist of organic or mineral material.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nA thionic horizon often underlies a horizon with strongly expressed stagnic properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.38 Tsitelic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA tsitelic horizon (from Georgian tsiteli, red) shows a lateral accumulation of Fe. It is usually found on lower slopes or in depressions. Stagnosols and Planosols occur upslope in inclined positions and have lost reduced Fe by lateral subsurface water flow. Further down, the reduced Fe gets in contact with atmospheric oxygen, is oxidized and accumulates in subsurface horizons starting usually at shallow depths. They are rich in oxalate-extractable Fe, which gives the tsitelic horizons a homogeneous reddish colour.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA tsitelic horizon consists of mineral material and\n\nhas ≥ 1% Feox; and\nhas a ratio between Feox and Fedith of ≥ 0.5; and\nhas Alox < Feox; and\nhas a Munsell colour chroma of ≥ 4, moist; and\ndoes not show reductimorphic features; and\ndoes not form part of a limonic or spodic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe accumulation of ferrihydrites causes a homogeneous reddish colour and, if the horizon is fine-textured, a low bulk density and some thixotropy.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nTsitelic horizons may resemble spodic horizons of Rustic Podzols but lack the translocation of Al that is required for spodic horizons. If showing low bulk density and thixotropy, they may give the impression of andic properties, but they have neither a significant amount of allophanes and imogolites nor of Al-humus complexes. Contrary to most horizons with andic properties, tsitelic horizons show more Fe than Al in the oxalate extract. Layers with oximorphic features caused by gleyic properties may also look similar to tsitelic horizons. While in layers with gleyic properties, the oxides are predominantly found at soil aggregate surfaces, the oxides in tsitelic horizons fill the entire soil matrix homogeneously. Tsitelic horizons distinguish well from limonic horizons, which are (at least partially) cemented.\n\n\n\n3.1.39 Umbric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a relatively thick, dark-coloured surface horizon with a low base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn umbric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\nsingle or in combination, in ≥ 50% (by volume):\n\nsoil aggregate structure with an average aggregate size of ≤ 10 cm; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices; and\n\n≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\none or both of the following:\n\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 3 moist; or\nall of the following:\n\na texture class of loamy sand or coarser; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 5 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 2.5% soil organic carbon;\n\n\nif a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the umbric horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4, moist, ≥ 0.6% (absolute) more soil organic carbon than this layer; and\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 50% on a weighted average; and\na thickness of one of the following:\n\n≥ 10 cm if directly overlying continuous rock, technic hard material or a cryic, petroduric or petroplinthic horizon; or\n≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe main field characteristics of an umbric horizon are its dark colour and its structure. In general, umbric horizons tend to have a lesser grade of soil structure than mollic horizons.\nMost umbric horizons have an acid reaction (pHwater < 5.5), which usually indicates a base saturation of < 50%. An additional indication for strong acidity is a shallow, horizontal rooting pattern in the absence of a physical barrier.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe base saturation requirement sets the umbric horizon apart from the mollic horizon, which is otherwise similar. The upper limit of the content of soil organic carbon is 20%, which is the lower limit for organic material.\nSome irragric and plaggic horizons may also qualify as umbric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.40 Vertic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA vertic horizon (from Latin vertere, to turn) is a clay-rich subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has slickensides and wedge-shaped soil aggregates.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA vertic horizon consists of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 30% clay; and\none or both of the following:\n\na. in ≥ 20% (by volume), wedge-shaped soil aggregates with a longitudinal axis tilted between ≥ 10° and ≤ 60° from the horizontal; or\nslickensides on ≥ 10% of the surfaces of soil aggregates; and\n\nshrink-swell cracks; and\na thickness of ≥ 25 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nVertic horizons are clay-rich and, when dry, often have a rupture-resistance class of at least hard. Polished, shiny surfaces with striations (slickensides), often at sharp angles, are distinctive.\nWedge-shaped soil aggregates and slickensides (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.10 and 8.4.14) may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a second-level structure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE, see Annex 2, Chapter 9.6) is usually ≥ 0.06.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSeveral other diagnostic horizons may also have high clay contents, e.g., the argic, natric and nitic horizon. Most of them lack the characteristics typical for the vertic horizon. However, they may be laterally linked in the landscape with vertic horizons, the latter usually taking up the lowest position. Less pronounced swelling and shrinking of clay minerals leads to a protovertic horizon.", + "section": "", + "text": "3.1.1 Albic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn albic horizon (from Latin albus, white) is a light-coloured horizon overlying an argic, natric, plinthic or spodic horizon or forming part of a layer with stagnic properties. It has low contents of Fe and Mn (depleted from both oxidized and reduced forms) and of organic matter, and at least one of these substances has previously been present and was lost due to clay migration, podzolization, and/or redox processes caused by water stagnation.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn albic horizon consists of mineral material and\n\nconsists of claric material;\nand\none or both of the following:\n\noverlies an argic, natric, plinthic or spodic horizon; or\nforms part of a layer with stagnic properties;\nand\n\nhas a thickness of ≥ 1 cm.\n\n\n\nAdditional information\nAlbic horizons are normally overlain by humus-enriched surface layers but may also be at the mineral soil surface as a result of erosion or artificial removal of the surface layer. Many albic horizons represent a strong expression of eluviation and are therefore called eluvial horizons. In sandy materials, albic horizons can reach considerable thickness, up to several metres, especially in humid tropical regions, and underlying diagnostic horizons may be hard to establish. Albic horizons generally have a weakly expressed soil aggregate structure, a single grain structure or a massive structure. Albic horizons are widely depleted from Fe, both the oxidized and the reduced forms, and typically do not show red colours when applying α,α-dipyridyl solution.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nWhile the albic horizon is the result of soil-forming processes, the claric material is only defined by colour criteria, and layers with claric material may or may not have undergone soil-forming processes. The definition of the albic horizon uses the argic, natric, plinthic or spodic horizon or the stagnic properties as criterion. The definitions of the spodic horizon and of the retic and stagnic properties, in turn, use the claric material as criterion.\nMany albic horizons that were formed by stagnant water do not show active reducing conditions.\n\n\n\n3.1.2 Anthraquic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn anthraquic horizon (from Greek anthropos, human being, and Latin aqua, water) is a surface horizon that results from wet-field cultivation and comprises a puddled layer and a plough pan.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn anthraquic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\na puddled layer with the following Munsell colours, moist, in ≥ 80% of its exposed area:\n\na hue of 7.5YR or yellower, a value of ≤ 4 and a chroma of ≤ 2; or\na hue of GY, B or BG and a value of ≤ 4;\nand\n\na plough pan underlying the puddled layer, with all of the following:\n\none or both of the following:\n\na platy structure in ≥ 25% of its volume; or\na massive structure in ≥ 25% of its volume;\nand\n\na bulk density higher by ≥ 10% (relative) than that of the puddled layer;\nand\noximorphic features, in ≥ 5% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class), that:\n\nare predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; and\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material;\nand\n\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nAn anthraquic horizon shows evidence of reduction and oxidation owing to flooding for part of the year. When not flooded, it is very dispersible and has a loose packing of sorted small soil aggregates. The plough pan is compact, has a platy or massive structure and a very low infiltration rate. It has a reduced matrix and yellowish-brown, brown or reddish-brown oximorphic features along cracks and root channels due to oxygen release from plant roots.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nAfter a long time of wet-field cultivation, a hydragric horizon develops under the anthraquic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.3 Argic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn argic horizon (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with a distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:\n\nan illuvial accumulation of clay mineral\npredominant pedogenic formation of clay minerals in the subsoil\ndestruction of clay minerals in the overlying horizon\nselective surface erosion of clay minerals\nupward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking\nbiological activity, or\na combination of two or more of these different processes.\n\nIron (hydr)oxides are often accumulated or formed together with clay minerals, giving the argic horizon a redder hue and/or a higher chroma.\nA clay-richer stratum overlain by a clay-poorer stratum may resemble an argic horizon. However, a textural difference due only to a lithic discontinuity does not qualify as an argic horizon. In some soils, we may have both: a clay-poorer stratum overlying a clay-richer stratum and additionally a textural differentiation caused by soil-forming processes.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn argic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of loamy sand or finer and ≥ 8% clay;\nand\none or both of the following:\n\nhas an overlying coarser-textured layer with all of the following:\n\nthe coarser-textured layer is not separated from the argic horizon by a lithic discontinuity; and\nif the coarser-textured layer directly overlies the argic horizon, its lowermost sublayer does not form part of a plough layer; and\nif the coarser-textured layer does not directly overlie the argic horizon, the transitional horizon between the coarser-textured layer and the argic horizon has a thickness of ≤ 15 cm; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has < 15% clay, the argic horizon has ≥ 6% (absolute) more clay; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 15 and < 50% clay, the ratio of clay in the argic horizon to that of the coarser-textured layer is ≥ 1.4; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 50% clay, the argic horizon has ≥ 20% (absolute) more clay;\nor\n\nhas evidence of illuvial clay in one or more of the following forms:\n\nclay bridges connecting ≥ 15% of the sand grains; or\nclay coatings covering ≥ 15% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, coarse fragments and/or biopore walls; or\nin thin sections, oriented clay bodies that constitute ≥ 1% of the section and and that have not been transported laterally after they had been formed; or\na ratio of fine clay to total clay in the argic horizon greater by ≥ 1.2 times than the ratio in the overlying coarser-textured layer;\nand\n\n\nboth of the following:\n\ndoes not form part of a natric horizon; and\ndoes not form part of a spodic horizon, unless illuvial clay is evidenced by one or more of the diagnostic criteria listed under 2.b;\nand\n\nhas a thickness of one-tenth or more of the thickness of the overlying mineral material, if present, and one of the following:\n\n≥ 7.5 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella) if the argic horizon has a texture class of sandy loam or finer; or\n≥ 15 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella).\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nTextural differentiation and the evidence of clay illuviation are the main features of argic horizons. The recognition of clay coatings and clay bridges is explained in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.23).\nIn shrink-swell soils, clay coatings at soil aggregate surfaces are easily confused with pressure faces (stress cutans). Pressure faces do not differ in colour from the original aggregate and do not occur on coarse fragments and biopore walls.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe illuvial character of an argic horizon can best be established using thin sections. Diagnostic illuvial argic horizons show areas with oriented clay bodies that constitute on average ≥ 1% of the entire cross-section. Other tests involved are particle-size distribution analysis to determine the increase in clay content over a specified depth, and the fine clay/total clay ratio. In illuvial argic horizons, the fine clay to total clay ratio is larger than in the overlying horizons, due to preferential transport of fine clay particles.\nIf the soil shows a lithic discontinuity directly over the argic horizon, or if the surface horizon has been removed by erosion, or if a plough layer directly overlies the argic horizon, then the illuvial nature must be clearly established (diagnostic criterion 2.b).\nThe argic horizon may be subdivided into several lamellae with coarser-textured layers in between.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nArgic horizons are normally situated below eluvial horizons i.e. horizons from which clay minerals have been removed, commonly together with oxides and some organic matter. Although initially formed as a subsurface horizon, argic horizons may occur at the mineral soil surface as a result of erosion or removal of the overlying horizons. Afterwards, new sediments may be added.\nSome argic horizons fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of the ferralic horizon. Ferralsols must have a ferralic horizon and may have an argic horizon as well, which may or may not overlap with the ferralic horizon; but if an argic horizon is present, it must have in its upper 30 cm: < 10% water-dispersible clay or a ΔpH (pHKCl - pHwater) ≥ 0 or ≥ 1.4% soil organic carbon.\nArgic horizons lack the sodium saturation characteristics of the natric horizon.\nArgic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.4 Calcic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated as discontinuous concentrations. The accumulation usually occurs in subsurface layers, or more rarely, in surface horizons. The calcic horizon may contain primary carbonates as well.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA calcic horizon:\n\nhas a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥ 15% (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation class);\nand\none or both of the following:\n\nmeets the diagnostic criteria of protocalcic properties; or\nhas a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥ 5% higher (absolute, related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation class) than that of an underlying layer and no lithic discontinuity between the two layers; and\n\ndoes not form part of a petrocalcic horizon;\nand\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nCalcium carbonate can be identified in the field using 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The degree of effervescence is an indication of its amount (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.25).\nSecondary carbonates are visible as usually discrete permanent accumulations (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.25). In the calcic horizon, they are predominantly non-cemented or less than moderately cemented. However, discontinuous accumulations, which are moderately or more cemented, may also occur.\nOther possible indications of a calcic horizon are:\n\nwhite, pinkish to reddish, or grey colours (if not overlapping horizons rich in organic carbon)\na low porosity (interaggregate porosity is usually less than in the horizon directly above, and possibly also less than in the horizon directly below).\n\nWhen sampling, please make sure that the sample includes the accumulations of secondary carbonates in order to obtain the laboratory data for criteria 1 and 2.b.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe determination of carbonates in the laboratory (Annex 2, Chapter 9.9) uses an acid and measures the evolved CO2. It may stem from various carbonates, but the carbonate content is calculated as if it were only from calcium carbonate. This is called the calcium carbonate equivalent.\nDetermination of the amount of calcium carbonate (by mass) and the changes of calcium carbonate content within the soil profile are the main analytical criteria for establishing the presence of a calcic horizon. Lithic discontinuities and any change of water permeability may favour the formation of secondary carbonates. Determination of pHwater enables distinction between accumulations with a basic (calcic) character (pH 8-8.7) due to the dominance of CaCO3, and those with an ultrabasic (non-calcic) character (pH > 8.7) because of the presence of Na2CO3 and/or MgCO3.\nIn addition, the analysis of thin sections may reveal the presence of calcium carbonate pedofeatures (e.g. nodules, pendents) or evidence of silicate epigenesis (calcite pseudomorphs after primary minerals), besides evidences of removal of carbonates in layers above or below the calcic horizon.\nIf the accumulation of soft carbonates is such that all or most of the soil structure and/or rock structure disappears and continuous concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, the Hypercalcic qualifier is used.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nWhen calcic horizons become continuously cemented with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented, transition takes place to the petrocalcic horizon, the expression of which may be massive or platy. A calcic horizon and a petrocalcic horizon may overlie each other.\nAccumulations of secondary carbonates, not qualifying for a calcic horizon, may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of protocalcic properties, which are fulfilled by most calcic horizons as well. Calcaric material includes primary carbonates.\nIn dry regions and in the presence of sulfate-bearing soil or groundwater solutions, calcic horizons occur associated with gypsic horizons. Calcic and gypsic horizons typically (but not always) occupy different positions in the soil profile because gypsum is more soluble than calcium carbonate, and they can normally be distinguished clearly from each other by a difference in crystal morphology. Gypsum crystals tend to be needle-shaped, usually visible to the naked eye, whereas pedogenic calcium carbonate crystals are much finer in size.\n\n\n\n3.1.5 Cambic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA cambic horizon (from Latin cambire, to change) is a subsurface horizon showing evidence of soil formation that ranges from weak to relatively strong. The cambic horizon shows soil aggregate structure at least in half of the volume of the fine earth. If the underlying layer has the same parent material, the cambic horizon usually shows higher oxide and/or clay contents than this underlying layer and/or evidence of removal of carbonates and/or gypsum. The soil formation in a cambic horizon can also be established by contrast with one of the overlying mineral horizons that are generally richer in organic matter and therefore have a darker and/or less intense colour.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA cambic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of\n\nsandy loam or finer; or\nvery fine sand or loamy very fine sand;\nand\n\nhas soil aggregate structure in ≥ 50% (by volume);\nand\nshows evidence of soil formation in one or more of the following:\n\ncompared to the directly underlying layer, not separated from the cambic horizon by a lithic discontinuity, one or more of the following:\n\nif the underlying layer has a Munsell colour hue of 5YR or redder, a hue ≥ 2.5 units yellower, else a hue ≥ 2.5 units redder, all moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na Munsell colour chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na clay content ≥ 4% (absolute) higher;\nor\n\ncompared to an overlying mineral layer, ≥ 5 cm thick and not separated from the cambic horizon by a lithic discontinuity, one or more of the following:\n\na Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na Munsell colour value ≥ 1 unit higher, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; or\na Munsell colour chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area;\nor\n\ncompared to the directly underlying layer, not showing gleyic properties and not forming part of a calcic or gypsic horizon, evidence of removal of carbonates or gypsum by one or more of the following:\n\n≥ 5% (absolute) less calcium carbonate equivalent or ≥ 5% (absolute) less gypsum and no lithic discontinuity between this underlying layer and the cambic horizon; or\nprotocalcic properties or protogypsic properties in the underlying layer but not in the cambic horizon;\nor\n\nall of the following:\n\nFedith ≥ 0.1%; and\na ratio between Feox and Fedith of ≥ 0.1; and\na Munsell colour hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y and a chroma of > 3, all moist and in ≥ 90% of its exposed area;\nand\n\n\ndoes not form part of a plough layer, does not form part of an albic, anthraquic, argic, calcic, duric, ferralic, fragic, gypsic, hortic, hydragric, irragric, limonic, mollic, natric, nitic, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsic, petroplinthic, pisoplinthic, plaggic, plinthic, pretic, salic, sombric, spodic, umbric, terric, tsitelic or vertic horizon and does not from part of a layer with andic properties;\nand\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nAdditional characteristics\nIn many cambic horizons, Fe oxides are formed, which give the horizon a redder hue and a higher chroma. However, if the parent material has much hematite, the formation of goethite in cooler and humid conditions usually makes it yellower.\nDissolution of carbonates or gypsum is a widespread feature of cambic horizons in both humid and semi-arid environments. In many cases, this may be proven by a lesser carbonate or gypsum content compared to the underlying layer. However, in some soils, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, this lesser content is not evident. In these soils, the presence of protocalcic or protogypsic properties in the underlying layer is a proof that carbonates or gypsum have been dissolved in the horizon above. On the other hand, such accumulations may also be caused by ascending groundwater in soils with gleyic properties, and gleyic properties have to be excluded in the underlying layer for this comparison.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe cambic horizon can be considered the predecessor of many other diagnostic horizons, all of which have specific properties that are not or only weakly expressed in the cambic horizon – such as illuvial or residual accumulations, removal of substances other than carbonates or gypsum, accumulation of soluble components, or the development of specific soil structure like wedge-shaped aggregates.\nCambic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons. The ratio between Feox and Fedith differentiates the cambic horizon from the tsitelic horizon (higher ratio). The plinthic and the petroplinthic horizon have usually much higher Fedith contents.\n\n\n\n3.1.6 Chernic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA chernic horizon (from Russian chorniy, black) is a relatively thick, well-structured, very dark-coloured surface horizon, with a high base saturation, a high animal activity and a moderate to high content of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA chernic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 50% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) fine earth and does not consist of mulmic material; and\nsingle or in combination, in ≥ 90% (by volume):\n\ngranular structure; or\nsubangular blocky structure with an average aggregate size of ≤ 2 cm; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices;\nand\n\n≥ 1% soil organic carbon;\nand\none of the following:\n\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 2 moist;\nor\nall of the following:\n\n≥ 15 and < 40% calcium carbonate equivalent; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist; and\n≥ 1.5% soil organic carbon;\nor\n\nall of the following:\n\n≥ 40% calcium carbonate equivalent and/or a texture class of loamy sand or coarser; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 5 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist; and\n≥ 2.5% soil organic carbon;\nand\n\n\nif a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the chernic horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4, moist, ≥ 1% (absolute) more soil organic carbon than this layer;\nand\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50%;\nand\na thickness of ≥ 30 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA chernic horizon may easily be identified by its blackish colour, caused by the accumulation of organic matter, its well-developed granular or subangular blocky structure, an indication of high base saturation (e.g. pHwater > 6), and its thickness.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe chernic horizon is a special case of the mollic horizon with a higher content of soil organic carbon, a lower chroma, generally better developed soil structure, a minimum content of fine earth and a greater minimum thickness. The upper limit of the content of soil organic carbon is 20%, which is the lower limit for organic material.\n\n\n\n3.1.7 Cohesic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA cohesic horizon (from Latin cohaerere, to stick together) is a subsurface horizon with a massive structure or a weak subangular blocky structure. It is poor in organic matter and iron oxides, normally contains quartz, and the clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite. It is typical for old landscapes of the tropics with a seasonal climate.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA cohesic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas < 0.5% soil organic carbon; and\nhas ≥ 15% clay; and\nhas a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 24 cmolc kg-1 clay; and\nhas, single or in combination, a massive structure or a weak subangular blocky structure; and\nis not cemented; and\nhas, when dry, a rupture-resistance class of at least hard; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nCohesic horizons are very resistant to penetration of knife or hammer and have a rupture-resistance class of hard to extremely hard when dry, becoming friable or firm when moist.\n\n\nAdditional information\nCohesic horizons have a porosity low enough to restrict root penetration, but drainage is usually not restricted. The low porosity is attributed to parallel orientation of kaolinite crystals and infilling of voids by clay particles. Usually, they have a bulk density higher than the over- and underlying layers. They are typically found directly below a surface horizon.\nMany soils with the cohesic horizon have the Caráter coeso in the Brazilian system and have an apedal B horizon in the South African system. Cohesic horizons may also occur in paleosols.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nCohesic horizons may coincide with ferralic or, less widespread, with argic horizons. They differ strongly from nitic horizons. Some cohesic horizons show active or relict stagnic properties or overlie a plinthic, pisoplinthic or petroplinthic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.8 Cryic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA cryic horizon (from Greek kryos, cold, ice) is a perennially frozen soil horizon in mineral or organic material.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA cryic horizon has:\n\ncontinuously for ≥ 2 consecutive years one of the following:\n\nmassive ice, cementation by ice or readily visible ice crystals; or\na soil temperature of < 0 °C and insufficient water to form readily visible ice crystals;\nand\n\na thickness of ≥ 5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nCryic horizons occur in areas with permafrost and most of them show evidence of perennial ice segregation. Many of them are overlain by horizons with evidence of cryogenic alteration (mixed soil material, disrupted soil horizons, involutions, organic intrusions, frost heave, separation of coarse fragments from fine earth, cracks). Patterned surface features (earth hummocks, frost mounds, stone circles, stripes, nets and polygons) are common. To identify cryogenic alteration, a soil profile should intersect different elements of patterned ground, if present, or be wider than 2 m.\nSoils that contain saline water do not freeze at 0 °C. In order to develop a cryic horizon, such soils must be cold enough to freeze.\n\n\nAdditional information\nPermafrost is defined as follows: layer of soil or rock, at some depth beneath the surface, in which the temperature has been continuously below 0 °C for at least some years. It exists where summer heating fails to reach the base of the layer of frozen ground (Arctic Climatology and Meteorology Glossary, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, USA).\nEngineers distinguish between warm and cold permafrost. Warm permafrost has a temperature > -2 °C and has to be considered unstable. Cold permafrost has a temperature of ≤ -2 °C and can be used more safely for construction purposes provided the temperature remains under control.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nCryic horizons may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of histic, folic or spodic horizons and may occur in association with salic, calcic, mollic or umbric horizons. In cold arid regions, yermic properties may be present.\n\n\n\n3.1.9 Duric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA duric horizon (from Latin durus, hard) is a subsurface horizon showing nodules or concretions (durinodes), cemented by silica (SiO2), presumably in the form of opal and microcrystalline silica. Many durinodes have carbonate coatings. It may also contain remnants of a broken-up petroduric horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA duric horizon consists of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil) of nodules or concretions (durinodes) and/or of remnants of a broken-up petroduric horizon with all of the following:\n\nhave ≥ 1% (by exposed area of the nodules or concretions) accumulation of visible secondary silica; and\nwhen air-dry, < 50% (by volume) slake in 1 M HCl, even after prolonged soaking, and\nwhen air-dry, ≥ 50% (by volume) slake in hot concentrated KOH or hot concentrated NaOH, at least if alternating with 1 M HCl; and\nare cemented, at least partially by secondary silica, with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, both before and after treatment with acid; and\nhave a diameter of ≥ 1 cm; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe identification of secondary silica is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.27). The durinodes are usually hard (high penetration resistance). Many durinodes are brittle when moist, both before and after treatment with acid.\n\n\nAdditional information\nDry durinodes do not slake appreciably in water, but prolonged soaking can result in the breaking-off of very thin platelets and some slaking. In cross-section, most durinodes are roughly concentric, and concentric stringers of opal may be visible under a hand lens.\nIf both silica and carbonates are present as cementing agents, the durinodes will only slake if hot concentrated KOH or NaOH (to dissolve the silica) are alternated with HCl (to dissolve the carbonates). If carbonates are absent, KOH or NaOH alone will be able to slake the durinodes.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn arid regions, duric horizons occur in association with gypsic, petrogypsic, calcic and petrocalcic horizons. A horizon continuously cemented by silica is a petroduric horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.10 Ferralic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA ferralic horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron, and alumen, alum) is a subsurface horizon resulting from long and intense weathering. The clay fraction is dominated by low-activity clays and contains various amounts of resistant minerals such as (hydr-)oxides of Fe, Al, Mn and Ti. There may be a marked residual accumulation of quartz in the silt or sand fractions.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA ferralic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of sandy loam or finer and ≥ 8% clay; and\nhas < 80% (by volume, related to the whole soil) coarse fragments, pisoplinthic concretions or nodules or remnants of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon, > 2 mm; and\nhas a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 16 cmolc kg-1 clay; and\nhas < 10% (by grain count) easily weatherable minerals in the 0.05–0.2 mm fraction; and\ndoes not have andic or vitric properties; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 30 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nFerralic horizons are associated with old and stable landforms. The macrostructure is moderate to weak but typical ferralic horizons have a strong microaggregation.\nFerralic horizons rich in Fe oxides (especially rich in hematite) have usually a friable rupture-resistance class, moist. Disrupted dry soil material flows like flour between the fingers. Lumps of ferralic horizons are usually relatively light in mass because of the low bulk density. Many ferralic horizons give a hollow sound when tapped, indicating high porosity. In some ferralic horizons, the high porosity is the result of termite activity. Generally, the voids between the microaggregates provide a high porosity.\nIf the ferralic horizon has less hematite and a more yellowish colour, it typically shows a higher bulk density and a lower porosity. It is massive or has a weak subangular blocky structure and a firm rupture-resistance class, moist.\nIndicators of clay illuviation such as clay coatings are generally absent or rare, as are pressure faces and other stress features. Boundaries of a ferralic horizon are normally gradual to diffuse, and little variation in colour or particle-size distribution within the horizon can be detected.\n\n\nAdditional information\nAs an alternative to the weatherable minerals requirement, a total reserve of bases (TRB = exchangeable plus mineral calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], potassium [K] and sodium [Na]) of < 25 cmolc kg-1 soil may be indicative.\nFerralic horizons normally have < 10% water-dispersible clay. Occasionally they may have more water-dispersible clay, but if so, they have a ΔpH (pHKCl - pHwater) ≥ 0 or a relatively high content of organic carbon.\nExamples of easily weatherable minerals are all 2:1 phyllosilicates, chlorites, sepiolites, palygorskites, allophanes, 1:1 trioctahedral phyllosilicates (serpentines), feldspars, feldspathoids, ferromagnesian minerals, glass, zeolites, dolomite and apatite. The intent of the term weatherable minerals is to include those minerals that are unstable in humid climates compared with other minerals, such as quartz and 1:1 clay minerals, but that are more resistant to weathering than calcite Soil Survey Staff (1999).\nIn thin sections, ferralic horizons have generally an undifferentiated b-fabric due to the isotropic behaviour of Fe oxides. The groundmass has commonly a granular microstructure, with a porosity composed by packing pores and star-like vughs, besides channels and chambers due to a strong bioturbation.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome argic horizons fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of the ferralic horizon.\nAlox, Feox, Siox in ferralic horizons are very low, which sets them apart from the nitic horizons and layers with andic or vitric properties.\nSome cambic horizons have a low CEC; however, the amount of weatherable minerals or the TRB is too high for a ferralic horizon. Such horizons represent an advanced stage of weathering and a transition to the ferralic horizon.\nFerralic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons.\nDue to redox processes, ferralic horizons may develop into plinthic horizons. Most plinthic horizons also fulfil the diagnostic criteria of ferralic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.11 Ferric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA ferric horizon (from Latin ferrum, iron) has formed by redox processes, usually caused by stagnant water, which may be active or relict, and shows redoximorphic features. The segregation of Fe (or Fe and Mn) has advanced to such an extent that oximorphic features (coarse masses or discrete concretions and/or nodules) have formed inside soil aggregates, and the matrix between them is largely depleted of Fe and Mn. They do not necessarily have enhanced Fe (or Fe and Mn) contents, but Fe (or Fe and Mn) are concentrated in the oximorphic features. Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil particles in Fe- and Mn-depleted zones and a compaction of the horizon. It mainly occurs in old landscapes.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA ferric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nconsists of one or more subhorizons with one or both of the following:\n\n≥ 15% of its exposed area occupied by coarse (> 20 mm, average length of the greatest dimension) masses inside soil aggregates that are black or have a Munsell colour hue redder than 7.5YR and a chroma of ≥ 5, both moist; or\n≥ 5% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus concretions and/or nodules of any size and cementation class) occupied by concretions and/or nodules with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, a reddish and/or blackish colour and a diameter of > 2 mm; and\n\ndoes not form part of a petroplinthic, pisoplinthic or plinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn tropical or subtropical regions, ferric horizons may grade laterally into plinthic horizons. In plinthic horizons, the amount of oximorphic features reaches ≥ 15% (by exposed area). Additionally, in plinthic horizons, a certain content of Fedith is exceeded and/or it changes irreversibly to a continuously cemented layer on exposure to repeated drying and wetting with free access of oxygen. If the amount of concretions and/or nodules with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented reaches ≥ 40% (by exposed area), it is a pisoplinthic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.12 Folic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA folic horizon (from Latin folium, leaf) consists of well-aerated organic material. It develops at the soil surface. In places, it may be covered by mineral material. Folic horizons predominantly occur in cool climate or at high elevation.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA folic horizon consists of organic material and:\n\nis saturated with water for < 30 consecutive days in most years and is not drained; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe folic horizon has characteristics similar to the histic horizon. However, the histic horizon forms while saturated with water consecutively for at least 30 days in most years, which causes a completely different vegetation and therefore a different character of the organic material.\nThe organic material sets the folic horizon apart from chernic, mollic or umbric horizons, which consist of mineral material. Folic horizons may show andic or vitric properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.13 Fragic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA fragic horizon (from Latin fragilis, fragile) is a natural, predominantly non-cemented subsurface horizon with large soil aggregates and a porosity pattern such that roots and percolating water penetrate the soil only in between these aggregates. The natural character excludes plough pans and surface traffic pans.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA fragic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\n≥ 60% (by volume) consist, single or in combination, of prismatic, columnar, angular or subangular blocky soil aggregates that are without coarse roots and that have an average horizontal spacing (aggregate centre to aggregate centre) of ≥ 10 cm; and\nshows evidence of soil formation as defined in criterion 3 of the cambic horizon, at least on the faces of the soil aggregates; and\nthe soil material in between the soil aggregates and ≥ 50% of the volume of the aggregated soil are not cemented; and\nthe non-cemented parts do not cement upon repeated drying and wetting; and\nthe non-cemented aggregated parts have a brittle manner of failure and a rupture-resistance class, moist, of at least firm; and\nhas < 0.5% soil organic carbon; and\ndoes not show effervescence after adding a 1 M HCl solution; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA fragic horizon has a prismatic and/or blocky structure. In some fragic horizons, the soil aggregates have a high bulk density. In others, the inner parts of the aggregates may have a relatively high total porosity but, as a result of a dense outer rim, there is no continuity between the pores within and outside the aggregates. Between the prisms or the angular blocks, a weaker aggregate structure or a massive structure and mostly also a lighter soil colour is found. The result is a closed box system with ≥ 60% of the soil volume that cannot be explored by roots and is not percolated by water. Possible reasons for the dense outer rim are: clay coatings, swelling and shrinking, or the pressure of the roots growing only vertically.\nIt is essential that the required soil volume is inspected from both vertical and horizontal sections; horizontal sections often reveal a polygonal pattern. Three or four such polygons (or a cut up to 1 m2) are sufficient to test the volumetric basis for the definition of the fragic horizon.\nFragic horizons are commonly loamy, but loamy sand and clay textures are not excluded. In the latter case, the clay mineralogy is dominantly kaolinitic.\nThe aggregates have commonly a penetration resistance ≥ 4 MPa at field capacity.\nThe fragic horizon has little faunal activity, except occasionally between the aggregates.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nA fragic horizon may underlie (but not necessarily directly) an albic, cambic, spodic or argic horizon, unless the soil has been truncated. It can overlap partly or completely with an argic horizon, and if so, the fragic horizon may show retic properties or albeluvic glossae. Many fragic horizons have reducing conditions and stagnic properties.\nContrary to fragic horizons, plinthic horizons will cement upon repeated drying and wetting. Contrary to fragic horizons, many other root-restricting horizons are cemented.\n\n\n\n3.1.14 Gypsic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA gypsic horizon (from Greek gypsos, gypsum) is a non-cemented horizon containing accumulations of secondary gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) in various forms. It may be a surface or a subsurface horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA gypsic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 5% gypsum (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas one or both of the following:\n\nmeets the diagnostic criteria of protogypsic properties; or\na gypsum content of ≥ 5% higher (absolute, related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class) than that of an underlying layer and no lithic discontinuity between the two layers; and\n\nhas a product of thickness (in centimetres) times gypsum content (percentage, by mass) of ≥ 150; and\ndoes not form part of a petrogypsic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nHow to recognize secondary gypsum is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.26). The accumulation may be in distinct form or flour-like. The latter gives the gypsic horizon a massive structure.\nGypsum crystals may be visually mistaken for quartz. Gypsum is soft and can easily be scratched with a knife or broken between thumbnail and forefinger. Quartz is hard and cannot be broken except by hammering.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe recommended procedure to determine gypsum in the laboratory (Annex 2, Chapter 9.10) also extracts anhydrite, which is considered to be mainly primary.\nThin section analysis is helpful to establish the presence of secondary gypsum, as individual gypsic pedofeatures or as generalized accumulations in the groundmass.\nIf the accumulation of gypsum becomes such that all or most of the soil structure and/or rock structure disappears and continuous concentrations of gypsum prevail, the Hypergypsic qualifier is used.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nWhen gypsic horizons become continuously cemented, transition takes place to the petrogypsic horizon, the expression of which may be as massive or platy structures. A gypsic horizon and a petrogypsic horizon may overlie each other. Accumulations of secondary gypsum, not qualifying for a gypsic horizon, may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of protogypsic properties, which are fulfilled by most gypsic horizons as well. Gypsiric material includes primary gypsum.\nIn dry regions, gypsic horizons may be associated with calcic and/or salic horizons. Calcic and gypsic horizons usually occupy distinct positions in the soil profile as the solubility of calcium carbonate is less than that of gypsum. They can normally be distinguished clearly from each other by the morphology (see calcic horizon). Salic and gypsic horizons also occupy different positions in the profile due to different solubilities.\n\n\n\n3.1.15 Histic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA histic horizon (from Greek histos, tissue) consists of poorly aerated organic material. It develops at the soil surface. In places, it may be covered by mineral material.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA histic horizon consists of organic material and:\n\nis saturated with water for ≥ 30 consecutive days in most years or is drained; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm,\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nHistic horizons have characteristics similar to the folic horizon. However, the folic horizon is consecutively saturated with water for less than thirty days in most years, which causes a completely different vegetation and therefore a different character of the organic material. Histic horizons may show andic or vitric properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.16 Hortic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA hortic horizon (from Latin hortus, garden) is a mineral surface horizon created by the human activities of deep cultivation, intensive fertilization and/or long-continued application of human and animal wastes and other organic residues (e.g. manures, kitchen refuse, compost and night soil).\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA hortic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\na Munsell colour value and chroma of ≤ 3, moist; and\n≥ 1% soil organic carbon; and\n≥ 120 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract in the upper 20 cm; and\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50%; and\n≥ 25% (by exposed area, weighted average) of animal pores, coprolites or other traces of soil animal activity; and\na thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe hortic horizon is thoroughly mixed. Potsherds and other artefacts are common, although often abraded. Tillage marks or evidence of mixing of the soil can be present.\n\n\nAdditional information\n120 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly correspond to 43.6 mg kg-1 P or 100 mg kg-1 P2O5 in the Olsen extract (Kabała et al. 2018), which was the requirement in former editions of WRB.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome hortic horizons may also fulfil the diagnostic criteria of a pretic, terric, mollic or chernic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.17 Hydragric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA hydragric horizon (from Greek hydor, water, and Latin ager, field) is a subsurface horizon that results from wet-field cultivation.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA hydragric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nis overlain by an anthraquic horizon; and\nconsists of one or more subhorizons and each of them has one or more of the following:\n\nreductimorphic features with a Munsell colour value of ≥ 4 and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist, around biopore walls; or\n≥ 15% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features that:\n\nare predominantly inside soil aggregates; and\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material; or\n\n≥ 15% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features that:\n\nare predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; and\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material; or\n\nFedith ≥ 1.5 times and/or Mndith ≥ 3 times that of the weighted average of the puddled layer of the overlying anthraquic horizon; and\n\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe hydragric horizon occurs below the plough pan of an anthraquic horizon. The features listed as part of diagnostic criterion 2 rarely occur altogether in the same subhorizon but are commonly distributed over several subhorizons. Major subhorizons have reductimorphic features in pores with a Munsell colour hue of 2.5Y or yellower and a chroma of ≤ 2, both moist, and/or concentrations of Fe and/or Mn oxides inside soil aggregates as a result of oxidizing conditions. It usually shows grey coatings on soil aggregate surfaces, consisting of clay, fine silt and organic matter.\n\n\nAdditional information\nReduced manganese and/or iron move down slowly through the plough pan of the overlying anthraquic horizon into the hydragric horizon; the manganese tending to move further than the iron. Within the hydragric horizon, manganese and iron migrate further into the interiors of the soil aggregates where they are oxidized. In the lower part, subhorizons may be influenced by groundwater.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe hydragric horizon underlies an anthraquic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.18 Irragric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn irragric horizon (from Latin irrigare, to irrigate, and ager, field) is a mineral surface horizon that builds up gradually through continuous application of irrigation water with substantial amounts of sediments, often including artefacts and a significant amount of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn irragric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and:\n\nhas, single or in combination, in ≥ 90% (by volume):\n\nsoil aggregate structure; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices; and\n\nhas one or both of the following:\n\na clay content ≥ 10% (relative) and ≥ 3% (absolute) higher than that of the layer directly buried by the irragric horizon; or\na fine clay content ≥ 10% (relative) and ≥ 3% (absolute) higher than that of the layer directly buried by the irragric horizon; and\n\nhas differences in medium sand contents, fine sand contents, very fine sand contents, silt contents, clay contents and carbonate contents of < 20% (relative) or < 4% (absolute) between subhorizons; and\nhas both of the following:\n\n≥ 0.3% soil organic carbon; and\na weighted average of ≥ 0.5% soil organic carbon; and\n\nhas ≥ 25% (by exposed area, weighted average) of animal pores, coprolites or other traces of soil animal activity; and\nshows evidence that the land surface has been raised; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nSoils with an irragric horizon show evidence of surface raising, which may be inferred from either field observations or from historical records. The irragric horizon shows evidence of considerable animal activity. The lower boundary is clear; and irrigation deposits or buried soils may be present below.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nDue to continuous ploughing, irragric horizons lack the continuous stratification of fluvic material. Some irragric horizons may also qualify as mollic or umbric horizons, depending on their base saturation.\n\n\n\n3.1.19 Limonic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA limonic horizon (from Greek leimon, meadow) develops in layers with gleyic properties and oximorphic features. Reduced Fe and/or Mn move upwards with ascending groundwater, are oxidized and accumulate to such an extent that at least some parts of the accumulation zones are cemented. It is traditionally called bog iron.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA limonic horizon:\n\nhas ≥ 50% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features that are\n\nblack, surrounded by lighter-coloured material, or\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the surrounding material or\nhave a Munsell colour hue ≥ 2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥ 1 unit higher, moist, than the matrix of the directly underlying layer; and\n\nthe oximorphic features are one or both of the following:\n\npredominantly on (former) biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are or were present, predominantly on or adjacent to (former) aggregate surfaces; or\nunderlain by a layer with ≥ 95% (by exposed area) reductimorphic features that have the following Munsell colours, moist:\n\na hue of N, 10Y, GY, G, BG, B or PB; or\na hue of 2.5Y or 5Y and a chroma of ≤ 2; and\n\n\nis cemented with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented in ≥ 25% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas ≥ 2.5% Fedith + Mndith (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 2.5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nLimonic horizons show the typical characteristics of layers with gleyic properties and oximorphic features. In addition, they are at least partially cemented.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nLimonic horizons develop in layers with gleyic properties and oximorphic features. The process of groundwater ascent may be active or relict. Limonic horizons differ from tsitelic horizons, which are non-cemented and, if fine-textured, have a low bulk density. Limonic horizons, especially if with Mn oxides, may resemble spodic horizons, but typically lack the Al translocation required for spodic horizons. However, limonic horizons may overlap with spodic horizons, especially with the lower part of the spodic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.20 Mollic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA mollic horizon (from Latin mollis, soft) is a relatively thick, dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA mollic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\nsingle or in combination, in ≥ 50% (by volume):\n\nsoil aggregate structure with an average aggregate size of ≤ 10 cm; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices; and\n\n≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\none of the following:\n\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 3 moist; or\nall of the following:\n\na sum of calcium carbonate equivalent and gypsum of ≥ 15 and < 40%; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 1% soil organic carbon; or\n\nall of the following:\n\na sum of calcium carbonate equivalent and gypsum of ≥ 40% and/or a texture class of loamy sand or coarser; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 5 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 2.5% soil organic carbon; and\n\n\nif a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the mollic horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4, moist, ≥ 0.6% (absolute) more soil organic carbon than this layer; and\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50% on a weighted average; and\na thickness of one of the following:\n\n≥ 10 cm if directly overlying continuous rock, technic hard material or a cryic, petrocalcic, petroduric, petrogypsicor petroplinthic horizon; or\n≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nA mollic horizon may easily be identified by its dark colour, caused by the accumulation of organic matter, in most cases a well-developed structure (usually a granular or subangular blocky structure), an indication of high base saturation (e.g. pHwater > 6), and its thickness.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe base saturation of ≥ 50% separates the mollic horizon from the umbric horizon, which is otherwise similar. The upper limit of the content of soil organic carbon is 20%, which is the lower limit for organic material.\nA special type of mollic horizon is the chernic horizon. It requires a higher content of soil organic carbon, a lower chroma, a better developed soil structure, a minimum content of fine earth and a greater minimum thickness.\nSome hortic, irragric, pretic or terric horizons may also qualify as mollic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.21 Natric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA natric horizon (from Arabic natroon, salt) is a dense subsurface horizon with a distinctly higher clay content than in the overlying horizon(s). It has a high content of exchangeable Na and in some cases, a relatively high content of exchangeable Mg.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA natric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of loamy sand or finer and ≥ 8% clay; and\none or both of the following:\n\nhas an overlying coarser-textured layer with all of the following:\n\nthe coarser-textured layer is not separated from the natric horizon by a lithic discontinuity; and\nif the coarser-textured layer directly overlies the natric horizon, its lowermost sublayer does not form part of a plough layer; and\nif the coarser-textured layer does not directly overlie the natric horizon, the transitional horizon between the coarser-textured layer and the natric horizon has a thickness of ≤ 15 cm; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has < 15% clay, the natric horizon has ≥ 6% (absolute) more clay; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 15 and < 50% clay, the ratio of clay in the natric horizon to that of the coarser-textured layer is ≥ 1.4; and\nif the coarser-textured layer has ≥ 50% clay, the natric horizon has ≥  20% (absolute) more clay; or\n\nhas evidence of illuvial clay in one or more of the following forms:\n\nclay bridges connecting ≥ 15% of the sand grains; or\nclay coatings covering ≥ 15% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, coarse fragments and/or biopore walls; or\nin thin sections, oriented clay bodies (pure or interlayered with silt layers) that constitute ≥ 1% of the section and that have not been transported laterally after they had been formed; or\na ratio of fine clay to total clay in the natric horizon greater by ≥ 1.2 times than the ratio in the overlying coarser-textured layer; and\n\n\nhas one or more of the following:\n\na columnar or prismatic structure in some part of the horizon; or\nboth of the following:\n\nan angular or subangular blocky structure; and\npenetrations of an overlying coarser-textured layer, in which there are uncoated sand and/or coarse silt grains, extending ≥ 2.5 cm into the natric horizon; and\n\n\nhas one of the following:\n\nan exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥ 15 throughout the entire natric horizon or its upper 40 cm, whichever is thinner; or\nboth of the following,\n\nmore exchangeable Mg plus Na than Ca plus exchange acidity (buffered at pH 8.2) throughout the entire natric horizon or its upper 40 cm, whichever is thinner; and\nan exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥ 15 in some subhorizon starting ≤ 50 cm below the upper limit of the natric horizon; and\n\n\nhas a thickness of one-tenth or more of the thickness of the overlying mineral material, if present, and one of the following:\n\n≥ 7.5 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella) if the natric horizon has a texture class of sandy loam or finer; or\n≥ 15 cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50 cm of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella).\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe colour of many natric horizons ranges from brown to black, especially in the upper part, but lighter colours or yellow to red colours may also be found. The structure is usually coarse columnar or coarse prismatic, in places blocky. Rounded tops of the aggregates are characteristic. In many cases, they are covered by a whitish powder coming from the overlying eluvial horizon.\nBoth colour and structural characteristics depend on the composition of the exchangeable cations and the soluble salt content in the underlying layers. Often, thick and dark-coloured clay coatings occur, especially in the upper part of the horizon. Many natric horizons have poor soil aggregate stability and very low permeability under wet conditions. When dry, the rupture-resistance class of the natric horizon is at least hard. Soil reaction is commonly strongly alkaline with pHwater ≥ 8.5.\n\n\nAdditional information\nAnother measure to characterize the natric horizon is the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), which is ≥ 13. The SAR is calculated from soil solution data (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ given in mmolc/litre): SAR = Na+/[(Ca2+ + Mg2+)/2]0.5.\nIn micromorphological studies, natric horizons have a specific fabric. The low structural stability is shown by a pore system with many vesicles and vughs. Pedofeatures consist of layered silt and clay cappings, coatings and infillings; clay intercalations and fragments of clay coatings in the groundmass, due to partial structure collapse.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe surface horizon may be rich in organic matter, have a thickness from a few centimetres to > 25 cm and may be a mollic or chernic horizon. An albic horizon may be present between the surface and the natric horizon.\nFrequently, a salt-affected layer occurs below the natric horizon. The salt influence may extend into the natric horizon, which then becomes saline as well. Salts present may be chlorides, sulfates or carbonates/bicarbonates.\nThe high ESP of the humus-illuvial part of the natric horizon separates it from the sombric horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.22 Nitic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA nitic horizon (from Latin nitidus, shiny) is a clay-rich subsurface horizon. It has moderately to strongly developed blocky structure breaking to polyhedral or flat-edged elements with many shiny pressure faces.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA nitic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 30% clay; and\nhas, single or in combination:\n\nmoderate to strong angular or subangular blocky structure, breaking into polyhedral or flat-edged second-level structure with pressure faces (shiny surfaces) at ≥ 25% of the surfaces of the soil aggregates of the second-level structure; or\npolyhedral structure with pressure faces (shiny surfaces) at ≥ 25% of the surfaces of the soil aggregates; and\n\nhas all of the following:\n\n≥ 4% Fedith (‘free iron’); and\n≥ 0.2% Feox (‘active iron’); and\na ratio between Feox and Fedith of ≥ 0.05; and\n\ndoes not form part of a plinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 30 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA nitic horizon has ≥ 30% clay but may feel loamy. Little difference in clay content compared to the overlying and the underlying horizon and a gradual or diffuse distinctness of the horizon boundaries are typical. Similarly, there is no abrupt colour difference to the horizons directly above and below. The colours are of low value with a hue often 2.5YR, moist, but sometimes redder or yellower. The structure is moderate to strong blocky, breaking into polyhedral or flat-edged elements showing shiny pressure faces. In addition, clay coatings may be found. Nitic horizons do not show reducing conditions but may show relict oximorphic features, e.g., concretions and nodules of Fe and Mn oxides.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIn many nitic horizons, the CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) is < 36 cmolc kg-1 clay, or even < 24 cmolc kg-1 clay. The sum of exchangeable bases (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) plus exchangeable Al (by 1 M KCl, unbuffered) is about half of the CEC. The moderate to low CEC reflects the dominance of 1:1 clay minerals (either kaolinite and/or [meta-]halloysite). Many nitic horizons have a ratio of water-dispersible clay to total clay of < 0.1. Through the microscope, the birefringent fabric may be striated. Clay coatings, if present, normally form fine coatings around aggregates or may be incorporated into the matrix.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe nitic horizon may be considered as a strongly expressed cambic horizon with specific properties such as a high amount of oxalate-extractable (active) iron. Nitic horizons may show clay coatings and may satisfy the requirements of an argic horizon, although the clay content in the nitic horizon is not much higher than in the overlying horizon. Its mineralogy (kaolinitic/[meta]halloysitic) sets it apart from most vertic horizons, which have a dominantly smectitic mineralogy and usually occur in climates with a more pronounced dry season. However, nitic horizons may grade laterally into vertic horizons in lower landscape positions. The well-expressed soil structure, the high amount of oxalate-extractable iron, and in some cases, the intermediate CEC in nitic horizons set them apart from ferralic horizons. Nitic horizons strongly differ from cohesic horizons, which may also be rich in clay. Nitic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with sombric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.23 Panpaic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA panpaic horizon (from Quechua p’anpay, to bury) is a buried mineral surface horizon with a significant amount of organic matter formed before having been buried. It is considered a diagnostic horizon, although the process of burying is a geological process and not a soil-forming process.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA panpaic horizon is a buried surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 0.2% soil organic carbon; and\na content of soil organic carbon ≥ 25% (relative) and ≥ 0.2% (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; and\na lithic discontinuity at its upper limit; and\na thickness of ≥ 5 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome panpaic horizons also meet the criteria of the chernic, mollic or umbric horizon. They differ from the sombric horizon that has no lithic discontinuity at its upper limit. A panpaic horizon may form part of layers of fluvic material.\n\n\n\n3.1.24 Petrocalcic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petrocalcic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and Latin calx, lime) is cemented by calcium carbonate and in some places, by magnesium carbonate as well. It is either massive or platy in nature and has a very high penetration resistance.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petrocalcic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas very strong effervescence after adding a 1 M HCl solution; and\nis cemented, at least partially by secondary carbonates, with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil), and\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of one of the following\n\n≥ 1 cm if it is laminar and rests directly on continuous rock; or\n≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nPetrocalcic horizons occur as non-platy calcrete (either massive or nodular) or as platy calcrete, of which the following types are the most common:\nLamellar calcrete: superimposed, separate, petrified layers varying in thickness from a few millimetres to several centimetres. The colour is generally white or pink.\nPetrified lamellar calcrete: one or several extremely petrified layers, grey or pink in colour. They are generally more cemented than the lamellar calcrete and very massive (no fine lamellar structures, but coarse lamellar structures may be present).\nNon-capillary pores in petrocalcic horizons are filled, and the hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow to very slow.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn arid regions, petrocalcic horizons may occur in association with (petro-)duric horizons, into which they may grade laterally. The cementing agent differentiates petrocalcic and (petro-)duric horizons. In petrocalcic horizons, calcium and some magnesium carbonate constitute the main cementing agent while some accessory silica may be present. In (petro-)duric horizons, silica is the main cementing agent, with or without calcium carbonate. Petrocalcic horizons also occur in association with gypsic or petrogypsic horizons. Horizons with a significant accumulation of secondary carbonates without continuous cementation qualify as calcic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.25 Petroduric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petroduric horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and Latin durus, hard), also known as duripan (United States) or dorbank (South Africa), is a subsurface horizon, usually reddish or reddish brown in colour, that is cemented mainly by illuvial secondary silica (SiO2, presumably opal and microcrystalline forms of silica). Calcium carbonate may be present as a supplementary cementing agent.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petroduric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 1% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary silica of any size and any cementation class) accumulation of visible secondary silica; and\nboth of the following:\n\nwhen air-dry, < 50% (by volume) slake in 1 M HCl, even after prolonged soaking, and\nwhen air-dry, ≥ 50% (by volume) slake in hot concentrated KOH or hot concentrated NaOH, at least if alternating with 1 M HCl; and\n\nis cemented, at least partially by secondary silica, with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, both before and after treatment with acid; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil); and\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 1 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe identification of secondary silica is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.27). Effervescence after applying 1 M HCl may take place but is mostly not as vigorous as in petrocalcic horizons, which appear similar. In very dry environments, the petroduric horizons commonly are platy. In less dry environments, vertical fractures are more common. It has usually a high penetration resistance.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIf both silica and carbonates are present as cementing agents, the petroduric horizon will only slake if hot concentrated KOH or NaOH (to dissolve the silica) are alternated with HCl (to dissolve the carbonates). If carbonates are absent, KOH or NaOH alone will be able to slake the petroduric horizon.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIn arid climates, petroduric horizons may occur in association with petrocalcic horizons, into which they may grade laterally, and/or occur in conjunction with calcic or gypsic horizons. Remnants of a petroduric horizon or durinodes constitute a duric horizon. Petroduric horizons may develop from volcanic ashes and may be overlain by layers with andic or vitric properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.26 Petrogypsic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petrogypsic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and gypsos, gypsum) is a cemented horizon containing accumulations of secondary gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O).\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petrogypsic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\n1. has ≥ 40% gypsum (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class); and\nhas ≥ 1% (by exposed area) visible secondary gypsum; and\nis cemented, at least partially by secondary gypsum, with a cementation class of at least extremely weakly cemented; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil);\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 1 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nPetrogypsic horizons are cemented, whitish and composed predominantly of gypsum. Old petrogypsic horizons may be capped by a thin, laminar layer of newly precipitated gypsum. How to recognize secondary gypsum is described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.26).\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe recommended procedure to determine gypsum in the laboratory (Annex 2, Chapter 9.10) also extracts anhydrite, which is considered to be mainly primary.\nIn thin sections, the petrogypsic horizon shows a a groundmass composed of interlocked gypsum crystals with a hypidiotopic or xenotopic fabric, mixed with varying amounts of detrital material.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nAs the petrogypsic horizon develops from a gypsic horizon, the two are closely related. Petrogypsic horizons frequently occur in association with (petro-)calcic horizons. Accumulations of calcium carbonate and gypsum usually occupy different positions in the soil profile because the solubility of calcium carbonate is less than that of gypsum. Normally, they can be distinguished clearly from each other by their morphology (see calcic horizon).\n\n\n\n3.1.27 Petroplinthic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA petroplinthic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and plinthos, brick) is a continuous or fractured layer of cemented material, in which Fe (and in some cases also Mn) (hydr-)oxides are an important cement and in which organic matter is either absent or present only in traces. It has formed by continuous cementation of a plinthic or pisoplinthic horizon. Advanced crystallization of the oxides causes a very high penetration resistance. Traditional names for horizons similar to the petroplinthic horizon are ‘laterite’ or ‘ironstone’.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA petroplinthic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nconsists of oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are at least partially interconnected and have a reddish, yellowish and/or blackish colour; and\nhas one or both of the following:\n\n≥ 2.5% Fedith (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); or\n≥ 10% Fedith in the oximorphic features; and\n\nhas a ratio between Feox and Fedith of < 0.1 in the fine earth or in the oximorphic features; and\nis cemented with a cementation class of at least strongly cemented; and\nis continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥ 10 cm and occupy < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil); and\ndoes not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical fractures; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nPetroplinthic horizons are extremely hard (high penetration resistance) and typically rusty brown to yellowish brown. They are either massive or show an interconnected nodular pattern that encloses material with a lower penetration resistance. They may be fractured. Roots are generally found only in vertical fractures. Penetration resistance is ≥ 4.5 MPa in ≥ 50% of the volume of the fine earth. From this value upwards, the rupture resistance will not sink upon wetting (see Asiamah 2000).\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe ratio between Feox and Fedith has been estimated from data given by Varghese and Byju (1993).\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nPetroplinthic horizons are closely associated with plinthic and pisoplinthic horizons from which they develop. In some places, plinthic horizons can be traced by following petroplinthic layers that have formed, for example, in road cuts.\nThe low ratio between Feox and Fedith separates the petroplinthic horizon from cemented spodic horizons (Ortsteinic or Placic qualifiers), which in addition contain mostly a fair amount of organic matter. Limonic horizons also have higher ratios.\n\n\n\n3.1.28 Pisoplinthic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA pisoplinthic horizon (from Latin pisum, pea, and Greek plinthos, brick) contains a large amount of concretions and/or nodules that are at least moderately cemented by Fe (and in some cases also by Mn) (hydr-)oxides. It may also contain remnants of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA pisoplinthic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 40% of its volume (related to the whole soil) occupied by, single or in combination,\n\nyellowish, reddish and/or blackish concretions and/or nodules; or\nremnants of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon, with a diameter of > 2 mm and a cementation class of at least moderately cemented; and\n\ndoes not form part of a petroplinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nA pisoplinthic horizon results, when discrete concretions and/or nodules of a plinthic horizon reach a certain percentage and a cementation class of at least moderately cemented. The cementation class and the amount of concretions and/or nodules separate it from the ferric horizon. If the concretions and/or nodules are sufficiently interconnected, the pisoplinthic horizon becomes a petroplinthic horizon. A pisoplinthic horizon may also be formed by the fracturing of a petroplinthic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.29 Plaggic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA plaggic horizon (from Low German plaggen, sod) is a black or brown mineral surface horizon that results from human activity. Mostly in nutrient-poor soils in the north-western part of Central Europe from Medieval times until the introduction of mineral fertilizers at the beginning of the 20th century, sod and other topsoil materials were commonly used for bedding livestock. The sods consist of grassy, herbaceous or dwarf-shrub vegetation, its root mats and organic and mineral soil sticking to them. The mixture of sods and excrements was later spread on fields. The material brought in eventually produced an appreciably thickened horizon (in places > 100 cm thick) that is rich in soil organic carbon. Base saturation is typically low.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA plaggic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and:\n\nhas a texture class of sand, loamy sand, sandy loam or loam, or a combination of them; and\none or more of the following:\n\ncontains artefacts, but < 20% (by volume, related to the whole soil); or\nhas ≥ 100 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract in the upper 20 cm; or\nhas in its lower part spade or hook marks, remnants of a plough layer or other evidence of former agricultural activity; and\n\nhas a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 4 moist; and\nhas ≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\nhas a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 50%, unless the soil has been limed or received mineral fertilizers; and\nshows evidence that the land surface has been raised; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe plaggic horizon has brownish or blackish colours, related to the origin of source materials. It may contain artefacts, but less than 20%. Its reaction is mostly slightly to strongly acid. The pH may have risen due to recent liming but seldom reaching a high base saturation. It may show evidence of old agricultural operations in its lower part, such as spade or hook marks as well as old plough layers. Plaggic horizons commonly overlie buried soils although the original surface layers may be mixed with the plaggen. In some cases, ditches have been made in the buried soil as a cultivation mode for soil improvement. The lower boundary is typically clear to abrupt.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe texture class is in most cases sand or loamy sand. Sandy loam and loam are rare. The soil organic carbon may include carbon added with the plaggen. 100 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract (same value as for pretic horizons) roughly correspond to 143 mg kg-1 P or 327 mg kg-1 P2O5 in 1% citric acid (Kabała et al. 2018). Originally, the plaggic horizon has a low base saturation. If limed or fertilized, this criterion is waived.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nAfter liming, some plaggic horizons may fulfil the criteria of the terric horizon, but terric horizons usually have a higher animal activity. Some plaggic horizons may contain black carbon and also fulfil the criteria of the pretic horizon. Some plaggic horizons may also qualify as umbric or even as mollic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.30 Plinthic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA plinthic horizon (from Greek plinthos, brick) is a subsurface horizon that is rich in Fe (in some cases also Mn) (hydr-)oxides and poor in humus. The clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite, together with other products of strong weathering, such as gibbsite. It may contain quartz. The plinthic horizon has formed by redox processes, usually caused by stagnant water, which may be active or relict, and shows redoximorphic features. The plinthic horizon is not continuously cemented. On exposure to repeated drying and wetting with free access to oxygen, the oxides become more crystallized leading to a continuously cemented horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA plinthic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas in ≥ 15% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class) oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are black or have a redder hue and a higher chroma than the surrounding material; and\none or more of the following:\n\nhas ≥ 2.5% Fedith (related to the fine earth plus oximorphic features of any size and any cementation class); or\nhas ≥ 10% Fedith in the oximorphic features; or\nchanges irreversibly to a continuously cemented horizon with a cementation class of at least strongly cemented after repeated drying and wetting; and\n\nhas a ratio between Feox and Fedith of < 0.1 in the fine earth or in the oximorphic features; and\ndoes not form part of a petroplinthic or pisoplinthic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nA plinthic horizon shows prominent redoximorphic features. In a perennially moist soil, many of the oximorphic features are non-cemented or have a low cementation class and can be cut with a spade.\n\n\nAdditional information\nMicromorphological studies may reveal the extent of impregnation of the soil mass by Fe (hydr-)oxides. In many plinthic horizons, prolonged reducing conditions are not present anymore.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIf the concretions and nodules of the plinthic horizon become at least moderately cemented and reach ≥ 40% of the exposed area, the plinthic horizon becomes a pisoplinthic horizon. If the plinthic horizon becomes continuously cemented, the plinthic horizon becomes a petroplinthic horizon.\nIf the oximorphic features do not reach 15% of the exposed area, it may be a ferric horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.31 Pretic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA pretic horizon (from Portuguese preto, black) is a mineral surface horizon that results from human activities with the addition of black carbon, especially charcoal. It is characterized by its dark colour, usually the presence of artefacts (ceramic fragments, lithic instruments, bone or shell tools etc.) and high contents of organic carbon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients (mainly zinc and manganese), usually contrasting with natural soils in the surrounding area. It contains remnants of black carbon, which may be recognized visually or by chemical analyses.\nPretic horizons are for example widespread in the Amazon Basin, where they are the result of pre-Columbian activities and have persisted over many centuries despite the prevailing humid tropical conditions generally causing high organic matter mineralization rates. These soils with a pretic horizon are known as ‘Terra Preta de Indio’ or ‘Amazonian Dark Earths’. They generally have high organic carbon stocks. Many of them are dominated by low-activity clays.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA pretic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\na Munsell colour value of ≤ 4 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\nexchangeable Ca plus Mg (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 1 cmolc kg-1 fine earth; and\n≥ 100 mg kg-1 P in the Mehlich-3 extract; and\none or both of the following:\n\n≥ 1% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus black carbon of any size) visible black carbon; or\nboth of the following\n\n≥ 0.3% carbon belonging to molecules of black carbon, determined by chemical analyses; and\na ratio between carbon belonging to molecules of black carbon and total organic carbon of ≥ 0.15, determined by chemical analyses; and\n\n\none or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nAdditional information\nBlack carbon is an artefact only if it is intentionally manufactured by humans. The minimum soil organic carbon content (criterion 2) must be fulfilled without the artefacts.\nP in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly is the double of the values obtained in the Mehlich-1 extract (Kabała et al. 2018), which was the requirement in the 3rd edition of WRB. Additionally, compared to the 3rd edition, the value was increased from 30 to 50 (Mehlich-1) or from 60 to 100 (Mehlich-3) mg kg-1.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome pretic horizons may also fulfil the criteria of the plaggic horizon and, especially in their upper parts, the criteria of the hortic horizon. Some pretic horizons may qualify as mollic or umbric horizons. Old charcoal hearths usually fail the P criterion of the pretic horizon. They do not fit into the concept of the pretic horizon, are characterized by the Carbonic and the Pyric qualifier, and many of them are Technosols.\n\n\n\n3.1.32 Protovertic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA protovertic horizon (from Greek proton, first, and Latin vertere, to turn) has swelling and shrinking clay minerals.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA protovertic horizon consists of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 30% clay; and\none or more of the following:\n\nwedge-shaped soil aggregates in ≥ 10% (by volume); or\nslickensides on ≥ 5% of the surfaces of soil aggregates; or\nshrink-swell cracks; or\na coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of ≥ 0.06; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nWedge-shaped soil aggregates and slickensides (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.10 and 8.4.14) may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a second-level structure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nIf the swelling and shrinking is more prominent (or the layer is thicker) the protovertic horizon grades into a vertic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.33 Salic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA salic horizon (from Latin sal, salt) is a surface horizon or a subsurface horizon at a shallow depth that contains high amounts of readily soluble salts, i.e. salts more soluble than gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O; log Ks = -4.85 at 25 °C).\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA salic horizon has:\n\nat some time of the year\n\nif the pHwater of the saturation extract is ≥ 8.5, an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of ≥ 8 dS m-1 measured at 25 °C and a product of thickness (in centimetres) and ECe (in dS m-1) of ≥ 240; or\nan electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of ≥ 15 dS m-1 measured at 25 °C and a product of thickness (in centimetres) and ECe (in dS m-1) of ≥ 450; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm (combined thickness if there are superimposed subhorizons meeting criteria 1.a and 1.b).\n\n\n\nField identification\nHalophytes (e.g. some species of Salicornia, Tamarix and Suaeda) and salt-tolerant crops are first indicators. Salt-affected layers are often puffy. Salts precipitate only after evaporation of most soil moisture; if the soil is moist, salt may not be visible.\nSalts may precipitate at the soil surface (external Solonchaks) or at depth (internal Solonchaks). A salt crust, if present, may be part of the salic horizon.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIn alkaline carbonate soils, an ECe at 25 °C of ≥ 8 dS m-1 and a pHwater of ≥ 8.5 are very common. Salic horizons may consist of organic or mineral material.\n\n\n\n3.1.34 Sombric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA sombric horizon (from French sombre, dark) is a dark-coloured subsurface horizon containing more organic matter than the directly overlying horizon. It has no lithic discontinuity at its upper limit and is neither associated with Al nor dispersed by Na.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA sombric horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas ≥ 0.2% soil organic carbon; and\nhas a content of soil organic carbon ≥ 25% (relative) and ≥ 0.2% (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; and\ndoes not have a lithic discontinuity at its upper limit and does not form part of a natric or spodic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 10 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nSombric horizons are found in dark-coloured subsoils, in many cases associated with well-drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical and subtropical regions. They resemble buried horizons but, in contrast to many of these, sombric horizons more or less follow the shape of the soil surface. They have a lower Munsell colour value than the directly overlying horizon and commonly a low base saturation.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThere are two important theories about the genesis of sombric horizons (Almeida, Lunardi Neto, and Vidal-Torrado 2015).\nFirst theory: The higher content of organic matter is illuvial, but neither associated with Al nor with Na. In this case, coatings of organic matter at soil aggregate surfaces and pore walls as well as illuvial organic matter in thin sections are found.\nSecond theory: The higher content of organic matter is residual. A moister climate and a higher plant biomass (e.g. forest) formed thick A horizons. Afterwards, climate became drier, the upper part of the old A horizon underwent an intense mineralization, while the residues of the current vegetation, poorer in biomass (e.g. savannah), form only a thin A horizon. At greater depth, mineralization is slower, and the lower part of the old A horizon is preserved, especially if climate is cool and base saturation low.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSombric horizons may coincide with argic, cambic, ferralic or nitic horizons. Contrary to panpaic horizons, sombric horizons have no lithic discontinuity at their upper limit. Spodic horizons are differentiated from sombric horizons by their much higher CEC of the clay fraction. The humus-illuvial part of natric horizons has a higher clay content, a high Na saturation and a specific structure, which separates them from sombric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.35 Spodic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA spodic horizon (from Greek spodos, wood ash) is a subsurface horizon that contains illuvial substances. In most spodic horizons, the appearance of the upper subhorizons is characterized by dark illuvial organic matter and that of the lower subhorizons by intensely coloured illuvial Fe oxides. Some spodic horizons, however, show either little illuviation of Fe or little illuviation of organic matter. In all spodic horizons, illuviated Al can be proven analytically. The illuvial materials are characterized by a high pH-dependent charge, a relatively large surface area and an elevated water retention. An overlying eluvial horizon may intrude with tongues into the spodic horizon.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA spodic horizon consists of mineral material and:\n\nhas a pH (1:1 in water) of < 5.9, unless the soil has been limed or fertilized; and\nhas a subhorizon with an Alox value that is ≥ 1.5 times that of the lowest Alox value of all the mineral layers above the spodic horizon; and\nhas in its uppermost 1 cm one or both of the following:\n\n≥ 0.5% soil organic carbon; or\na Munsell colour chroma of ≥ 6, moist, in ≥ 90% of its exposed area; and\n\nhas one or more subhorizons with the following Munsell colours, moist, in ≥ 90% of their exposed area:\n\na hue of 5YR or redder; or\na hue of 7.5YR and a value of ≤ 5; or\na hue of 10YR and a value and a chroma of ≤ 2; or\na hue of 10YR and a chroma of ≥ 6; or\na colour of 10YR 3/1; or\na hue of N and a value of ≤ 2; and\n\none or more of the following:\n\nis overlain by claric material that is not separated from the spodic horizon by a lithic discontinuity and that overlies the spodic horizon either directly or above a transitional horizon that has a thickness of one-tenth or less of the overlying claric material; or\n≥ 10% of the sand grains of the horizon show cracked coatings; or\nhas a subhorizon that is cemented with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented in ≥ 50% of its horizontal extension; or\nhas a subhorizon with an Alox + ½Feox value of ≥ 0.5% that is ≥ 2 times that of the lowest Alox + ½Feox value of all the mineral layers above the spodic horizon; and\n\ndoes not form part of a natric horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 2.5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nMany spodic horizons underly claric material and have brownish-black to reddish-brown colours, which often fade downwards. The shape of many spodic horizons is wavy, irregular, or broken. Spodic horizons may be (partially) cemented. Thin and relatively continuous cementations are indicated by the Placic qualifier and thicker and/or less continuous cementations by the Ortsteinic qualifier. Spodic horizons may extend further down in ribbon-like accumulations, which are not included in the calculation of the minimum thickness.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThere may be a hortic, plaggic, terric or umbric horizon above the spodic horizon, with or without claric material in between.\nSpodic horizons in volcanic materials may exhibit andic properties as well. Spodic horizons in other materials may exhibit some characteristics of the andic properties, but normally have a higher bulk density. For classification purposes, the presence of a spodic horizon, unless buried deeper than 50 cm, is given preference over the occurrence of andic properties.\nSome layers with andic properties resemble spodic horizons, if they are covered by relatively young, light-coloured volcanic ejecta that satisfy the requirements of claric material. There is a lithic discontinuity in between, which excludes them from being spodic horizons. This can be further proven by the following analyses: The uppermost 2.5 cm of the spodic horizon have a Cpy/OC and a Cf/Cpy of ≥ 0.5. Cpy, Cf and OC are pyrophosphate-extractable C, fulvic acid C and organic C, respectively (Ito et al. 1991).\nLimonic and tsitelic horizons may resemble spodic horizons, but lack the translocation of Al. However, limonic horizons may overlap with spodic horizons, especially with the lower part of the spodic horizon.\nSimilar to many spodic horizons, sombric horizons also contain more organic matter than an overlying layer. They can be differentiated from each other by the clay mineralogy. Kaolinite usually dominates in sombric horizons, whereas the clay fraction of spodic horizons commonly contains significant amounts of vermiculite and Al-interlayered chlorite.\nPlinthic horizons, which contain large amounts of accumulated Fe, have less Feox than spodic horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.36 Terric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA terric horizon (from Latin terra, earth) is a mineral surface horizon that develops through addition of mineral material or a combination of mineral material and organic residues, for example, fertile mineral soil, compost, calcareous beach sands, loess or mud. It may contain stones, randomly sorted and distributed. In most cases, it is built up gradually over a long period of time. Occasionally, terric horizons are created by single additions of material. Normally the added material is mixed with the original topsoil.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA terric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and:\n\nshows evidence of addition of material substantially different from the environment, where it has been placed; and\ncontains, if any, < 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil) artefacts; and\nhas ≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\nhas a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 50%; and\nshows evidence that the land surface has been raised; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nTerric horizons show characteristics related to the source material, e.g. in colour. Buried soils may be observed at the base of the horizon although mixing can obscure the contact. Soils with a terric horizon show a raised surface that may be inferred either from field observation or from historical records. The terric horizon is not homogeneous, but subhorizons are thoroughly mixed. It commonly contains a small amount of artefacts such as pottery fragments, cultural debris and refuse, that are typically very small (< 1 cm in diameter) and very abraded.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSome terric horizons may also fulfil the criteria of anthropogenic horizons with stronger alterations, like the hortic, plaggic or the pretic horizon. Most hortic horizons show more and most plaggic horizons less soil animal activity than the terric horizon. The pretic horizons contain black carbon. Some terric horizons may qualify as mollic horizon.\n\n\n\n3.1.37 Thionic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA thionic horizon (from Greek theion, sulfur) is an extremely acid subsurface horizon in which sulfuric acid is formed through oxidation of sulfides.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA thionic horizon has:\n\na pH (1:1 by mass in water, or in a minimum of water to permit measurement) of < 4; and\none or more of the following:\n\naccumulations of iron or aluminium sulfate or hydroxysulfate minerals, predominantly on or adjacent to surfaces of soil aggregates; or\ndirect superposition on sulfidic material; or\n≥ 0.05% water-soluble sulfate; and\n\na thickness of ≥ 15 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThionic horizons generally exhibit pale yellow jarosite or yellowish-brown schwertmannite accumulations on or adjacent to surfaces of soil aggregates. Soil reaction is extremely acid; pHwater of 3.5 is quite common. While mostly associated with recent sulfidic coastal sediments, thionic horizons may also develop inland in sulfidic materials that may be present either in natural deposits or in artefacts such as mine spoil.\n\n\nAdditional information\nIron or aluminium sulfate or hydroxysulfate minerals include jarosite, natrojarosite, schwertmannite, sideronatrite and tamarugite. Thionic horizons may consist of organic or mineral material.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nA thionic horizon often underlies a horizon with strongly expressed stagnic properties.\n\n\n\n3.1.38 Tsitelic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA tsitelic horizon (from Georgian tsiteli, red) shows a lateral accumulation of Fe. It is usually found on lower slopes or in depressions. Stagnosols and Planosols occur upslope in inclined positions and have lost reduced Fe by lateral subsurface water flow. Further down, the reduced Fe gets in contact with atmospheric oxygen, is oxidized and accumulates in subsurface horizons starting usually at shallow depths. They are rich in oxalate-extractable Fe, which gives the tsitelic horizons a homogeneous reddish colour.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA tsitelic horizon consists of mineral material and\n\nhas ≥ 1% Feox; and\nhas a ratio between Feox and Fedith of ≥ 0.5; and\nhas Alox < Feox; and\nhas a Munsell colour chroma of ≥ 4, moist; and\ndoes not show reductimorphic features; and\ndoes not form part of a limonic or spodic horizon; and\nhas a thickness of ≥ 5 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe accumulation of ferrihydrites causes a homogeneous reddish colour and, if the horizon is fine-textured, a low bulk density and some thixotropy.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nTsitelic horizons may resemble spodic horizons of Rustic Podzols but lack the translocation of Al that is required for spodic horizons. If showing low bulk density and thixotropy, they may give the impression of andic properties, but they have neither a significant amount of allophanes and imogolites nor of Al-humus complexes. Contrary to most horizons with andic properties, tsitelic horizons show more Fe than Al in the oxalate extract. Layers with oximorphic features caused by gleyic properties may also look similar to tsitelic horizons. While in layers with gleyic properties, the oxides are predominantly found at soil aggregate surfaces, the oxides in tsitelic horizons fill the entire soil matrix homogeneously. Tsitelic horizons distinguish well from limonic horizons, which are (at least partially) cemented.\n\n\n\n3.1.39 Umbric horizon\n\nGeneral description\nAn umbric horizon (from Latin umbra, shade) is a relatively thick, dark-coloured surface horizon with a low base saturation and a moderate to high content of organic matter.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nAn umbric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and has:\n\nsingle or in combination, in ≥ 50% (by volume):\n\nsoil aggregate structure with an average aggregate size of ≤ 10 cm; or\ncloddy structure or other structural elements created by agricultural practices; and\n\n≥ 0.6% soil organic carbon; and\none or both of the following:\n\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 3 moist, and ≤ 5 dry, and a chroma of ≤ 3 moist; or\nall of the following:\n\na texture class of loamy sand or coarser; and\nin ≥ 90% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤ 5 and a chroma of ≤ 3, both moist; and\n≥ 2.5% soil organic carbon;\n\n\nif a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the umbric horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤ 4, moist, ≥ 0.6% (absolute) more soil organic carbon than this layer; and\na base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 50% on a weighted average; and\na thickness of one of the following:\n\n≥ 10 cm if directly overlying continuous rock, technic hard material or a cryic, petroduric or petroplinthic horizon; or\n≥ 20 cm.\n\n\n\n\nField identification\nThe main field characteristics of an umbric horizon are its dark colour and its structure. In general, umbric horizons tend to have a lesser grade of soil structure than mollic horizons.\nMost umbric horizons have an acid reaction (pHwater < 5.5), which usually indicates a base saturation of < 50%. An additional indication for strong acidity is a shallow, horizontal rooting pattern in the absence of a physical barrier.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nThe base saturation requirement sets the umbric horizon apart from the mollic horizon, which is otherwise similar. The upper limit of the content of soil organic carbon is 20%, which is the lower limit for organic material.\nSome irragric and plaggic horizons may also qualify as umbric horizons.\n\n\n\n3.1.40 Vertic horizon\n\nGeneral description\nA vertic horizon (from Latin vertere, to turn) is a clay-rich subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has slickensides and wedge-shaped soil aggregates.\n\n\nDiagnostic criteria\nA vertic horizon consists of mineral material and has:\n\n≥ 30% clay; and\none or both of the following:\n\na. in ≥ 20% (by volume), wedge-shaped soil aggregates with a longitudinal axis tilted between ≥ 10° and ≤ 60° from the horizontal; or\nslickensides on ≥ 10% of the surfaces of soil aggregates; and\n\nshrink-swell cracks; and\na thickness of ≥ 25 cm.\n\n\n\nField identification\nVertic horizons are clay-rich and, when dry, often have a rupture-resistance class of at least hard. Polished, shiny surfaces with striations (slickensides), often at sharp angles, are distinctive.\nWedge-shaped soil aggregates and slickensides (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.10 and 8.4.14) may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a second-level structure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present.\n\n\nAdditional information\nThe coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE, see Annex 2, Chapter 9.6) is usually ≥ 0.06.\n\n\nRelationships with some other diagnostics\nSeveral other diagnostic horizons may also have high clay contents, e.g., the argic, natric and nitic horizon. Most of them lack the characteristics typical for the vertic horizon. However, they may be laterally linked in the landscape with vertic horizons, the latter usually taking up the lowest position. Less pronounced swelling and shrinking of clay minerals leads to a protovertic horizon.", "crumbs": [ "3  Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials" ] @@ -209,12 +239,22 @@ "3  Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials" ] }, + { + "objectID": "chapter-04.html", + "href": "chapter-04.html", + "title": "4  Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and supplementary qualifiers", + "section": "", + "text": "Overview of Key to Reference Soil Groups", + "crumbs": [ + "4  Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and supplementary qualifiers" + ] + }, { "objectID": "chapter-04.html#sec-key-ov", "href": "chapter-04.html#sec-key-ov", "title": "4  Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and supplementary qualifiers", - "section": "Overview of Key to Reference Soil Groups", - "text": "Overview of Key to Reference Soil Groups\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHistosols\nSolonchaks\nNitisols\nGypsisols\nCambisols\n\n\nAnthrosols\nGleysols\nFerralsols\nCalcisols\nFluvisols\n\n\nTechnosols\nAndosols\nChernozems\nRetisols\nArenosols\n\n\nCryosols\nPodzols\nKastanozems\nAcrisols\nRegosols\n\n\nLeptosols\nPlinthosols\nPhaeozems\nLixisols\n\n\n\nSolonetz\nPlanosols\nUmbrisols\nAlisols\n\n\n\nVertisols\nStagnosols\nDurisols\nLuvisols", + "section": "", + "text": "Histosols\nSolonchaks\nNitisols\nGypsisols\nCambisols\n\n\nAnthrosols\nGleysols\nFerralsols\nCalcisols\nFluvisols\n\n\nTechnosols\nAndosols\nChernozems\nRetisols\nArenosols\n\n\nCryosols\nPodzols\nKastanozems\nAcrisols\nRegosols\n\n\nLeptosols\nPlinthosols\nPhaeozems\nLixisols\n\n\n\nSolonetz\nPlanosols\nUmbrisols\nAlisols\n\n\n\nVertisols\nStagnosols\nDurisols\nLuvisols", "crumbs": [ "4  Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and supplementary qualifiers" ] @@ -539,12 +579,22 @@ "4  Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and supplementary qualifiers" ] }, + { + "objectID": "chapter-05.html", + "href": "chapter-05.html", + "title": "5  Definitions of qualifiers", + "section": "", + "text": "5.1 General rules", + "crumbs": [ + "5  Definitions of qualifiers" + ] + }, { "objectID": "chapter-05.html#sec-quals-rules", "href": "chapter-05.html#sec-quals-rules", "title": "5  Definitions of qualifiers", - "section": "5.1 General rules", - "text": "5.1 General rules\n\nSubqualifiers, which may be used in the soil name instead of the qualifier listed in the Key, are found beneath the definition of the respective qualifier (e.g. Protocalcic is found under Calcic). Subqualifiers, which cannot replace a listed qualifier, are found in alphabetical order (e.g. Hyperalic).\nIf a subqualifier related to depth requirements can be constructed by the user, the figure indicates, which rule applies: (1), (2), (3), (4), (5). If no figure is indicated, these subqualifiers cannot be constructed.", + "section": "", + "text": "Subqualifiers, which may be used in the soil name instead of the qualifier listed in the Key, are found beneath the definition of the respective qualifier (e.g. Protocalcic is found under Calcic). Subqualifiers, which cannot replace a listed qualifier, are found in alphabetical order (e.g. Hyperalic).\nIf a subqualifier related to depth requirements can be constructed by the user, the figure indicates, which rule applies: (1), (2), (3), (4), (5). If no figure is indicated, these subqualifiers cannot be constructed.", "crumbs": [ "5  Definitions of qualifiers" ] @@ -559,12 +609,22 @@ "5  Definitions of qualifiers" ] }, + { + "objectID": "chapter-06.html", + "href": "chapter-06.html", + "title": "6  Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and specifiers", + "section": "", + "text": "6.1 Reference Soil Groups", + "crumbs": [ + "6  Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and specifiers" + ] + }, { "objectID": "chapter-06.html#reference-soil-groups", "href": "chapter-06.html#reference-soil-groups", "title": "6  Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and specifiers", - "section": "6.1 Reference Soil Groups", - "text": "6.1 Reference Soil Groups\n\n\n\n\nTable 6.1: Reference Soil Groups", + "section": "", + "text": "Table 6.1: Reference Soil Groups", "crumbs": [ "6  Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and specifiers" ] @@ -574,7 +634,7 @@ "href": "chapter-06.html#qualifiers", "title": "6  Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and specifiers", "section": "6.2 Qualifiers", - "text": "6.2 Qualifiers\n\n\n\n\nTable 6.2: Qualifiers", + "text": "6.2 Qualifiers\n\n\n\nTable 6.2: Qualifiers", "crumbs": [ "6  Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and specifiers" ] @@ -609,12 +669,22 @@ "7  References" ] }, + { + "objectID": "annex-01-field-guide.html", + "href": "annex-01-field-guide.html", + "title": "8  Annex 1: Field Guide", + "section": "", + "text": "8.1 Preparation work and general rules", + "crumbs": [ + "8  Annex 1: Field Guide" + ] + }, { "objectID": "annex-01-field-guide.html#sec-a1-81", "href": "annex-01-field-guide.html#sec-a1-81", "title": "8  Annex 1: Field Guide", - "section": "8.1 Preparation work and general rules", - "text": "8.1 Preparation work and general rules\n\n8.1.1 Exploration of an area of interest with auger and spade\nSelect your area of interest and give it a distinct name, e.g., Gombori Pass. Then select a location. For further exploration, use a Pürckhauer or an Edelman auger. If using a Pürckhauer auger, drive it into the soil vertically with a plastic hammer. Occasionally, turn the auger with the help of the turning bar, especially in clay-rich soils. If the auger hits a rock or big stone, take it out. You may try again a small distance apart but be careful not to damage the auger. Drive the auger in to a depth of 1 m if possible. If not, note the actual depth that was reached. To take it out, turn it while pulling.\nNow place the auger onto the ground. Cut the protruding soil material with a knife and remove it to the side. Avoid contaminating one layer with the removed material from another. Be aware that compaction inside the auger may have occurred; the layer depths may therefore not be accurate. Place a folding ruler aside the auger according to the actually reached depth (Figure 8.2).\nIn most cases, the topsoil falls out of the auger. To investigate it in more detail, always make a mini-profile close to where the auger was driven in. It should be at least 25 cm deep and wide, and the profile walls should be vertical and smooth. Now place a folding ruler inside the profile in such a way that point 0 is at the soil surface (see Chapter 8.3.1). For later reconstruction, it may help to take a picture of the mini-profile (Figure 8.3).\nThe characteristics that can be described from the soil material in the auger are marked with an asterisk (*) in Chapter 8.4.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.2: Pürckhauer auger profile\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.3: Mini-profile\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.1.2 Preparation of a soil profile\nThe soil profile should be at least 1 m deep or reach the parent material. On a slope, unless the parent material starts at smaller depth, the profile depth (Figure 8.4) should be 1 m / cos(α). For the decision if the thickness and depth criteria of the WRB are fulfilled and when calculating element stocks (Prietzel and Wiesmeier 2019) the layer thickness perpendicular to the slope is needed. This is calculated multiplying the vertical thickness by cos(α).\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.4: Correct profile depth when terrain is inclined\n\n\n\nThe profile should be 1 m wide. If on a slope, the profile wall must be parallel to the contour lines. The material should be piled up to the left and/or right side of the profile and must not be placed on top side of the profile (the side of the profile wall). Never walk or place tools on the side of the profile wall. It is recommended to collect the soil material on two tarps, topsoil and subsoil separately. When refilling the soil profile later, you should first fill in the subsoil and then the topsoil.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.5: Ideal soil profile. Always take the photo perpendicular to the profile wall\n\n\n\n\n\nCarefully prepare the profile wall: it must be strictly vertical and smooth. Roots should be cut directly at the profile wall. Use an appropriate tool to clean the profile wall horizontally and avoid vertical smearing. Place the measuring tape in such a way that point 0 is at the soil surface (see Chapter 8.3.1). It should be at one side but not touch the side walls. It must be strictly vertical and plane. It may help to weight the bottom end of the tape with a stone or stick. Take a photo. Hold the camera perpendicularly to the profile wall (Figure 8.5). Avoid any inclination. Also take at least one picture of the surrounding terrain and vegetation (Figure 8.6), e.g., the tree canopy. Make sure you will be able to associate profile and photo later. If possible, save and name the pictures the same day they are taken.\nIf you describe a soil profile that has been dug some time ago, the topsoil may be disturbed. To describe the humus forms, you need a fresh miniprofile nearby the soil profile.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.6: The setting of the profile in the landscape", + "section": "", + "text": "8.1.1 Exploration of an area of interest with auger and spade\nSelect your area of interest and give it a distinct name, e.g., Gombori Pass. Then select a location. For further exploration, use a Pürckhauer or an Edelman auger. If using a Pürckhauer auger, drive it into the soil vertically with a plastic hammer. Occasionally, turn the auger with the help of the turning bar, especially in clay-rich soils. If the auger hits a rock or big stone, take it out. You may try again a small distance apart but be careful not to damage the auger. Drive the auger in to a depth of 1 m if possible. If not, note the actual depth that was reached. To take it out, turn it while pulling.\nNow place the auger onto the ground. Cut the protruding soil material with a knife and remove it to the side. Avoid contaminating one layer with the removed material from another. Be aware that compaction inside the auger may have occurred; the layer depths may therefore not be accurate. Place a folding ruler aside the auger according to the actually reached depth (Figure 8.2).\nIn most cases, the topsoil falls out of the auger. To investigate it in more detail, always make a mini-profile close to where the auger was driven in. It should be at least 25 cm deep and wide, and the profile walls should be vertical and smooth. Now place a folding ruler inside the profile in such a way that point 0 is at the soil surface (see Chapter 8.3.1). For later reconstruction, it may help to take a picture of the mini-profile (Figure 8.3).\nThe characteristics that can be described from the soil material in the auger are marked with an asterisk (*) in Chapter 8.4.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.2: Pürckhauer auger profile\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.3: Mini-profile\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.1.2 Preparation of a soil profile\nThe soil profile should be at least 1 m deep or reach the parent material. On a slope, unless the parent material starts at smaller depth, the profile depth (Figure 8.4) should be 1 m / cos(α). For the decision if the thickness and depth criteria of the WRB are fulfilled and when calculating element stocks (Prietzel and Wiesmeier 2019) the layer thickness perpendicular to the slope is needed. This is calculated multiplying the vertical thickness by cos(α).\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.4: Correct profile depth when terrain is inclined\n\n\n\nThe profile should be 1 m wide. If on a slope, the profile wall must be parallel to the contour lines. The material should be piled up to the left and/or right side of the profile and must not be placed on top side of the profile (the side of the profile wall). Never walk or place tools on the side of the profile wall. It is recommended to collect the soil material on two tarps, topsoil and subsoil separately. When refilling the soil profile later, you should first fill in the subsoil and then the topsoil.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.5: Ideal soil profile. Always take the photo perpendicular to the profile wall\n\n\n\n\n\nCarefully prepare the profile wall: it must be strictly vertical and smooth. Roots should be cut directly at the profile wall. Use an appropriate tool to clean the profile wall horizontally and avoid vertical smearing. Place the measuring tape in such a way that point 0 is at the soil surface (see Chapter 8.3.1). It should be at one side but not touch the side walls. It must be strictly vertical and plane. It may help to weight the bottom end of the tape with a stone or stick. Take a photo. Hold the camera perpendicularly to the profile wall (Figure 8.5). Avoid any inclination. Also take at least one picture of the surrounding terrain and vegetation (Figure 8.6), e.g., the tree canopy. Make sure you will be able to associate profile and photo later. If possible, save and name the pictures the same day they are taken.\nIf you describe a soil profile that has been dug some time ago, the topsoil may be disturbed. To describe the humus forms, you need a fresh miniprofile nearby the soil profile.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.6: The setting of the profile in the landscape", "crumbs": [ "8  Annex 1: Field Guide" ] @@ -624,7 +694,7 @@ "href": "annex-01-field-guide.html#sec-a1-82", "title": "8  Annex 1: Field Guide", "section": "8.2 General data and description of soil-forming factors", - "text": "8.2 General data and description of soil-forming factors\nThis Chapter refers to some general data and to the soil-forming factors climate, landform and vegetation. Other soil-forming factors are described with the layer description.\n\n8.2.1 Date and authors\nReport the date of description and the names of the describing authors.\n\n\n8.2.2 Location\nGive the location a name and report it; e.g., Gombori Pass 1.\nReport the GPS coordinates.\nReport the altitude above sea level (a.s.l.); e.g., 106 m.\n\n\n8.2.3 Landform and topography\nThis Chapter refers to the large-scale topography. For local surface unevenness, see Chapter 8.3.11.\n\nGradient\nReport the ground surface inclination with respect to the horizontal plane. If the profile lies on a flat surface, the gradient is 0%. If it lies on a slope, make 2 records, one upslope and one downslope; e.g., upslope: 18%, downslope: 16%.\n\n\nSlope aspect\nIf the profile lies on a slope, report the compass direction that the slope faces, viewed downslope; e.g., 225°.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.7: Slope aspect, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-5\n\n\n\n\n\nSlope shape\nIf the profile lies on a slope, report the slope shape in 2 directions: up-/downslope (perpendicular to the elevation contour, i.e. the vertical curvature) and across slope (along the elevation contour, i.e. the horizontal curvature); e.g., Linear, Convex or Concave.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.8: Slope Shape, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-6\n\n\n\n\n\nPosition of the soil profile (related to topography)\nIf the profile lies in an uneven terrain, report the profile position.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.9: Position of the profile, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-7, modified (basin not included)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.1: Position of the profile, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-7, modified\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPosition\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSummit\nSU\n\n\nShoulder\nSH\n\n\nBackslope\nBS\n\n\nFootslope\nFS\n\n\nToeslope\nTS\n\n\nValley bottom\nVB\n\n\nBasin with outflow\nOB\n\n\nEndorheic basin\nEB\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.2.4 Climate and weather\n\nClimate\nReport the climate according to Köppen (1936) and the ecozones according to Schultz (2005, adapted). The term ‘summer’ refers to the season with high solar altitude and the term ‘winter’ to the season with low solar altitude.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.2: Climate according to Köppen (1936)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClimate\nCode\n\n\n\n\nTropical climates\nA\n\n\nTropical rainforest climate\nAf\n\n\nTropical savannah climate with dry-winter characteristics\nAw\n\n\nTropical savannah climate with dry-summer characteristics\nAs\n\n\nTropical monsoon climate\nAm\n\n\nDry climates\nB\n\n\nHot arid climate\nBWh\n\n\nCold arid climate\nBWc\n\n\nHot semi-arid climate\nBSh\n\n\nCold semi-arid climate\nBSc\n\n\nTemperate climates\nC\n\n\nMediterranean hot summer climate\nCsa\n\n\nMediterranean warm/cool summer climate\nCsb\n\n\nMediterranean cold summer climate\nCsc\n\n\nHumid subtropical climate\nCfa\n\n\nOceanic climate\nCfb\n\n\nSubpolar oceanic climate\nCfc\n\n\nDry-winter humid subtropical climate\nCwa\n\n\nDry-winter subtropical highland climate\nCwb\n\n\nDry-winter subpolar oceanic climate\nCwc\n\n\nContinental climates\nD\n\n\nHot-summer humid continental climate\nDfa\n\n\nWarm-summer humid continental climate\nDfb\n\n\nSubarctic climate\nDfc\n\n\nExtremely cold subarctic climat\nDfd\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate\nDwa\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate\nDwb\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced subarctic climate\nDwc\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate\nDwd\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate\nDsa\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate\nDsb\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced subarctic climate\nDsc\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate\nDsd\n\n\nPolar and alpine climates\nE\n\n\nTundra climate\nET\n\n\nIce cap climate\nEF\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.3: Ecozones according to Schultz (2005, adapted)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEcozone\nCode\n\n\n\n\nTropics with year-round rain\nTYR\n\n\nTropics with summer rain\nTSR\n\n\nDry tropics and subtropics\nTSD\n\n\nSubtropics with year-round rain\nSYR\n\n\nSubtropics with winter rain (Mediterranean climate)\nSWR\n\n\nHumid mid-latitudes\nMHU\n\n\nDry mid-latitudes\nMDR\n\n\nBoreal zone\nBOR\n\n\nPolar-subpolar zone\nPOS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason of Description\nReport the season of the description. Vegetation can best be described in the season of full vegetation development.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.4: Season of description\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEcozone\nSeason\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSYR, SWR, MHU, MDR, BOR, POS\nSpring\nSP\n\n\n\n\nSummer\nSU\n\n\n\n\nAutumn\nAU\n\n\n\n\nWinter\nWI\n\n\nTSR\nWet season\nWS\n\n\n\n\nDry season\nDS\n\n\nTYR, TSD\nNo significant seasonality for plant growth\nNS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWeather conditions\nReport the current and past weather conditions.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.5: Current weather conditions, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent weather conditions\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSunny/clear\nSU\n\n\nPartly cloudy\nPC\n\n\nOvercast\nOV\n\n\nRain\nRA\n\n\nSleet\nSL\n\n\nSnow\nSN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.6: Past weather conditions FAO (2006), Table 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent weather conditions\nCode\n\n\n\n\nNo rain in the last month\nNM\n\n\nNo rain in the last week\nNW\n\n\nNo rain in the last 24 hours\nND\n\n\nRain but no heavy rain in the last 24 hours\nRD\n\n\nHeavy rain for some days or excessive rain in the last 24 hours\nRH\n\n\nExtremely rainy or snow melting\nRE\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.2.5 Vegetation and land use\nThis Chapter refers to all kinds of plant cover from completely natural to completely human-made. It is not a vegetation survey, and only the really soil-relevant characteristics are reported. If the land is cultivated as cropland or grassland, the cultivation type is reported. In all other cases, the vegetation type is reported. Observe an area (10 m x 10 m, if possible) with the profile at its centre.\n\nVegetation strata\nThe following strata are relevant.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.7: Vegetation strata, National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2009), 79, modified\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCriterion\nStratum\nCode\n\n\n\n\nGround vegetation\nGround stratum\nGS\n\n\nIf both ground stratum and upper stratum are present, you may define a midstratum between the upper stratum and the ground stratum\nMid-stratum\nMS\n\n\nTallest plants (only if crown cover ≥ 5%)\nUpper stratum\nND\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVegetation type or cultivation type\nIf the land is not cultivated, report the vegetation type according to Table 8.8, for each stratum separately; if more than one type occurs in the same stratum, report up to three, the dominant one first. If the land is cultivated, report the cultivation type according to Table 8.9; cultivated land may show several strata, but they are not reported separately.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.8: Vegetation strata, National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2009), 79, modified\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLife form\nVegetation type\nCode\n\n\n\n\nAquatic\nAlgae: fresh or brackish\nAF\n\n\n\n\nAlgae: marine\nAM\n\n\n\n\nHigher aquatic plants (woody or non-woody)\nAH\n\n\nSurface crusts\nBiological crust (of cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens and/or mosses)\nCR\n\n\nTerrestrial non-woody plants\nFungi\nNF\n\n\n\n\nLichens\nNL\n\n\n\n\nMosses (non-peat)\nNM\n\n\n\n\nPeat\nNP\n\n\n\n\nGrasses and/or herbs\nNG\n\n\nTerrestrial woody plants\nHeath or dwarf shrubs\nWH\n\n\n\n\nEvergreen shrubs\nWG\n\n\n\n\nSeasonally green shrubs\nWS\n\n\n\n\nEvergreen trees (mainly not planted)\nWE\n\n\n\n\nSeasonally green trees (mainly not planted)\nWT\n\n\n\n\nPlantation forest, not in rotation with cropland or grassland\nWP\n\n\n\n\nPlantation forest, in rotation with cropland or grassland\nWR\n\n\nNone (barren)\nWater, rock, or soil surface with < 0.5% vegetation cover\nNO\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.9: Cultivation type\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCultivation type\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees and perennial crops\nACP\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees and annual crops\nACA\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees, perennial and annual crops\nACB\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees and grassland\nAGG\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees, crops and grassland\nACG\n\n\nPasture on (semi-)natural vegetation\nGNP\n\n\nIntensively-managed grassland, pastured\nGIP\n\n\nIntensively-managed grassland, not pastured\nGIN\n\n\nPerennial crop production (e.g. food, fodder, fuel, fiber, ornamental plants)\nCPP\n\n\nAnnual crop production (e.g. food, fodder, fuel, fiber, ornamental plants)\nCPA\n\n\nFallow, less than 12 months, with spontaneous vegetation\nFYO\n\n\nFallow, at least 12 months, with spontaneous vegetation\nFOL\n\n\nFallow, all plants constantly removed (dry farming)\nFDF\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVegetation height, cover and taxa\nFor non-cultivated land, report the following characteristics:\n\nReport the average height and the maximum height in m above ground for each stratum separately.\nReport the vegetation cover. For the upper stratum and the mid-stratum, report the percentage (by area) of the crown cover. For the ground stratum, report the percentage (by area) of the ground cover.\nReport up to three important species per stratum, e.g., Fagus orientalis. If you do not know the species, report the next higher taxonomic rank.\n\n\n\nActual or last cultivated species\nFor cultivated land, report the actual cultivated species using the scientific name, e.g., Zea mays. If currently under fallow, report the last species and indicate month and year of harvest or of cultivation cessation. If more than one species is/was grown simultaneously, report up to three in the sequence of the area covered, starting with the species that covers the largest area; this includes tree species in simultaneous agroforestry systems.\n\n\nRotational cultivated species\nFor cultivated land, report the species that have been cultivated in the last five years in rotation with the actual or last species. Report up to three in the sequence of frequency, starting with the most frequent species; this includes tree species in rotational agroforestry systems.\n\n\nSpecial techniques to enhance site productivity\nReport the techniques that refer to the surrounding area of the soil profile. Techniques that affect certain soil layers are reported for the respective layer. Techniques that cause surface unevenness have to be reported in Chapter 8.3.11, additionally. If more than one type is present, report up to three, the dominant one first.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.10: Special techniques to enhance site productivity\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nType\nCode\n\n\n\n\nDrainage by open canals\nDC\n\n\nUnderground drainage\nDU\n\n\nWet cultivation\nCW\n\n\nIrrigation\nIR\n\n\nRaised beds\nRB\n\n\nHuman-made terraces\nHT\n\n\nLocal raise of land surface\nLO\n\n\nOther\nOT\n\n\nNone\nNO", + "text": "8.2 General data and description of soil-forming factors\nThis Chapter refers to some general data and to the soil-forming factors climate, landform and vegetation. Other soil-forming factors are described with the layer description.\n\n8.2.1 Date and authors\nReport the date of description and the names of the describing authors.\n\n\n8.2.2 Location\nGive the location a name and report it; e.g., Gombori Pass 1.\nReport the GPS coordinates.\nReport the altitude above sea level (a.s.l.); e.g., 106 m.\n\n\n8.2.3 Landform and topography\nThis Chapter refers to the large-scale topography. For local surface unevenness, see Chapter 8.3.11.\n\nGradient\nReport the ground surface inclination with respect to the horizontal plane. If the profile lies on a flat surface, the gradient is 0%. If it lies on a slope, make 2 records, one upslope and one downslope; e.g., upslope: 18%, downslope: 16%.\n\n\nSlope aspect\nIf the profile lies on a slope, report the compass direction that the slope faces, viewed downslope; e.g., 225°.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.7: Slope aspect, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-5\n\n\n\n\n\nSlope shape\nIf the profile lies on a slope, report the slope shape in 2 directions: up-/downslope (perpendicular to the elevation contour, i.e. the vertical curvature) and across slope (along the elevation contour, i.e. the horizontal curvature); e.g., Linear, Convex or Concave.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.8: Slope Shape, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-6\n\n\n\n\n\nPosition of the soil profile (related to topography)\nIf the profile lies in an uneven terrain, report the profile position.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 8.9: Position of the profile, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-7, modified (basin not included)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.1: Position of the profile, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-7, modified\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPosition\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSummit\nSU\n\n\nShoulder\nSH\n\n\nBackslope\nBS\n\n\nFootslope\nFS\n\n\nToeslope\nTS\n\n\nValley bottom\nVB\n\n\nBasin with outflow\nOB\n\n\nEndorheic basin\nEB\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.2.4 Climate and weather\n\nClimate\nReport the climate according to Köppen (1936) and the ecozones according to Schultz (2005, adapted). The term ‘summer’ refers to the season with high solar altitude and the term ‘winter’ to the season with low solar altitude.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.2: Climate according to Köppen (1936)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClimate\nCode\n\n\n\n\nTropical climates\nA\n\n\nTropical rainforest climate\nAf\n\n\nTropical savannah climate with dry-winter characteristics\nAw\n\n\nTropical savannah climate with dry-summer characteristics\nAs\n\n\nTropical monsoon climate\nAm\n\n\nDry climates\nB\n\n\nHot arid climate\nBWh\n\n\nCold arid climate\nBWc\n\n\nHot semi-arid climate\nBSh\n\n\nCold semi-arid climate\nBSc\n\n\nTemperate climates\nC\n\n\nMediterranean hot summer climate\nCsa\n\n\nMediterranean warm/cool summer climate\nCsb\n\n\nMediterranean cold summer climate\nCsc\n\n\nHumid subtropical climate\nCfa\n\n\nOceanic climate\nCfb\n\n\nSubpolar oceanic climate\nCfc\n\n\nDry-winter humid subtropical climate\nCwa\n\n\nDry-winter subtropical highland climate\nCwb\n\n\nDry-winter subpolar oceanic climate\nCwc\n\n\nContinental climates\nD\n\n\nHot-summer humid continental climate\nDfa\n\n\nWarm-summer humid continental climate\nDfb\n\n\nSubarctic climate\nDfc\n\n\nExtremely cold subarctic climat\nDfd\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate\nDwa\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate\nDwb\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced subarctic climate\nDwc\n\n\nMonsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate\nDwd\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate\nDsa\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate\nDsb\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced subarctic climate\nDsc\n\n\nMediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate\nDsd\n\n\nPolar and alpine climates\nE\n\n\nTundra climate\nET\n\n\nIce cap climate\nEF\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.3: Ecozones according to Schultz (2005, adapted)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEcozone\nCode\n\n\n\n\nTropics with year-round rain\nTYR\n\n\nTropics with summer rain\nTSR\n\n\nDry tropics and subtropics\nTSD\n\n\nSubtropics with year-round rain\nSYR\n\n\nSubtropics with winter rain (Mediterranean climate)\nSWR\n\n\nHumid mid-latitudes\nMHU\n\n\nDry mid-latitudes\nMDR\n\n\nBoreal zone\nBOR\n\n\nPolar-subpolar zone\nPOS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason of Description\nReport the season of the description. Vegetation can best be described in the season of full vegetation development.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.4: Season of description\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEcozone\nSeason\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSYR, SWR, MHU, MDR, BOR, POS\nSpring\nSP\n\n\n\n\nSummer\nSU\n\n\n\n\nAutumn\nAU\n\n\n\n\nWinter\nWI\n\n\nTSR\nWet season\nWS\n\n\n\n\nDry season\nDS\n\n\nTYR, TSD\nNo significant seasonality for plant growth\nNS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWeather conditions\nReport the current and past weather conditions.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.5: Current weather conditions, Schoeneberger et al. (2012), 1-1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent weather conditions\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSunny/clear\nSU\n\n\nPartly cloudy\nPC\n\n\nOvercast\nOV\n\n\nRain\nRA\n\n\nSleet\nSL\n\n\nSnow\nSN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.6: Past weather conditions FAO (2006), Table 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPast weather conditions\nCode\n\n\n\n\nNo rain in the last month\nNM\n\n\nNo rain in the last week\nNW\n\n\nNo rain in the last 24 hours\nND\n\n\nRain but no heavy rain in the last 24 hours\nRD\n\n\nHeavy rain for some days or excessive rain in the last 24 hours\nRH\n\n\nExtremely rainy or snow melting\nRE\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8.2.5 Vegetation and land use\nThis Chapter refers to all kinds of plant cover from completely natural to completely human-made. It is not a vegetation survey, and only the really soil-relevant characteristics are reported. If the land is cultivated as cropland or grassland, the cultivation type is reported. In all other cases, the vegetation type is reported. Observe an area (10 m x 10 m, if possible) with the profile at its centre.\n\nVegetation strata\nThe following strata are relevant.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.7: Vegetation strata, National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2009), 79, modified\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCriterion\nStratum\nCode\n\n\n\n\nGround vegetation\nGround stratum\nGS\n\n\nIf both ground stratum and upper stratum are present, you may define a midstratum between the upper stratum and the ground stratum\nMid-stratum\nMS\n\n\nTallest plants (only if crown cover ≥ 5%)\nUpper stratum\nND\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVegetation type or cultivation type\nIf the land is not cultivated, report the vegetation type according to Table 8.8, for each stratum separately; if more than one type occurs in the same stratum, report up to three, the dominant one first. If the land is cultivated, report the cultivation type according to Table 8.9; cultivated land may show several strata, but they are not reported separately.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.8: Vegetation strata, National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2009), 79, modified\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLife form\nVegetation type\nCode\n\n\n\n\nAquatic\nAlgae: fresh or brackish\nAF\n\n\n\n\nAlgae: marine\nAM\n\n\n\n\nHigher aquatic plants (woody or non-woody)\nAH\n\n\nSurface crusts\nBiological crust (of cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens and/or mosses)\nCR\n\n\nTerrestrial non-woody plants\nFungi\nNF\n\n\n\n\nLichens\nNL\n\n\n\n\nMosses (non-peat)\nNM\n\n\n\n\nPeat\nNP\n\n\n\n\nGrasses and/or herbs\nNG\n\n\nTerrestrial woody plants\nHeath or dwarf shrubs\nWH\n\n\n\n\nEvergreen shrubs\nWG\n\n\n\n\nSeasonally green shrubs\nWS\n\n\n\n\nEvergreen trees (mainly not planted)\nWE\n\n\n\n\nSeasonally green trees (mainly not planted)\nWT\n\n\n\n\nPlantation forest, not in rotation with cropland or grassland\nWP\n\n\n\n\nPlantation forest, in rotation with cropland or grassland\nWR\n\n\nNone (barren)\nWater, rock, or soil surface with < 0.5% vegetation cover\nNO\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.9: Cultivation type\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCultivation type\nCode\n\n\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees and perennial crops\nACP\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees and annual crops\nACA\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees, perennial and annual crops\nACB\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees and grassland\nAGG\n\n\nSimultaneous agroforestry system with trees, crops and grassland\nACG\n\n\nPasture on (semi-)natural vegetation\nGNP\n\n\nIntensively-managed grassland, pastured\nGIP\n\n\nIntensively-managed grassland, not pastured\nGIN\n\n\nPerennial crop production (e.g. food, fodder, fuel, fiber, ornamental plants)\nCPP\n\n\nAnnual crop production (e.g. food, fodder, fuel, fiber, ornamental plants)\nCPA\n\n\nFallow, less than 12 months, with spontaneous vegetation\nFYO\n\n\nFallow, at least 12 months, with spontaneous vegetation\nFOL\n\n\nFallow, all plants constantly removed (dry farming)\nFDF\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVegetation height, cover and taxa\nFor non-cultivated land, report the following characteristics:\n\nReport the average height and the maximum height in m above ground for each stratum separately.\nReport the vegetation cover. For the upper stratum and the mid-stratum, report the percentage (by area) of the crown cover. For the ground stratum, report the percentage (by area) of the ground cover.\nReport up to three important species per stratum, e.g., Fagus orientalis. If you do not know the species, report the next higher taxonomic rank.\n\n\n\nActual or last cultivated species\nFor cultivated land, report the actual cultivated species using the scientific name, e.g., Zea mays. If currently under fallow, report the last species and indicate month and year of harvest or of cultivation cessation. If more than one species is/was grown simultaneously, report up to three in the sequence of the area covered, starting with the species that covers the largest area; this includes tree species in simultaneous agroforestry systems.\n\n\nRotational cultivated species\nFor cultivated land, report the species that have been cultivated in the last five years in rotation with the actual or last species. Report up to three in the sequence of frequency, starting with the most frequent species; this includes tree species in rotational agroforestry systems.\n\n\nSpecial techniques to enhance site productivity\nReport the techniques that refer to the surrounding area of the soil profile. Techniques that affect certain soil layers are reported for the respective layer. Techniques that cause surface unevenness have to be reported in Chapter 8.3.11, additionally. If more than one type is present, report up to three, the dominant one first.\n\n\n\n\nTable 8.10: Special techniques to enhance site productivity\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nType\nCode\n\n\n\n\nDrainage by open canals\nDC\n\n\nUnderground drainage\nDU\n\n\nWet cultivation\nCW\n\n\nIrrigation\nIR\n\n\nRaised beds\nRB\n\n\nHuman-made terraces\nHT\n\n\nLocal raise of land surface\nLO\n\n\nOther\nOT\n\n\nNone\nNO", "crumbs": [ "8  Annex 1: Field Guide" ] @@ -660,10 +730,10 @@ ] }, { - "objectID": "annex-02-analytical-procedures.html#sec-a2-91", - "href": "annex-02-analytical-procedures.html#sec-a2-91", + "objectID": "annex-02-analytical-procedures.html", + "href": "annex-02-analytical-procedures.html", "title": "9  Annex 2: Summary of analytical procedures for soil characterization", - "section": "9.1 Sample preparation", + "section": "", "text": "9.1 Sample preparation\nSamples are air-dried or alternatively oven-dried at a maximum of 40 °C. The fine earth is obtained by sieving the dry sample with a 2 mm sieve. Clods not passing through the sieve are crushed (not ground) and sieved again. Coarse fragments and roots not passing through the sieve are treated separately.\nIn special cases where air-drying causes unacceptable irreversible changes in certain soil properties (e.g. in peat and in soils with andic properties), samples are kept and treated in the field-moist state. These samples should be kept under cool conditions and analyzed within a few weeks after sampling.", "crumbs": [ "9  Annex 2: Summary of analytical procedures for soil characterization" @@ -859,12 +929,22 @@ "9  Annex 2: Summary of analytical procedures for soil characterization" ] }, + { + "objectID": "annex-03-horizon-layer-designations.html", + "href": "annex-03-horizon-layer-designations.html", + "title": "10  Annex 3: Horizon and layer designations", + "section": "", + "text": "10.1 Master symbols", + "crumbs": [ + "10  Annex 3: Horizon and layer designations" + ] + }, { "objectID": "annex-03-horizon-layer-designations.html#sec-a3-1", "href": "annex-03-horizon-layer-designations.html#sec-a3-1", "title": "10  Annex 3: Horizon and layer designations", - "section": "10.1 Master symbols", - "text": "10.1 Master symbols\n\n\n\nTable 10.1: Master symbols\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSymbol\nCriteria\n\n\n\n\nH\nOrganic or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; water saturation > 30 consecutive days in most years or drained; generally regarded as peat layer or organic limnic layer.\nNota bene:\n\nUnder water saturation, completely undecomposed organic layers, consisting of 100% (by volume, related to all dead plant residues) recognizable dead plant tissues, may exist. However, most H layers underwent at least some decomposition, show < 100% (by volume) recognizable dead plant tissues and are considered to be soil horizons.\nIf the H is used for organotechnic layers, the suffix u is mandatory.\n\n\n\nO\nOrganic horizon or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; water saturation ≤ 30 consecutive days in most years and not drained; generally regarded as non-peat and non-limnic horizon.\nNota bene: If the O is used for organotechnic layers, the suffix u is mandatory.\n\n\nA\nMineral horizon at the mineral soil surface or buried;\ncontains organic matter that has at least partly been modified in-situ;\nsoil structure and/or structural elements created by cultivation in ≥ 50% (by volume, related to the fine earth), i.e. rock structure, if present, in < 50% (by volume); cultivated mineral layers are designated A, even if they belonged to another layer before cultivation.\n\n\nE\nMineral horizon;\nhas lost by downward movement within the soil (vertically or laterally) one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter.\n\n\nB\nMineral horizon that has (at least originally) formed below an A or E horizon; rock structure, if present, in < 50% (by volume, related to the fine earth); one or more of the following processes of soil formation:\n\nformation of soil aggregate structure\nformation of clay minerals and/or oxides\naccumulation by illuviation processes of one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter; silica; carbonates; gypsum\nremoval of carbonates or gypsum.\n\nNota bene: B horizons may show other accumulations as well.\n\n\nC\nMineral layer;\nunconsolidated (can be cut with a spade when moist), or consolidated and more fractured than the R layer;\nno soil formation, or soil formation that does not meet the criteria of the A, E, and B horizon.\n\n\nR\nConsolidated rock;\nair-dry or drier specimens, when placed in water, will not slake within 24 hours;\nfractures, if present, occupy < 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil); not resulting from the cementation of a soil horizon.\n\n\nI\n≥ 75% ice (by volume, related to the whole soil), permanent, below an H, O, A, E, B or C layer.\n\n\nW\nPermanent water above the soil surface or between layers, may be seasonally frozen.", + "section": "", + "text": "Table 10.1: Master symbols\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSymbol\nCriteria\n\n\n\n\nH\nOrganic or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; water saturation > 30 consecutive days in most years or drained; generally regarded as peat layer or organic limnic layer.\nNota bene:\n\nUnder water saturation, completely undecomposed organic layers, consisting of 100% (by volume, related to all dead plant residues) recognizable dead plant tissues, may exist. However, most H layers underwent at least some decomposition, show < 100% (by volume) recognizable dead plant tissues and are considered to be soil horizons.\nIf the H is used for organotechnic layers, the suffix u is mandatory.\n\n\n\nO\nOrganic horizon or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; water saturation ≤ 30 consecutive days in most years and not drained; generally regarded as non-peat and non-limnic horizon.\nNota bene: If the O is used for organotechnic layers, the suffix u is mandatory.\n\n\nA\nMineral horizon at the mineral soil surface or buried;\ncontains organic matter that has at least partly been modified in-situ;\nsoil structure and/or structural elements created by cultivation in ≥ 50% (by volume, related to the fine earth), i.e. rock structure, if present, in < 50% (by volume); cultivated mineral layers are designated A, even if they belonged to another layer before cultivation.\n\n\nE\nMineral horizon;\nhas lost by downward movement within the soil (vertically or laterally) one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter.\n\n\nB\nMineral horizon that has (at least originally) formed below an A or E horizon; rock structure, if present, in < 50% (by volume, related to the fine earth); one or more of the following processes of soil formation:\n\nformation of soil aggregate structure\nformation of clay minerals and/or oxides\naccumulation by illuviation processes of one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter; silica; carbonates; gypsum\nremoval of carbonates or gypsum.\n\nNota bene: B horizons may show other accumulations as well.\n\n\nC\nMineral layer;\nunconsolidated (can be cut with a spade when moist), or consolidated and more fractured than the R layer;\nno soil formation, or soil formation that does not meet the criteria of the A, E, and B horizon.\n\n\nR\nConsolidated rock;\nair-dry or drier specimens, when placed in water, will not slake within 24 hours;\nfractures, if present, occupy < 10% (by volume, related to the whole soil); not resulting from the cementation of a soil horizon.\n\n\nI\n≥ 75% ice (by volume, related to the whole soil), permanent, below an H, O, A, E, B or C layer.\n\n\nW\nPermanent water above the soil surface or between layers, may be seasonally frozen.", "crumbs": [ "10  Annex 3: Horizon and layer designations" ] diff --git a/docs/site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css b/docs/site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css index a480ec6..27a95c7 100644 --- a/docs/site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css +++ b/docs/site_libs/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ * Bootstrap v5.3.1 (https://getbootstrap.com/) * Copyright 2011-2023 The Bootstrap Authors * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENSE) - */@import"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:wght@300;400;700&display=swap";:root,[data-bs-theme=light]{--bs-blue: #2780e3;--bs-indigo: #6610f2;--bs-purple: 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0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #3fb618;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #3fb618}.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #9954bb;--bs-btn-border-color: #9954bb;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #82479f;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #7a4396;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 168, 110, 197;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #7a4396;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #733f8c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #9954bb;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #9954bb}.btn-warning{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #ff7518;--bs-btn-border-color: #ff7518;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #d96314;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #cc5e13;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 138, 59;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #cc5e13;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bf5812;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: 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none}.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #2780e3;--bs-btn-border-color: #2780e3;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2780e3;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2780e3;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 39, 128, 227;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2780e3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2780e3;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2780e3;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2780e3;--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #343a40;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 52, 58, 64;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #343a40;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-bg: 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#ff0039;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #ff0039;--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-border-color: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 248, 249, 250;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f8f9fa;--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #343a40;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 52, 58, 64;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #343a40;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #343a40;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 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reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(-1*var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button::after{flex-shrink:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;content:"";background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button::after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{z-index:3;border-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{color:var(--bs-accordion-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush .accordion-collapse{border-width:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item{border-right:0;border-left:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button::after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%237db3ee'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%237db3ee'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.breadcrumb{--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg: ;--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius: ;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, ">") /* rtl: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, ">") */}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.pagination{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1rem;--bs-pagination-color: #2761e3;--bs-pagination-bg: #fff;--bs-pagination-border-width: 1px;--bs-pagination-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-hover-color: #1f4eb6;--bs-pagination-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-pagination-hover-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-focus-color: #1f4eb6;--bs-pagination-focus-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(39, 128, 227, 0.25);--bs-pagination-active-color: #fff;--bs-pagination-active-bg: #2780e3;--bs-pagination-active-border-color: #2780e3;--bs-pagination-disabled-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-pagination-disabled-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color: #dee2e6;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none}.page-link{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-pagination-padding-y) var(--bs-pagination-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-pagination-font-size);color:var(--bs-pagination-color);text-decoration:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;-moz-text-decoration:none;-ms-text-decoration:none;-o-text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-bg);border:var(--bs-pagination-border-width) solid var(--bs-pagination-border-color);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.page-link{transition:none}}.page-link:hover{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-border-color)}.page-link:focus{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-bg);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow)}.page-link.active,.active>.page-link{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-border-color)}.page-link.disabled,.disabled>.page-link{color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color)}.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link{margin-left:calc(1px*-1)}.pagination-lg{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 1.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.5rem}.pagination-sm{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.2em}.badge{--bs-badge-padding-x: 0.65em;--bs-badge-padding-y: 0.35em;--bs-badge-font-size:0.75em;--bs-badge-font-weight: 700;--bs-badge-color: #fff;--bs-badge-border-radius: 0.25rem;display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-badge-padding-y) var(--bs-badge-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-badge-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-badge-font-weight);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-badge-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:baseline}.badge:empty{display:none}.btn .badge{position:relative;top:-1px}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: 0 solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-default{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-default-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-success{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.alert-danger{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}@keyframes progress-bar-stripes{0%{background-position-x:.5rem}}.progress,.progress-stacked{--bs-progress-height: 0.5rem;--bs-progress-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-progress-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-progress-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-progress-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-progress-bar-color: #fff;--bs-progress-bar-bg: #2780e3;--bs-progress-bar-transition: width 0.6s ease;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;height:var(--bs-progress-height);overflow:hidden;font-size:var(--bs-progress-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-progress-bg)}.progress-bar{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;color:var(--bs-progress-bar-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;background-color:var(--bs-progress-bar-bg);transition:var(--bs-progress-bar-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.progress-bar{transition:none}}.progress-bar-striped{background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-size:var(--bs-progress-height) var(--bs-progress-height)}.progress-stacked>.progress{overflow:visible}.progress-stacked>.progress>.progress-bar{width:100%}.progress-bar-animated{animation:1s linear infinite progress-bar-stripes}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.progress-bar-animated{animation:none}}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color: #343a40;--bs-list-group-bg: #fff;--bs-list-group-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-list-group-border-width: 1px;--bs-list-group-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: #000;--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-list-group-action-active-color: #343a40;--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-list-group-disabled-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-list-group-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-color: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg: #2780e3;--bs-list-group-active-border-color: #2780e3;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0}.list-group-numbered{list-style-type:none;counter-reset:section}.list-group-numbered>.list-group-item::before{content:counters(section, ".") ". ";counter-increment:section}.list-group-item-action{width:100%;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-color);text-align:inherit}.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-action:focus{z-index:1;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg)}.list-group-item-action:active{color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-bg)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);text-decoration:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;-moz-text-decoration:none;-ms-text-decoration:none;-o-text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item.disabled,.list-group-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-bg)}.list-group-item.active{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-list-group-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-border-color)}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-horizontal{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}@media(min-width: 576px){.list-group-horizontal-sm{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.list-group-horizontal-md{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 992px){.list-group-horizontal-lg{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.list-group-horizontal-xl{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.list-group-horizontal-xxl{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item{border-width:0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.list-group-item-default{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-default-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-default-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-primary{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-secondary{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-success{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-info{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-warning{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-danger{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-light{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-dark{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(39, 128, 227, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-o-user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.toast{--bs-toast-zindex: 1090;--bs-toast-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-toast-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-toast-spacing: 1.5rem;--bs-toast-max-width: 350px;--bs-toast-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-toast-color: ;--bs-toast-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-toast-border-width: 1px;--bs-toast-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-toast-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-toast-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);--bs-toast-header-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-toast-header-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-toast-header-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);width:var(--bs-toast-max-width);max-width:100%;font-size:var(--bs-toast-font-size);color:var(--bs-toast-color);pointer-events:auto;background-color:var(--bs-toast-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-border-color);box-shadow:var(--bs-toast-box-shadow)}.toast.showing{opacity:0}.toast:not(.show){display:none}.toast-container{--bs-toast-zindex: 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0.175);--bs-modal-border-width: 1px;--bs-modal-border-radius: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-modal-header-border-width: 1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg: ;--bs-modal-footer-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-modal-footer-border-width: 1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:transform .3s ease-out;transform:translate(0, -50px)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal.show .modal-dialog{transform:none}.modal.modal-static 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0.5;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-backdrop-zindex);width:100vw;height:100vh;background-color:var(--bs-backdrop-bg)}.modal-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:var(--bs-backdrop-opacity)}.modal-header{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;-webkit-align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color)}.modal-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) auto}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}.modal-footer{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;-webkit-align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-padding) - var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5);background-color:var(--bs-modal-footer-bg);border-top:var(--bs-modal-footer-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-footer-border-color)}.modal-footer>*{margin:calc(var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5)}@media(min-width: 576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin: 1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width: 300px}}@media(min-width: 992px){.modal-lg,.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 800px}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 1140px}}.modal-fullscreen{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.modal-fullscreen-sm-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.modal-fullscreen-md-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 991.98px){.modal-fullscreen-lg-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1199.98px){.modal-fullscreen-xl-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1399.98px){.modal-fullscreen-xxl-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-xxl-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-xxl-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}.tooltip{--bs-tooltip-zindex: 1080;--bs-tooltip-max-width: 200px;--bs-tooltip-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-tooltip-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-tooltip-margin: ;--bs-tooltip-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-tooltip-color: #fff;--bs-tooltip-bg: #000;--bs-tooltip-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-tooltip-opacity: 0.9;--bs-tooltip-arrow-width: 0.8rem;--bs-tooltip-arrow-height: 0.4rem;z-index:var(--bs-tooltip-zindex);display:block;margin:var(--bs-tooltip-margin);font-family:"Source Sans Pro",-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;text-align:left;text-align:start;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:normal;word-break:normal;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal;line-break:auto;font-size:var(--bs-tooltip-font-size);word-wrap:break-word;opacity:0}.tooltip.show{opacity:var(--bs-tooltip-opacity)}.tooltip .tooltip-arrow{display:block;width:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width);height:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height)}.tooltip .tooltip-arrow::before{position:absolute;content:"";border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border-style:solid}.bs-tooltip-top .tooltip-arrow,.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] .tooltip-arrow{bottom:calc(-1*var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height))}.bs-tooltip-top .tooltip-arrow::before,.bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] .tooltip-arrow::before{top:-1px;border-width:var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width)*.5) 0;border-top-color:var(--bs-tooltip-bg)}.bs-tooltip-end 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var(--bs-popover-border-width))}.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow::before,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow::before,.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow::after,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow::after{border-width:var(--bs-popover-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width)*.5) 0}.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow::before,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow::before{bottom:0;border-top-color:var(--bs-popover-arrow-border)}.bs-popover-top>.popover-arrow::after,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top]>.popover-arrow::after{bottom:var(--bs-popover-border-width);border-top-color:var(--bs-popover-bg)}.bs-popover-end>.popover-arrow,.bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right]>.popover-arrow{left:calc(-1*(var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)) - 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992px){.navbar-expand-lg{flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;display:-webkit-flex !important;flex-basis:auto;-webkit-flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.navbar-expand-xl{flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;display:-webkit-flex !important;flex-basis:auto;-webkit-flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.navbar-expand-xxl{flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;display:-webkit-flex !important;flex-basis:auto;-webkit-flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}.navbar-expand{flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav-scroll{overflow:visible}.navbar-expand .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;display:-webkit-flex !important;flex-basis:auto;-webkit-flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-expand .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border:0 !important;transform:none !important;transition:none}.navbar-expand .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}.navbar-dark,.navbar[data-bs-theme=dark]{--bs-navbar-color: #545555;--bs-navbar-hover-color: rgba(31, 78, 182, 0.8);--bs-navbar-disabled-color: rgba(84, 85, 85, 0.75);--bs-navbar-active-color: #1f4eb6;--bs-navbar-brand-color: #545555;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color: #1f4eb6;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color: rgba(84, 85, 85, 0);--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='%23545555' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}[data-bs-theme=dark] .navbar-toggler-icon{--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='%23545555' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-title-color: ;--bs-card-subtitle-color: ;--bs-card-border-width: 1px;--bs-card-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-card-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-card-box-shadow: ;--bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(0.25rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.25);--bs-card-cap-color: ;--bs-card-height: ;--bs-card-color: ;--bs-card-bg: #fff;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;--bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card>hr{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.card>.list-group{border-top:inherit;border-bottom:inherit}.card>.list-group:first-child{border-top-width:0}.card>.list-group:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.card>.card-header+.list-group,.card>.list-group+.card-footer{border-top:0}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-title{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y);color:var(--bs-card-title-color)}.card-subtitle{margin-top:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-subtitle-color)}.card-text:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.card-link+.card-link{margin-left:var(--bs-card-spacer-x)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header-tabs{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-1*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));border-bottom:0}.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);border-bottom-color:var(--bs-card-bg)}.card-header-pills{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x))}.card-img-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding)}.card-img,.card-img-top,.card-img-bottom{width:100%}.card-group>.card{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-group-margin)}@media(min-width: 576px){.card-group{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap}.card-group>.card{flex:1 0 0%;-webkit-flex:1 0 0%;margin-bottom:0}.card-group>.card+.card{margin-left:0;border-left:0}}.accordion{--bs-accordion-color: #343a40;--bs-accordion-bg: #fff;--bs-accordion-transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out, border-radius 0.15s ease;--bs-accordion-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-accordion-border-width: 1px;--bs-accordion-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius: calc(0.25rem - 1px);--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-btn-color: #343a40;--bs-accordion-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23343a40'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform: rotate(-180deg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition: transform 0.2s ease-in-out;--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%2310335b'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color: #93c0f1;--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(39, 128, 227, 0.25);--bs-accordion-body-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-body-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-active-color: #10335b;--bs-accordion-active-bg: #d4e6f9}.accordion-button{position:relative;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;align-items:center;-webkit-align-items:center;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x);font-size:1rem;color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-color);text-align:left;background-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-bg);border:0;overflow-anchor:none;transition:var(--bs-accordion-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(-1*var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button::after{flex-shrink:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;content:"";background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button::after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{z-index:3;border-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{color:var(--bs-accordion-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush .accordion-collapse{border-width:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item{border-right:0;border-left:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush .accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button::after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%237db3ee'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%237db3ee'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.breadcrumb{--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y: 0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg: ;--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius: ;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, ">") /* rtl: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, ">") */}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.pagination{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.375rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1rem;--bs-pagination-color: #2761e3;--bs-pagination-bg: #fff;--bs-pagination-border-width: 1px;--bs-pagination-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-hover-color: #1f4eb6;--bs-pagination-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-pagination-hover-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-pagination-focus-color: #1f4eb6;--bs-pagination-focus-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(39, 128, 227, 0.25);--bs-pagination-active-color: #fff;--bs-pagination-active-bg: #2780e3;--bs-pagination-active-border-color: #2780e3;--bs-pagination-disabled-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-pagination-disabled-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color: #dee2e6;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none}.page-link{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-pagination-padding-y) var(--bs-pagination-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-pagination-font-size);color:var(--bs-pagination-color);text-decoration:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;-moz-text-decoration:none;-ms-text-decoration:none;-o-text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-bg);border:var(--bs-pagination-border-width) solid var(--bs-pagination-border-color);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.page-link{transition:none}}.page-link:hover{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-hover-border-color)}.page-link:focus{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-focus-bg);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow)}.page-link.active,.active>.page-link{z-index:3;color:var(--bs-pagination-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-active-border-color)}.page-link.disabled,.disabled>.page-link{color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color)}.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link{margin-left:calc(1px*-1)}.pagination-lg{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 1.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.75rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.5rem}.pagination-sm{--bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-pagination-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.2em}.badge{--bs-badge-padding-x: 0.65em;--bs-badge-padding-y: 0.35em;--bs-badge-font-size:0.75em;--bs-badge-font-weight: 700;--bs-badge-color: #fff;--bs-badge-border-radius: 0.25rem;display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-badge-padding-y) var(--bs-badge-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-badge-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-badge-font-weight);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-badge-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:baseline}.badge:empty{display:none}.btn .badge{position:relative;top:-1px}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 1rem;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: 0 solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-default{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-default-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-success{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.alert-danger{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}@keyframes progress-bar-stripes{0%{background-position-x:.5rem}}.progress,.progress-stacked{--bs-progress-height: 0.5rem;--bs-progress-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-progress-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-progress-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-progress-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-progress-bar-color: #fff;--bs-progress-bar-bg: #2780e3;--bs-progress-bar-transition: width 0.6s ease;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;height:var(--bs-progress-height);overflow:hidden;font-size:var(--bs-progress-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-progress-bg)}.progress-bar{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;color:var(--bs-progress-bar-color);text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;background-color:var(--bs-progress-bar-bg);transition:var(--bs-progress-bar-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.progress-bar{transition:none}}.progress-bar-striped{background-image:linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);background-size:var(--bs-progress-height) var(--bs-progress-height)}.progress-stacked>.progress{overflow:visible}.progress-stacked>.progress>.progress-bar{width:100%}.progress-bar-animated{animation:1s linear infinite progress-bar-stripes}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.progress-bar-animated{animation:none}}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color: #343a40;--bs-list-group-bg: #fff;--bs-list-group-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-list-group-border-width: 1px;--bs-list-group-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: #000;--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;--bs-list-group-action-active-color: #343a40;--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: #e9ecef;--bs-list-group-disabled-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-list-group-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-color: #fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg: #2780e3;--bs-list-group-active-border-color: #2780e3;display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0}.list-group-numbered{list-style-type:none;counter-reset:section}.list-group-numbered>.list-group-item::before{content:counters(section, ".") ". ";counter-increment:section}.list-group-item-action{width:100%;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-color);text-align:inherit}.list-group-item-action:hover,.list-group-item-action:focus{z-index:1;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg)}.list-group-item-action:active{color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-bg)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);text-decoration:none;-webkit-text-decoration:none;-moz-text-decoration:none;-ms-text-decoration:none;-o-text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item.disabled,.list-group-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-bg)}.list-group-item.active{z-index:2;color:var(--bs-list-group-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-list-group-active-border-color)}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-horizontal{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}@media(min-width: 576px){.list-group-horizontal-sm{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.list-group-horizontal-md{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 992px){.list-group-horizontal-lg{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.list-group-horizontal-xl{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}@media(min-width: 1400px){.list-group-horizontal-xxl{flex-direction:row;-webkit-flex-direction:row}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width);border-left-width:0}.list-group-horizontal-xxl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--bs-list-group-border-width));border-left-width:var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item{border-width:0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.list-group-item-default{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-default-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-default-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-default-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-default-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-primary{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-secondary{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-success{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-info{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-warning{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-danger{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-light{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.list-group-item-dark{--bs-list-group-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-action-active-color: var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-color: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-list-group-active-bg: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-list-group-active-border-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(39, 128, 227, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-o-user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.toast{--bs-toast-zindex: 1090;--bs-toast-padding-x: 0.75rem;--bs-toast-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-toast-spacing: 1.5rem;--bs-toast-max-width: 350px;--bs-toast-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-toast-color: ;--bs-toast-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-toast-border-width: 1px;--bs-toast-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-toast-border-radius: 0.25rem;--bs-toast-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);--bs-toast-header-color: rgba(52, 58, 64, 0.75);--bs-toast-header-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-toast-header-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);width:var(--bs-toast-max-width);max-width:100%;font-size:var(--bs-toast-font-size);color:var(--bs-toast-color);pointer-events:auto;background-color:var(--bs-toast-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-border-color);box-shadow:var(--bs-toast-box-shadow)}.toast.showing{opacity:0}.toast:not(.show){display:none}.toast-container{--bs-toast-zindex: 1090;position:absolute;z-index:var(--bs-toast-zindex);width:max-content;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:-ms-max-content;width:-o-max-content;max-width:100%;pointer-events:none}.toast-container>:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--bs-toast-spacing)}.toast-header{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;align-items:center;-webkit-align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-toast-padding-y) var(--bs-toast-padding-x);color:var(--bs-toast-header-color);background-color:var(--bs-toast-header-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border-bottom:var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-header-border-color)}.toast-header .btn-close{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-toast-padding-x));margin-left:var(--bs-toast-padding-x)}.toast-body{padding:var(--bs-toast-padding-x);word-wrap:break-word}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex: 1055;--bs-modal-width: 500px;--bs-modal-padding: 1rem;--bs-modal-margin: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-color: ;--bs-modal-bg: #fff;--bs-modal-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-modal-border-width: 1px;--bs-modal-border-radius: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-modal-header-border-width: 1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg: ;--bs-modal-footer-border-color: #dee2e6;--bs-modal-footer-border-width: 1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:transform .3s ease-out;transform:translate(0, -50px)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal.show .modal-dialog{transform:none}.modal.modal-static 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0.5;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-backdrop-zindex);width:100vw;height:100vh;background-color:var(--bs-backdrop-bg)}.modal-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:var(--bs-backdrop-opacity)}.modal-header{display:flex;display:-webkit-flex;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;-webkit-align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color)}.modal-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) auto}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;-webkit-flex:1 1 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1rem)}.navbar+.container-fluid>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container:has(>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child),.navbar+.container-sm>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container:has(>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child),.navbar+.container-md>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container:has(>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child),.navbar+.container-lg>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container:has(>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child),.navbar+.container-xl>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container:has(>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child),.navbar+.container-xxl>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container:has(>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child){padding:0}.navbar+.container-fluid>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border=true]),.navbar+.container-sm>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border=true]),.navbar+.container-md>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border=true]),.navbar+.container-lg>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border=true]),.navbar+.container-xl>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border=true]),.navbar+.container-xxl>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border=true]){border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none}.navbar+.container-fluid>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border-radius=true]),.navbar+.container-sm>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border-radius=true]),.navbar+.container-md>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border-radius=true]),.navbar+.container-lg>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border-radius=true]),.navbar+.container-xl>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border-radius=true]),.navbar+.container-xxl>.tab-content>.tab-pane.active.html-fill-container>.bslib-sidebar-layout:only-child:not([data-bslib-sidebar-border-radius=true]){border-radius:0}.navbar+div>.bslib-sidebar-layout{border-top:var(--bslib-sidebar-border)}:root{--bslib-page-sidebar-title-bg: 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window.getComputedStyle(marginChild); + const marginBottom = parseFloat(marginChildStyle["marginBottom"]); + const margin = lastBottom - top + marginBottom; marginChild.style.marginTop = `${margin}px`; } const styles = window.getComputedStyle(marginChild); diff --git a/docs/site_libs/quarto-nav/quarto-nav.js b/docs/site_libs/quarto-nav/quarto-nav.js index 9253bbf..ebfc262 100644 --- a/docs/site_libs/quarto-nav/quarto-nav.js +++ b/docs/site_libs/quarto-nav/quarto-nav.js @@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { } else { sidebar.style.top = topOffset + "px"; sidebar.style.maxHeight = "calc(100vh - " + topOffset + "px)"; - sidebar.style.minHeight = "calc(100vh - " + topOffset + "px)"; } }); diff --git a/docs/sitemap.xml b/docs/sitemap.xml index 8f269e9..07b7d34 100644 --- a/docs/sitemap.xml +++ b/docs/sitemap.xml @@ -2,74 +2,74 @@ https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/index.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:18.074Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:57.104Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/foreword.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.996Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.983Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/preface.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:18.074Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:57.134Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/acknowledgements.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.609Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/list-of-acronyms.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:18.074Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:57.126Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-01.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.692Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-02.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-24T03:21:25.176Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-03.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.722Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-04.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.818Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.733Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-05.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.819Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.745Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-06.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.819Z + 2024-02-10T09:00:55.454Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/chapter-07.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.819Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.769Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/annex-01-field-guide.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-02-10T08:40:19.182Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/annex-02-analytical-procedures.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.634Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/annex-03-horizon-layer-designations.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.646Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/annex-04-soil-description-sheet.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.657Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/annex-05-database-setup.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.668Z https://obrl-soil.github.io/wrbsoil2022/annex-06-rsg-colours.html - 2024-01-10T00:24:17.807Z + 2024-01-10T01:40:56.679Z diff --git 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enhanced, boxrule=0pt, frame hidden, breakable, borderline west={3pt}{0pt}{shadecolor}, interior hidden]}{\end{tcolorbox}}\fi - -\renewcommand*\contentsname{Table of contents} -{ -\hypersetup{linkcolor=} -\setcounter{tocdepth}{2} -\tableofcontents -} -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{citation}{% -\chapter{Citation}\label{citation}} - -IUSS Working Group WRB. 2022. World Reference Base for Soil Resources. -International soil classification system for naming soils and creating -legends for soil maps. 4\textsuperscript{th} edition. International -Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), Vienna, Austria. - -ISBN 979-8-9862451-1-9 - -Copyright: International Union of Soil Sciences®, Vienna, Austria.\\ -This publication may be freely reproduced for non-commercial purposes, -correct citation required. - -Cover by Stefaan Dondeyne\\ -From left to right: Rhodic Ferritic Nitisol (Brazil) {[}photo: Sérgio -Shimizu{]}\\ -Stagnic Gleyic Solonchak (Mongolia) {[}photo: Stefaan Dondeyne{]}\\ -Mollic Vitric Silandic Andosol (Iceland) {[}photo: Stefaan Dondeyne{]}\\ -Eutric Glossic Stagnosol (Belgium) {[}photo: Stefaan Dondeyne{]} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{foreword}{% -\chapter{Foreword}\label{foreword}} - -The soil is a living, heterogeneous and dynamic system that includes -physical, chemical, biological components, and their interactions. -Therefore, to assess its quality it is necessary to measure, describe, -and classify its properties. - -Soil classification is necessary to predict its behavior and identify -limitations that allow us to make correct management decisions in the -agricultural, livestock, forestry, urban, environmental, and health -fields to name a few of the most important. IUSS soil scientists -understood all that and the consequent urgent necessity to create an -international soil classification system for name soils and create soil -map legends based on a global reference system. - -That is why the International Union of Soil Sciences in 1980 formed a -Working Group to develop the International Reference Base for Soil -Classification (IRB), in 1992 renamed the World Reference Base for Soil -Resources (WRB), with the proposal of setting forth a soil -classification system. - -During the 16th World Congress of Soil Science in Montpellier, France, -in 1998, the WRB classification was approved and adopted as the -international soil correlation and communication system of the -International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), and the first edition of -the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) was presented. - -In 2022, within the framework of the IUSS ``International Decade of -Soils 2015-2024'' and with the firm commitment to offer to the -international community a soil classification system to facilitate both -the implementation of soil inventories and the interpretation of soil -maps as practical tools for decision-making for geologists, agronomists, -farmers, engineers, politicians, etc., the International Union of Soil -Sciences presents the fourth edition of the World Reference Base (WRB). - -The IUSS appreciates the efforts of all those who participate in the WRB -working group and make the presentation of this new edition possible as -an IUSS edition free to download from the IUSS website. - -Laura Bertha Reyes-Sánchez\\ -President of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{preface}{% -\chapter{Preface}\label{preface}} - -The first edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) -was published in 1998, the second in 2006 and the third in 2014. In -2022, at the 22nd World Congress of Soil Science in Glasgow, we present -the fourth edition. - -The fourth edition is the result of another eight years of testing. -During international field workshops, we classified numerous soil -profiles and developed ideas for improvement. Establishing algorithms -for automated classification helped overcome inconsistencies. The 32 -Reference Soil Groups were maintained but soil characteristics, not -reflected or properly defined up till now in the WRB, had to be taken -into account. Many criteria in the diagnostics, the key and in the -definitions of the qualifiers were sharpened and refined. Special effort -was made to ensure consistency; that the same features are worded in the -same way throughout the text, including the annexes. - -The fourth edition has new annexes: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - A new Field Guide, exactly tailored to the needs of WRB, with many - definitions of field characteristics, supported by numerous - illustrations - it may be used instead of the FAO Guidelines for Soil - Description (2006) -\item - Horizon and Layer Designations with master symbols and suffixes -\item - Recommendations for Colour Symbols for Reference Soil Group Maps -\item - A Soil Description Sheet and a Guidance on Database Set-Up to be - provided as separate documents for download. -\end{itemize} - -A large number of soil scientists contributed to the fourth edition (see -Acknowledgements). We all hope that the new edition promotes a better -understanding of soils, of their distribution and properties, and of -their protection and sustainable management. - -The first three editions of the WRB were published by the FAO in the -World Soil Resources Reports series. This was no longer possible. We are -glad that the present fourth edition is published by the IUSS. This -reflects well the character of the WRB as a publication of an IUSS -Working Group. - -Peter Schad\\ -Technical University of Munich, Germany\\ -Chair of the IUSS Working Group WRB - -Stephan Mantel\\ -ISRIC - World Soil Information, The Netherlands\\ -Vice-Chair of the IUSS Working Group WRB - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{acknowledgements}{% -\chapter{Acknowledgements}\label{acknowledgements}} - -The lead author of the 4th edition of the WRB is Peter Schad (Technical -University of Munich, Germany). - -The fundamental decisions have been made by the members of the WRB -Board: Lúcia Anjos (Brazil), Jaume Boixadera Llobet (Spain), Seppe -Deckers (Belgium), Stefaan Dondeyne (Belgium), Einar Eberhardt -(Germany), Maria Gerasimova (Russia), Ben Harms (Australia), Cezary -Kabała (Poland), Stephan Mantel (The Netherlands), Erika Michéli -(Hungary), Curtis Monger (USA), Rosa Poch Claret (Spain), Peter Schad -(Germany), Karl Stahr (Germany), Cornie van Huyssteen (South Africa). -Vincent Buness (Germany) and Margaretha Rau (Germany) served as -secretaries of the WRB Board. - -The draft of the Field Guide (Annex 1) and of the Soil Description Sheet -(Annex 4) were written by Vincent Buness, Margaretha Rau and Peter Schad -and the draft of the Guidance on database set-up (Annex 5) by Einar -Eberhardt. The figures, if not assigned otherwise, were made by Vincent -Buness. - -The current fourth edition received contributions from many scientists, -among them are: Erhan Akça (Türkiye), Ólafur Arnalds (Iceland), David -Badía Villas (Spain), Alma Barajas Alcalá (Mexico), Albrecht Bauriegel -(Germany), Frank Berding (The Netherlands), Maria Bronnikova (Russia), -Wolfgang Burghardt (Germany), Przemysław Charzynski (Poland), José -Coelho (Brazil), Fernanda Cordeiro (Brazil), Edoardo Costantini (Italy), -Jaime de Almeida (Brazil), Ademir Fontana (Brazil), Jérȏme Juilleret -(France/Luxembourg), Nikolay Khitrov (Russia), Aleš Kučera (Czech -Republic), Eva Lehndorff (Germany), Jota Jota Lelis (Brazil), João -Herbert Moreira Viana (Brazil), Freddy Nachtergaele (Belgium), Otmar -Nestroy (Austria), Tibor Novák (Hungary), Luis Daniel Olivares Martínez -(Mexico), Thilo Rennert (Germany), Blaž Repe (Slovenia), Nuria Roca -Pascual (Spain), Thorsten Ruf (Germany/Luxembourg), Alessandro -SamuelRosa (Brazil), Tobias Sprafke (Germany/Switzerland), Marcin -Świtoniak (Poland), Wenceslau Teixeira (Brazil), Łukasz Uzarowicz -(Poland), Karen Vancampenhout (Belgium), Andreas Wild (Germany). - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{list-of-acronyms}{% -\chapter{List of acronyms}\label{list-of-acronyms}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1389}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8611}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Al\textsubscript{ox} -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Aluminium extracted by an acid ammonium oxalate solution -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -CaCO\textsubscript{3} & Calcium carbonate \\ -CEC & Cation exchange capacity \\ -COLE & Coefficient of linear extensibility \\ -EC & Electrical conductivity \\ -ESP & Exchangeable sodium percentage \\ -FAO & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations \\ -Fe\textsubscript{dith} & Iron extracted by a -dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate solution \\ -Fe\textsubscript{ox} & Iron extracted by an acid ammonium oxalate -solution \\ -HCl & Hydrochloric acid \\ -ISRIC & International Soil Reference and Information Centre \\ -ISSS & International Society of Soil Science \\ -IUSS & International Union of Soil Sciences \\ -KOH & Potassium hydroxide \\ -KCl & Potassium chloride \\ -Mn\textsubscript{dith} & Manganese extracted by a -dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate solution \\ -NaOH & Sodium hydroxide \\ -NH\textsubscript{4}OAc & Ammonium acetate \\ -RSG & Reference Soil Group \\ -SAR & Sodium adsorption ratio \\ -Si\textsubscript{ox} & Silicon extracted by an acid ammonium oxalate -solution \\ -SiO\textsubscript{2} & Silica \\ -SUITMA & Soils in Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Mining and Military Areas -(IUSS working group) \\ -TRB & Total reserve of bases \\ -UNESCO & United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural -Organization \\ -USDA & United States Department of Agriculture \\ -WRB & World Reference Base for Soil Resources \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{background-and-basics}{% -\chapter{Background and basics}\label{background-and-basics}} - -\hypertarget{history}{% -\section{History}\label{history}} - -\hypertarget{from-its-beginnings-to-the-third-edition-201415}{% -\subsection{From its beginnings to the third edition -2014/15}\label{from-its-beginnings-to-the-third-edition-201415}} - -The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is based on the Legend -(FAO-Unesco, 1974) and the Revised Legend (FAO, 1988) of the Soil Map of -the World (FAO-Unesco, 1971-1981). In 1980, the International Society of -Soil Science (ISSS, since 2002 the International Union of Soil Sciences, -IUSS) formed a Working Group `International Reference Base for Soil -Classification' for further elaboration of a science-based international -soil classification system. This Working Group was renamed `World -Reference Base for Soil Resources' in 1992. The Working Group presented -the first edition of the WRB in 1998 (FAO, 1998), the second edition in -2006 (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) and the third edition in 2014/15 -(IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015). In 1998, the ISSS Council endorsed the -WRB as its officially recommended terminology to name and classify -soils. - -A detailed description of the older WRB history is given in the second -edition (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006) and the third edition of the WRB -(IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015). - -\hypertarget{from-the-third-edition-2014-update-2015-to-the-fourth-edition-2022}{% -\subsection{From the third edition 2014 (Update 2015) to the fourth -edition -2022}\label{from-the-third-edition-2014-update-2015-to-the-fourth-edition-2022}} - -The third edition of the WRB was presented at the 20th World Congress of -Soil Science 2014 in Jeju, Korea. In 2015, an Update was published -online, which is the valid WRB from 2015 to 2022: -https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf. - -The second edition was translated into several languages: Czech, French, -Georgian, Polish, Russian, Slovene, and Spanish. - -Since 2014, several WRB field workshops were organized to test the third -edition: - -2014: Ireland\\ -2017: Latvia and Estonia\\ -2018: Romania\\ -2019: Mongolia\\ -2022: Iceland - -The field tours associated with the meetings of the IUSS Commission on -Soil Classification in South Africa (2016) and Mexico (2022) were -additional tests of the third edition and also the tours offered with -the 21st World Congress of Soil Science 2018 in Brazil. - -Now, after 8 years, a fourth edition has been prepared. - -\hypertarget{major-changes-in-wrb-2022}{% -\section{Major changes in WRB 2022}\label{major-changes-in-wrb-2022}} - -The major changes are: - -\begin{itemize} -\item - The contents of the book were rearranged: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - The former Annex~1 (Descriptions) was deleted. The descriptions were - not fully up to date. - \item - Annex~2 (Laboratory methods) was maintained. - \item - The former Annex~3 (Codes) is now Chapter~6. This reflects that the - codes, if used, are not only recommended but mandatory. - \item - The former Annex~4 is integrated in the new Annex~1. - \item - The new Annex~1 is a Field Guide. It replaces the FAO Guidelines - (2006). Compared to the FAO Guidelines, the Annex~1 is more - comprehensive for WRB, more precise and more didactical using many - illustrations. It gives many definitions of field characteristics - that up till now have been nowhere defined in WRB, neither in the - WRB itself, nor in the FAO Guidelines. Many of these definitions - were taken from the USDA Soil Survey Manual (2017) and the NRCS - Fieldbook (2012), which brings WRB and Soil Taxonomy closer - together. - \item - The new Annex~3 provides brief definitions of layer symbols further - developing the definitions of the FAO Guidelines. - \item - The new Annex~4 explains a soil description sheet that is provided - online. - \item - The new Annex~5 gives a guidance on database set-up. The details are - provided online. - \item - The new Annex~6 gives recommendations for colour symbols for - Reference Soil Group maps. - \end{itemize} -\item - In Chapter~2.1, General rules and definitions, several definitions - have been added for WRB: fine earth, whole soil, litter layer, soil - surface, mineral soil surface, soil layer, soil horizon. Some new - general rules have been added to make the definitions easier. -\item - All Reference Soil Groups (RSGs) are maintained. There are some - changes in the Key: Planosols and Stagnosols are now before Nitisols - and Ferralsols. Fluvisols are before Arenosols. -\item - The following diagnostics were deleted: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - fulvic horizon, melanic horizon: belonged to an outdated concept of - soil organic matter; - \item - aridic properties: had a non-systematic combination of various - characteristics (the wind deposition is now characterized by the - aeolic material, see below); - \item - geric properties: can be better expressed as qualifier; - \item - sulfidic material: not needed after introducing the hypersulfidic - and the hyposulfidic material in 2014. - \end{itemize} -\item - The following diagnostics were introduced: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - albic horizon: In the first and the second edition of WRB, the albic - horizon was defined. However, it was only defined by colour, and - results of soil-forming processes were not required. Therefore, it - was changed to albic material in 2014. But this made the definition - of the Albic qualifier difficult. Now, the albic horizon was - reintroduced, explicitly requiring results of soil-forming - processes. The albic material was maintained (just defined by - colour) and renamed claric material (see below) - \item - cohesic horizon: Dense subsurface horizon dominated by kaolinite. It - is found in tropical regions with seasonal climate and was not - considered so far in WRB. - \item - limonic horizon: Accumulation of Fe by capillary rise in groundwater - soils. The accumulation is so strong that Fe oxides cause a - cementation. It is traditionally referred to as bog iron. - \item - panpaic horizon: Buried A horizon. - \item - tsitelic horizon: Accumulation of Fe by subsurface flow, usually - from Planosols and Stagnosols further up in the landscape. - \item - protogypsic properties: Accumulation of secondary gypsum, not - sufficient for a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon. - \item - aeolic material: Deposited by wind. - \item - mulmic material: Mineral material with a high content of soil - organic carbon, derived from organic material. Drainage of organic - material causes accelerated decomposition, and eventually the - content of soil organic carbon sinks below 20\%, which transforms - the organic material into mineral material. - \item - organotechnic material: Contains large amounts of organic artefacts - and relatively small contents of soil organic carbon in the fine - earth. - \end{itemize} -\item - The following diagnostic materials received new names: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - claric material instead of albic material: After reintroducing the - albic horizon, it had to be avoided that a diagnostic material and a - diagnostic horizon have the same name. The albic material was - therefore renamed in claric material. - \item - solimovic material instead of colluvic material: The word colluvium - has very different meanings in different countries. To avoid - confusion, the new name solimovic material was coined. It explains - that at least parts of the accumulated material underwent soil - formation before having been transported. - \end{itemize} -\item - Many criteria in the diagnostics, the key and in the definitions of - the qualifiers were sharpened and refined. Special effort was - undertaken to make sure that the same features are worded in the same - way throughout the text, including the annexes. -\item - Some new qualifiers were defined, some existing ones were deleted, and - many definitions have been refined. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{the-object-classified-in-the-wrb}{% -\section{The object classified in the -WRB}\label{the-object-classified-in-the-wrb}} - -Like many common words, `soil' has several meanings. In its traditional -meaning, soil is the natural medium for the growth of plants, whether or -not it has discernible soil horizons (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). - -In the 1998 WRB, soil was defined as: - -\begin{quote} -``\ldots{} a continuous natural body which has three spatial and one -temporal dimension. The three main features governing soil are: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - It is formed by \textbf{mineral and organic constituents} and includes - solid, liquid and gaseous phases. -\item - The constituents are organized in \textbf{structures}, specific for - the pedological medium. These structures form the morphological aspect - of the soil cover, equivalent to the anatomy of a living being. They - result from the history of the soil cover and from its actual dynamics - and properties. Study of the structures of the soil cover facilitates - perception of the physical, chemical and biological properties; it - permits understanding the past and present of the soil and predicting - its future. -\item - The soil is in \textbf{constant evolution}, thus giving the soil its - fourth dimension, time.'' -\end{itemize} -\end{quote} - -Although there are good arguments to limit soil survey and mapping to -identifiable stable soil areas with a certain thickness, the WRB has -taken the more comprehensive approach to name any object forming part of -the \textbf{\emph{epiderm of the earth}} (Sokolov, 1997; Nachtergaele, -2005). This approach has a number of advantages; notably that it allows -for addressing environmental problems in a systematic and holistic way -and avoids sterile discussion on a universally agreed definition of soil -and its required thickness and stability. Therefore, the object -classified in the WRB is: \emph{any material within 2~m of the Earth's -surface that is in contact with the atmosphere, excluding living -organisms, areas with continuous ice not covered by other material, and -water bodies deeper than 2~m}. If explicitly stated, the object -classified in the WRB includes layers deeper than 2~m. In tidal areas, -the depth of 2~m is to be applied at mean low water springs. - -The definition includes \emph{continuous rock}, paved urban soils, soils -of industrial areas, soils on buildings and other (permanent/stable) -constructions, cave soils as well as subaqueous soils. Soils under -\emph{continuous rock}, except those that occur in caves, are generally -not considered for classification, but in special cases, the WRB may be -even used to classify soils under rock, for example for -palaeopedological reconstruction of the environment. The use of WRB for -paleosols is still in an experimental stage. - -\hypertarget{basic-principles}{% -\section{Basic principles}\label{basic-principles}} - -\hypertarget{general-principles}{% -\subsection{General principles}\label{general-principles}} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - The classification of soils is based on soil properties defined in - terms of diagnostic horizons, diagnostic properties and diagnostic - materials (together called the \textbf{diagnostics}), which to the - greatest extent possible should be measurable and observable in the - field. Table~1.1 provides an overview of the diagnostics used in the - WRB. -\item - The selection of diagnostic characteristics takes into account their - relationship with soil-forming processes. An understanding of - soil-forming processes contributes to a better characterization of - soils but these processes should not, as such, be used as - differentiating criteria. -\item - To the extent possible at a high level of generalization, diagnostic - features that are of significance for soil management are selected. -\item - Climate parameters are not applied in the classification of soils. It - is understood that they should be used for interpretation purposes, in - combination with soil properties, but they should not form part of - soil definitions. The classification of soils is therefore not - subordinated to the availability of climate data. The name of a - certain soil will not become obsolete due to global or local climate - change. -\item - The WRB is a comprehensive classification system that enables - accommodation of national soil classification systems. -\item - The WRB is not intended to be a substitute for national soil - classification systems, but rather to serve as a common denominator - for communication at the international level. -\item - The WRB comprises two levels of categorical detail: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - the \textbf{\emph{First Level}} having 32 Reference Soil Groups - (RSGs); - \item - the \textbf{\emph{Second Level}}, consisting of the name of the RSG - combined with a set of principal and supplementary qualifiers. - \end{itemize} -\item - Many RSGs in the WRB are representative of major soil regions so as to - provide a comprehensive overview of the world's soil cover. -\item - Definitions and descriptions reflect variations in soil - characteristics that occur both vertically and laterally in the - landscape. -\item - The term \emph{Reference Base} is connotative of the common - denominator function of the WRB: its units (RSGs) have sufficient - width to facilitate harmonization and correlation with national - systems. -\item - In addition to serving as a correlation between existing - classification systems, the WRB also serves as a communication tool - for compiling global soil databases and for the inventory and - monitoring of the world's soil resources. -\item - The nomenclature used to distinguish soil groups retains terms that - have been used traditionally or that can be introduced easily into - common language. They are defined precisely, in order to avoid the - confusion that occurs where names are used with different - connotations. -\end{itemize} - -\textbf{1. Anthropogenic diagnostic horizons (all are mineral)} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -anthraquic horizon & in paddy soils: the layer comprising the puddled -layer and the plough pan, both showing a reduced matrix and oxidized -root channels \\ -hortic horizon & dark, high content of organic matter and P, high animal -activity, high base saturation; resulting from long-term cultivation, -fertilization and application of organic residues \\ -hydragric horizon & in paddy soils: the layer below the anthraquic -horizon showing redoximorphic features and/or an accumulation of Fe -and/or Mn \\ -irragric horizon & uniformly textured, at least moderate content of -organic matter, high animal activity; gradually built up by -sediment-rich irrigation water \\ -plaggic horizon & dark, at least moderate content of organic matter, -sandy or loamy; resulting from application of sods and excrements \\ -pretic horizon & dark, at least moderate content of organic matter and -P, high contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg, with black carbon; including -Amazonian Dark Earths \\ -terric horizon & evidence of addition of substantially different -material, at least moderate content of organic matter, high base -saturation; resulting from adding mineral material (with or without -organic residues) and cultivation \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{2. Diagnostic horizons that may be organic or mineral} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -calcic horizon & accumulation of secondary carbonates, not continuously -cemented \\ -cryic horizon & perennially frozen (visible ice or, if not enough water, -\textless{} 0°C) \\ -salic horizon & high amounts of readily soluble salts \\ -thionic horizon & with sulfuric acid and a very low pH value \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{3. Organic diagnostic horizons} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Name & Simplified Description \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -folic horizon & organic layer, not water-saturated and not drained \\ -histic horizon & organic layer, water-saturated or drained \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{4. Surface mineral diagnostic horizons} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -chernic horizon & thick, very dark-coloured, high base saturation, -moderate to high content of organic matter, well developed soil -structure or structural elements created by agricultural practices, high -animal activity (special case of the mollic \\ -mollic horizon & thick, dark-coloured, high base saturation, moderate to -high content of organic matter, at least some soil structure or -structural elements created by agicultural practices \\ -umbric horizon & thick, dark-coloured, low base saturation, moderate to -high content of organic matter, at least some soil structure or -structural elements created by agricultural practices \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{5. Other mineral diagnostic horizons related to the accumulation -of substances due to (vertical or lateral) migration processes} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -argic horizon & subsurface layer with distinctly higher clay content -than the overlying layer without a lithic discontinuity and/or presence -of illuvial clay minerals (with or without a lithic discontinuity) \\ -duric horizon & concretions or nodules, cemented by secondary silica, -and/or fragments of a broken-up petroducirc horizon \\ -ferric horizon & ≥~5\% reddish to blackish concretions and/or nodules -and/or ≥~15\% reddish to blackish coarse masses, with accumulation of Fe -(and Mn) oxides \\ -gypsic horizon & accumulation of secondary gypsum, not continuously -cemented \\ -limonic horizon & accumulation of Fe and/or Mn oxides in a layer that -has or had gleyic properties; at least partially cemented \\ -natric horizon & subsurface layer with distinctly higher clay content -than the overlying layer without a lithic discontinuity and/or presence -of illuvial clay minerals (with or without a lithic discontinuity); high -content of exchangeable Na \\ -petrocalcic horizon & accumulation of secondary carbonates, relatively -continuously cemented \\ -petroduric horizon & accumulation of secondary silica, relatively -continuously cemented \\ -petrogypsic horizon & accumulation of secondary gypsum, relatively -continuously cemented \\ -petroplinthic horizon & consists of oximorphic features inside (former) -soil aggregates that are at least partially interconnected and have a -yellowish, reddish and/or blackish colour; high contents of Fe oxides at -least in the oximorphic features; relatively continuously cemented \\ -pisoplinthic horizon & ≥~40\% at least moderately cemented yellowish, -reddish, and/or blackish concretions and/or nodules, with accumulation -of Fe oxides, and/or fragments of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon \\ -plinthic horizon & has in ≥~15\% of its exposed area oximorphic features -inside (former) soil aggregates that are black or have a redder hue and -a higher chroma than the surrounding material; high contents of Fe -oxides, at least in the oximorphic features; not continuously -cemented \\ -sombric horizon & subsurface accumulation of organic matter other than -in spodic or natric horizons; not a buried surface horizon \\ -spodic horizon & subsurface accumulation of Al with Fe and/or organic -matter \\ -tsitelic horizon & lateral accumulation of Fe, usually derived from -Planosols and Stagnosols further upslope \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{6. Other mineral diagnostic horizons} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -albic horizon & light-coloured; loss of coloured substances -(e.g.~oxides, organic matter) due to soil-forming processes \\ -cambic horizon & evidence of soil-forming processes; not meeting the -criteria of diagnostic horizons that indicate stronger alteration or -accumulation processes \\ -cohesic horizon & massive or subangular blocky structure, root -penetration restricted, drainage normally free, rich in kaolinite, poor -in organic matter \\ -ferralic horizon & strongly weathered, dominated by kaolinites and -oxides \\ -fragic horizon & with large soil aggregates, roots and percolating water -penetrate the soil only in between these aggregates, not or only -partially cemented \\ -nitic horizon & rich in clay minerals and Fe oxides, moderate to strong -structure, shiny soil aggregate surfaces \\ -panpaic horizon & buried mineral surface horizon with a significant -content of organic matter \\ -protovertic horizon & influenced by swelling and shrinking clay -minerals \\ -vertic horizon & dominated by swelling and shrinking clay minerals \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{7. Diagnostic properties related to surface characteristics} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -takyric properties & fine-textured surface crust with a platy or massive -structure; under arid conditions in periodically flooded soils \\ -yermic properties & combination of desert features: desert pavement, -varnishing, ventifacts, vesicular pores, platy structure \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{8. Diagnostic properties defining the relationship between two -layers} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -abrupt textural difference & very sharp increase in clay content within -a limited depth range \\ -albeluvic glossae & interfingering of coarser-textured and lighter -coloured material into an argic horizon forming vertically continuous -tongues (special case of retic properties) \\ -lithic discontinuity & differences in parent material \\ -retic properties & interfingering of coarser-textured and lighter -coloured material into an argic or natric horizon \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{9. Other diagnostic properties} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -andic properties & short-range-order minerals and/or organo-metallic -complexes \\ -anthric properties & applying to soils with mollic or umbric horizons, -if the mollic or umbric horizon is created or substantially transformed -by humans \\ -continuous rock & consolidated material (excluding cemented pedogenetic -horizons) \\ -gleyic properties & saturated with flowing or upwards moving groundwater -(or upwards moving gases), permanently or at least long enough that -reducing conditions occur \\ -protocalcic properties & carbonates derived from the soil solution and -precipitated in the soil (secondary carbonates), less pronounced than in -calcic or petrocalcic horizons \\ -protogypsic properties & gypsum derived from the soil solution and -precipitated in the soil (secondary gypsum), less pronounced than in -gypsic or petrogypsic horizons \\ -reducing conditions & low rH value and/or presence of sulfide, methane -or reduced Fe \\ -shrink-swell cracks & open and close due to swelling and shrinking of -clay minerals \\ -sideralic properties & relatively low CEC \\ -stagnic properties & saturated with surface water (or intruding -liquids), at least temporarily, long enough that reducing conditions -occur \\ -vitric properties & ≥~5\% (by grain count) of volcanic glasses and -related materials, and containing a limited amount of short-range-order -minerals and/or organo-metallic complexes \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{10. Diagnostic materials related to the concentration of organic -carbon} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2778}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7222}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -mineral material & \textless~20\% soil organic carbon and \textless~35\% -(by volume) organic artefacts \\ -mulmic material & developed from water-saturated organic material after -drainage; 8~-~20\% soil organic carbon \\ -organic material & ≥~20\% soil organic carbon \\ -organotechnic material & \textless~20\% soil organic carbon and ≥~35\% -(by volume) organic artefacts \\ -soil organic carbon & organic carbon that does not meet the diagnostic -criteria of artefacts \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{11. Diagnostic material related to colour} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2639}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7361}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -claric material & light-coloured fine earth, expressed by high Munsell -value and low chroma \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{12. Technogenic diagnostic materials} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7500}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -artefacts & created, substantially modified or brought to the surface by -humans; no subsequent substantial change of chemical or mineralogical -properties \\ -technic hard material & consolidated and relatively continuous material -resulting from an industrial process \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{13. Other diagnostic materials} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2778}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7222}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Simplified Description -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -aeolic material & sedimented by wind \\ -calcaric material & ≥~2\% calcium carbonate equivalent, at least -partially inherited from the parent material \\ -dolomitic material & ≥~2\% of a mineral that has a ratio -CaCO\textsubscript{3}/MgCO\textsubscript{3}~\textless~1.5 \\ -fluvic material & fluviatile, marine or lacustrine deposits with evident -stratification \\ -gypsiric material & ≥~5\% gypsum, at least partially inherited from the -parent material \\ -hypersulfidic material & containing sulfides and capable of severe -acidification \\ -hyposulfidic material & containing sulfides and not capable of severe -acidification \\ -limnic material & deposited in water by precipitation (possibly with -sedimentation), or derived from algae, or derived from aquatic plants -with subsequent transport or subsequent modification by aquatic animals -or microorganisms \\ -ornithogenic material & excrements or remnants of birds or bird -activity \\ -solimovic material & heterogeneous mixture that has moved down a slope, -suspended in water; dominated by material that underwent soil formation -at its original place \\ -tephric material & ≥~30\% (by grain count) volcanic glass and related -materials \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{structure}{% -\subsection{Structure}\label{structure}} - -Each RSG of the WRB is provided with a listing of possible principal and -supplementary qualifiers, from which the user can construct the second -level of the classification. The principal qualifiers are given in a -priority sequence. The broad principles that govern the WRB class -differentiation are: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - At the \textbf{\emph{First Level}} (RSGs), classes are differentiated - mainly according to characteristic soil features produced by primary - pedogenic process, except where special soil parent materials are of - overriding importance. -\item - At the \textbf{\emph{Second Level}} (RSGs with qualifiers), soils are - differentiated according to soil features resulting from any secondary - soil-forming process that has significantly affected the primary - characteristics. In many cases, soil characteristics that have a - significant effect on land use are taken into account. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{evolution-of-the-system}{% -\subsection{Evolution of the system}\label{evolution-of-the-system}} - -The Revised Legend of the FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World (FAO, 1988) -was used as a basis for the development of the WRB in order to take -advantage of the international soil correlation that had already been -conducted through this project and elsewhere. The first edition of the -WRB, published in 1998, comprised 30 RSGs; the following editions have -32 RSGs. - -\hypertarget{architecture}{% -\section{Architecture}\label{architecture}} - -The WRB comprises two levels of categorical detail: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - the \textbf{\emph{First Level}} having 32 Reference Soil Groups - (RSGs); -\item - the \textbf{\emph{Second Level}}, consisting of the name of the RSG - combined with a set of principal and supplementary qualifiers. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{first-level-the-reference-soil-groups}{% -\subsection{First Level: The Reference Soil -Groups}\label{first-level-the-reference-soil-groups}} - -Table~1.2 provides an overview of the RSGs and the rationale for the -sequence of the RSGs in the WRB Key. The RSGs are allocated to groups on -the basis of dominant identifiers, i.e.~the soil-forming factors or -processes that most clearly condition the soil. - -\hypertarget{second-level-the-reference-soil-groups-with-their-qualifiers}{% -\subsection{Second Level: The Reference Soil Groups with their -qualifiers}\label{second-level-the-reference-soil-groups-with-their-qualifiers}} - -In the WRB, a distinction is made between \textbf{principal qualifiers} -and \textbf{supplementary qualifiers}. Principal qualifiers are regarded -as being most significant for a further characterization of soils of the -particular RSG. They are given in a ranked order. Supplementary -qualifiers give some further details about the soil. They are not ranked -but listed alphabetically (exception: the supplementary qualifiers -related to the texture are given first). Chapter 2 gives the rules for -the use of qualifiers for naming soils and for creating map legends. -Constructing the second level by adding qualifiers to the RSG has -several advantages compared with a dichotomic key: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - For every soil, the RSG has the appropriate number of associated - qualifiers. Soils with few characteristics have short names; soils - with many characteristics (e.g.~polygenetic soils) have longer names. -\item - The WRB is capable of indicating most of the soil's properties, which - are incorporated into an informative soil name. -\item - The system is robust. Missing data do not necessarily lead to a - dramatic error in the classification of a soil. If one qualifier is - erroneously added or erroneously omitted based on incomplete data, the - rest of the soil name remains correct. -\end{itemize} - -Table 1.2: Simplified guide to the WRB Reference Soil Groups (RSGs) with -suggested codes. \textbf{This table is not to be used as a key}. For -full definitions, please refer to Chapter 3 and the Key (Chapter 4). - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6761}} - >{\centering\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1831}} - >{\centering\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1408}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\centering -RSG -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\centering -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -\textbf{1. Soils with thick organic layers:} & Histosols & HS \\ -\textbf{2. Soils with strong human influence --} & & \\ -With long and intensive agricultural use: & Anthrosols & AT \\ -Containing significant amounts of artefacts: & Technosols & TC \\ -\textbf{3. Soils with limitations to root growth --} & & \\ -Permafrost-affected: & Cryosols & CR \\ -Thin or with many coarse fragments: & Leptosols & LP \\ -With a high content of exchangeable Na: & Solonetz & SN \\ -Alternating wet-dry conditions, shrink-swell clays: & Vertisols & VR \\ -High concentration of soluble salts: & Solonchaks & SC \\ -\textbf{4. Soils distinguished by Fe/Al chemistry --} & & \\ -Groundwater-affected, underwater and in tidal areas: & Gleysols & GL \\ -Allophanes and/or Al-humus complexes: & Andosols & AN \\ -Subsoil accumulation of humus and/or oxides: & Podzols & PZ \\ -Accumulation and redistribution of Fe: & Plinthosols & PT \\ -Stagnant water, abrupt textural difference: & Planosols & PL \\ -Stagnant water, structural difference and/or moderate textural -difference: & Stagnosols & ST \\ -Low-activity clays, P fixation, many Fe oxides, strongly structured: & -Nitisols & NT \\ -Dominance of kaolinite and oxides: & Ferralsols & FR \\ -\textbf{5. Pronounced accumulation of organic matter in the mineral -topsoil --} & & \\ -Very dark topsoil, secondary carbonates: & Chernozems & CH \\ -Dark topsoil, secondary carbonates: & Kastanozems & KS \\ -Dark topsoil, no secondary carbonates (unless very deep), high base -status: & Phaeozems & PH \\ -Dark topsoil, low base status: & Umbrisols & UM \\ -\textbf{6. Accumulation of moderately soluble salts or non-saline -substances --} & & \\ -Accumulation of, and cementation by, secondary silica: & Durisols & -DU \\ -Accumulation of secondary gypsum: & Gypsisols & GY \\ -Accumulation of secondary carbonates: & Calcisols & CL \\ -\textbf{7. Soils with clay-enriched subsoil --} & & \\ -Interfingering of coarser-textured, lighter coloured material into a -finer-textured, stronger coloured layer: & Retisols & RT \\ -Low-activity clays, low base status: & Acrisols & AC \\ -Low-activity clays, high base status: & Lixisols & LX \\ -High-activity clays, low base status: & Alisols & AL \\ -High-activity clays, high base status: & Luvisols & LV \\ -\textbf{8. Soils with little or no profile differentiation --} & & \\ -Moderately developed: & Cambisols & CM \\ -Stratified fluviatile, marine or lacustrine sediments: & Fluvisols & -FL \\ -Sandy: & Arenosols & AR \\ -No significant profile development: & Regosols & RG \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{topsoils}{% -\section{Topsoils}\label{topsoils}} - -Topsoil characteristics are prone to rapid change with time and are -therefore used only in some cases in the WRB. Several suggestions for -topsoil classification systems have been made (Broll et al., 2006; Fox -et al., 2010; Graefe et al., 2012; Jabiol et al., 2013, Zanella et al., -2018). They may be combined with the WRB. - -\hypertarget{subsolum}{% -\section{Subsolum}\label{subsolum}} - -A classification scheme for subsolum materials has been proposed by -Juilleret et al.~(2016, 2018) that may be combined with the WRB. -Subsolum material is any material occurring below the diagnostics of -WRB. - -\hypertarget{translation-into-other-languages}{% -\section{Translation into other -languages}\label{translation-into-other-languages}} - -Translations into other languages are most welcome. For copyright, -please contact IUSS. However, the soil names must not be translated into -any other language nor transliterated into another alphabet. Soil names -must preserve their grammatical form. The rules for the sequence of -qualifiers must be followed in any translation. Names of RSGs and -qualifiers start with capital letters. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{the-rules-for-naming-soils-and-creating-legends-for-soil-maps}{% -\chapter{The rules for naming soils and creating legends for soil -maps}\label{the-rules-for-naming-soils-and-creating-legends-for-soil-maps}} - -\hypertarget{general-rules-and-definitions}{% -\section{General rules and -definitions}\label{general-rules-and-definitions}} - -The following principles have to be considered for classification in -WRB: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - All data refer to the fine earth, unless stated otherwise. The - \textbf{fine earth} comprises the soil constituents ≤~2~mm. The - \textbf{whole soil} comprises fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts - and dead plant remnants of any size. These rules also apply to - cemented layers. -\item - All data are given \textbf{by mass} (dried at 105°~C, see Annex~2, - Chapter~9.2), unless stated otherwise. -\item - A \textbf{litter layer} is a loose layer that contains - \textgreater~90\% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead - plant remnants) recognizable dead plant tissues (e.g.~undecomposed - leaves). Dead plant material still connected to living plants - (e.g.~dead parts of \emph{Sphagnum} mosses) is not regarded to form - part of a litter layer. The \textbf{soil surface} (0~cm) is by - convention the surface of the soil after removing, if present, the - litter layer and, if present, below a layer of living plants - (e.g.~living mosses). The \textbf{mineral soil surface} is the upper - limit of the uppermost mineral horizon (see Annex~1, Chapters~8.3.1 - and 8.3.2). -\item - A \textbf{soil layer} is a zone in the soil, approximately parallel to - the soil surface, with properties different from layers above and/or - below it. If at least one of these properties is the result of - soil-forming processes, the layer is called a \textbf{soil horizon}. - In the diagnostic criteria, the term `horizon' is mainly used for the - defined diagnostic horizons. The other layers are mainly called - `layer' to make sure that the criteria apply, even if they were not - regarded to be soil horizons. -\item - If a criterion is worded as a conditional clause (if\ldots) and the - condition (\textbf{if-clause}) is not true, the criterion is ignored. -\item - Numerical values obtained in the field or in the laboratory have to be - taken as such and \textbf{must not be rounded} when compared with the - threshold values in the diagnostic criteria. -\item - The diagnostic criteria must be fulfilled \textbf{throughout the - specified depth range}, unless stated otherwise. If a diagnostic - horizon consists of several subhorizons, the diagnostic criteria - (except thickness) must be fulfilled in every subhorizon separately - (averages are not calculated), unless stated otherwise. -\item - The term \textbf{limiting layer} used in definitions comprises - \emph{continuous rock}, \emph{technic hard material}, - \emph{petrocalcic}, \emph{petroduric}, \emph{petrogypsic} and - \emph{petroplinthic} horizons and other cemented layers with both of - the following: cementation with a class of at least moderately - cemented and a continuity to the extent that vertical fractures, if - present, have an average horizontal spacing of ≥~10~cm and occupy - \textless~20\% (by volume, related to the whole soil). -\item - On a \textbf{slope}, the soil is described as a vertical profile. The - thickness and depth values are calculated by multiplying the - vertically measured values by the cosine of the inclination angle (see - Annex~1, Chapter~8.1.2) (Prietzel \& Wiesmeier, 2019). This is - especially important on steep slopes. -\end{enumerate} - -Classification consists of three steps: - -\hypertarget{step-one-detecting-diagnostic-horizons-properties-and-materials-for-short-diagnostics}{% -\subsection{Step one -- detecting diagnostic horizons, properties and -materials (for short: -diagnostics)}\label{step-one-detecting-diagnostic-horizons-properties-and-materials-for-short-diagnostics}} - -Describe the soil applying the Field Guide in Annex~1 (Chapter~8). It is -useful that you already in the field compile a list of the possible -diagnostic horizons, properties and materials observed (see Chapter~3). -Conduct the relevant analyses according to Annex~2 (Chapter~9). Then, -decide on the presence of diagnostics. \textbf{For the decision, only -the diagnostic criteria are relevant} - neither the name of the -diagnostic, nor any other description. A layer may fulfil the criteria -of more than one diagnostic horizon, property or material, which are -then regarded as overlapping or coinciding. - -\hypertarget{step-two-allocating-the-soil-to-a-reference-soil-group}{% -\subsection{Step two -- allocating the soil to a Reference Soil -Group}\label{step-two-allocating-the-soil-to-a-reference-soil-group}} - -For the first level of the WRB classification, the described combination -of diagnostic horizons, properties and materials and/or additional -characteristics are compared to the WRB Key (Chapter~4) in order to -allocate the soil to the appropriate \textbf{Reference Soil -Group~(RSG)}. The user must go through the Key systematically, starting -at the beginning and excluding one by one all RSGs for which the -specified requirements are not met. The soil belongs to the first RSG -for which it fulfils the criteria. - -\hypertarget{step-three-allocating-the-qualifiers}{% -\subsection{Step three -- allocating the -qualifiers}\label{step-three-allocating-the-qualifiers}} - -For the second level of the WRB classification, qualifiers are used. The -qualifiers available for use with a particular RSG are listed in the -Key, along with the RSG. They are divided into principal and -supplementary qualifiers. - -The \textbf{principal qualifiers} are ranked and given in an order of -importance. The rank of the principal qualifiers reflects particular -soil chacracteristics or properties strongly influencing the soil's -functionality: - -Examples of subdivisions based on soil characteristics: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Vitric, Aluandic and Silandic for Andosols -\item - Carbic and Rustic for Podzols -\item - anthropogenic horizons: Anthraquic, Hortic, Hydragric, Irragric, - Plaggic, Pretic, Terric. These soils have distinct physico-chemical - characteristics reflecting their formation. -\end{itemize} - -Examples of subdivisions reflecting major functional restrictions (many -of them indicate a deviation from the central image of the RSG): -Abruptic, Fragic, Gleyic, Leptic, Petrocalcic, Petroduric, Petrogypsic, -Petroplinthic, Retic, Skeletic, Stagnic, Thionic. - -The \textbf{supplementary qualifiers} are not ranked. -\textbf{Supplementary qualifiers related to the texture}, if applicable, -are the first in the list. If several ones apply (see Chapter~2.3), they -are placed in the sequence from the top to the bottom of the soil -profile (e.g.~Episiltic, Katoloamic). All \textbf{other supplementary -qualifiers} follow them and are used in alphabetical order. - -Qualifiers may be principal for some RSGs and supplementary for others, -e.g., Turbic is principal for Cryosols and supplementary for other RSGs. - -The principal qualifiers are added before the name of the RSG without -brackets and without commas. The sequence is from right to left, -i.e.~the uppermost qualifier in the list is placed closest to the name -of the RSG. The supplementary qualifiers are added in brackets after the -name of the RSG and are separated from each other by commas. The -sequence is from left to right, i.e.~the first qualifier in the list is -placed closest to the name of the RSG. - -If two or more qualifiers in the list are \textbf{separated by a slash} -(\textbf{/}), they are either mutually exclusive (e.g.~Dystric and -Eutric) or one of them is redundant (see below) with the redundant -qualifier(s) listed after the slash(es). In the soil name, supplementary -qualifiers are placed in the order of the alphabet (exception: -supplementary qualifiers related to the texture, see above), even if -their position in the list differs from the alphabetical sequence due to -the use of the slash. - -Qualifiers that are mutually exclusive may apply to the same soil at -different depths. In this case, they can be used both, each one with the -respective specifier (see Chapter~2.3). If no specifier is used, only -the first applicable qualifier can be used. - -\textbf{Qualifiers conveying redundant information are not added}. This -is a general rule and applies even if the slash is not used. For -example, Eutric is not added if the Calcaric qualifier applies. - -\textbf{If qualifiers apply but are not in the list for the particular -RSG}, they should be added last as supplementary qualifiers. - -The names of the RSGs and the (sub)qualifiers must start with a capital -letter. - -\hypertarget{rules-for-naming-soils}{% -\section{Rules for naming soils}\label{rules-for-naming-soils}} - -For naming a soil at the second level, all the principal and -supplementary qualifiers that apply must be added to the name of the -RSG. - -\hypertarget{example-of-naming-a-soil-according-to-wrb}{% -\subsection{Example of naming a soil according to -WRB}\label{example-of-naming-a-soil-according-to-wrb}} - -\hypertarget{field-description}{% -\subsubsection{Field description}\label{field-description}} - -A soil developed from loess with high-activity clays has a marked clay -increase at 60~cm depth, clay coatings in the clay-rich horizon, no -stratification, and a field pH value around 6 in the depth from 50~to -100~cm. The clay-poor upper soil is subdivided into a darker upper and a -light-coloured lower horizon. The clay-rich horizon has a limited amount -of oximorphic features with intensive colours inside the soil aggregates -and reducing conditions in some parts during springtime. The following -conclusions can be drawn (for subqualifiers see Chapter~2.3): - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2535}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4930}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2535}}@{}} -\toprule() -\endhead -a. & clay increase without \emph{lithic discontinuity} and/or with clay -coatings & --\textgreater{} \emph{argic horizon} \\ -b. & \emph{argic horizon} with high CEC and more base cations than Al -(inferred by pH~6) & --\textgreater{} Luvisol \\ -c. & light colour in the eluvial horizon & --\textgreater{} Albic -qualifier \\ -d. & some oximorphic features inside aggregates & --\textgreater{} -\emph{stagnic properties} \\ -e. & \emph{stagnic properties} and \emph{reducing conditions} starting -at 60~cm & --\textgreater{} Endostagnic qualifier \\ -f. & clay coatings & --\textgreater{} Cutanic qualifier \\ -g. & clay increase without \emph{lithic discontinuity} & ---\textgreater{} Differentic qualifier \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -The \textbf{field classification} is Albic Endostagnic Luvisol (Cutanic, -Differentic). - -\hypertarget{laboratory-analyses}{% -\subsubsection{Laboratory analyses}\label{laboratory-analyses}} - -The laboratory analyses confirm a high CEC~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay -in the \emph{argic horizon} and a high base saturation in the depth from -50~-~100~cm. They further detect the texture class of silty clay loam -with 30\% clay (Siltic qualifier) from 0 -~60 cm (Ano- specifier) and of -silty clay with 45\% clay (Clayic qualifier) from 60~-~100 cm (Endo- -specifier). The organic carbon content in the topsoil is intermediate -(Ochric qualifier). - -The \textbf{final classification} is Albic Endostagnic Luvisol -(Anosiltic, Endoclayic, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). - -\hypertarget{subqualifiers}{% -\section{Subqualifiers}\label{subqualifiers}} - -\textbf{Qualifiers may be combined with specifiers} (e.g.~Epi-, Proto-) -\textbf{to form subqualifiers} (e.g.~Epiarenic, Protocalcic). Depending -on the specifier, the subqualifier fulfils all the criteria of the -respective qualifier, or it deviates in a defined way from its set of -criteria. The following rules apply: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - If a subqualifier applies that fulfils all the criteria of the - qualifier, the subqualifier can - but does not have to - be used - instead of its qualifier (\textbf{optional subqualifiers}). -\item - If a subqualifier applies that fulfils all the criteria of the - qualifier except thickness and/or depth criteria, the subqualifier can - - but does not have to - be used, but not the qualifier (additional - subqualifiers). Note: It may happen that the qualifier is not listed - with the available qualifiers for the respective RSG in Chapter 4. -\item - If a subqualifier applies that deviates in a defined way from the set - of criteria of the qualifier, the subqualifier must be used instead of - the qualifier that is listed as available for the respective RSG in - Chapter 4 (mandatory subqualifiers). This is the case for some - subqualifiers with a given definition (see below). -\end{enumerate} - -\textbf{Optional and additional subqualifiers are recommended especially -for naming soils}. Their use is not recommended for principal qualifiers -in map units or wherever generalization is important. - -The use of specifiers does not change the \textbf{position of the -qualifier in the soil name} with the exception of the specifiers Bathy-, -Thapto-, and Proto- (see below). Those supplementary qualifiers that are -added according to the alphabet follow the alphabetical order of the -qualifier, not the subqualifier. - -Some subqualifiers can be constructed by the user according to certain -rules (see Chapter~2.3.1). Other subqualifiers have a fixed definition -given in Chapter~5 (see Chapter~2.3.2). - -\hypertarget{subqualifiers-constructed-by-the-users}{% -\subsection{Subqualifiers constructed by the -users}\label{subqualifiers-constructed-by-the-users}} - -\hypertarget{constructed-subqualifiers-related-to-depth-requirements}{% -\subsubsection{Constructed subqualifiers related to depth -requirements}\label{constructed-subqualifiers-related-to-depth-requirements}} - -Qualifiers that have depth requirements can be combined with the -specifiers \textbf{Epi-}, \textbf{Endo-}, \textbf{Amphi-}, -\textbf{Ano-}, \textbf{Kato-}, \textbf{Poly-}, \textbf{Panto-} and -\textbf{Bathy-} to create subqualifiers (e.g.~Epicalcic, Endocalcic) -further expressing the depth of occurrence. Qualifiers that are mutually -exclusive at the same depth may be applicable at different depths in the -same soil. Qualifiers that already have a depth range requirement of -0-50~cm or 50-100~cm of the soil surface do not require these extra -depth specifiers. For every qualifier with depth requirements, the -definition (Chapter~5) specifies whether the depth requirement refers -\textbf{to the soil surface or to the mineral soil surface}. -Subqualifiers related to depth requirements are only used if the -relevant soil characteristics are \textbf{reported until ≥~100~cm of the -(mineral) soil surface or to a limiting layer}, whichever is shallower. - -Depending on the particular qualifier and the particular soil -characteristics, depth-related subqualifiers are used in the following -different ways: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - If a qualifier refers to a characteristic that occurs at a specific - point of depth (e.g.~Raptic), \textbf{optional subqualifiers} can be - constructed with the following specifiers: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - \textbf{Epi-} (from Greek \emph{epi}, over): the characteristic is - present somewhere ≤~50 cm of the (mineral) soil surface and is - absent \textgreater~50 and ≤~100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface; - not used if a limiting layer starts ≤~50~cm from the (mineral) soil - surface. - \item - \textbf{Endo-} (from Greek \emph{endon}, inside): the characteristic - is present somewhere \textgreater~50 and ≤~100~cm of the (mineral) - soil surface and is absent ≤~50~cm of the (mineral) soil surface. - \item - \textbf{Amphi-} (from Greek \emph{amphi}, around): the - characteristic is present two or more times, once or more times - somewhere ≤~50~cm of the (mineral) soil surface and once or more - times somewhere \textgreater~50 and ≤~100~cm of the (mineral) soil - surface. - \end{itemize} -\item - If a qualifier refers to a \textbf{layer} (e.g.~Calcic, Arenic, - Fluvic), \textbf{optional subqualifiers} can be constructed with the - following specifiers (see Figure 2.1): - - \begin{itemize} - \item - \textbf{Epi-} (from Greek \emph{epi}, over): the layer has its lower - limit ≤~50~cm of the (mineral) soil surface; and no such layer - occurs between 50 and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface; not used - if the definition of the qualifier or of the horizon requires that - the layer starts at the (mineral) soil surface; if a limiting layer - starts ≤~50~cm from the mineral soil surface, the qualifier - referring to the limiting layer receives the Epi- specifier and all - other qualifiers remain without specifier. - \item - \textbf{Endo-} (from Greek \emph{endon}, inside): the layer starts - ≥~50~cm from the (mineral) soil surface; and no such layer occurs - \textless~50~cm of the (mineral) soil surface. (Examples: - Endocalcic: the \emph{calcic horizon} starts ≥~50 and ≤~100~cm from - the soil surface; Endospodic: the \emph{spodic horizon} starts ≥~50 - and ≤ 200 cm from the mineral soil surface.) - \item - \textbf{Amphi-} (from Greek \emph{amphi}, around): the layer starts - \textgreater~0 and \textless~50~cm from the (mineral) soil surface - and has its lower limit \textgreater~50 and \textless~100~cm of the - (mineral) soil surface; and no such layer occurs \textless~1~cm of - the (mineral) soil surface; and no such layer occurs between 99 and - 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or directly above a limiting - layer. - \item - \textbf{Ano-} (from Greek \emph{ano}, upwards): the layer starts at - the (mineral) soil surface and has its lower limit \textgreater~50 - and \textless~100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface; and no such - layer occurs between 99 and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or - directly above a limiting layer. - \item - \textbf{Kato-} (from Greek \emph{kato}, downwards): the layer starts - \textgreater~0 and \textless~50~cm from the (mineral) soil surface - and has its lower limit ≥~100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or at - a limiting layer starting \textgreater~50~cm from the (mineral) soil - surface; and no such layer occurs \textless~1~cm of the (mineral) - soil surface. - \item - \textbf{Poly-} (from Greek \emph{polys}, many): - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - diagnostic horizons: two or more diagnostic horizons are present - at the depth required by the qualifier definition, interrupted by - layers that do not fulfil the criteria of the respective - diagnostic horizon; - \item - other layers: two or more layers within 100~cm of the (mineral) - soil surface fulfil the criteria of the qualifier, interrupted by - layers that do not fulfil the criteria of the respective - qualifier; and the thickness criterion is fulfilled by the sum of - the thicknesses of the layers; it may or may not be fulfilled by - the single layers. - \end{enumerate} - \item - \textbf{Panto-} (from Greek \emph{pan}, all): the layer starts at - the (mineral) soil surface and has its lower limit ≥~100~cm of the - (mineral) soil surface or at a limiting layer starting - \textgreater~50~cm from the (mineral) soil surface. - \end{itemize} -\end{enumerate} - -\textbf{Qualifiers that are mutually exclusive may occur in the same -soil at different depths}. In this case, they can be used both, each one -with the respective specifier. If the specifiers are used with principal -qualifiers, the qualifier referring to the upper layer is placed closer -to the name of the RSG. If the specifiers are used with supplementary -qualifiers related to the texture, the qualifiers are placed in the -sequence from the top to the bottom of the profile. The sequence of the -other supplementary qualifiers is according to the alphabetical position -of the qualifier, not the subqualifier. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./Figure_2-1.png} - -} - -\caption{Specifiers to construct optional subqualifiers related to depth -requirements and referring to a particular layer (Bathy- not -illustrated), modified by S. Dondeyne} - -\end{figure} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - If a qualifier refers to the \textbf{major part of a certain depth - range or to half or more of a certain depth range} (Dystric and - Eutric, only), \textbf{additional subqualifiers} can be constructed - with the following specifiers: - - \begin{itemize} - \item - \textbf{Epi-} (from Greek \emph{epi}, over): the characteristic is - present in the major part (or half or more of the part) between the - specified upper limit and 50~cm of the (mineral) soil surface and is - absent in the major part (or half or more of the part) between the - specified upper limit and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or - between the specified upper limit and a limiting layer starting - \textgreater~50~cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is - shallower. - \item - \textbf{Endo-} (from Greek \emph{endon}, inside): the characteristic - is present in the major part (or half or more of the part) between - 50 and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or between 50~cm of the - (mineral) soil surface and a limiting layer, whichever is shallower, - and is absent in the major part (or half or more of the part) - between the specified upper limit and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil - surface or between the specified upper limit and a limiting layer, - whichever is shallower. - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\textbf{These additional subqualifiers are only allowed together with -the predominant qualifier}. If it is a principal qualifier, the -predominant qualifier stands closer to the name of the RSG (Epidystic -Eutric, Endodystric Eutric, Epieutric Dystric, Endoeutric Dystric). If -it is a supplementary qualifier, the alphabetical sequence of the -qualifiers is followed. - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\setcounter{enumi}{3} -\tightlist -\item - If a qualifier refers to a \textbf{specified depth range throughout} - (Relocatic, only), \textbf{additional subqualifiers} can be - constructed with the following specifiers: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - \textbf{Epi-} (from Greek \emph{epi}, over): the characteristic is - present throughout between the (mineral) soil surface and 50~cm of - the (mineral) soil surface and is absent in some layer between 50 - and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface. - \item - \textbf{Endo-} (not applicable). - \end{itemize} -\item - If a qualifier refers to a \textbf{percentage} (e.g.~Skeletic), - \textbf{additional subqualifiers} can be constructed with the - following specifiers (no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts - \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface): - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - \textbf{Epi-} (from Greek \emph{epi}, over): the characteristic is - present between the (mineral) soil surface and 50~cm of the - (mineral) soil surface but is not present throughout, i.e., if - averaged over a depth of 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or - between the (mineral) soil surface and a limiting layer, whichever - is shallower. - \item - \textbf{Endo-} (from Greek \emph{endon}, inside): the characteristic - is present between 50 and 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or - between 50~cm of the (mineral) soil surface and a limiting layer, - whichever is shallower, but is not present throughout, i.e., if - averaged over a depth of 100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface or - between the (mineral) soil surface and a limiting layer, whichever - is shallower. - \end{itemize} -\item - If a qualifier refers to a specific point of depth or to a layer, but - its criteria are only fulfilled if layers at a depth of - \textgreater~100~cm of the (mineral) soil surface are taken into - account, the \textbf{Bathy-} (from Greek \emph{bathys}, deep) - specifier can be used to construct \textbf{additional subqualifiers}. - The Bathy- subqualifier extends to a greater depth than specified for - the qualifier. If the Endo- specifier cannot be added to a qualifier, - the Bathy- specifier cannot be used either (e.g.~Alcalic: neither - Endo-, nor Bathy-). If used with a principal qualifier, the Bathy- - subqualifier \textbf{must shift to the supplementary qualifiers} and - be placed within the list of the supplementary qualifiers according to - the alphabetical position of the qualifier, not the subqualifier. With - the Bathy- specifier, qualifiers that are not even in the list for the - particular RSG (see Chapter~4) can be added, for example Eutric - Arenosol (Bathylixic). If it comprises buried layers, Bathy- is only - allowed in combination with the Thapto- specifier, - e.g.~Thaptobathyvertic (see the Thapto- specifier, below, and - Chapter~2.4). -\end{enumerate} - -Note: Specifiers conveying redundant information are not added. For -example: Skeletic Epileptic Cambisol, not: Episkeletic Epileptic -Cambisol. - -\hypertarget{constructed-subqualifiers-related-to-other-requirements}{% -\subsubsection{Constructed subqualifiers related to other -requirements}\label{constructed-subqualifiers-related-to-other-requirements}} - -If a diagnostic horizon or a layer with a diagnostic property belongs to -a buried soil (see Chapter~2.4), the \textbf{Thapto-} (from Greek -\emph{thaptein}, to bury) specifier can be used to construct -\textbf{optional or additional subqualifiers}. If used with a principal -qualifier, the Thapto- subqualifier \textbf{must shift to the -supplementary qualifiers} and be placed within the list of the -supplementary qualifiers according to the alphabetical position of the -qualifier, not the subqualifier. - -For soils with a limiting layer, a geomembrane or a continuous layer of -\emph{artefacts}, \textbf{additional subqualifiers} with the -\textbf{Supra-} (from Latin \emph{supra}, above) specifier can be -constructed to describe the soil material above, if the thickness or -depth requirements of a qualifier or of its respective diagnostics are -not fulfilled, but all other criteria are fulfilled throughout in the -soil material above (e.g.~Ekranic Technosol (Suprafolic)). If the Supra- -specifier is used, the Epi- specifier is not used. - -\hypertarget{subqualifiers-with-a-given-definition}{% -\subsection{Subqualifiers with a given -definition}\label{subqualifiers-with-a-given-definition}} - -\textbf{For some qualifiers, subqualifiers are defined in Chapter~5}, -e.g., Hypersalic and Protosalic for the Salic qualifier. These -\textbf{subqualifiers are not listed with the RSGs in Chapter~4} (unless -the qualifier without specifier cannot exist for the respective RSG). -They belong to the \textbf{optional} (e.g.~Hypercalcic, Orthomineralic), -the \textbf{additional} (e.g.~Akromineralic) or the \textbf{mandatory} -(e.g.~Protocalcic) subqualifiers. If the Proto- specifier is used with a -principal qualifier, the Proto- subqualifier \textbf{must shift to the -supplementary qualifiers} and be placed within the list of the -supplementary qualifiers according to the alphabetical position of the -qualifier, not the subqualifier. - -If of one qualifier, two or more subqualifiers with a given definition -apply (e.g.~Anthromollic and Tonguimollic), they \textbf{have to be -listed all}. Adding a further specifier to a subqualifier with a given -definition is also allowed, e.g., Endoprotosalic, Supraprotosodic. - -\hypertarget{buried-soils}{% -\section{Buried soils}\label{buried-soils}} - -A buried soil is a soil covered by younger deposits. Where a soil is -buried, the following rules apply: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - The overlying material and the buried soil are classified as one soil - if both together qualify as a Histosol, Anthrosol, Technosol, Cryosol, - Leptosol, Vertisol, Gleysol, Andosol, Planosol, Stagnosol, Arenosol, - Fluvisol or Regosol. -\item - Otherwise, the overlying material is classified with preference if it - is ≥~50~cm thick or if the overlying material, if it stood alone, - satisfies the requirements of a RSG other than a Regosol. For depth - requirements in the overlying material, the lower limit of the - overlying material is regarded as if it were the upper limit of - \emph{continuous rock}. -\item - In all other cases, the buried soil is classified with preference. For - depth requirements in the buried soil, the upper limit of the buried - soil is regarded as its soil surface. -\item - If the overlying soil is classified with preference, there are two - options to consider the underlying soil: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \item - If the underlying soil is not a Regosol or Leptosol and shows a - complete horizon sequence, including clearly identifiable organic - surface layers and/or mineral topsoil horizons, and one soil does - not influence the pedogenic processes in the other soil, - respectively (e.g.~no clay migration from the overlying into the - underlying soil, no Fe transport by capillary upward movement from - the underlying into the overlying soil), then the name of the buried - soil is placed after the name of the overlying soil adding the word - `over' in between, e.g.~Skeletic Umbrisol (Siltic) over Albic Podzol - (Arenic). As many buried soils are polygenetic, qualifiers that are - not in the list for the particular RSG may be applicable. If so, - these qualifiers must be used as supplementary qualifiers. The - qualifiers Infraandic and Infraspodic are provided for buried soils - only and are therefore not listed with the RSGs in Chapter~4. - \item - Otherwise, a buried diagnostic horizon or a buried layer with a - diagnostic property is added with the Thapto- subqualifier to the - name of the overlying soil (see Chapter~2.3). - \end{enumerate} -\item - If the buried soil is classified with preference, the overlying - material is indicated with the Novic qualifier. If applicable, the - Novic qualifier is combined with certain other qualifiers in the - following way (codes in brackets); thickness and depth criteria of - these qualifiers do not need to be fulfilled:\\ - Aeoli-Novic (nva)\\ - Fluvi-Novic (nvf)\\ - Solimovi-Novic (nvs)\\ - Techni-Novic (nvt)\\ - Tephri-Novic (nvv)\\ - Transporti-Novic. (nvp)\\ - In addition, according to Chapter 5, the texture may also be added, - e.g., Aeoli-Siltinovic (sja). -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{guidelines-for-creating-legends-for-soil-maps}{% -\section{Guidelines for creating legends for soil -maps}\label{guidelines-for-creating-legends-for-soil-maps}} - -The following guidelines apply: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - A map unit consists of - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - a dominant soil only - \item - a dominant soil plus a codominant soil and/or one or more associated - soils - \item - two or three codominant soils - \item - two or three codominant soils plus one or more associated soils.\\ - \strut \\ - Dominant soils represent ≥~50\% of the soil cover, codominant soils - ≥ 25 and \textless~50\% of the soil cover. Associated soils - represent ≥~5 and \textless~25\% of the soil cover or are of high - relevance in the landscape ecology. The other soils should be - ignored in the denomination of the map unit.\\ - \strut \\ - If codominant or associated soils are indicated, the words - `dominant:', `codominant:' and `associated:' are written before the - name of the soil; the soils are separated by semicolons. - \end{itemize} -\item - The number of qualifiers specified below refers to the dominant soil. - For codominant or associated soils, fewer numbers of qualifiers (or - even no qualifier) may be appropriate. -\item - Depending on scale, different numbers of principal qualifiers are - used: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - For very small map scales, only the Reference Soil Group (RSG) is - used. - \item - For next larger map scales, the RSG plus the first applicable - principal qualifier are used. - \item - For next larger map scales, the RSG plus the first two applicable - principal qualifiers are used.\\ - \strut \\ - It is not possible to give general numbers for these scales, because - this depends very much on the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the - landscape. In landscapes of intermediate homogeneity, very small - scales would be smaller than 1~: ~10~000~000, the next larger scales - smaller than 1~:~5~000~000 and the next larger scales smaller than - 1~:~1~000~000. - \end{enumerate} -\item - If there are fewer qualifiers applicable than described above, the - lesser number is used. -\item - Depending on the purpose of the map or according to national - traditions, at any scale level, further qualifiers may be added as - \textbf{elective qualifiers}. These may be principal qualifiers from - further down the list and not already used in the soil name, or they - may be supplementary qualifiers. They are placed using the - above-mentioned rules for supplementary qualifiers. If two or more - elective qualifiers are used, the following rules apply: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \item - the principal qualifiers are placed first, and of them, the first - applicable qualifier is placed first, and - \item - the sequence of any supplementary qualifiers added is decided by the - soil scientist who makes the map. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{example-for-creating-a-map-unit-in-wrb}{% -\subsubsection{Example for creating a map unit in -WRB}\label{example-for-creating-a-map-unit-in-wrb}} - -A landscape usually shows a variety of soils. For a map unit, they often -have to be combined. The principles are shown in Figure 2.2 and in Table -2.1 and Table 2.2. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./Figure_2-2.png} - -} - -\caption{Soils in a landscape that need to be combined to form a map -unit} - -\end{figure} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1918}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6164}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1918}}@{}} -\caption{Table 2.1: Detection of dominant, codominant and associated -soils}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Area -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Complete soil name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Result -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Area -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Complete soil name -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Result -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -1 & Haplic Luvisol (Episiltic, Katoclayic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, -Epic, Ochric) & dominant soil \\ -2 & Eutric Stagnic Leptic Cambisol (Loamic, Humic) & codominant soil \\ -3 & Albic Stagnic Luvisol (Anosiltic, Endoclayic, Cutanic, Differentic, -Endic, Humic) & associated soil \\ -4 & Thyric Technosol (Loamic, Calcaric, Skeletic) & ignored \\ -5 & Eutric Luvic Stagnosol (Episiltic, Katoclayic, Humic) & ignored \\ -6 & Hortic Anthrosol (Loamic, Eutric) & ignored \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2466}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2466}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2466}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2603}}@{}} -\caption{Table 2.2: Denomination of the map unit depending on the scale -level}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Map scale level -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Dominant soil -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Codominant soil -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Associated soil -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Map scale level -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Dominant soil -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Codominant soil -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Associated soil -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -First & Luvisols & Cambisols & \\ -Second & Haplic Luvisols & Leptic Cambisols & Stagnic Luvisols \\ -Third & Haplic Luvisols & Stagnic Leptic Cambisols & Albic Stagnic -Luvisols \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{examples-for-map-units-in-wrb}{% -\subsubsection{Examples for map units in -WRB}\label{examples-for-map-units-in-wrb}} - -\hypertarget{example-1}{% -\paragraph{Example 1}\label{example-1}} - -A map unit dominated by a soil with a very dark mineral surface horizon, -30~cm thick, with high base saturation, no secondary carbonates and -groundwater influence starting at 60~cm from the mineral soil surface -(i.e.~having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick, that has gleyic properties -throughout and reducing conditions in some parts of every sublayer), -will be named as follows: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - at the first map scale level: Phaeozems -\item - at the second map scale level: Chernic Phaeozems -\item - at the third map scale level: Gleyic Chernic Phaeozems -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{example-2}{% -\paragraph{Example 2}\label{example-2}} - -In a map unit, no diagnostics apply. In 80\% of the area, the soil has -\textless~40\% coarse fragments as a weighted average in the uppermost -100 cm, in the other 20\% of the area, the soil has 85\% coarse -fragments as a weighted average in the uppermost 75~cm. The soils are -calcareous and silty. This map unit will be named as follows: - -\begin{itemize} -\item - at the first map scale level: dominant: Regosols associated: Leptosols -\item - at the second map scale level: dominant: Calcaric Regosols associated: - Coarsic Leptosols -\item - at the third map scale level: dominant: Calcaric Regosols associated: - Calcaric Coarsic Leptosols -\end{itemize} - -In this example, the next applicable qualifier for the Regosols is -Eutric. However, as high base saturation is already indicated by the -Calcaric qualifier, the Eutric qualifier is redundant. Therefore, in -this case, only one principal qualifier is applicable at the third map -scale level. For associated soils, it is allowed to use fewer qualifiers -than indicated for the scale level. If appropriate, at the third scale -level, the Leptosols may just be named Coarsic Leptosols. - -The high silt content may be expressed by the Siltic qualifier, which as -a supplementary qualifier is elective in a map legend. It may be added -at any scale level, for example: - -\begin{itemize} -\item - at the first map scale level: Regosols (Siltic) -\item - at the second map scale level: Calcaric Regosols (Siltic) -\end{itemize} - -Principal qualifiers, not required at the respective scale level, may -also be added as elective qualifiers, for example: - -\begin{itemize} -\item - at the first map scale level: Regosols (Calcaric, Siltic) -\item - at the second map scale level: Calcaric Regosols (Siltic) -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{example-3}{% -\paragraph{Example 3}\label{example-3}} - -A map unit, dominated by a soil with a thick layer of strongly -decomposed acidic \emph{organic material}, 70~cm thick and filled with -rainwater, with continuous rock at 80~cm will be named as follows: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - at the first map scale level: Histosols -\item - at the second map scale level: Sapric Histosols -\item - at the third map scale level: Leptic Sapric Histosols -\end{itemize} - -In this example, the next applicable qualifier is Ombric. As two -qualifiers are already used, the third may be added as elective -qualifier. In a similar way, elective qualifiers may be used at the -other scale levels, for example: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - at the first map scale level: Histosols (Sapric) -\item - at the second map scale level: Sapric Histosols (Leptic, Ombric) -\item - at the third map scale level: Leptic Sapric Histosols (Ombric) -\end{itemize} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-horizons-properties-and-materials}{% -\chapter{Diagnostic horizons, properties and -materials}\label{diagnostic-horizons-properties-and-materials}} - -{\textbf{Before using the diagnostic horizons, properties and materials, -please read the `Rules for naming soils' (Chapter 2).}} - -Throughout the following text, references to the RSGs defined in Chapter -4 and to the diagnostics listed elsewhere in this Chapter are shown in -\emph{italics}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-horizons}{% -\section{Diagnostic horizons}\label{diagnostic-horizons}} - -\textbf{Diagnostic horizons} are characterized by a combination of -attributes that reflect widespread, common results of soil-forming -processes. Their features can be observed or measured in the field or -the laboratory and require a minimum or maximum expression to qualify as -diagnostic. In addition, diagnostic horizons require a certain minimum -thickness, thus forming a recognizable layer in the soil. - -\hypertarget{albic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Albic horizon}\label{albic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description}} - -An albic horizon (from Latin \emph{albus}, white) is a light-coloured -horizon overlying an \emph{argic}, \emph{natric}, \emph{plinthic} or -\emph{spodic horizon} or forming part of a layer with \emph{stagnic -properties}. It has low contents of Fe and Mn (depleted from both -oxidized and reduced forms) and of organic matter, and at least one of -these substances has previously been present and was lost due to clay -migration, podzolization, and/or redox processes caused by water -stagnation. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria}} - -An albic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - consists of \emph{claric material};\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - overlies an \emph{argic}, \emph{natric}, \emph{plinthic} or - \emph{spodic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - forms part of a layer with \emph{stagnic properties};\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~1~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information}} - -Albic horizons are normally overlain by humus-enriched surface layers -but may also be at the mineral soil surface as a result of erosion or -artificial removal of the surface layer. Many albic horizons represent a -strong expression of eluviation and are therefore called eluvial -horizons. In sandy materials, albic horizons can reach considerable -thickness, up to several metres, especially in humid tropical regions, -and underlying diagnostic horizons may be hard to establish. Albic -horizons generally have a weakly expressed soil aggregate structure, a -single grain structure or a massive structure. Albic horizons are widely -depleted from Fe, both the oxidized and the reduced forms, and typically -do not show red colours when applying α,α-dipyridyl solution. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics}} - -While the albic horizon is the result of soil-forming processes, the -\emph{claric material} is only defined by colour criteria, and layers -with \emph{claric material} may or may not have undergone soil-forming -processes. The definition of the albic horizon uses the \emph{argic}, -\emph{natric}, \emph{plinthic} or \emph{spodic horizon} or the -\emph{stagnic properties} as criterion. The definitions of the -\emph{spodic horizon} and of the \emph{retic} and \emph{stagnic -properties}, in turn, use the \emph{claric material} as criterion. - -Many albic horizons that were formed by stagnant water do not show -active \emph{reducing conditions}. - -\hypertarget{anthraquic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Anthraquic horizon}\label{anthraquic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-1}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-1}} - -An anthraquic horizon (from Greek \emph{anthropos}, human being, and -Latin \emph{aqua}, water) is a surface horizon that results from -wet-field cultivation and comprises a \emph{puddled layer} and a -\emph{plough pan}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-1}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-1}} - -An anthraquic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of \emph{mineral -material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a puddled layer with the following Munsell colours, moist, in ≥~80\% - of its exposed area: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a hue of 7.5YR or yellower, a value of ≤~4 and a chroma of ≤~2; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of GY, B or BG and a value of ≤~4;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a plough pan underlying the puddled layer, with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a platy structure in ≥~25\% of its volume; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a massive structure in ≥~25\% of its volume;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - a bulk density higher by ≥~10\% (relative) than that of the puddled - layer;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - oximorphic features, in ≥ 5\% of its exposed area, that: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - are predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are - present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - have a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 unit - higher, moist, than the surrounding material;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification}} - -An anthraquic horizon shows evidence of reduction and oxidation owing to -flooding for part of the year. When not flooded, it is very dispersible -and has a loose packing of sorted small soil aggregates. The plough pan -is compact, has a platy or massive structure and a very low infiltration -rate. It has a reduced matrix and yellowish-brown, brown or -reddish-brown oximorphic features along cracks and root channels due to -oxygen release from plant roots. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-1}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-1}} - -After a long time of wet-field cultivation, a \emph{hydragric horizon} -develops under the anthraquic horizon. - -\hypertarget{argic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Argic horizon}\label{argic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-2}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-2}} - -An argic horizon (from Latin \emph{argilla}, white clay) is a subsurface -horizon with a distinctly higher clay content than the overlying -horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - an illuvial accumulation of clay mineral -\item - predominant pedogenic formation of clay minerals in the subsoil -\item - destruction of clay minerals in the overlying horizon -\item - selective surface erosion of clay minerals -\item - upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking -\item - biological activity, or -\item - a combination of two or more of these different processes. -\end{itemize} - -Iron (hydr)oxides are often accumulated or formed together with clay -minerals, giving the argic horizon a redder hue and/or a higher chroma. - -A clay-richer stratum overlain by a clay-poorer stratum may resemble an -argic horizon. However, a textural difference due only to a \emph{lithic -discontinuity} does not qualify as an argic horizon. In some soils, we -may have both: a clay-poorer stratum overlying a clay-richer stratum and -additionally a textural differentiation caused by soil-forming -processes. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-2}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-2}} - -An argic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has a texture class of loamy sand or finer and ≥~8\% clay;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - has an overlying coarser-textured layer with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the coarser-textured layer is not separated from the argic horizon - by a \emph{lithic discontinuity}; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer directly overlies the argic horizon, - its lowermost sublayer does not form part of a plough layer; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer does not directly overlie the argic - horizon, the transitional horizon between the coarser-textured - layer and the argic horizon has a thickness of ≤~15~cm; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer has \textless~15\% clay, the argic - horizon has ≥~6\% (absolute) more clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer has ≥~15 and \textless~50\% clay, - the ratio of clay in the argic horizon to that of the - coarser-textured layer is ≥~1.4; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer has ≥~50\% clay, the argic horizon - has ≥~20\% (absolute) more clay;\\ - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - has evidence of illuvial clay in one or more of the following forms: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - clay bridges connecting ≥~15\% of the sand grains; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - clay coatings covering ≥~15\% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, - coarse fragments and/or biopore walls; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - in thin sections, oriented clay bodies that constitute ≥~1\% of - the section and and that have not been transported laterally after - they had been formed; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a ratio of fine clay to total clay in the argic horizon greater by - ≥~1.2 times than the ratio in the overlying coarser-textured - layer;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - does not form part of a \emph{natric horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - does not form part of a \emph{spodic horizon}, unless illuvial clay - is evidenced by one or more of the diagnostic criteria listed under - 2.b;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a thickness of one-tenth or more of the thickness of the overlying - \emph{mineral material}, if present, and one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~7.5~cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50~cm - of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella) if the argic horizon - has a texture class of sandy loam or finer; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~15~cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50~cm of - the upper limit of the uppermost lamella). - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-1}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-1}} - -Textural differentiation and the evidence of clay illuviation are the -main features of argic horizons. The recognition of clay coatings and -clay bridges is explained in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.23). - -In shrink-swell soils, clay coatings at soil aggregate surfaces are -easily confused with pressure faces (stress cutans). Pressure faces do -not differ in colour from the original aggregate and do not occur on -coarse fragments and biopore walls. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-1}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-1}} - -The illuvial character of an argic horizon can best be established using -thin sections. Diagnostic illuvial argic horizons show areas with -oriented clay bodies that constitute on average ≥~1\% of the entire -cross-section. Other tests involved are particle-size distribution -analysis to determine the increase in clay content over a specified -depth, and the fine clay/total clay ratio. In illuvial argic horizons, -the fine clay to total clay ratio is larger than in the overlying -horizons, due to preferential transport of fine clay particles. - -If the soil shows a lithic discontinuity directly over the argic -horizon, or if the surface horizon has been removed by erosion, or if a -plough layer directly overlies the argic horizon, then the illuvial -nature must be clearly established (diagnostic criterion 2.b). - -The argic horizon may be subdivided into several lamellae with -coarser-textured layers in between. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-2}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-2}} - -Argic horizons are normally situated below eluvial horizons -i.e.~horizons from which clay minerals have been removed, commonly -together with oxides and some organic matter. Although initially formed -as a subsurface horizon, argic horizons may occur at the mineral soil -surface as a result of erosion or removal of the overlying horizons. -Afterwards, new sediments may be added. - -Some argic horizons fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of the -\emph{ferralic horizon}. Ferralsols must have a \emph{ferralic horizon} -and may have an argic horizon as well, which may or may not overlap with -the \emph{ferralic horizon}; but if an argic horizon is present, it must -have in its upper 30~cm: \textless~10\% water-dispersible clay or a ΔpH -(pH\textsubscript{KCl} - pH\textsubscript{water}) ≥~0 or ≥~1.4\% -\emph{soil organic carbon}. - -Argic horizons lack the sodium saturation characteristics of the -\emph{natric horizon}. - -Argic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in -humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with -\emph{sombric horizons}. - -\hypertarget{calcic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Calcic horizon}\label{calcic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-3}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-3}} - -A calcic horizon (from Latin \emph{calx}, lime) is a horizon in which -secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO\textsubscript{3}) has accumulated as -discontinuous concentrations. The accumulation usually occurs in -subsurface layers, or more rarely, in surface horizons. The calcic -horizon may contain primary carbonates as well. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-3}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-3}} - -A calcic horizon: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥~15\% (related to the fine - earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any - cementation class);\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - meets the diagnostic criteria of \emph{protocalcic properties}; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥~5\% higher (absolute, - related to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates - of any size and any cementation class) than that of an underlying - layer and no \emph{lithic discontinuity} between the two layers; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{petrocalcic horizon};\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-2}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-2}} - -Calcium carbonate can be identified in the field using 1~\emph{M} -hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The degree of effervescence is an -indication of its amount (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.25). - -Secondary carbonates are visible as usually discrete permanent -accumulations (see Annex 1, Chapter 8.4.25). In the calcic horizon, they -are predominantly non-cemented or less than moderately cemented. -However, discontinuous accumulations, which are moderately or more -cemented, may also occur. - -Other possible indications of a calcic horizon are: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - white, pinkish to reddish, or grey colours (if not overlapping - horizons rich in organic carbon) -\item - a low porosity (interaggregate porosity is usually less than in the - horizon directly above, and possibly also less than in the horizon - directly below). -\end{itemize} - -When sampling, please make sure that the sample includes the -accumulations of secondary carbonates in order to obtain the laboratory -data for criteria 1 and 2.b. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-2}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-2}} - -The determination of carbonates in the laboratory (Annex~2, Chapter~9.9) -uses an acid and measures the evolved CO\textsubscript{2}. It may stem -from various carbonates, but the carbonate content is calculated as if -it were only from calcium carbonate. This is called the \textbf{calcium -carbonate equivalent}. - -Determination of the amount of calcium carbonate (by mass) and the -changes of calcium carbonate content within the soil profile are the -main analytical criteria for establishing the presence of a calcic -horizon. \emph{Lithic discontinuities} and any change of water -permeability may favour the formation of secondary carbonates. -Determination of pH\textsubscript{water} enables distinction between -accumulations with a basic (\emph{calcic}) character (pH~8-8.7) due to -the dominance of CaCO\textsubscript{3}, and those with an ultrabasic -(\emph{non-calcic}) character (pH~\textgreater~8.7) because of the -presence of Na\textsubscript{2}CO\textsubscript{3} and/or -MgCO\textsubscript{3}. - -In addition, the analysis of thin sections may reveal the presence of -calcium carbonate pedofeatures (e.g.~nodules, pendents) or evidence of -silicate epigenesis (calcite pseudomorphs after primary minerals), -besides evidences of removal of carbonates in layers above or below the -calcic horizon. - -If the accumulation of soft carbonates is such that all or most of the -soil structure and/or rock structure disappears and continuous -concentrations of calcium carbonate prevail, the Hypercalcic qualifier -is used. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-3}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-3}} - -When calcic horizons become continuously cemented with a cementation -class of at least moderately cemented, transition takes place to the -\emph{petrocalcic horizon}, the expression of which may be massive or -platy. A calcic horizon and a \emph{petrocalcic horizon} may overlie -each other. - -Accumulations of secondary carbonates, not qualifying for a calcic -horizon, may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of \emph{protocalcic -properties}, which are fulfilled by most calcic horizons as well. -\emph{Calcaric material} includes primary carbonates. - -In dry regions and in the presence of sulfate-bearing soil or -groundwater solutions, calcic horizons occur associated with -\emph{gypsic horizons}. Calcic and \emph{gypsic horizons} typically (but -not always) occupy different positions in the soil profile because -gypsum is more soluble than calcium carbonate, and they can normally be -distinguished clearly from each other by a difference in crystal -morphology. Gypsum crystals tend to be needle-shaped, usually visible to -the naked eye, whereas pedogenic calcium carbonate crystals are much -finer in size. - -\hypertarget{cambic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Cambic horizon}\label{cambic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-4}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-4}} - -A cambic horizon (from Latin \emph{cambire}, to change) is a subsurface -horizon showing evidence of soil formation that ranges from weak to -relatively strong. The cambic horizon shows soil aggregate structure at -least in half of the volume of the fine earth. If the underlying layer -has the same parent material, the cambic horizon usually shows higher -oxide and/or clay contents than this underlying layer and/or evidence of -removal of carbonates and/or gypsum. The soil formation in a cambic -horizon can also be established by contrast with one of the overlying -mineral horizons that are generally richer in organic matter and -therefore have a darker and/or less intense colour. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-4}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-4}} - -A cambic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has a texture class of - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - sandy loam or finer; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - very fine sand or loamy very fine sand;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has soil aggregate structure in ≥~50\% (by volume);\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - shows evidence of soil formation in one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \item - compared to the directly underlying layer, not separated from the - cambic horizon by a \emph{lithic discontinuity}, one or more of the - following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - if the underlying layer has a Munsell colour hue of 5YR or redder, - a hue ≥~2.5 units yellower, else a hue ≥~2.5 units redder, all - moist and in ≥~90\% of its exposed area; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a Munsell colour chroma ≥~1 unit higher, moist and in ≥~90\% of - its exposed area; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a clay content ≥~4\% (absolute) higher;\\ - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - compared to an overlying mineral layer, ≥~5~cm thick and not - separated from the cambic horizon by a \emph{lithic discontinuity}, - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder, moist and in ≥~90\% of - its exposed area; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a Munsell colour value ≥~1 unit higher, moist and in ≥~90\% of its - exposed area; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a Munsell colour chroma ≥~1 unit higher, moist and in ≥~90\% of - its exposed area;\\ - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - compared to the directly underlying layer, not showing \emph{gleyic - properties} and not forming part of a \emph{calcic} or \emph{gypsic - horizon}, evidence of removal of carbonates or gypsum by one or more - of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~5\% (absolute) less calcium carbonate equivalent or ≥~5\% - (absolute) less gypsum and no \emph{lithic discontinuity} between - this underlying layer and the cambic horizon; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - \emph{protocalcic properties} or \emph{protogypsic properties} in - the underlying layer but not in the cambic horizon;\\ - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - Fe\textsubscript{dith} ≥~0.1\%; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} of - ≥~0.1; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a Munsell colour hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y and a chroma of - \textgreater~3, all moist and in ≥~90\% of its exposed area;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a plough layer, does not form part of an - \emph{albic}, \emph{anthraquic}, \emph{argic}, \emph{calcic}, - \emph{duric}, \emph{ferralic}, \emph{fragic}, \emph{gypsic}, - \emph{hortic}, \emph{hydragric}, \emph{irragric}, \emph{limonic}, - \emph{mollic}, \emph{natric}, \emph{nitic}, \emph{petrocalcic}, - \emph{petroduric}, \emph{petrogypsic}, \emph{petroplinthic}, - \emph{pisoplinthic}, \emph{plaggic}, \emph{plinthic}, \emph{pretic}, - \emph{salic}, \emph{sombric}, \emph{spodic}, \emph{umbric}, - \emph{terric}, \emph{tsitelic} or \emph{vertic horizon} and does not - from part of a layer with \emph{andic properties};\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-characteristics}{% -\subsubsection{Additional -characteristics}\label{additional-characteristics}} - -In many cambic horizons, Fe oxides are formed, which give the horizon a -redder hue and a higher chroma. However, if the parent material has much -hematite, the formation of goethite in cooler and humid conditions -usually makes it yellower. - -Dissolution of carbonates or gypsum is a widespread feature of cambic -horizons in both humid and semi-arid environments. In many cases, this -may be proven by a lesser carbonate or gypsum content compared to the -underlying layer. However, in some soils, especially in arid and -semi-arid areas, this lesser content is not evident. In these soils, the -presence of \emph{protocalcic} or \emph{protogypsic properties} in the -underlying layer is a proof that carbonates or gypsum have been -dissolved in the horizon above. On the other hand, such accumulations -may also be caused by ascending groundwater in soils with \emph{gleyic -properties}, and \emph{gleyic properties} have to be excluded in the -underlying layer for this comparison. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-4}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-4}} - -The cambic horizon can be considered the predecessor of many other -diagnostic horizons, all of which have specific properties that are not -or only weakly expressed in the cambic horizon -- such as illuvial or -residual accumulations, removal of substances other than carbonates or -gypsum, accumulation of soluble components, or the development of -specific soil structure like wedge-shaped aggregates. - -Cambic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains -in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with -\emph{sombric horizons}. The ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and -Fe\textsubscript{dith} differentiates the cambic horizon from the -\emph{tsitelic horizon} (higher ratio). The \emph{plinthic} and the -\emph{petroplinthic horizon} have usually much higher -Fe\textsubscript{dith} contents. - -\hypertarget{chernic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Chernic horizon}\label{chernic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-5}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-5}} - -A chernic horizon (from Russian \emph{chorniy}, black) is a relatively -thick, well-structured, very dark-coloured surface horizon, with a high -base saturation, a high animal activity and a moderate to high content -of organic matter. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-5}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-5}} - -A chernic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of \emph{mineral -material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - ≥~50\% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) of - fine earth and does not consist of \emph{mulmic material}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - single or in combination, in ≥~90\% (by volume): - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - granular structure; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - subangular blocky structure with an average aggregate size of - ≤~2~cm; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - cloddy structure or other structural elements created by - agricultural practices;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - ≥~1\% \emph{soil organic carbon};\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~3 - moist, and ≤~5 dry, and a chroma of ≤~2 moist;\\ - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~15 and \textless~40\% calcium carbonate equivalent; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~3 - and a chroma of ≤~2, both moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~1.5\% \emph{soil organic carbon};\\ - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~40\% calcium carbonate equivalent and/or a texture class of - loamy sand or coarser; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~5 - and a chroma of ≤~2, both moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~2.5\% \emph{soil organic carbon};\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - if a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the - chernic horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤~4, moist, - ≥~1\% (absolute) more \emph{soil organic carbon} than this layer;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M} NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - ≥~50\%;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a thickness of ≥~30~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-3}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-3}} - -A chernic horizon may easily be identified by its blackish colour, -caused by the accumulation of organic matter, its well-developed -granular or subangular blocky structure, an indication of high base -saturation (e.g.~pH\textsubscript{water} \textgreater~6), and its -thickness. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-5}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-5}} - -The chernic horizon is a special case of the \emph{mollic horizon} with -a higher content of \emph{soil organic carbon}, a lower chroma, -generally better developed soil structure, a minimum content of fine -earth and a greater minimum thickness. The upper limit of the content of -\emph{soil organic carbon} is 20\%, which is the lower limit for -\emph{organic material}. - -\hypertarget{cohesic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Cohesic horizon}\label{cohesic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-6}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-6}} - -A cohesic horizon (from Latin \emph{cohaerere}, to stick together) is a -subsurface horizon with a massive structure or a subangular blocky -structure. It is poor in organic matter and iron oxides, normally -contains quartz, and the clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite. It is -typical for old landscapes of the tropics with a seasonal climate. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-6}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-6}} - -A cohesic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has \textless~0.5\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has ≥~15\% clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a CEC (by 1~\emph{M} NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of \textless~24 - cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has, single or in combination, a massive structure or a subangular - blocky structure; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is not cemented; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has, when dry, a rupture-resistance class of at least hard; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-4}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-4}} - -Cohesic horizons are very resistant to penetration of knife or hammer -and have a rupture-resistance class of hard to extremely hard when dry, -becoming friable or firm when moist. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-3}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-3}} - -Cohesic horizons have a porosity low enough to restrict root -penetration, but drainage is usually not restricted. The low porosity is -attributed to parallel orientation of kaolinite crystals and infilling -of voids by clay particles. Usually, they have a bulk density higher -than the over- and underlying layers. They are typically found directly -below a surface horizon. - -Many soils with the cohesic horizon have the Caráter coeso in the -Brazilian system and have an apedal B horizon in the South African -system. Cohesic horizons may also occur in paleosols. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-6}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-6}} - -Cohesic horizons may coincide with \emph{ferralic} or, less widespread, -with \emph{argic horizons}. They differ strongly from \emph{nitic -horizons}. Some cohesic horizons show active or relict \emph{stagnic -properties} or overlie a \emph{plinthic}, \emph{pisoplinthic} or -\emph{petroplinthic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{cryic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Cryic horizon}\label{cryic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-7}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-7}} - -A cryic horizon (from Greek \emph{kryos}, cold, ice) is a perennially -frozen soil horizon in \emph{mineral} or \emph{organic material}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-7}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-7}} - -A cryic horizon has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - continuously for ≥~2 consecutive years one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - massive ice, cementation by ice or readily visible ice crystals; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a soil temperature of \textless~0~°C and insufficient water to form - readily visible ice crystals;\\ - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a thickness of ≥~5~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-5}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-5}} - -Cryic horizons occur in areas with permafrost and most of them show -evidence of perennial ice segregation. Many of them are overlain by -horizons with evidence of cryogenic alteration (mixed soil material, -disrupted soil horizons, involutions, organic intrusions, frost heave, -separation of coarse fragments from fine earth, cracks). Patterned -surface features (earth hummocks, frost mounds, stone circles, stripes, -nets and polygons) are common. To identify cryogenic alteration, a soil -profile should intersect different elements of patterned ground, if -present, or be wider than 2~m. - -Soils that contain saline water do not freeze at 0~°C. In order to -develop a cryic horizon, such soils must be cold enough to freeze. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-4}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-4}} - -Permafrost is defined as follows: layer of soil or rock, at some depth -beneath the surface, in which the temperature has been continuously -below 0~°C for at least some years. It exists where summer heating fails -to reach the base of the layer of frozen ground (Arctic Climatology and -Meteorology Glossary, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, USA). - -Engineers distinguish between \emph{warm} and \emph{cold} permafrost. -\emph{Warm} permafrost has a temperature \textgreater~-2~°C and has to -be considered unstable. \emph{Cold} permafrost has a temperature of -≤~-2~°C and can be used more safely for construction purposes provided -the temperature remains under control. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-7}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-7}} - -Cryic horizons may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of \emph{histic}, -\emph{folic} or \emph{spodic horizons} and may occur in association with -\emph{salic}, \emph{calcic}, \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizons}. In -cold arid regions, \emph{yermic properties} may be present. - -\hypertarget{duric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Duric horizon}\label{duric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-8}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-8}} - -A duric horizon (from Latin \emph{durus}, hard) is a subsurface horizon -showing nodules or concretions (durinodes), cemented by silica -(SiO\textsubscript{2}), presumably in the form of opal and -microcrystalline silica. Many durinodes have carbonate coatings. It may -also contain fragments of a broken-up \emph{petroduric horizon}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-8}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-8}} - -A duric horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~10\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) of nodules or - concretions (durinodes) and/or of fragments of a broken-up - \emph{petroduric horizon} with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - have ≥~1\% (by exposed area of the nodules or concretions) - accumulation of visible secondary silica; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - when air-dry, \textless~50\% (by volume) slake in 1~\emph{M}~HCl, - even after prolonged soaking, \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - when air-dry, ≥~50\% (by volume) slake in hot concentrated KOH or - hot concentrated NaOH, at least if alternating with 1~M~HCl; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - are cemented, at least partially by secondary silica, with a - cementation class of at least weakly cemented, both before and after - treatment with acid; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - have a diameter of ≥~1~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a thickness of ≥~10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-6}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-6}} - -The identification of secondary silica is described in Annex~1 (Chapter -8.4.27). The durinodes are usually hard (high penetration resistance). -Many durinodes are brittle when moist, both before and after treatment -with acid. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-5}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-5}} - -Dry durinodes do not slake appreciably in water, but prolonged soaking -can result in the breaking-off of very thin platelets and some slaking. -In cross-section, most durinodes are roughly concentric, and concentric -stringers of opal may be visible under a hand lens. - -If both silica and carbonates are present as cementing agents, the -durinodes will only slake if hot concentrated KOH or NaOH (to dissolve -the silica) are alternated with HCl (to dissolve the carbonates). If -carbonates are absent, KOH or NaOH alone will be able to slake the -durinodes. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-8}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-8}} - -In arid regions, duric horizons occur in association with \emph{gypsic}, -\emph{petrogypsic}, \emph{calcic} and \emph{petrocalcic horizons}. A -horizon continuously cemented by silica is a \emph{petroduric horizon}. - -\hypertarget{ferralic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Ferralic horizon}\label{ferralic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-9}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-9}} - -A ferralic horizon (from Latin \emph{ferrum}, iron, and \emph{alumen}, -alum) is a subsurface horizon resulting from long and intense -weathering. The clay fraction is dominated by low-activity clays and -contains various amounts of resistant minerals such as (hydr-)oxides of -Fe, Al, Mn and Ti. There may be a marked residual accumulation of quartz -in the silt or sand fractions. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-9}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-9}} - -A ferralic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has a texture class of sandy loam or finer and ≥~8\% clay; and -\item - has \textless{} 80\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) coarse - fragments, pisoplinthic concretions or nodules or remnants of a - petroplinthic horizon; and -\item - has a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of \textless{} 16 cmolc kg-1 clay; and -\item - has \textless{} 10\% (by grain count) easily weatherable minerals in - the 0.05--0.2 mm fraction; and -\item - does not have andic or vitric properties; and -\item - 6. has a thickness of ≥ 30 cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-7}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-7}} - -Ferralic horizons are associated with old and stable landforms. The -macrostructure is moderate to weak but typical ferralic horizons have a -strong microaggregation. - -Ferralic horizons rich in Fe oxides (especially rich in hematite) have -usually a friable rupture-resistance class, moist. Disrupted dry soil -material flows like flour between the fingers. Lumps of ferralic -horizons are usually relatively light in mass because of the low bulk -density. Many ferralic horizons give a hollow sound when tapped, -indicating high porosity. In some ferralic horizons, the high porosity -is the result of termite activity. Generally, the voids between the -microaggregates provide a high porosity. - -If the ferralic horizon has less hematite and a more yellowish colour, -it typically shows a higher bulk density and a lower porosity. It is -massive or has a weak subangular blocky structure and a firm -rupture-resistance class, moist. - -Indicators of clay illuviation such as clay coatings are generally -absent or rare, as are pressure faces and other stress features. -Boundaries of a ferralic horizon are normally gradual to diffuse, and -little variation in colour or particle-size distribution within the -horizon can be detected. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-6}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-6}} - -As an alternative to the weatherable minerals requirement, a total -reserve of bases (TRB = exchangeable plus mineral calcium {[}Ca{]}, -magnesium {[}Mg{]}, potassium {[}K{]} and sodium {[}Na{]}) of -\textless~25~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil may be -indicative. - -Ferralic horizons normally have \textless~10\% water-dispersible clay. -Occasionally they may have more waterdispersible clay, but if so, they -have a ΔpH (pH\textsubscript{KCl} - pH\textsubscript{water}) ≥~0 or a -relatively high content of organic carbon. - -Examples of easily weatherable minerals are all 2:1 phyllosilicates, -chlorites, sepiolites, palygorskites, allophanes, 1:1 trioctahedral -phyllosilicates (serpentines), feldspars, feldspathoids, ferromagnesian -minerals, glass, zeolites, dolomite and apatite. The intent of the term -weatherable minerals is to include those minerals that are unstable in -humid climates compared with other minerals, such as quartz and 1:1~clay -minerals, but that are more resistant to weathering than calcite (Soil -Survey Staff, 1999). - -In thin sections, ferralic horizons have generally an undifferentiated -b-fabric due to the isotropic behaviour of Fe oxides. The groundmass has -commonly a granular microstructure, with a porosity composed by packing -pores and star-like vughs, besides channels and chambers due to a strong -bioturbation. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-9}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-9}} - -Some \emph{argic horizons} fulfil all the diagnostic criteria of the -ferralic horizon. - -Al\textsubscript{ox}, Fe\textsubscript{ox}, Si\textsubscript{ox} in -ferralic horizons are very low, which sets them apart from the -\emph{nitic horizons} and layers with \emph{andic} or \emph{vitric -properties}. - -Some \emph{cambic horizons} have a low CEC; however, the amount of -weatherable minerals or the TRB is too high for a ferralic horizon. Such -horizons represent an advanced stage of weathering and a transition to -the ferralic horizon. - -Ferralic horizons in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains -in humid tropical and subtropical regions may occur in association with -\emph{sombric horizons}. - -Due to redox processes, ferralic horizons may develop into -\emph{plinthic horizons}. Most \emph{plinthic horizons} also fulfil the -diagnostic criteria of ferralic horizons. - -\hypertarget{ferric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Ferric horizon}\label{ferric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-10}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-10}} - -A ferric horizon (from Latin \emph{ferrum}, iron) has formed by redox -processes, usually caused by stagnant water, which may be active or -relict, and shows redoximorphic features. The segregation of Fe (or Fe -and Mn) has advanced to such an extent that oximorphic features (coarse -masses or discrete concretions and/or nodules) have formed inside soil -aggregates, and the matrix between them is largely depleted of Fe and -Mn. They do not necessarily have enhanced Fe (or Fe and Mn) contents, -but Fe (or Fe and Mn) are concentrated in the oximorphic features. -Generally, such segregation leads to poor aggregation of the soil -particles in Fe- and Mn-depleted zones and a compaction of the horizon. -It mainly occurs in old landscapes. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-10}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-10}} - -A ferric horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - consists of one or more subhorizons with one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~15\% of its exposed area occupied by coarse (\textgreater~20~mm, - average length of the greatest dimension) masses inside soil - aggregates that are black or have a Munsell colour hue redder than - 7.5YR and a chroma of ≥~5, both moist; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~5\% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus - concretions and/or nodules of any size and cementation class) - occupied by concretions and/or nodules with a cementation class of - at least weakly cemented, a reddish and/or blackish colour and a - diameter of \textgreater~2~mm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{petroplinthic}, \emph{pisoplinthic} or - \emph{plinthic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-10}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-10}} - -In tropical or subtropical regions, ferric horizons may grade laterally -into \emph{plinthic horizons}. In \emph{plinthic horizons}, the amount -of oximorphic features reaches ≥~15\% (by exposed area). Additionally, -in \emph{plinthic horizons}, a certain content of Fe\textsubscript{dith} -is exceeded and/or it changes irreversibly to a continuously cemented -layer on exposure to repeated drying and wetting with free access of -oxygen. If the amount of concretions and/or nodules with a cementation -class of at least moderately cemented reaches ≥~40\% (by exposed area), -it is a \emph{pisoplinthic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{folic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Folic horizon}\label{folic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-11}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-11}} - -A folic horizon (from Latin \emph{folium}, leaf) consists of -well-aerated \emph{organic material}. It develops at the soil surface. -In places, it may be covered by \emph{mineral material}. Folic horizons -predominantly occur in cool climate or at high elevation. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-11}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-11}} - -A folic horizon consists of \emph{organic material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - is saturated with water for \textless~30 consecutive days in most - years and is not drained; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-11}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-11}} - -The folic horizon has characteristics similar to the \emph{histic -horizon}. However, the \emph{histic horizon} forms while saturated with -water consecutively for at least 30 days in most years, which causes a -completely different vegetation and therefore a different character of -the \emph{organic material}. - -The \emph{organic material} sets the folic horizon apart from -\emph{chernic}, \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizons}, which consist -of \emph{mineral material}. Folic horizons may show \emph{andic} or -\emph{vitric properties}. - -\hypertarget{fragic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Fragic horizon}\label{fragic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-12}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-12}} - -A fragic horizon (from Latin \emph{fragilis}, fragile) is a natural, -predominantly non-cemented subsurface horizon with large soil aggregates -and a porosity pattern such that roots and percolating water penetrate -the soil only in between these aggregates. The natural character -excludes plough pans and surface traffic pans. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-12}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-12}} - -A fragic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~60\% (by volume) consist, single or in combination, of prismatic, - columnar, angular or subangular blocky soil aggregates that are - without coarse roots and that have an average horizontal spacing - (aggregate centre to aggregate centre) of ≥~10~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - shows evidence of soil formation as defined in criterion~3 of the - \emph{cambic horizon}, at least on the faces of the soil aggregates; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the soil material in between the soil aggregates and ≥~50\% of the - volume of the aggregated soil are not cemented; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the non-cemented parts do not cement upon repeated drying and wetting; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the non-cemented aggregated parts have a brittle manner of failure and - a rupture-resistance class, moist, of at least firm; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has \textless~0.5\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not show effervescence after adding a 1~\emph{M}~HCl solution; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-8}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-8}} - -A fragic horizon has a prismatic and/or blocky structure. In some fragic -horizons, the soil aggregates have a high bulk density. In others, the -inner parts of the aggregates may have a relatively high total porosity -but, as a result of a dense outer rim, there is no continuity between -the pores within and outside the aggregates. Between the prisms or the -angular blocks, a weaker aggregate structure or a massive structure and -mostly also a lighter soil colour is found. The result is a closed box -system with ≥~60\% of the soil volume that cannot be explored by roots -and is not percolated by water. Possible reasons for the dense outer rim -are: clay coatings, swelling and shrinking, or the pressure of the roots -growing only vertically. - -It is essential that the required soil volume is inspected from both -vertical and horizontal sections; horizontal sections often reveal a -polygonal pattern. Three or four such polygons (or a cut up to -1~m\textsuperscript{2}) are sufficient to test the volumetric basis for -the definition of the fragic horizon. - -Fragic horizons are commonly loamy, but loamy sand and clay textures are -not excluded. In the latter case, the clay mineralogy is dominantly -kaolinitic. - -The aggregates have commonly a penetration resistance ≥~4~MPa at field -capacity. - -The fragic horizon has little faunal activity, except occasionally -between the aggregates. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-12}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-12}} - -A fragic horizon may underlie (but not necessarily directly) an -\emph{albic}, \emph{cambic}, \emph{spodic} or \emph{argic horizon}, -unless the soil has been truncated. It can overlap partly or completely -with an \emph{argic horizon}, and if so, the fragic horizon may show -\emph{retic properties} or \emph{albeluvic glossae}. Many fragic -horizons have \emph{reducing conditions} and \emph{stagnic properties}. - -Contrary to fragic horizons, \emph{plinthic horizons} will cement upon -repeated drying and wetting. Contrary to fragic horizons, many other -root-restricting horizons are cemented. - -\hypertarget{gypsic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Gypsic horizon}\label{gypsic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-13}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-13}} - -A gypsic horizon (from Greek \emph{gypsos}, gypsum) is a non-cemented -horizon containing accumulations of secondary gypsum -(CaSO\textsubscript{4}·2H\textsubscript{2}O) in various forms. It may be -a surface or a subsurface horizon. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-13}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-13}} - -A gypsic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has ≥~5\% gypsum (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of - secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class); - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - meets the diagnostic criteria of \emph{protogypsic properties}; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a gypsum content of ≥~5\% higher (absolute, related to the fine - earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any - cementation class) than that of an underlying layer and no - \emph{lithic discontinuity} between the two layers; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a product of thickness (in centimetres) times gypsum content - (percentage, by mass) of ≥~150; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{petrogypsic horizon}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-9}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-9}} - -How to recognize secondary gypsum is described in Annex~1 (Chapter -8.4.26). The accumulation may be in distinct form or flour-like. The -latter gives the gypsic horizon a massive structure. - -Gypsum crystals may be visually mistaken for quartz. Gypsum is soft and -can easily be scratched with a knife or broken between thumbnail and -forefinger. Quartz is hard and cannot be broken except by hammering. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-7}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-7}} - -The recommended procedure to determine gypsum in the laboratory -(Annex~2, Chapter 9.10) also extracts anhydrite, which is considered to -be mainly primary. - -Thin section analysis is helpful to establish the presence of secondary -gypsum, as individual gypsic pedofeatures or as generalized -accumulations in the groundmass. - -If the accumulation of gypsum becomes such that all or most of the soil -structure and/or rock structure disappears and continuous concentrations -of gypsum prevail, the Hypergypsic qualifier is used. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-13}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-13}} - -When gypsic horizons become continuously cemented, transition takes -place to the \emph{petrogypsic horizon}, the expression of which may be -as massive or platy structures. A gypsic horizon and a \emph{petrogypsic -horizon} may overlie each other. Accumulations of secondary gypsum, not -qualifying for a gypsic horizon, may fulfil the diagnostic criteria of -\emph{protogypsic properties}, which are fulfilled by most gypsic -horizons as well. \emph{Gypsiric material} includes primary gypsum. - -In dry regions, gypsic horizons may be associated with \emph{calcic} -and/or \emph{salic horizons}. \emph{Calcic} and gypsic horizons usually -occupy distinct positions in the soil profile as the solubility of -calcium carbonate is less than that of gypsum. They can normally be -distinguished clearly from each other by the morphology (see -\emph{calcic horizon}). \emph{Salic} and gypsic horizons also occupy -different positions in the profile due to different solubilities. - -\hypertarget{histic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Histic horizon}\label{histic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-14}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-14}} - -A histic horizon (from Greek \emph{histos}, tissue) consists of poorly -aerated \emph{organic material}. It develops at the soil surface. In -places, it may be covered by \emph{mineral material}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-14}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-14}} - -A histic horizon consists of \emph{organic material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - is saturated with water for ≥~30 consecutive days in most years or is - drained; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~10~cm, -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-14}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-14}} - -Histic horizons have characteristics similar to the \emph{folic -horizon}. However, the \emph{folic horizon} is consecutively saturated -with water for less than thirty days in most years, which causes a -completely different vegetation and therefore a different character of -the \emph{organic material}. Histic horizons may show \emph{andic} or -\emph{vitric properties}. - -\hypertarget{hortic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Hortic horizon}\label{hortic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-15}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-15}} - -A hortic horizon (from Latin \emph{hortus}, garden) is a mineral surface -horizon created by the human activities of deep cultivation, intensive -fertilization and/or long-continued application of human and animal -wastes and other organic residues (e.g.~manures, kitchen refuse, compost -and night soil). - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-15}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-15}} - -A hortic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of \emph{mineral -material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a Munsell colour value and chroma of ≤~3, moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - ≥~1\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - ≥~120~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract in the - upper 20~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M} NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of ≥ - 50\%; \emph{and} -\item - ≥~25\% (by exposed area, weighted average) of animal pores, coprolites - or other traces of soil animal activity; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a thickness of ≥~20~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-10}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-10}} - -The hortic horizon is thoroughly mixed. Potsherds and other artefacts -are common, although often abraded. Tillage marks or evidence of mixing -of the soil can be present. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-8}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-8}} - -120~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly -correspond to 43.6~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P or -100~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{5} in -the Olsen extract (Kabała et al., 2018), which was the requirement in -former editions of WRB. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-15}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-15}} - -Some hortic horizons may also fulfil the diagnostic criteria of a -\emph{pretic}, \emph{terric}, \emph{mollic} or \emph{chernic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{hydragric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Hydragric horizon}\label{hydragric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-16}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-16}} - -A hydragric horizon (from Greek \emph{hydor}, water, and Latin -\emph{ager}, field) is a subsurface horizon that results from wet-field -cultivation. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-16}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-16}} - -A hydragric horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - is overlain by an anthraquic horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - consists of one or more subhorizons and each of them has one or more - of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - reductimorphic features with a Munsell colour value of ≥~4 and a - chroma of ≤~2, both moist, around biopore walls; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~15\% (by exposed area) oximorphic features that: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - are predominantly inside soil aggregates; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - have a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 unit - higher, moist, than the surrounding material; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - ≥~15\% (by exposed area) oximorphic features that: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - are predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are - present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - have a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 unit - higher, moist, than the surrounding material; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - Fe\textsubscript{dith} ≥~1.5 times and/or Mn\textsubscript{dith} ≥~3 - times that of the weighted average of the puddled layer of the - overlying anthraquic horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-11}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-11}} - -The hydragric horizon occurs below the plough pan of an \emph{anthraquic -horizon}. The features listed as part of diagnostic criterion 2 rarely -occur altogether in the same subhorizon but are commonly distributed -over several subhorizons. Major subhorizons have reductimorphic features -in pores with a Munsell colour hue of 2.5Y or yellower and a chroma of -≤~2, both moist, and/or concentrations of Fe and/or Mn oxides inside -soil aggregates as a result of oxidizing conditions. It usually shows -grey coatings on soil aggregate surfaces, consisting of clay, fine silt -and organic matter. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-9}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-9}} - -Reduced manganese and/or iron move down slowly through the plough pan of -the overlying \emph{anthraquic horizon} into the hydragric horizon; the -mangenese tending to move further than the iron. Within the hydragric -horizon, manganese and iron migrate further into the interiors of the -soil aggregates where they are oxidized. In the lower part, subhorizons -may be influenced by groundwater. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-16}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-16}} - -The hydragric horizon underlies an \emph{anthraquic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{irragric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Irragric horizon}\label{irragric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-17}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-17}} - -An irragric horizon (from Latin irrigare, to irrigate, and ager, field) -is a mineral surface horizon that builds up gradually through continuous -application of irrigation water with substantial amounts of sediments, -often including artefacts and a significant amount of organic matter. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-17}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-17}} - -An irragric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of \emph{mineral -material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has, single or in combination, in ≥~90\% (by volume): - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - soil aggregate structure; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - cloddy structure or other structural elements created by - agricultural practices; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a clay content ≥~10\% (relative) and ≥~3\% (absolute) higher than - that of the layer directly buried by the irragric horizon; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a fine clay content ≥~10\% (relative) and ≥~3\% (absolute) higher - than that of the layer directly buried by the irragric horizon; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has differences in medium sand contents, fine sand contents, very fine - sand contents, silt contents, clay contents and carbonate contents of - \textless~20\% (relative) or \textless~4\% (absolute) between - subhorizons; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \item - ≥~0.3\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a weighted average of ≥~0.5\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has ≥~25\% (by exposed area, weighted average) of animal pores, - coprolites or other traces of soil animal activity; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - shows evidence that the land surface has been raised; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~20~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-12}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-12}} - -Soils with an irragric horizon show evidence of surface raising, which -may be inferred from either field observations or from historical -records. The irragric horizon shows evidence of considerable animal -activity. The lower boundary is clear; and irrigation deposits or buried -soils may be present below. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-17}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-17}} - -Due to continuous ploughing, irragric horizons lack the continuous -stratification of \emph{fluvic material}. Some irragric horizons may -also qualify as \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizons}, depending on -their base saturation. - -\hypertarget{limonic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Limonic horizon}\label{limonic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-18}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-18}} - -A limonic horizon (from Greek \emph{leimon}, meadow) develops in layers -with \emph{gleyic properties} and oximorphic features. Reduced Fe and/or -Mn move upwards with ascending groundwater, are oxidized and accumulate -to such an extent that at least some parts of the accumulation zones are -cemented. It is traditionally called bog iron. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-18}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-18}} - -A limonic horizon: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has ≥~50\% (by exposed area) oximorphic features that are - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - black, surrounded by lighter-coloured material, \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - have a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 unit - higher, moist, than the surrounding material \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - have a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 unit - higher, moist, than the matrix of the directly underlying layer; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - the oximorphic features are one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - predominantly on (former) biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are - or were present, predominantly on or adjacent to (former) aggregate - surfaces; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - underlain by a layer with ≥~95\% (by exposed area) reductimorphic - features that have the following Munsell colours, moist: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \item - a hue of N, 10Y, GY, G, BG, B or PB; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of 2.5Y or 5Y and a chroma of ≤~2; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - is cemented with a cementation class of at least moderately cemented - in ≥~25\% (by volume); \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has ≥~2.5\% Fe\textsubscript{dith} + Mn\textsubscript{dith}, including - both the cemented and the non-cemented parts; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~2.5~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-13}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-13}} - -Limonic horizons show the typical characteristics of layers with -\emph{gleyic properties} and oximorphic features. In addition, they are -at least partially cemented. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-18}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-18}} - -Limonic horizons develop in layers with \emph{gleyic properties} and -oximorphic features. The process of groundwater ascent may be active or -relict. Limonic horizons differ from \emph{tsitelic horizons}, which are -noncemented and, if fine-textured, have a low bulk density. Limonic -horizons, especially if with Mn oxides, may resemble \emph{spodic -horizons}, but typically lack the Al translocation required for -\emph{spodic horizons}. - -\hypertarget{mollic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Mollic horizon}\label{mollic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-19}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-19}} - -A mollic horizon (from Latin \emph{mollis}, soft) is a relatively thick, -dark-coloured surface horizon with a high base saturation and a moderate -to high content of organic matter. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-19}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-19}} - -A mollic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of \emph{mineral -material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - single or in combination, in ≥~50\% (by volume): - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - soil aggregate structure with an average aggregate size of ≤~10~cm; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - cloddy structure or other structural elements created by - agricultural practices; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - ≥~0.6\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~3 - moist, and ≤~5 dry, and a chroma of ≤~3 moist; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \item - a sum of calcium carbonate equivalent and gypsum of ≥~15 and - \textless~40\%; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~3 - and a chroma of ≤~3, both moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~1\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \item - a sum of calcium carbonate equivalent and gypsum of ≥~40\% and/or - a texture class of loamy sand or coarser; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~5 - and a chroma of ≤~3, both moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~2.5\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - if a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the - mollic horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤~4, moist, - ≥~0.6\% (absolute) more \emph{soil organic carbon} than this layer; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - ≥~50\% on a weighted average; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a thickness of one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~10~cm if directly overlying \emph{continuous rock}, \emph{technic - hard material} or a \emph{cryic}, \emph{petrocalcic}, - \emph{petroduric}, \emph{petrogypsic} or \emph{petroplinthic - horizon}; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~20~cm. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-14}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-14}} - -A mollic horizon may easily be identified by its dark colour, caused by -the accumulation of organic matter, in most cases a well-developed -structure (usually a granular or subangular blocky structure), an -indication of high base saturation (e.g.~pH\textsubscript{water} -\textgreater~6), and its thickness. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-19}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-19}} - -The base saturation of ≥~50\% separates the mollic horizon from the -\emph{umbric horizon}, which is otherwise similar. The upper limit of -the content of soil organic carbon is 20\%, which is the lower limit for -\emph{organic material}. - -A special type of mollic horizon is the \emph{chernic horizon}. It -requires a higher content of \emph{soil organic carbon}, a lower chroma, -a better developed soil structure, a minimum content of fine earth and a -greater minimum thickness. - -Some \emph{hortic}, \emph{irragric}, \emph{pretic} or \emph{terric -horizons} may also qualify as mollic horizons. - -\hypertarget{natric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Natric horizon}\label{natric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-20}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-20}} - -A natric horizon (from Arabic \emph{natroon}, salt) is a dense -subsurface horizon with a distinctly higher clay content than in the -overlying horizon(s). It has a high content of exchangeable Na and in -some cases, a relatively high content of exchangeable Mg. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-20}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-20}} - -A natric horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has a texture class of loamy sand or finer and ≥~8\% clay; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - has an overlying coarser-textured layer with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \item - the coarser-textured layer is not separated from the natric - horizon by a \emph{lithic discontinuity}; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer directly overlies the natric - horizon, its lowermost sublayer does not form part of a plough - layer; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer does not directly overlie the natric - horizon, the transitional horizon between the coarser-textured - layer and the natric horizon has a thickness of ≤~15~cm; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer has \textless~15\% clay, the natric - horizon has ≥~6\% (absolute) more clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer has ≥~15 and \textless~50\% clay, - the ratio of clay in the natric horizon to that of the - coarser-textured layer is ≥~1.4; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - if the coarser-textured layer has ≥~50\% clay, the natric horizon - has ≥~ 20\% (absolute) more clay; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - has evidence of illuvial clay in one or more of the following forms: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - clay bridges connecting ≥~15\% of the sand grains; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - clay coatings covering ≥~15\% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, - coarse fragments and/or biopore walls; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - in thin sections, oriented clay bodies (pure or interlayered with - silt layers) that constitute ≥~1\% of the section and that have - not been transported laterally after they had been formed; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a ratio of fine clay to total clay in the natric horizon greater - by ≥~1.2 times than the ratio in the overlying coarser-textured - layer; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a columnar or prismatic structure in some part of the horizon; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - an angular or subangular blocky structure; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - penetrations of an overlying coarser-textured layer, in which - there are uncoated sand and/or coarse silt grains, extending - ≥~2.5~cm into the natric horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - an exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥~15 throughout the entire - natric horizon or its upper 40~cm, whichever is thinner; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - both of the following, - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - more exchangeable Mg plus Na than Ca plus exchange acidity - (buffered at pH~8.2) throughout the entire natric horizon or its - upper 40~cm, whichever is thinner; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - an exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥~15 in some subhorizon - starting ≤~50~cm below the upper limit of the natric horizon; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a thickness of one-tenth or more of the thickness of the overlying - \emph{mineral material}, if present, and one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~7.5~cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50~cm - of the upper limit of the uppermost lamella) if the natric horizon - has a texture class of sandy loam or finer; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~15~cm (if composed of lamellae: combined thickness within 50~cm of - the upper limit of the uppermost lamella). - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-15}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-15}} - -The colour of many natric horizons ranges from brown to black, -especially in the upper part, but lighter colours or yellow to red -colours may also be found. The structure is usually coarse columnar or -coarse prismatic, in places blocky. Rounded tops of the aggregates are -characteristic. In many cases, they are covered by a whitish powder -coming from the overlying eluvial horizon. - -Both colour and structural characteristics depend on the composition of -the exchangeable cations and the soluble salt content in the underlying -layers. Often, thick and dark-coloured clay coatings occur, especially -in the upper part of the horizon. Many natric horizons have poor soil -aggregate stability and very low permeability under wet conditions. When -dry, the rupture-resistance class of the natric horizon is at least -hard. Soil reaction is commonly strongly alkaline with -pH\textsubscript{water} ≥~8.5. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-10}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-10}} - -Another measure to characterize the natric horizon is the sodium -adsorption ratio (SAR), which is ≥~13. The SAR is calculated from soil -solution data (Na\textsuperscript{+}, Ca\textsuperscript{2+}, -Mg\textsuperscript{2+} given in mmol\textsubscript{c}/litre): SAR = -Na\textsuperscript{+}/{[}(Ca\textsuperscript{2+} + -Mg\textsuperscript{2+})/2{]}\textsuperscript{0.5}. - -In micromorphological studies, natric horizons have a specific fabric. -The low structural stability is shown by a pore system with many -vesicles and vughs. Pedofeatures consist of layered silt and clay -cappings, coatings and infillings; clay intercalations and fragments of -clay coatings in the groundmass, due to partial structure collapse. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-20}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-20}} - -The surface horizon may be rich in organic matter, have a thickness from -a few centimetres to \textgreater~25~cm and may be a \emph{mollic} or -\emph{chernic horizon}. An \emph{albic horizon} may be present between -the surface and the natric horizon. - -Frequently, a salt-affected layer occurs below the natric horizon. The -salt influence may extend into the natric horizon, which then becomes -saline as well. Salts present may be chlorides, sulfates or -carbonates/bicarbonates. - -The high ESP of the humus-illuvial part of the natric horizon separates -it from the \emph{sombric horizon}. - -\hypertarget{nitic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Nitic horizon}\label{nitic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-21}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-21}} - -A nitic horizon (from Latin \emph{nitidus}, shiny) is a clay-rich -subsurface horizon. It has moderately to strongly developed blocky -structure breaking to polyhedral or flat-edged elements with many shiny -pressure faces. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-21}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-21}} - -A nitic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has ≥~30\% clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has, single or in combination: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - moderate to strong angular or subangular blocky structure, breaking - into polyhedral or flat-edged second-level structure with pressure - faces (shiny surfaces) at ≥~25\% of the surfaces of the soil - aggregates of the second-level structure; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - polyhedral structure with pressure faces (shiny surfaces) at ≥~25\% - of the surfaces of the soil aggregates; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~4\% Fe\textsubscript{dith} (`free iron'); \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~0.2\% Fe\textsubscript{ox} (`active iron'); \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} of - ≥~0.05; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{plinthic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~30~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-16}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-16}} - -A nitic horizon has ≥~30\% clay but may feel loamy. Little difference in -clay content compared to the overlying and the underlying horizon and a -gradual or diffuse distinctness of the horizon boundaries are typical. -Similarly, there is no abrupt colour difference to the horizons directly -above and below. The colours are of low value with a hue often 2.5YR, -moist, but sometimes redder or yellower. The structure is moderate to -strong blocky, breaking into polyhedral or flat-edged elements showing -shiny pressure faces. In addition, clay coatings may be found. Nitic -horizons do not show reducing conditions but may show relict oximorphic -features, e.g., concretions and nodules of Fe and Mn oxides. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-11}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-11}} - -In many nitic horizons, the CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, -pH~7) is \textless~36~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay, -or even \textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay. -The sum of exchangeable bases (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, -pH~7) plus exchangeable Al (by 1~\emph{M}~KCl, unbuffered) is about half -of the CEC. The moderate to low CEC reflects the dominance of 1:1 clay -minerals (either kaolinite and/or {[}meta-{]}halloysite). Many nitic -horizons have a ratio of water-dispersible clay to total clay of -\textless~0.1. Through the microscope, the birefringent fabric may be -striated. Clay coatings, if present, normally form fine coatings around -aggregates or may be incorporated into the matrix. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-21}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-21}} - -The nitic horizon may be considered as a strongly expressed \emph{cambic -horizon} with specific properties such as a high amount of -oxalate-extractable (active) iron. Nitic horizons may show clay coatings -and may satisfy the requirements of an \emph{argic horizon}, although -the clay content in the nitic horizon is not much higher than in the -overlying horizon. Its mineralogy (kaolinitic/{[}meta{]}halloysitic) -sets it apart from most \emph{vertic horizons}, which have a dominantly -smectitic mineralogy and usually occur in climates with a more -pronounced dry season. However, nitic horizons may grade laterally into -\emph{vertic horizons} in lower landscape positions. The well-expressed -soil structure, the high amount of oxalate-extractable iron, and in some -cases, the intermediate CEC in nitic horizons set them apart from -\emph{ferralic horizons}. Nitic horizons strongly differ from -\emph{cohesic horizons}, which may also be rich in clay. Nitic horizons -in freely drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in humid tropical -and subtropical regions may occur in association with \emph{sombric -horizons}. - -\hypertarget{panpaic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Panpaic horizon}\label{panpaic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-22}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-22}} - -A panpaic horizon (from Quechua \emph{p'anpay}, to bury) is a buried -mineral surface horizon with a significant amount of organic matter -formed before having been buried. It is considered a diagnostic horizon, -although the process of burying is a geological process and not a -soil-forming process. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-22}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-22}} - -A panpaic horizon is a buried surface horizon consisting of -\emph{mineral material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~0.2\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a content of \emph{soil organic carbon} ≥~25\% (relative) and ≥~0.2\% - (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a \emph{lithic discontinuity} at its upper limit; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a thickness of ≥ 5 cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-22}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-22}} - -Some panpaic horizons also meet the criteria of the \emph{chernic}, -\emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon}. They differ from the -\emph{sombric horizon} that has no \emph{lithic discontinuity} at its -upper limit. A panpaic horizon may form part of layers of \emph{fluvic -material}. - -\hypertarget{petrocalcic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Petrocalcic horizon}\label{petrocalcic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-23}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-23}} - -A petrocalcic horizon (from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and Latin -\emph{calx}, lime) is cemented by calcium carbonate and in some places, -by magnesium carbonate as well. It is either massive or platy in nature -and has a very high penetration resistance. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-23}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-23}} - -A petrocalcic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has very strong effervescence after adding a 1~M~HCl solution; and -\item - is cemented, at least partially by secondary carbonates, with a - cementation class of at least moderately cemented; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have - an average horizontal spacing of ≥~10~cm and occupy \textless~20\% (by - volume, related to the whole soil), \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical - fractures; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of one of the following - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~1 cm if it is laminar and rests directly on continuous rock; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10~cm. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-17}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-17}} - -Petrocalcic horizons occur as non-platy calcrete (either massive or -nodular) or as platy calcrete, of which the following types are the most -common: - -\emph{Lamellar calcrete}: superimposed, separate, petrified layers -varying in thickness from a few millimetres to several centimetres. The -colour is generally white or pink. - -\emph{Petrified lamellar calcrete}: one or several extremely petrified -layers, grey or pink in colour. They are generally more cemented than -the lamellar calcrete and very massive (no fine lamellar structures, but -coarse lamellar structures may be present). - -Non-capillary pores in petrocalcic horizons are filled, and the -hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow to very slow. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-23}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-23}} - -In arid regions, petrocalcic horizons may occur in association with -(\emph{petro-})\emph{duric horizons}, into which they may grade -laterally. The cementing agent differentiates petrocalcic and -(\emph{petro}-)\emph{duric horizons}. In petrocalcic horizons, calcium -and some magnesium carbonate constitute the main cementing agent while -some accessory silica may be present. In (\emph{petro}-)\emph{duric -horizons}, silica is the main cementing agent, with or without calcium -carbonate. Petrocalcic horizons also occur in association with -\emph{gypsic} or \emph{petrogypsic horizons}. Horizons with a -significant accumulation of secondary carbonates without continuous -cementation qualify as \emph{calcic horizons}. - -\hypertarget{petroduric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Petroduric horizon}\label{petroduric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-24}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-24}} - -A petroduric horizon (from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and Latin -\emph{durus}, hard), also known as duripan (United States) or dorbank -(South Africa), is a subsurface horizon, usually reddish or reddish -brown in colour, that is cemented mainly by illuvial secondary silica -(SiO\textsubscript{2}, presumably opal and microcrystalline forms of -silica). Calcium carbonate may be present as a supplementary cementing -agent. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-24}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-24}} - -A petroduric horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has ≥~1\% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus - accumulations of secondary silica of any size and any cementation - class) accumulation of visible secondary silica; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - when air-dry, \textless~50\% (by volume) slake in 1~\emph{M}~HCl, - even after prolonged soaking, \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - when air-dry, ≥~50\% (by volume) slake in hot concentrated KOH or - hot concentrated NaOH, at least if alternating with 1~M~HCl; and - \end{enumerate} -\item - is cemented, at least partially by secondary silica, with a - cementation class of at least weakly cemented, both before and after - treatment with acid; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have - an average horizontal spacing of ≥~10~cm and occupy \textless~20\% (by - volume, related to the whole soil); \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical - fractures; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~1~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-18}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-18}} - -The identification of secondary silica is described in Annex 1 (Chapter -8.4.27). Effervescence after applying 1~\emph{M}~HCl may take place but -is mostly not as vigorous as in \emph{petrocalcic horizons}, which -appear similar. In very dry environments, the petroduric horizons -commonly are platy. In less dry environments, vertical fractures are -more common. It has usually a high penetration resistance. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-12}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-12}} - -If both silica and carbonates are present as cementing agents, the -petroduric horizon will only slake if hot concentrated KOH or NaOH (to -dissolve the silica) are alternated with HCl (to dissolve the -carbonates). If carbonates are absent, KOH or NaOH alone will be able to -slake the petroduric horizon. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-24}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-24}} - -In arid climates, petroduric horizons may occur in association with -\emph{petrocalcic horizons}, into which they may grade laterally, and/or -occur in conjunction with \emph{calcic} or \emph{gypsic horizons}. -Fragments of a petroduric horizon or durinodes constitute a \emph{duric -horizon}. Petroduric horizons may develop from volcanic ashes and may be -overlain by layers with \emph{andic} or \emph{vitric properties}. - -\hypertarget{petrogypsic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Petrogypsic horizon}\label{petrogypsic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-25}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-25}} - -A petrogypsic horizon (from Greek petros, rock, and \emph{gypsos}, -gypsum) is a cemented horizon containing accumulations of secondary -gypsum (CaSO\textsubscript{4}·2H\textsubscript{2}O). - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-25}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-25}} - -A petrogypsic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - 1. has ≥~40\% gypsum (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of - secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class); - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has ≥~1\% (by exposed area) visible secondary gypsum; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is cemented, at least partially by secondary gypsum, with a - cementation class of at least extremely weakly cemented; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have - an average horizontal spacing of ≥~10~cm and occupy \textless~20\% (by - volume, related to the whole soil); -\item - does not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical - fractures; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~1~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-19}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-19}} - -Petrogypsic horizons are cemented, whitish and composed predominantly of -gypsum. Old petrogypsic horizons may be capped by a thin, laminar layer -of newly precipitated gypsum. How to recognize secondary gypsum is -described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.26). - -\hypertarget{additional-information-13}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-13}} - -The recommended procedure to determine gypsum in the laboratory (Annex -2, Chapter 9.10) also extracts anhydrite, which is considered to be -mainly primary. - -In thin sections, the petrogypsic horizon shows a a groundmass composed -of interlocked gypsum crystals with a hypidiotopic or xenotopic fabric, -mixed with varying amounts of detrital material. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-25}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-25}} - -As the petrogypsic horizon develops from a \emph{gypsic horizon}, the -two are closely related. Petrogypsic horizons frequently occur in -association with (\emph{petro}-)\emph{calcic horizons}. Accumulations of -calcium carbonate and gypsum usually occupy different positions in the -soil profile because the solubility of calcium carbonate is less than -that of gypsum. Normally, they can be distinguished clearly from each -other by their morphology (see \emph{calcic horizon}). - -\hypertarget{petroplinthic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Petroplinthic horizon}\label{petroplinthic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-26}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-26}} - -A petroplinthic horizon (from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and -\emph{plinthos}, brick) is a continuous or fractured layer of cemented -material, in which Fe (and in some cases also Mn) (hydr-)oxides are an -important cement and in which organic matter is either absent or present -only in traces. It has formed by continuous cementation of a -\emph{plinthic} or \emph{pisoplinthic horizon}. Advanced crystallization -of the oxides causes a very high penetration resistance. Traditional -names for horizons similar to the petroplinthic horizon are `laterite' -or `ironstone'. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-26}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-26}} - -A petroplinthic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - consists of oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that - are at least partially interconnected and have a reddish, yellowish - and/or blackish colour; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~2.5\% Fe\textsubscript{dith} in the fine earth; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10\% Fe\textsubscript{dith} in the oximorphic features; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} of - \textless~0.1 in the fine earth or in the oximorphic features; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is cemented with a cementation class of at least strongly cemented; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is continuous to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have - an average horizontal spacing of ≥~10~cm and occupy \textless~20\% (by - volume, related to the whole soil); \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not have coarse roots except, if present, along the vertical - fractures; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-20}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-20}} - -Petroplinthic horizons are extremely hard (high penetration resistance) -and typically rusty brown to yellowish brown. They are either massive or -show an interconnected nodular pattern that encloses material with a -lower penetration resistance. They may be fractured. Roots are generally -found only in vertical fractures. Penetretation resistance is ≥~4.5~MPa -in ≥~50\% of the volume of the fine earth. From this value upwards, the -rupture resistance will not sink upon wetting (see Asiamah, 2000). - -\hypertarget{additional-information-14}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-14}} - -The ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} has -been estimated from data given by Varghese \& Byju (1993). - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-26}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-26}} - -Petroplinthic horizons are closely associated with \emph{plinthic} and -\emph{pisoplinthic horizons} from which they develop. In some places, -\emph{plinthic horizons} can be traced by following petroplinthic layers -that have formed, for example, in road cuts. - -The low ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} -separates the petroplinthic horizon from cemented \emph{spodic horizons} -(Ortsteinic or Placic qualifiers), which in addition contain mostly a -fair amount of organic matter. \emph{Limonic horizons} also have higher -ratios. - -\hypertarget{pisoplinthic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Pisoplinthic horizon}\label{pisoplinthic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-27}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-27}} - -A pisoplinthic horizon (from Latin \emph{pisum}, pea, and Greek -\emph{plinthos}, brick) contains a large amount of concretions and/or -nodules that are at least moderately cemented by Fe (and in some cases -also by Mn) (\emph{hydr}-)\emph{oxides}. It may also contain fragments -of a broken-up \emph{petroplinthic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-27}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-27}} - -A pisoplinthic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has ≥~40\% of its volume (related to the whole soil) occupied by, - single or in combination, - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - yellowish, reddish and/or blackish concretions and/or nodules; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - fragments of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon, with a diameter of - \textgreater~2~mm and a cementation class of at least moderately - cemented; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a petroplinthic horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-27}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-27}} - -A pisoplinthic horizon results, when discrete concretions and/or nodules -of a \emph{plinthic horizon} reach a certain percentage and a -cementation class of at least moderately cemented. The cementation class -and the amount of concretions and/or nodules separate it from the -\emph{ferric horizon}. If the concretions and/or nodules are -sufficiently interconnected, the pisoplinthic horizon becomes a -\emph{petroplinthic horizon}. A pisoplinthic horizon may also be formed -by the fracturing of a \emph{petroplinthic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{plaggic-horizon}{% -\subsubsection{Plaggic horizon}\label{plaggic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-28}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-28}} - -A plaggic horizon (from Low German \emph{plaggen}, sod) is a black or -brown mineral surface horizon that results from human activity. Mostly -in nutrient-poor soils in the north-western part of Central Europe from -Medieval times until the introduction of mineral fertilizers at the -beginning of the 20\textsuperscript{th} century, sod and other topsoil -materials were commonly used for bedding livestock. The sods consist of -grassy, herbaceous or dwarf-shrub vegetation, its root mats and organic -and mineral soil sticking to them. The mixture of sods and excrements -was later spread on fields. The material brought in eventually produced -an appreciably thickened horizon (in places \textgreater~100~cm thick) -that is rich in soil organic carbon. Base saturation is typically low. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-28}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-28}} - -A plaggic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material -and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has a texture class of sand, loamy sand, sandy loam or loam, or a - combination of them; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - contains artefacts, but \textless~20\% (by volume, related to the - whole soil); \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has ≥~100~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract in - the upper 20~cm; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has in its lower part spade or hook marks, remnants of a plough - layer or other evidence of former agricultural activity; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a Munsell colour value of ≤~4 moist, and ≤~5 dry, and a chroma of - ≤~4 moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has ≥~0.6\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - \textless~50\%, unless the soil has been limed or received mineral - fertilizers; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - shows evidence that the land surface has been raised; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~20~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-21}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-21}} - -The plaggic horizon has brownish or blackish colours, related to the -origin of source materials. It may contain \emph{artefacts}, but less -than 20\%. Its reaction is mostly slightly to strongly acid. The pH may -have risen due to recent liming but seldom reaching a high base -saturation. It may show evidence of old agricultural operations in its -lower part, such as spade or hook marks as well as old plough layers. -Plaggic horizons commonly overlie buried soils although the original -surface layers may be mixed with the plaggen. In some cases, ditches -have been made in the buried soil as a cultivation mode for soil -improvement. The lower boundary is typically clear to abrupt. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-15}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-15}} - -The texture class is in most cases sand or loamy sand. Sandy loam and -loam are rare. The soil organic carbon may include carbon added with the -plaggen. 100~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract (same -value as for pretic horizons) roughly correspond to -143~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P or 327~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} -P\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{5} in 1\% citric acid (Kabała et al., -2018). Originally, the plaggic horizon has a low base saturation. If -limed or fertilized, this criterion is waived. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-28}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-28}} - -After liming, some plaggic horizons may fulfil the criteria of the -\emph{terric horizon}, but \emph{terric horizons} usually have a higher -animal activity. Some plaggic horizons may contain black carbon and also -fulfil the criteria of the \emph{pretic horizon}. Some plaggic horizons -may also qualify as \emph{umbric} or even as \emph{mollic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{plinthic-horizon}{% -\subsubsection{Plinthic horizon}\label{plinthic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-29}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-29}} - -A plinthic horizon (from Greek \emph{plinthos}, brick) is a subsurface -horizon that is rich in Fe (in some cases also Mn) (hydr-)oxides and -poor in humus. The clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite, together -with other products of strong weathering, such as gibbsite. It may -contain quartz. The plinthic horizon has formed by redox processes, -usually caused by stagnant water, which may be active or relict, and -shows redoximorphic features. The plinthic horizon is not continuously -cemented. On exposure to repeated drying and wetting with free access to -oxygen, the oxides become more crystallized leading to a continuously -cemented horizon. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-29}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-29}} - -A plinthic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has in ≥~15\% of its exposed area (related to the fine earth plus - accumulations of oxides of any size and any cementation class) - oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are black or - have a redder hue and a higher chroma than the surrounding material; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - has ≥~2.5\% Fe\textsubscript{dith} in the fine earth; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has ≥~10\% Fe\textsubscript{dith} in the oximorphic features; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - changes irreversibly to a continuously cemented horizon with a - cementation class of at least strongly cemented after repeated - drying and wetting; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} of - \textless~0.1 in the fine earth or in the oximorphic features; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{petroplinthic} or \emph{pisoplinthic - horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-22}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-22}} - -A plinthic horizon shows prominent redoximorphic features. In a -perennially moist soil, many of the oximorphic features are non-cemented -or have a low cementation class and can be cut with a spade. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-16}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-16}} - -Micromorphological studies may reveal the extent of impregnation of the -soil mass by Fe (hydr-)oxides. In many plinthic horizons, prolonged -\emph{reducing conditions} are not present anymore. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-29}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-29}} - -If the concretions and nodules of the plinthic horizon become at least -moderately cemented and reach ≥~40\% of the exposed area, the plinthic -horizon becomes a \emph{pisoplinthic horizon}. If the plinthic horizon -becomes continuously cemented, the plinthic horizon becomes a -\emph{petroplinthic horizon}. - -If the oximorphic features do not reach 15\% of the exposed area, it may -be a \emph{ferric horizon}. - -\hypertarget{pretic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Pretic horizon}\label{pretic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-30}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-30}} - -A pretic horizon (from Portuguese \emph{preto}, black) is a mineral -surface horizon that results from human activities with the addition of -black carbon, especially charcoal. It is characterized by its dark -colour, usually the presence of artefacts (ceramic fragments, lithic -instruments, bone or shell tools etc.) and high contents of organic -carbon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients (mainly zinc -and manganese), usually contrasting with natural soils in the -surrounding area. It contains remnants of black carbon, which may be -recognized visually or by chemical analyses. - -Pretic horizons are for example widespread in the Amazon Basin, where -they are the result of pre-Columbian activities and have persisted over -many centuries despite the prevailing humid tropical conditions -generally causing high organic matter mineralization rates. These soils -with a pretic horizon are known as `Terra Preta de Indio' or `Amazonian -Dark Earths'. They generally have high organic carbon stocks. Many of -them are dominated by low-activity clays. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-30}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-30}} - -A pretic horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material and -has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a Munsell colour value of ≤~4 and a chroma of ≤~3, both moist; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - ≥~0.6\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - exchangeable Ca plus Mg (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) - of ≥~1~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} fine earth; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - ≥~100~mg~kg\textsubscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~1\% (by exposed area, related to the fine earth plus black carbon - of any size) visible black carbon; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - both of the following - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~0.3\% carbon belonging to molecules of black carbon, determined - by chemical analyses; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a ratio between carbon belonging to molecules of black carbon and - total organic carbon of ≥~0.15, determined by chemical analyses; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~20~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-17}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-17}} - -Black carbon is an \emph{artefact} only if it is intentionally -manufactured by humans. The minimum \emph{soil organic carbon} content -(criterion 2) must be fulfilled without the \emph{artefacts}. - -P in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly is the double of the values obtained -in the Mehlich-1 extract (Kabała et al., 2018), which was the -requirement in the 3\textsuperscript{rd} edition of WRB. Additionally, -compared to the 3\textsuperscript{rd} edition, the value was increased -from 30 to 50 (Mehlich-1) or from 60 to 100 (Mehlich-3) -mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-30}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-30}} - -Some pretic horizons may also fulfil the criteria of the \emph{plaggic -horizon} and, especially in their upper parts, the criteria of the -\emph{hortic horizon}. Some pretic horizons may qualify as \emph{mollic} -or \emph{umbric horizons}. Old charcoal hearths usually fail the P -criterion of the pretic horizon. They do not fit into the concept of the -pretic horizon, are characterized by the Carbonic and the Pyric -qualifier, and many of them are Technosols. - -\hypertarget{protovertic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Protovertic horizon}\label{protovertic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-31}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-31}} - -A protovertic horizon (from Greek \emph{proton}, first, and Latin -\emph{vertere}, to turn) has swelling and shrinking clay minerals. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-31}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-31}} - -A protovertic horizon consists of mineral material and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - ≥~30\% clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - wedge-shaped soil aggregates in ≥~10\% (by volume); - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - slickensides on ≥~5\% of the surfaces of soil aggregates; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - shrink-swell cracks; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of ≥~0.06; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-23}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-23}} - -Wedge-shaped soil aggregates and slickensides (see Annex 1, Chapter -8.4.10 and 8.4.14) may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. -A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the -soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a second-level -structure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should -be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-31}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-31}} - -If the swelling and shrinking is more prominent (or the layer is -thicker) the protovertic horizon grades into a \emph{vertic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{salic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Salic horizon}\label{salic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-32}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-32}} - -A salic horizon (from Latin \emph{sal}, salt) is a surface horizon or a -subsurface horizon at a shallow depth that contains high amounts of -readily soluble salts, i.e.~salts more soluble than gypsum -(CaSO\textsubscript{4}·2H\textsubscript{2}O; log~Ks~=~-4.85 at 25~°C). - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-32}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-32}} - -A salic horizon has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - at some time of the year - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - if the pH\textsubscript{water} of the saturation extract is ≥~8.5, - an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract - (EC\textsubscript{e}) of ≥~8~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} measured at - 25~°C and a product of thickness (in centimetres) and - EC\textsubscript{e} (in dS~m\textsuperscript{-1}) of ≥~240; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract - (EC\textsubscript{e}) of ≥~15~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} measured at - 25~°C and a product of thickness (in centimetres) and - EC\textsubscript{e} (in dS~m\textsuperscript{-1}) of ≥~450; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a thickness of ≥~15~cm (combined thickness if there are superimposed - subhorizons meeting criteria 1.a and 1.b). -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-24}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-24}} - -Halophytes (e.g.~some species of \emph{Salicornia}, \emph{Tamarix} and -\emph{Suaeda}) and salt-tolerant crops are first indicators. -Salt-affected layers are often puffy. Salts precipitate only after -evaporation of most soil moisture; if the soil is moist, salt may not be -visible. - -Salts may precipitate at the soil surface (external Solonchaks) or at -depth (internal Solonchaks). A salt crust, if present, may be part of -the salic horizon. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-18}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-18}} - -In alkaline carbonate soils, an EC\textsubscript{e} at 25~°C of -≥~8~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} and a pH\textsubscript{water} of ≥~8.5 are -very common. Salic horizons may consist of \emph{organic} or -\emph{mineral material}. - -\hypertarget{sombric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Sombric horizon}\label{sombric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-33}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-33}} - -A sombric horizon (from French \emph{sombre}, dark) is a dark-coloured -subsurface horizon containing more organic matter than the directly -overlying horizon. It has no lithic discontinuity at its upper limit and -is neither associated with Al nor dispersed by Na. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-33}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-33}} - -A sombric horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has ≥~0.2\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a content of soil organic carbon ≥~25\% (relative) and ≥~0.2\% - (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not have a lithic discontinuity at its upper limit and does not - form part of a natric or spodic horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-25}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-25}} - -Sombric horizons are found in dark-coloured subsoils, in many cases -associated with well-drained soils of high plateaus and mountains in -humid tropical and subtropical regions. They resemble buried horizons -but, in contrast to many of these, sombric horizons more or less follow -the shape of the soil surface. They have a lower Munsell colour value -than the directly overlying horizon and commonly a low base saturation. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-19}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-19}} - -There are two important theories about the genesis of sombric horizons -(de Almeida et al., 2015). - -First theory: The higher content of organic matter is illuvial, but -neither associated with Al nor with Na. In this case, coatings of -organic matter at soil aggregate surfaces and pore walls as well as -illuvial organic matter in thin sections are found. - -Second theory: The higher content of organic matter is residual. A -moister climate and a higher plant biomass (e.g.~forest) formed thick A -horizons. Afterwards, climate became drier, the upper part of the old A -horizon underwent an intense mineralization, while the residues of the -current vegetation, poorer in biomass (e.g.~savanna), form only a thin A -horizon. At greater depth, mineralization is slower, and the lower part -of the old A horizon is preserved, especially if climate is cool and -base saturation low. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-32}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-32}} - -Sombric horizons may coincide with \emph{argic}, \emph{cambic}, -\emph{ferralic} or \emph{nitic horizons}. Contrary to \emph{panpaic -horizons}, sombric horizons have no \emph{lithic discontinuity} at their -upper limit. \emph{Spodic horizons} are differentiated from sombric -horizons by their much higher CEC of the clay fraction. The -humus-illuvial part of \emph{natric horizons} has a higher clay content, -a high Na saturation and a specific structure, which separates them from -sombric horizons. - -\hypertarget{spodic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Spodic horizon}\label{spodic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-34}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-34}} - -A spodic horizon (from Greek \emph{spodos}, wood ash) is a subsurface -horizon that contains illuvial substances. In most spodic horizons, the -appearance of the upper subhorizons is characterized by dark illuvial -organic matter and that of the lower subhorizons by intensely coloured -illuvial Fe oxides. Some spodic horizons, however, show either little -illuviation of Fe or little illuviation of organic matter. In all spodic -horizons, illuviated Al can be proven analytically. The illuvial -materials are characterized by a high pH-dependent charge, a relatively -large surface area and an elevated water retention. An overlying eluvial -horizon may intrude with tongues into the spodic horizon. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-34}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-34}} - -A spodic horizon consists of mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has a pH (1:1 in water) of \textless~5.9, unless the soil has been - limed or fertilized; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a subhorizon with an Al\textsubscript{ox} value that is ≥~1.5 - times that of the lowest Al\textsubscript{ox} value of all the mineral - layers above the spodic horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has in its uppermost 1~cm one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~0.5\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a Munsell colour chroma of ≥~6, moist, in ≥~90\% of its exposed - area; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has one or more subhorizons with the following Munsell colours, moist, - in ≥~90\% of their exposed area: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a hue of 5YR or redder; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of 7.5YR and a value of ≤~5; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of 10YR and a value and a chroma of ≤~2; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of 10YR and a chroma of ≥~6; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a colour of 10YR 3/1; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of N and a value of ≤~2; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - is overlain by claric material that is not separated from the spodic - horizon by a lithic discontinuity and that overlies the spodic - horizon either directly or above a transitional horizon that has a - thickness of one-tenth or less of the overlying claric material; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10\% of the sand grains of the horizon show cracked coatings; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has a subhorizon that is cemented with a cementation class of at - least weakly cemented in ≥~50\% of its horizontal extension; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has a subhorizon with an Al\textsubscript{ox} + - ½Fe\textsubscript{ox} value of ≥~0.5\% that is ≥~2 times that of the - lowest Al\textsubscript{ox}~+~½Fe\textsubscript{ox} value of all the - mineral layers above the spodic horizon; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{natric}, \emph{limonic} or - \emph{tsitelic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~2.5~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-26}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-26}} - -Many spodic horizons underly \emph{claric material} and have -brownish-black to reddish-brown colours, which often fade downwards. The -shape of many spodic horizons is wavy, irregular, or broken. Spodic -horizons may be (partially) cemented. Thin and relatively continuous -cementations are indicated by the Placic qualifier and thicker and/or -less continuous cementations by the Ortsteinic qualifier. Spodic -horizons may extend further down in ribbon-like accumulations, which are -not included in the calculation of the minimum thickness. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-33}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-33}} - -There may be a \emph{hortic}, \emph{plaggic}, \emph{terric} or -\emph{umbric horizon} above the spodic horizon, with or without -\emph{claric material} in between. - -Spodic horizons in volcanic materials may exhibit \emph{andic -properties} as well. Spodic horizons in other materials may exhibit some -characteristics of the andic properties, but normally have a higher bulk -density. For classification purposes, the presence of a spodic horizon, -unless buried deeper than 50 cm, is given preference over the occurrence -of \emph{andic properties}. - -Some layers with \emph{andic properties} resemble spodic horizons, if -they are covered by relatively young, lightcoloured volcanic ejecta that -satisfy the requirements of \emph{claric material}. There is a -\emph{lithic discontinuity} in between, which excludes them from being -spodic horizons. This can be further proven by the following analyses: -The uppermost 2.5~cm of the spodic horizon have a C\textsubscript{py}/OC -and a C\textsubscript{f}/C\textsubscript{py} of ≥~0.5. -C\textsubscript{py}, C\textsubscript{f} and OC are -pyrophosphate-extractable C, fulvic acid C and organic C, respectively -(Ito et al., 1991). - -Similar to many spodic horizons, \emph{sombric horizons} also contain -more organic matter than an overlying layer. They can be differentiated -from each other by the clay mineralogy. Kaolinite usually dominates in -\emph{sombric horizons}, whereas the clay fraction of spodic horizons -commonly contains significant amounts of vermiculite and Al-interlayered -chlorite. - -\emph{Plinthic horizons}, which contain large amounts of accumulated Fe, -have less Fe\textsubscript{ox} than spodic horizons. - -\hypertarget{terric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Terric horizon}\label{terric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-35}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-35}} - -A terric horizon (from Latin \emph{terra}, earth) is a mineral surface -horizon that develops through addition of \emph{mineral material} or a -combination of \emph{mineral material} and organic residues, for -example, fertile mineral soil, compost, calcareous beach sands, loess or -mud. It may contain stones, randomly sorted and distributed. In most -cases, it is built up gradually over a long period of time. -Occasionally, terric horizons are created by single additions of -material. Normally the added material is mixed with the original -topsoil. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-35}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-35}} - -A terric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of mineral material -and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - shows evidence of addition of material substantially different from - the environment, where it has been placed; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - contains, if any, \textless~10\% (by volume, related to the whole - soil) artefacts; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has ≥~0.6\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - ≥~50\%; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - shows evidence that the land surface has been raised; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~20~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-27}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-27}} - -Terric horizons show characteristics related to the source material, -e.g.~in colour. Buried soils may be observed at the base of the horizon -although mixing can obscure the contact. Soils with a terric horizon -show a raised surface that may be inferred either from field observation -or from historical records. The terric horizon is not homogeneous, but -subhorizons are thoroughly mixed. It commonly contains a small amount of -\emph{artefacts} such as pottery fragments, cultural debris and refuse, -that are typically very small (\textless~1~cm in diameter) and very -abraded. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-34}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-34}} - -Some terric horizons may also fulfil the criteria of anthropogenic -horizons with stronger alterations, like the \emph{hortic}, -\emph{plaggic} or the \emph{pretic horizon}. Most \emph{hortic horizons} -show more and most \emph{plaggic horizons} less soil animal activity -than the terric horizon. The \emph{pretic horizons} contain black -carbon. Some terric horizons may qualify as \emph{mollic} horizon. - -\hypertarget{thionic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Thionic horizon}\label{thionic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-36}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-36}} - -A thionic horizon (from Greek \emph{theion}, sulfur) is an extremely -acid subsurface horizon in which sulfuric acid is formed through -oxidation of sulfides. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-36}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-36}} - -A thionic horizon has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a pH (1:1 by mass in water, or in a minimum of water to permit - measurement) of \textless~4; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - accumulations of iron or aluminium sulfate or hydroxysulfate - minerals, predominantly on or adjacent to surfaces of soil - aggregates; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - direct superposition on sulfidic material; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~0.05\% water-soluble sulfate; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a thickness of ≥~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-28}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-28}} - -Thionic horizons generally exhibit pale yellow jarosite or -yellowish-brown schwertmannite accumulations on or adjacent to surfaces -of soil aggregates. Soil reaction is extremely acid; -pH\textsubscript{water} of 3.5 is quite common. While mostly associated -with recent sulfidic coastal sediments, thionic horizons may also -develop inland in \emph{sulfidic materials} that may be present either -in natural deposits or in \emph{artefacts} such as mine spoil. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-20}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-20}} - -Iron or aluminium sulfate or hydroxysulfate minerals include jarosite, -natrojarosite, schwertmannite, sideronatrite and tamarugite. Thionic -horizons may consist of organic or \emph{mineral material}. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-35}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-35}} - -A thionic horizon often underlies a horizon with strongly expressed -\emph{stagnic properties}. - -\hypertarget{tsitelic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Tsitelic horizon}\label{tsitelic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-37}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-37}} - -A tsitelic horizon (from Georgian \emph{tsiteli}, red) shows a lateral -accumulation of Fe. It is usually found on lower slopes or in -depressions. Stagnosols and Planosols occur upslope in inclined -positions and have lost reduced Fe by lateral subsurface water flow. -Further down, the reduced Fe gets in contact with atmospheric oxygen, is -oxidized and accumulates in subsurface horizons starting usually at -shallow depths. They are rich in oxalate-extractable Fe, which gives the -tsitelic horizons a homogeneous reddish colour. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-37}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-37}} - -A tsitelic horizon consists of \emph{mineral material} and - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has ≥~1\% Fe\textsubscript{ox}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a ratio between Fe\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{dith} of - ≥~0.5; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has Al\textsubscript{ox} \textless{} Fe\textsubscript{ox}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a Munsell colour chroma of ≥~4, moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not show reductimorphic features; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not form part of a \emph{limonic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a thickness of ≥~5~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-29}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-29}} - -The accumulation of ferrihydrites causes a homogeneous reddish colour -and, if the horizon is fine-textured, a low bulk density and some -thixotropy. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-36}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-36}} - -Tsitelic horizons may resemble \emph{spodic horizons} of Rustic Podzols -but lack the translocation of Al that is required for \emph{spodic -horizons}. If showing low bulk density and thixotropy, they may give the -impression of \emph{andic properties}, but they have neither a -significant amount of allophanes and imogolites nor of Al-humus -complexes. Contrary to most horizons with \emph{andic properties}, -tsitelic horizons show more Fe than Al in the oxalate extract. Layers -with oximorphic features caused by \emph{gleyic properties} may also -look similar to tsitelic horizons. While in layers with \emph{gleyic -properties}, the oxides are predominantly found at soil aggregate -surfaces, the oxides in tsitelic horizons fill the entire soil matrix -homogenously. Tsitelic horizons distinguish well from \emph{limonic -horizons}, which are (at least partially) cemented. - -\hypertarget{umbric-horizon}{% -\subsection{Umbric horizon}\label{umbric-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-38}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-38}} - -An umbric horizon (from Latin \emph{umbra}, shade) is a relatively -thick, dark-coloured surface horizon with a low base saturation and a -moderate to high content of organic matter. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-38}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-38}} - -An umbric horizon is a surface horizon consisting of \emph{mineral -material} and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - single or in combination, in ≥~50\% (by volume): - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - soil aggregate structure with an average aggregate size of ≤~10~cm; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - cloddy structure or other structural elements created by - agricultural practices; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - ≥~0.6\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~3 - moist, and ≤~5 dry, and a chroma of ≤~3 moist; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a texture class of loamy sand or coarser; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - in ≥~90\% of the exposed area of the entire horizon or of the - subhorizons below any plough layer, a Munsell colour value of ≤~5 - and a chroma of ≤~3, both moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~2.5\% soil organic carbon; - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - if a layer is present that corresponds to the parent material of the - umbric horizon and that has a Munsell colour value of ≤~4, moist, - ≥~0.6\% (absolute) more \emph{soil organic carbon} than this layer; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - \textless~50\% on a weighted average; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a thickness of one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~10~cm if directly overlying \emph{continuous rock}, \emph{technic - hard material} or a \emph{cryic}, \emph{petroduric} or - \emph{petroplinthic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~20~cm. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-30}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-30}} - -The main field characteristics of an umbric horizon are its dark colour -and its structure. In general, umbric horizons tend to have a lesser -grade of soil structure than \emph{mollic horizons}. - -Most umbric horizons have an acid reaction (pH\textsubscript{water} -\textless~5.5), which usually indicates a base saturation of -\textless~50\%. An additional indication for strong acidity is a -shallow, horizontal rooting pattern in the absence of a physical -barrier. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-37}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-37}} - -The base saturation requirement sets the umbric horizon apart from the -\emph{mollic horizon}, which is otherwise similar. The upper limit of -the content of \emph{soil organic carbon} is 20\%, which is the lower -limit for \emph{organic material}. - -Some \emph{irragric} and \emph{plaggic horizons} may also qualify as -umbric horizons. - -\hypertarget{vertic-horizon}{% -\subsection{Vertic horizon}\label{vertic-horizon}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-39}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-39}} - -A vertic horizon (from Latin \emph{vertere}, to turn) is a clay-rich -subsurface horizon that, as a result of shrinking and swelling, has -slickensides and wedge-shaped soil aggregates. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-39}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-39}} - -A vertic horizon consists of mineral material and has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - ≥~30\% clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a. in ≥~20\% (by volume), wedge-shaped soil aggregates with a - longitudinal axis tilted between ≥~10° and ≤~60° from the - horizontal; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - slickensides on ≥~10\% of the surfaces of soil aggregates; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - \emph{shrink-swell cracks}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a thickness of ≥~25~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-31}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-31}} - -Vertic horizons are clay-rich and, when dry, often have a -rupture-resistance class of at least hard. Polished, shiny surfaces with -striations (slickensides), often at sharp angles, are distinctive. - -Wedge-shaped soil aggregates and slickensides (see Annex 1, Chapter -8.4.10 and 8.4.14) may not be immediately evident if the soil is moist. -A decision about their presence can sometimes only be made after the -soil has dried out. Wedge-shaped aggregates may be a second-level -structure of larger angular blocky or prismatic elements, which should -be carefully examined to see if wedge-shaped aggregates are present. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-21}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-21}} - -The coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE, see Annex 2, Chapter 9.6) -is usually ≥~0.06. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-38}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-38}} - -Several other diagnostic horizons may also have high clay contents, -e.g., the \emph{argic}, \emph{natric} and \emph{nitic horizon}. Most of -them lack the characteristics typical for the vertic horizon. However, -they may be laterally linked in the landscape with vertic horizons, the -latter usually taking up the lowest position. Less pronounced swelling -and shrinking of clay minerals leads to a \emph{protovertic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-properties}{% -\section{Diagnostic properties}\label{diagnostic-properties}} - -\textbf{Diagnostic properties} are characterized by a combination of -attributes that reflect results of soil-forming processes or indicate -specific conditions of soil formation. Their features can be observed or -measured in the field or the laboratory and require a minimum or maximum -expression to qualify as diagnostic. A minimum thickness is not part of -the criteria. - -\hypertarget{abrupt-textural-difference}{% -\subsection{Abrupt textural -difference}\label{abrupt-textural-difference}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-40}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-40}} - -An abrupt textural difference (from Latin \emph{abruptus}, broken away) -is a very sharp increase in clay content within a limited depth range. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-40}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-40}} - -An abrupt textural difference refers to two superimposed layers -consisting of \emph{mineral material} with all of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - the underlying layer has all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~ 15\% clay; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a thickness of ≥~7.5~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - the underlying layer starts ≥~10~cm from the mineral soil surface; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the underlying layer has, compared to the overlying layer: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - at least twice as much clay if the overlying layer has - \textless~20\% clay; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~20\% (absolute) more clay if the overlying layer has ≥~20\% clay; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - if the limit between the two layers is not even, the depth of the - abrupt textural difference is, where the underlying layer reaches - ≥~50\% of the total volume; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a transitional layer, if present, has a thickness of ≤~2~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-22}{% -\subsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-22}} - -An example for an uneven limit between the two layers are \emph{retic -properties} in the underlying layer. Depending on the development of the -\emph{retic properties}, the abrupt textural difference may be at the -upper limit of the \emph{retic properties} or further down (criterion -3). - -\hypertarget{albeluvic-glossae}{% -\subsection{Albeluvic glossae}\label{albeluvic-glossae}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-41}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-41}} - -The term albeluvic glossae (from Latin \emph{albus}, white, and -\emph{eluere}, to wash out, and Greek \emph{glossa}, tongue) refers to -penetrations of clay- and Fe-depleted material into an \emph{argic -horizon}. Albeluvic glossae occur along soil aggregate surfaces and form -vertically continuous tongues. In horizontal sections, they exhibit a -polygonal pattern. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-41}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-41}} - -Albeluvic glossae: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - refer to an \emph{argic horizon} and, if the \emph{argic horizon} is - \textless~30~cm thick, also to the underlying layers until 30~cm below - the upper limit of the \emph{argic horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - show \emph{retic properties} in the \emph{argic horizon}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - have continuous tongues consisting of coarser-textured material, as - defined in the \emph{retic properties}, that start at the upper limit - of the \emph{argic horizon}, with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii})} - \tightlist - \item - have a vertical extension of ≥~30~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - have a horizontal extension of ≥~1~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - occupy ≥~10 and \textless~90\% of the exposed area. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-39}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-39}} - -Albeluvic glossae are a special case of \emph{retic properties}. In -\emph{retic properties}, the coarser-textured parts may be thinner and -are not necessarily vertically continuous. \emph{Retic properties} may -also be present in \emph{natric horizons} whereas albeluvic glossae are -defined only in \emph{argic horizons}. The \emph{argic horizon} into -which the albeluvic glossae penetrate may also fulfil the diagnostic -criteria of a \emph{fragic horizon}. In undisturbed soils, the -\emph{argic horizon} with the albeluvic glossae is typically overlain by -an \emph{albic} or \emph{cambic horizon}. However, the overlying -horizons may be lost due to erosion or ploughing. - -\hypertarget{andic-properties}{% -\subsection{Andic properties}\label{andic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-42}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-42}} - -Andic properties (from Japanese \emph{an}, dark, and \emph{do}, soil) -result from moderate weathering of mainly pyroclastic deposits. The -presence of short-range-order minerals and/or organo-metallic complexes -is characteristic for andic properties. These minerals and complexes are -commonly part of the weathering sequence in pyroclastic deposits -(\emph{tephric material} → \emph{vitric properties} → andic properties). -However, andic properties with organo-metallic complexes may also form -in non-pyroclastic silicate-rich materials in cooltemperate and humid -climates. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-42}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-42}} - -Andic properties require: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a bulk density of ≤~0.9~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - an Al\textsubscript{ox} + ½Fe\textsubscript{ox} value of ≥~2\%; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a phosphate retention of ≥~85\%. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-32}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-32}} - -Andic properties may be identified using the sodium fluoride field test -of Fieldes and Perrott (1966). A pH in NaF of ≥~9.5 indicates allophane -and/or organo-aluminium complexes in carbonate-free soils. The test is -indicative for most layers with andic properties, except for those very -rich in organic matter. However, the same reaction occurs in -\emph{spodic horizons} and in certain acid clays that are rich in -Al-interlayered clay minerals. - -Andic layers may exhibit thixotropy, i.e.~the soil material changes, -under pressure or by rubbing, from a plastic solid into a liquefied -stage and back into the solid condition. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-23}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-23}} - -Andic properties may be found at the soil surface or in the subsurface, -commonly occurring as layers. Many surface layers with andic properties -contain a high amount of organic matter (≥~5\%), are commonly very dark -coloured (Munsell colour value and chroma of ≤~3, moist), have a fluffy -macrostructure, and in some places show thixotropy. They have a low bulk -density and commonly have a silt loam or finer texture. Andic surface -layers rich in organic matter may be very thick, having a thickness of -≥~50~cm in some soils. Andic subsurface layers are generally somewhat -lighter coloured. - -In perhumid climates, humus-rich andic layers may contain more than -twice the water content of samples that have been dried at 105~°C and -rewetted (hydric characteristic). - -For bulk density, the volume is determined after an undried soil sample -has been desorbed at 33~kPa (no prior drying), and afterwards the weight -is determined at 105~°C. - -Two major types of andic properties are recognized: one in which -allophane, imogolite and similar minerals are predominant (Silandic -qualifier); and one in which Al complexed by organic acids prevails -(Aluandic qualifier). The silandic property typically gives a strongly -acid to neutral soil reaction and is a bit lighter coloured, while the -aluandic property gives an extremely acid to acid reaction and a -blackish colour. - -Uncultivated, organic matter-rich surface layers with silandic -properties typically have a pHwater of ≥~4.5, while uncultivated surface -layers with aluandic properties and rich in organic matter typically -have a pH\textsubscript{water} of \textless~4.5. Generally, -pH\textsubscript{water} in silandic subsoil layers is ≥~5. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-40}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-40}} - -\emph{Vitric properties} are distinguished from andic properties by a -lesser degree of weathering. This is evidenced by the presence of -volcanic glasses and usually by a lower amount of short-range-order -pedogenic minerals and/or organo-metallic complexes, as characterized by -a lower amount of Al\textsubscript{ox} and Fe\textsubscript{ox}, a -higher bulk density, or a lower phosphate retention. The diagnostic -criteria of the \emph{vitric} and \emph{andic properties} are adapted -after Shoji et al.~(1996), Takahashi et al.~(2004) and findings of the -COST 622 Action. - -\emph{Spodic horizons}, which also contain complexes of oxides and -organic substances, can exhibit andic properties as well. Andic -properties may also be present in \emph{chernic}, \emph{mollic} or -\emph{umbric horizons}. - -\hypertarget{anthric-properties}{% -\subsection{Anthric properties}\label{anthric-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-43}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-43}} - -Anthric properties (from Greek \emph{anthropos}, human being) refer to -human-made \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizons}. Some of the -\emph{mollic horizons} with anthric properties are natural \emph{umbric -horizons} transformed into \emph{mollic horizons} by liming and -fertilization. Thin, light-coloured or humus-poor mineral topsoil -horizons may be transformed into \emph{umbric} or even \emph{mollic -horizons} by long-term cultivation (ploughing, liming, fertilization -etc.). Another group of artificial \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric -horizons} is created by ploughing organic surface layers into the -mineral soil. In all these cases, the soil has very little animal -activity, which is especially uncommon for soils with a \emph{mollic -horizon}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-43}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-43}} - -Anthric properties: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - occur in soils with a \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - show evidence of human disturbance by one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - an abrupt lower boundary at ploughing depth and ≥~10\% of the sand - grains not coated by organic matter; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - an abrupt lower boundary at ploughing depth and evidence of mixing - of humus-richer and humus-poorer soil materials by ploughing; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - lumps of applied lime; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~430~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract in the - upper 20~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - show \textless~5\% (by exposed area) of animal pores, coprolites or - other traces of soil animal activity in one or both of the following - depths: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - in the lowermost 5~cm of the \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon}; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - in a depth range of 5~cm below the plough layer, if present. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-33}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-33}} - -Signs of mixing or cultivation, evidence of liming (e.g.~remnants of -applied lime chunks), the dark colour and the almost complete absence of -traces of soil animal activity are the main criteria for recognition. -Incorporated humus-richer material may be established with the naked -eye, using a 10x hand lens or using thin sections, depending on the -degree of fragmentation/dispersion of the humus-richer material. The -incorporated humus-richer material is typically weakly bound to the -humus-poorer material, which is manifested by uncoated sand grains in a -darker matrix throughout the mixed layer. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-24}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-24}} - -430~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly -correspond to 654~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P or -1500~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{5} in -1\% citric acid (Kabała et al., 2018), which was the requirement in -former editions of WRB. The original idea of the anthric properties is -derived from Krogh \& Greve (1999). - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-41}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-41}} - -Anthric properties are an additional characteristic of some -\emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizons}. \emph{Chernic horizons} -normally show a higher animal activity and do not have anthric -properties. - -\hypertarget{continuous-rock}{% -\subsection{Continuous rock}\label{continuous-rock}} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-44}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-44}} - -Continuous rock (from Latin \emph{continuare}, to continue) is -consolidated material, exclusive of cemented pedogenic horizons such as -\emph{limonic}, \emph{petrocalcic}, \emph{petroduric}, -\emph{petrogypsic}, \emph{petroplinthic} and \emph{spodic horizons}. -Continuous rock is sufficiently consolidated to remain intact when an -air-dried specimen, 25--30~mm on one side, is submerged in water for -1~hour. The material is considered continuous only if cracks occupy -\textless~10\% (by volume) of the continuous rock, with no significant -displacement of the rock having taken place. - -\hypertarget{gleyic-properties}{% -\subsection{Gleyic properties}\label{gleyic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-44}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-44}} - -Gleyic properties (from Russian folk name \emph{gley}, wet bluish clay) -develop in layers that are saturated with groundwater (or were saturated -in the past, if now drained) for a period that allows \emph{reducing -conditions} to occur (this may range from a few days in the tropics to a -few weeks in other areas) and in the capillary fringe above them. There -may be gleyic properties without the presence of groundwater in a -clay-rich layer over a layer rich in sand or coarse fragments. In some -soils with gleyic properties, the \emph{reducing conditions} are caused -by upward moving gases such as methane or carbon dioxide. If there are -no more \emph{reducing conditions}, the gleyic properties are relict. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-45}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-45}} - -Gleyic properties refer to \emph{mineral material}, show redoximorphic -features and comprise one of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - a layer with ≥~95\% (by exposed area) reductimorphic features that - have the following Munsell colours, moist: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a hue of N, 10Y, GY, G, BG, B or PB; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue of 2.5Y or 5Y and a chroma of ≤~2; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a layer with \textgreater~5\% (by exposed area) oximorphic features - that: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - are predominantly on biopore walls and, if soil aggregates are - present, predominantly on or adjacent to aggregate surfaces; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - have a Munsell colour hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 unit - higher, moist, than the surrounding material or than the matrix of - the directly underlying layer; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a combination of two layers: a layer fulfilling diagnostic criterion 2 - and a directly underlying layer fulfilling diagnostic criterion 1. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-34}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-34}} - -Redoximorphic features are described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.20). - -\hypertarget{additional-information-25}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-25}} - -Gleyic properties result from a redox gradient between groundwater and -the capillary fringe causing an uneven distribution of iron or manganese -(hydr-)oxides. In the lower part of the soil and/or inside the soil -aggregates, the oxides are either transformed into soluble Fe/Mn(II) -compounds or they are translocated; both processes lead to the absence -of colours that have a Munsell hue redder than 2.5Y. Translocated Fe and -Mn compounds can be concentrated in the oxidized form (Fe{[}III{]}, -Mn{[}IV{]}) on soil aggregate surfaces or on biopore walls (rusty root -channels), and towards the surface even in the matrix. Mn concentrations -can be recognized by strong effervescence using a -10\%~H\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{2} solution. - -Reductimorphic features reflect permanently wet conditions. In loamy and -clayey material, blue-green colours predominate owing to Fe(II, III) -hydroxy salts (green rust). If the material is rich in sulfur (S), -blackish colours prevail owing to colloidal iron sulfides such as -greigite or mackinawite (easily recognized by smell, after applying -1~\emph{M}~HCl). In calcareous material, whitish colours are dominant -owing to calcite and/or siderite. Sands are usually light grey to white -in colour and also often impoverished in Fe and Mn. Bluish-green and -black colours are unstable and often oxidize to a reddish brown colour -within a few hours of exposure to air. The upper part of a -reductimorphic layer may show up to 5\% rusty colours, mainly around -channels of burrowing animals or plant roots. - -Oximorphic features reflect oxidizing conditions, as in the capillary -fringe and in the surface horizons of soils with fluctuating groundwater -levels. Specific colours indicate ferrihydrite (reddish brown), goethite -(bright yellowish brown), lepidocrocite (orange), schwertmannite (dark -orange) and jarosite (pale yellow). In loamy and clayey soils, the iron -oxides/hydroxides are concentrated on soil aggregate surfaces and the -walls of larger pores (e.g.~old root channels). - -In most cases, a layer fulfilling diagnostic criterion 2 overlies a -layer fulfilling criterion 1. Some soils, including underwater soils -(freshwater or seawater) and tidal soils have only a layer that fulfils -diagnostic criterion 1 and no layer fulfilling criterion 2. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-42}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-42}} - -Gleyic properties differ from \emph{stagnic properties}. Gleyic -properties are caused by an upward moving agent (mostly groundwater) -that causes \emph{reducing conditions} and that leads to an underlying -strongly reduced layer and an overlying layer with oximorphic features -on or adjacent to soil aggregate surfaces. (In some soils only one of -these layers is present.) \emph{Stagnic properties} are caused by -stagnation of an intruding agent (mostly rainwater) that causes -\emph{reducing conditions} and that leads to an overlying Fe-poor layer -and an underlying layer with oximorphic features inside the soil -aggregates. (In some soils, only one of these layers is present.) - -\hypertarget{lithic-discontinuity}{% -\subsection{Lithic discontinuity}\label{lithic-discontinuity}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-45}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-45}} - -Lithic discontinuities (from Greek \emph{lithos}, stone, and Latin -\emph{continuare}, to continue) represent significant differences in -parent material within a soil. A lithic discontinuity can also denote -different times of deposition. The different strata may have the same or -a different mineralogy. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-46}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-46}} - -When comparing two directly superimposed layers consisting of mineral -material, a lithic discontinuity requires one or more of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - an abrupt difference in particle-size distribution that is not solely - associated with a change in clay content resulting from soil - formation; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~10\% coarse sand and ≥~10\% medium sand, \textbf{\emph{and}} a - difference of ≥~25\% in the ratio coarse sand to medium sand, - \textbf{\emph{and}} a difference of ≥~5\% (absolute) in the - content of coarse sand and/or medium sand; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10\% coarse sand and ≥~10\% fine sand, \textbf{\emph{and}} a - difference of ≥ 25\% in the ratio coarse sand to fine sand, - \textbf{\emph{and}} a difference of ≥~5\% (absolute) in the - content of coarse sand and/or fine sand; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10\% medium sand and ≥~10\% fine sand, \textbf{\emph{and}} a - difference of ≥~25\% in the ratio medium sand to fine sand, - \textbf{\emph{and}} a difference of ≥~5\% (absolute) in the - content of medium sand and/or fine sand; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10\% sand and ≥~10\% silt, \textbf{\emph{and}} a difference of - ≥~25\% in the ratio sand to silt, \textbf{\emph{and}} a difference - of ≥~5\% (absolute) in the content of sand and/or silt; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \item - the differences do not result from original variation within the - parent material in the form of patches of different particle-size - fractions within a layer; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - the layers have coarse fragments with different lithology; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - a layer containing coarse fragments without weathering rinds overlying - a layer containing coarse fragments with weathering rinds; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - a layer with angular coarse fragments overlying or underlying a layer - with rounded coarse fragments; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - an overlying layer that has ≥~10\% (absolute, by volume, related to - the whole soil) more coarse fragments than the underlying layer, - unless the difference is created by animal activity; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - a lower amount of coarse fragments in the overlying layer that cannot - be explained by advanced weathering in the overlying layer; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - abrupt differences in colour not resulting from soil formation; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - marked differences in size and shape of resistant minerals (as shown - by micromorphological or mineralogical methods); \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - differences in the TiO\textsubscript{2}/ZrO\textsubscript{2} ratios of - the sand fraction by a factor of ≥~2; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - differences in CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) per kg - clay by a factor of ≥~2. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-26}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-26}} - -In some cases, a lithic discontinuity may be suggested by one of the -following: a horizontal line of coarse fragments (stone line) overlying -and underlying layers with lesser amounts of coarse fragments, or a -decreasing percentage of coarse fragments with increasing depth. On the -other hand, the sorting action of small fauna such as termites can -produce similar effects in what would initially have been lithicly -uniform parent material. - -Diagnostic criterion 2 is illustrated by the following example: - -Layer 1: 20\% coarse sand, 10\% medium sand → ratio coarse sand to -medium sand: 2.\\ -Layer 2: 15\% coarse sand, 10\% medium sand → ratio coarse sand to -medium sand: 1.5. Difference in ratios: 25\%\\ -Difference in contents of coarse sand (absolute): 5\%\\ -Difference in contents of medium sand (absolute): 0\\ -Result: between the two layers, there is a lithic discontinuity. - -Generally, the mathematical formula for calculating differences in -ratios is:\\ -ABS(ratio\textsubscript{i}-ratio\textsubscript{i+1})/MAX(ratio\textsubscript{i}; -ratio\textsubscript{i+1})*100 - -\hypertarget{protocalcic-properties}{% -\subsection{Protocalcic properties}\label{protocalcic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-46}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-46}} - -Protocalcic properties (from Greek \emph{proton}, first, and Latin -\emph{calx}, lime) refer to carbonates that are derived from the soil -solution and precipitated in the soil. They do not belong to the soil -parent material or to other sources such as dust. They occur across the -soil structure or fabric. These carbonates are called secondary -carbonates. For protocalcic properties, they must be permanent and be -present in significant quantities. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-47}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-47}} - -Protocalcic properties refer to accumulations of secondary carbonates, -visible when moist, that - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - occupy ≥~5\% of the exposed area (related to the fine earth plus - accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation - class) with masses, nodules, concretions or filaments; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - cover ≥~10\% of the surfaces of soil aggregates or biopore walls; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - cover ≥~10\% of the underside surfaces of coarse fragments or of - fragments of a cemented horizon. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-35}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-35}} - -The identification of secondary carbonates is described in Annex 1 -(Chapter 8.4.25). - -\hypertarget{additional-information-27}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-27}} - -Accumulations of secondary carbonates qualify as protocalcic properties -only if they are permanent and do not come and go with changing moisture -conditions. This should be checked by spraying some water on them. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-43}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-43}} - -Accumulations of secondary carbonates with higher contents of calcium -carbonate equivalent may qualify for a \emph{calcic horizon}, or if -continuously cemented with a cementation class of at least moderately -cemented, for a \emph{petrocalcic horizon}. \emph{Calcaric material} -refers to the presence of carbonates in the entire fine earth, which -usually includes primary carbonates. - -\hypertarget{protogypsic-properties}{% -\subsection{Protogypsic properties}\label{protogypsic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-47}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-47}} - -Protogypsic properties (from Greek \emph{proton}, first, and -\emph{gypsos}, gypsum) refer to gypsum that is derived from the soil -solution and precipitated in the soil. It does not belong to the soil -parent material or to other sources such as dust. This gypsum is called -secondary gypsum. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-48}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-48}} - -Protogypsic properties refer to visible accumulations of secondary -gypsum that occupy ≥~1\% of the exposed area (related to the fine earth -plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation -class). - -\hypertarget{field-identification-36}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-36}} - -The identification of secondary gypsum is described in Annex 1 (Chapter -8.4.26). - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-44}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-44}} - -Accumulations of secondary gypsum with higher gypsum contents may -qualify for a \emph{gypsic horizon}, or if continuously cemented, for a -\emph{petrogypsic horizon}. \emph{Gypsiric material} includes primary -gypsum. - -\hypertarget{reducing-conditions}{% -\subsection{Reducing conditions}\label{reducing-conditions}} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-49}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-49}} - -Reducing conditions (from Latin \emph{reducere}, to draw back) show one -or more of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a negative logarithm of the hydrogen partial pressure (rH, calculated - as Eh·29\textsuperscript{-1} + 2·pH) of \textless~20; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - the presence of free Fe\textsuperscript{2+}, as shown on a freshly - broken and smoothed surface of a field-wet soil by the appearance of a - strong red colour after wetting it with 0.2\% α,α-dipyridyl dissolved - in 1~\emph{N}~ammonium acetate (NH\textsubscript{4}OAc), pH~7; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - the presence of iron sulfide; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - the presence of methane. -\end{enumerate} - -\textbf{Caution}: α,α-dipyridyl solution is toxic if swallowed and -harmful if absorbed through skin or inhaled. It has to be used with -care. In layers with a neutral or alkaline soil reaction it may not give -the strong red colour. - -\hypertarget{retic-properties}{% -\subsection{Retic properties}\label{retic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-48}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-48}} - -Retic properties (from Latin \emph{rete}, net) describe the -interfingering of coarser-textured \emph{claric material} into a -finer-textured \emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizon}. The interfingering -coarser-textured \emph{claric material} is characterized by a partial -removal of clay minerals and iron oxides. There may be also -coarser-textured \emph{claric material} falling from the overlying -horizon into cracks in the \emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizon}. The -coarser-textured \emph{claric material} is found as vertical, horizontal -and inclined interfingerings between soil aggregates. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-50}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-50}} - -Retic properties refer to a combination of finer-textured parts and -coarser-textured parts, both consisting of \emph{mineral material}, -within the same layer, with all of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - the finer-textured parts belong to an \emph{argic} or \emph{natric - horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the coarser-textured parts consist of \emph{claric material}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the finer-textured parts have, compared with the coarser-textured - parts, the following Munsell colour, moist: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a hue ≥~2.5 units redder: \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a value ≥~1 unit lower; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a chroma ≥~1 unit higher; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - the clay content of the finer-textured parts is higher compared with - the coarser-textured parts, as specified for the \emph{argic} or - \emph{natric horizon}, criterion 2.a; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the coarser-textured parts are ≥~0.5~cm wide; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the coarser-textured parts start at the upper limit of the - \emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - the coarser-textured parts occupy areas ≥~10 and \textless~90\% in - both vertical and horizontal sections, within - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the upper 30~cm of the \emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizon}; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - the entire \emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizon},\\ - whichever is thinner; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - do not occur within a plough layer. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-45}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-45}} - -Retic properties include the special case of \emph{albeluvic glossae}. -The \emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizons} that exhibit retic properties -may also satisfy the requirements of a \emph{fragic horizon}. A layer -with retic properties may also show \emph{stagnic properties} with or -without \emph{reducing conditions}. In undisturbed soils, the -\emph{argic} or \emph{natric horizon} with the retic properties is -typically overlain by an \emph{albic} or \emph{cambic horizon}. However, -the overlying horizons may be lost due to erosion or ploughing. - -\hypertarget{shrink-swell-cracks}{% -\subsection{Shrink-swell cracks}\label{shrink-swell-cracks}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-49}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-49}} - -Shrink-swell cracks open and close due to shrinking and swelling of clay -minerals with changing water content of the soil. They may be evident -only when the soil is dry. They control the infiltration and percolation -of water, even if they are filled with material from the surface. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-51}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-51}} - -Shrink-swell cracks occur in \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - open and close with changing water content of the soil; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - are ≥~0.5~cm wide, when the soil is dry, with or without infillings of - material from the surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-46}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-46}} - -Shrink-swell cracks are referred to in the diagnostic criteria of the -\emph{protovertic horizon}, the \emph{vertic horizon} and in the Key to -the Reference Soil Groups (where reference is made to their depth -requirements). - -\hypertarget{sideralic-properties}{% -\subsection{Sideralic properties}\label{sideralic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-50}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-50}} - -Sideralic properties (from Greek \emph{sideros}, iron, and Latin -\emph{alumen}, alum) refer to \emph{mineral material} that has a -relatively low CEC. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-52}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-52}} - -Sideralic properties occur in \emph{mineral material} and require: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~8\% clay and a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - \textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - \textless~2~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - evidence of soil formation as defined in criterion 3 of the - \emph{cambic horizon}. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-47}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-47}} - -Sideralic properties are also present in \emph{ferralic horizons}. - -\hypertarget{stagnic-properties}{% -\subsection{Stagnic properties}\label{stagnic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-51}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-51}} - -Stagnic properties (from Latin \emph{stagnare}, to flood) form in layers -that are, at least temporarily, saturated with stagnant water (or were -saturated in the past, if now drained) for a period long enough that -allows \emph{reducing conditions} to occur (this may range from a few -days in the tropics to a few weeks in other areas). In some soils with -stagnic properties, the \emph{reducing conditions} are caused by the -intrusion of other liquids such as gasoline. If there are no more -\emph{reducing conditions}, the stagnic properties are relict. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-53}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-53}} - -Stagnic properties refer to \emph{mineral material}, show redoximorphic -features and comprise one or more of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - a layer that comprises reductimorphic features and soil material with - the matrix colour and that shows both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the reductimorphic features are predominantly around biopores and, - if soil aggregates are present, predominantly at the outer parts of - the aggregates; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - the reductimorphic features have, compared against the matrix - colour, the following Munsell colours, moist: a value ≥~1 unit - higher and a chroma ≥~1 unit lower; - \end{enumerate} -\item - a layer that comprises oximorphic features and soil material with the - matrix colour and that shows both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the oximorphic features are, if soil aggregates are present, - predominantly inside the aggregates; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - the oximorphic features are black, surrounded by lighter-coloured - material, or have, compared against the matrix colour, the following - Munsell colours, moist: a hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~1 - unit higher; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a layer that comprises reductimorphic features and oximorphic features - (with or without soil material with a matrix colour) and that shows - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the reductimorphic features are predominantly around biopores and, - if soil aggregates are present, predominantly at the outer parts of - the aggregates; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - the oximorphic features are, if soil aggregates are present, - prodominantly inside the aggregates; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - the oximorphic features are black, surrounded by lighter-coloured - material, or have, compared against the reductimorphic features, one - or more of the following Munsell colours, all moist: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a hue ≥~5 units redder; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a chroma ≥~4 units higher; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue ≥~2.5 units redder and a chroma ≥~2 units higher; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a hue ≥~2.5 units redder, a value ≥~1 unit lower and a chroma ≥~1 - unit higher; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a layer with the colours of claric material in ≥~95\% of its exposed - area, which is considered as reductimorphic feature, above an - \emph{abrupt textural difference} or above a layer with a bulk density - of ≥~1.5~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-1}; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - a combination of two layers: a layer with \emph{claric material} in - ≥~95\% of its exposed area, which is considered as reductimorphic - feature, and a directly underlying layer fulfilling the diagnostic - criteria 1, 2 or 3. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-37}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-37}} - -Redoximorphic features are described in Annex 1 (Chapter 8.4.20). - -\hypertarget{additional-information-28}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-28}} - -Stagnic properties result from a reduction of iron and/or manganese -(hydr-)oxides around the larger pores. Mobilized Mn and Fe may be washed -out laterally resulting in \emph{claric material} (especially in the -upper part of the profile that is coarser textured in many soils) or may -migrate into the interiors of the soil aggregates where they are -reoxidized (especially in the lower part of the profile). - -If the stagnic properties are weakly expressed, the reductimorphic and -oximorphic features cover only some parts of the exposed area, and the -other parts show the original matrix colour that prevailed in the soil -before the redox processes started. If the stagnic properties are -strongly expressed, the entire exposed area of the fine earth shows -either reductimorphic or oximorphic features. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-48}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-48}} - -Stagnic properties differ from \emph{gleyic properties}. Stagnic -properties are caused by stagnation of an intruding agent (mostly -rainwater) that causes \emph{reducing conditions} and that leads to an -overlying Fe-poor layer and an underlying layer with oximorphic features -inside the soil aggregates. (In some soils, only one of these layers is -present.) \emph{Gleyic properties} are caused by an upward moving agent -(mostly groundwater) that causes \emph{reducing conditions} and that -leads to an underlying strongly reduced layer and an overlying layer -with oximorphic features on or adjacent to the soil aggregate surfaces. -(In some soils, only one of these layers is present.) - -\hypertarget{takyric-properties}{% -\subsection{Takyric properties}\label{takyric-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-52}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-52}} - -Takyric properties (from Turkic languages \emph{takyr}, barren land) are -related to a fine-textured surface crust with a platy or massive -structure. They occur under arid conditions in periodically flooded -soils. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-54}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-54}} - -Takyric properties refer to a surface crust consisting of \emph{mineral -material} that has all of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a texture class of clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay or clay; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a platy or massive structure; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - polygonal cracks, ≥~2~cm deep and with an average horizontal spacing - of ≤~20~cm, when the soil is dry; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a rupture-resistance class of at least hard when dry and a plasticity - of at least moderately plastic when moist; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - an electrical conductivity (EC\textsubscript{e}) of the saturation - extract of - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - \textless~4~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1}; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - at least 1~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} less than that of the layer - directly below the surface crust. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-38}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-38}} - -Takyric properties occur in depressions in arid regions, where surface -water, rich in clay and silt but relatively low in soluble salts, -accumulates and leaches salts out of the upper soil horizons. This -causes clay dispersion and the formation of a thick, compact, -fine-textured crust with prominent polygonal cracks when dry. The crust -often contains ≥~80\% clay and silt. It is thick enough that it does not -curl entirely upon drying. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-49}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-49}} - -Takyric properties occur in association with many diagnostic horizons, -the most important ones being the \emph{natric}, \emph{salic}, -\emph{gypsic}, \emph{calcic} and \emph{cambic horizons}. The low EC and -low soluble-salt content of takyric properties set them apart from the -\emph{salic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{vitric-properties}{% -\subsection{Vitric properties}\label{vitric-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-53}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-53}} - -Vitric properties (from Latin \emph{vitrum}, glass) apply to layers that -contain glass from volcanic or industrial origin and that contain a -limited amount of short-range-order minerals or organo-metallic -complexes. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-55}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-55}} - -Vitric properties require: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - in the fraction between \textgreater~0.02 and ≤~2~mm, ≥~5\% (by grain - count) volcanic glass, glassy aggregates, other glass-coated primary - minerals or glasses resulting from industrial processes; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - an Al\textsubscript{ox} + ½Fe\textsubscript{ox} value of ≥~0.4\%; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - a phosphate retention of ≥~25\%. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-39}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-39}} - -Vitric properties can occur in a surface layer. However, they can also -occur under some tens of centimetres of recent pyroclastic deposits. -Layers with vitric properties can have an appreciable amount of organic -matter. The sand and coarse silt fractions of layers with vitric -properties have a significant amount of unaltered or partially altered -volcanic glass, glassy aggregates, other glass-coated primary minerals -or glassses resulting from industiral processes (coarser fractions may -be checked by using a 10x hand lens; finer fractions may be checked by -using a microscope). - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-50}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-50}} - -Vitric properties are, on the one hand, closely linked with \emph{andic -properties}, into which they may eventually develop. For some time -during this development, a layer may show both the amount of volcanic -glasses required for the vitric properties and the characteristics of -\emph{andic properties}. On the other hand, layers with vitric -properties develop from \emph{tephric material}. The diagnostic criteria -of the vitric and \emph{andic properties} are adapted after Shoji et -al.~(1996), Takahashi et al.~(2004) and findings of the COST 622 Action. - -\emph{Chernic}, \emph{mollic} and \emph{umbric horizons} may exhibit -vitric properties as well. - -\hypertarget{yermic-properties}{% -\subsection{Yermic properties}\label{yermic-properties}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-54}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-54}} - -Yermic properties (from Spanish \emph{yermo}, desert) are found on the -mineral soil surface in deserts. They comprise features like desert -pavement, desert varnish, ventifacts (windkanters), a platy strucure and -vesicular pores. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-56}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-56}} - -Yermic properties occur in \emph{mineral material} and have one or both -of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - coarse surface fragments covering ≥~20\% of the soil surface (desert - pavement), underlain by a soil layer with an abundance of coarse - fragments half or less the abundance of coarse surface fragments, and - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~10\% of the coarse fragments, \textgreater~2~cm (greatest - dimension), are varnished; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - ≥~10\% of the coarse fragments, \textgreater~2~cm (greatest - dimension), are wind-shaped (ventifacts, windkanters); - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a surface layer, ≥~1~cm thick, with a platy structure; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a surface layer, ≥~1~cm thick, with many vesicular pores; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a surface layer, not compacted by human activity, ≥~1~cm thick, with a - platy structure and many vesicular pores. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-40}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-40}} - -The features of the yermic properties are described in Annex 1:\\ -desert pavement (Chapter 8.3.4)\\ -desert varnish and ventifacts (Chapter 8.3.5)\\ -platy structure (Chapter 8.4.10)\\ -vesicular pores (Chapter 8.4.12) - to be diagnostic, the vesicular pores -must be present in the abundance class `many'. - -If the texture is fine enough, the soil may show a polygonal network of -desiccation cracks (Chapter 8.4.13), often filled with in-blown -material, that extend into greater depths. In cold deserts, larger -coarse fragments at the soil surface are often shattered by frost. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-51}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-51}} - -Yermic properties often occur in association with other diagnostics, -characteristic for desert environments (\emph{salic}, \emph{duric}, -\emph{gypsic}, \emph{calcic} and \emph{cambic horizons}). In very cold -deserts (e.g.~Antarctica), they may occur associated with \emph{cryic -horizons}. Under these conditions, coarse cryoclastic material -dominates, and there is little dust to be deflated and deposited by -wind. Here, a dense pavement with varnish, ventifacts, aeolian sand -layers and accumulations of soluble minerals may occur directly on loose -deposits, without vesicular pores. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-materials}{% -\section{Diagnostic materials}\label{diagnostic-materials}} - -\textbf{Diagnostic materials} are materials that significantly influence -soil-forming processes. Their characteristics may be inherited from the -parent material or may be the result of soil-forming processes. -Diagnostic materials do not describe parent material; they describe soil -material, and the characteristics refer (as for all diagnostics) to the -fine earth, unless stated otherwise. Their features can be observed or -measured in the field or the laboratory and require a minimum or maximum -expression to qualify as diagnostic. A minimum thickness is not part of -the criteria. - -\hypertarget{aeolic-material}{% -\subsection{Aeolic material}\label{aeolic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-55}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-55}} - -Aeolic material (from Greek \emph{aiolos}, wind) describes material -deposited by wind, typical in arid and semi-arid environments. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-57}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-57}} - -Aeolic material requires: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - evidence of wind deposition within 20~cm from the mineral soil surface - by one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - 10\% of the particles of medium and coarse sand are rounded or - subangular and have a matt surface, in some layer or in in-blown - material filling cracks; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - aeroturbation (e.g.~cross-bedding) in some layer; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - \textless~1\% soil organic carbon from the mineral soil surface to a - depth of 10~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{artefacts}{% -\subsection{Artefacts}\label{artefacts}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-56}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-56}} - -Artefacts describe human-made, human-altered and human-excavated -material. They may by physically altered (e.g.~broken to pieces) but are -chemically and mineralogically not or only poorly altered and still -largely recognizable. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-58}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-58}} - -Artefacts (from Latin \emph{ars}, art, and \emph{factus}, made) are -liquid or solid substances of any size that: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - are one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - created or substantially modified by humans as part of industrial or - artisanal manufacturing processes; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - brought to the soil surface by human activity from a depth, where - they were not influenced by surface processes, and deposited in an - environment, where they do not commonly occur, with properties - substantially different from the environment where they are placed; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - have substantially the same chemical and mineralogical properties as - when first manufactured, modified or excavated. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-29}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-29}} - -Examples of artefacts are bricks, pottery, glass, crushed or dressed -stone, wooden boards, industrial waste, plastic, garbage, processed oil -products, bitumen, mine spoil and crude oil. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-52}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-52}} - -\emph{Technic hard material} and geomembranes, intact, fractured or -composed, also fulfil the diagnostic criteria of artefacts. - -\hypertarget{calcaric-material}{% -\subsection{Calcaric material}\label{calcaric-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-57}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-57}} - -Calcaric material (from Latin \emph{calcarius}, containing lime) refers -to material that contains ≥~2\% calcium carbonate equivalent. The -carbonates are at least partially inherited from the parent material -(primary carbonates). - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-59}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-59}} - -Calcaric material shows visible effervescence with 1~\emph{M}~HCl -throughout the fine earth. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-53}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-53}} - -Calcaric material may also meet the diagnostic criteria of -\emph{protocalcic properties}, which show discernible accumulations of -secondary carbonates. \emph{Calcic} and \emph{petrocalcic horizons} have -higher contents of carbonates and also show secondary carbonates. -\emph{Petrocalcic horizons} are continuously cemented. - -\hypertarget{claric-material}{% -\subsection{Claric material}\label{claric-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-58}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-58}} - -Claric material (from Latin \emph{clarus}, bright) is light-coloured -fine earth. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-60}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-60}} - -Claric material is \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has in ≥~90\% of its exposed area a Munsell colour, dry, with one or - both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a value of ≥~7 and a chroma of ≤~3; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a value of ≥~5 and a chroma of ≤~2; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has in ≥~90\% of its exposed area a Munsell colour, moist, with one or - more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a value of ≥~6 and a chroma of ≤~4; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a value of ≥~5 and a chroma of ≤~3; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a value of ≥~4 and a chroma of ≤~2; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a hue of 5YR or redder; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a value of ≥~4 and a chroma of ≤~3; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - ≥~25\% of the sand and coarse silt grains are uncoated. - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-41}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-41}} - -Identification in the field depends on soil colours. In addition, a 10x -hand lens may be used to ascertain that sand and coarse silt grains are -free of coatings (criterion 2.d). Claric material may exhibit a -considerable shift in chroma when wetted. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-30}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-30}} - -The presence of coatings around sand and coarse silt grains can be -determined using an optical microscope for analysing thin sections. -Uncoated grains usually show a very thin rim at their surface. Coatings -may be of an organic nature, consist of iron oxides, or both, and are -dark-coloured under translucent light. Iron coatings become reddish in -colour under reflected light, while organic coatings remain -brownish-black. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-54}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-54}} - -The claric material is used as a diagnostic criterion in the definition -of the \emph{spodic horizon}, the \emph{retic} and the \emph{stagnic -properties}. A layer with claric material that has lost oxides and/or -organic matter due to clay migration, podzolization or due to redox -processes caused by stagnant water, forms an \emph{albic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{dolomitic-material}{% -\subsection{Dolomitic material}\label{dolomitic-material}} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-61}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-61}} - -Dolomitic material (named after the French geoscientist \emph{Déodat de -Dolomieu}) shows visible effervescence with heated 1~\emph{M}~HCl -throughout the fine earth. It applies to material that contains ≥~2\% of -a mineral that has a ratio -CaCO\textsubscript{3}/MgCO\textsubscript{3}~\textless~1.5. With -non-heated HCl, it gives only a retarded and poorly visible -effervescence. - -\hypertarget{fluvic-material}{% -\subsection{Fluvic material}\label{fluvic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-59}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-59}} - -Fluvic material (from Latin \emph{fluvius}, river) refers to fluviatile, -marine and lacustrine sediments that receive fresh material or have -received it in the past and still show stratification. Fluvic material -shows only little soil formation after deposition. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-62}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-62}} - -Fluvic material is \emph{mineral material} and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - is of fluviatile, marine or lacustrine origin; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has strata that are one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - obvious (including stratification tilted by cryogenic alteration) in - ≥~25\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) over a specified - depth; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - evidenced by a layer with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~0.2\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - a content of soil organic carbon ≥~25\% (relative) and ≥~0.2\% - (absolute) higher than in the overlying layer; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \item - does not form part of a \emph{natric} or \emph{spodic horizon}; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - has a single grain, a massive, a platy or a weak subangular blocky - structure; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is not cemented. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-42}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-42}} - -Stratification may be reflected in different ways: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - variation in texture and/or content or nature of coarse fragments -\item - different colours related to the source materials -\item - alternating lighter- and darker-coloured soil layers, indicating an - irregular decrease in soil organic carbon content with depth. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-55}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-55}} - -Fluvic material is always associated with water bodies (e.g.~rivers, -lakes, the sea) and can therefore be distinguished from \emph{solimovic -material}. It may also fulfil the criteria of \emph{limnic material}. - -\hypertarget{gypsiric-material}{% -\subsection{Gypsiric material}\label{gypsiric-material}} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-63}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-63}} - -Gypsiric material (from Greek \emph{gypsos}, gypsum) is \emph{mineral -material} that contains ≥~5\% gypsum that is not secondary gypsum. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-56}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-56}} - -Gypsiric material may also meet the diagnostic criteria of -\emph{protogypsic properties}, which show discernible accumulations of -secondary gypsum. \emph{Gypsic} and \emph{petrogypsic horizons} also -show secondary gypsum. \emph{Petrogypsic horizons} have high amounts of -gypsum and are continuously cemented. - -\hypertarget{hypersulfidic-material}{% -\subsection{Hypersulfidic material}\label{hypersulfidic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-60}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-60}} - -Hypersulfidic material (from Greek \emph{hyper}, over, and Latin -\emph{sulpur}, sulfur) contains inorganic sulfidic S and is capable of -severe acidification as a result of the oxidation of inorganic sulfidic -compounds contained within it. Hypersulfidic material is also known as -`potential acid sulfate soil'. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-64}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-64}} - -Hypersulfidic material: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - has ≥~0.01\% inorganic sulfidic S; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a pH (1:1 by mass in water, or in a minimum of water to permit - measurement) of ≥~4; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - when a layer, 2--10~mm thick, is incubated aerobically at field - capacity for 8 weeks, the pH drops to \textless~4 and one or more of - the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - within these 8~weeks, the total pH decline is ≥~0.5~pH units; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - latest after these 8~weeks, the decrease in pH is only ≤~0.1~pH - units over a further period of 14~days; \emph{or} - \item - latest after these 8~weeks, the pH begins to increase again. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-43}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-43}} - -Hypersulfidic material is seasonally or permanently waterlogged or forms -under largely anaerobic conditions. It has a Munsell colour hue of N, -5Y, 5GY, 5BG, or 5G, a value of ≤~4, and a chroma of 1, all moist. If -the soil is disturbed, an odour of hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs) may be -noticed. This is accentuated by application of 1~\emph{M}~HCl. - -For a quick screening test that is not definitive, a 10~g sample treated -with 50~ml of 30\% H\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{2} will show a fall -in pH to ≤~2.5. Final assessment depends on incubation testing. - -\textbf{Caution}: H\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{2} is a strong -oxidant, and sulfides and organic matter will froth violently in a test -tube that may become very hot. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-57}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-57}} - -Acidification of hypersulfidic material usually causes the development -of a \emph{thionic horizon}. \emph{Hyposulfidic material} has the same -criteria for inorganic sulfidic S and for the pH value but is not -capable of severe acidification. - -\hypertarget{hyposulfidic-material}{% -\subsection{Hyposulfidic material}\label{hyposulfidic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-61}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-61}} - -Hyposulfidic material (from Greek \emph{hypo}, under, and Latin -\emph{sulpur}, sulfur) contains inorganic sulfidic S and is not capable -of severe acidification resulting from the oxidation of inorganic -sulfidic compounds contained within it. Although oxidation does not lead -to the formation of acid sulfate soils, hyposulfidic material is an -important environmental hazard due to processes related to inorganic -sulfides. Hyposulfidic material has a self-neutralizing capacity, -usually due to the presence of calcium carbonate. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-65}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-65}} - -Hyposulfidic material: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - as ≥~0.01\% inorganic sulfidic S ; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has a pH (1:1 by mass in water, or in a minimum of water to permit - measurement) of ≥~4; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - does not consist of \emph{hypersulfidic material}. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-44}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-44}} - -Hyposulfidic material forms in similar environments to -\emph{hypersulfidic material} and morphologically may be -indistinguishable from it. However, it is less likely to be coarse in -texture. The hydrogen peroxide screening test (see \emph{hypersulfidic -material}) may also be indicative, but final assessment depends on -incubation testing. Field tests for fine earth carbonate may be used to -indicate whether the soil has some self-neutralizing capacity. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-58}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-58}} - -Acidification of hyposulfidic material usually does not cause the -development of a \emph{thionic horizon}. \emph{Hypersulfidic material} -has the same criteria for inorganic sulfidic S and for the pH value but -is capable of severe acidification. - -\hypertarget{limnic-material}{% -\subsection{Limnic material}\label{limnic-material}} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-66}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-66}} - -Limnic material (from Greek \emph{limnae}, pool) includes both organic -and mineral material and is one or more of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - deposited in water by precipitation, possibly in combination with - sedimentation; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - derived from algae; \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - derived from aquatic plants and subsequently transported; - \textbf{\emph{or}} -\item - derived from aquatic plants and subsequently modified by aquatic - animals and/or microorganisms. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-45}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-45}} - -\emph{Limnic material} is formed as subaquatic deposits and usually -stratified. (After drainage it may occur at the soil surface.) Four -types of limnic material can be distinguished: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - \emph{Coprogenous earth} or \emph{sedimentary peat}: organic, - identifiable through many faecal pellets and peat residues, Munsell - colour value of ≤~4, moist, slightly viscous water suspension, a - non-plastic or slightly plastic plasticity type, shrinking upon - drying, difficult to rewet after drying, and cracking along horizontal - planes. -\item - \emph{Diatomaceous earth}: mainly diatoms (siliceous), identifiable by - irreversible changing of the matrix colour (Munsell colour value of 3 - to 5 in field moist or wet condition) upon drying as a result of the - irreversibly shrinkage of the organic coatings on diatoms (use 440x - microscope). -\item - \emph{Marl}: strongly calcareous, identifiable by a Munsell colour - value of ≥~5, moist, and a reaction with 1~\emph{M}~HCl. The colour of - marl usually does not change irreversibly upon drying. -\item - \emph{Gyttja}: small coprogenic aggregates, consisting of organic - matter that has been strongly alterated by microorganisms, and - minerals of predominantly clay to silt size, ≥~0.5\% \emph{soil - organic carbon}, a Munsell colour hue of 5Y, GY or G, moist, strong - shrinkage after drainage and an rH value of ≥~13. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{mineral-material}{% -\subsection{Mineral material}\label{mineral-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-62}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-62}} - -In mineral material (from Celtic \emph{mine}, mineral), the properties -of the fine earth are dominated by mineral components. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-67}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-67}} - -Mineral material has - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - \textless~20\% soil organic carbon (related to the fine earth plus the - dead plant remnants of any length and a diameter ≤~5~mm); - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - \textless~35\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) artefacts - containing ≥~20\% organic carbon. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-59}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-59}} - -Material that has ≥~20\% \emph{soil organic carbon} is \emph{organic -material}. Other material that has ≥~35\% (by volume, related to the -whole soil) \emph{artefacts} containing ≥~20\% organic carbon is -\emph{organotechnic material}. - -\hypertarget{mulmic-material}{% -\subsection{Mulmic material}\label{mulmic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-63}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-63}} - -Mulmic material (from German \emph{Mulm}, powdery detritus) is -\emph{mineral material} developed from \emph{organic material}. If -water-saturated \emph{organic material} is drained, a fast decomposition -starts. While the amount of mineral components remains constant, the -amount of organic matter decreases, and the organic matter content -eventually falls below 20\%, resulting in \emph{mineral material}. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-68}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-68}} - -Mulmic material is \emph{mineral material} that has developed from -water-saturated \emph{organic material} after drainage and that has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~8\% \emph{soil organic carbon}; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - single or in combination: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a single grain structure; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - a subangular or angular blocky structure with an average aggregate - size of ≤~2~cm; \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - a Munsell colour chroma of ≤~2, moist. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{organic-material}{% -\subsection{Organic material}\label{organic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-64}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-64}} - -Organic material (from Greek \emph{organon}, tool) has large amounts of -organic matter in the fine earth and/or contains many dead thin plant -remnants. It may show different stages of decomposition. If still -connected to living plants (e.g.~\emph{Sphagnum} mosses), it may even be -completely undecomposed. If derived from fallen organic residues, it is -decomposed to at least the extent that it is not loose and/or that -recognizable dead plant tissues comprise ≤~90\% of the volume (related -to the fine earth plus all dead plant remnants). Fallen organic residues -with \textgreater~90\% recognizable dead plant tissues and still loose -are called litter layer (see Chapter 2.1, General rules, and Annex 1, -Chapters 8.3.1 and 8.3.2) and are not considered for classification in -WRB. (Litter layers are temporally and spatially extremely variable in -thickness). On the other hand, decomposition may be advanced until no -recognizable dead plant tissues remain, and a homogeneous organic soil -mass results. Organic material accumulates under both wet and dry -conditions. The mineral component of the fine earth has a limited -influence on soil properties. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-69}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-69}} - -Organic material - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - has ≥~20\% soil organic carbon (related to the fine earth plus the - dead plant remnants of any length and a diameter ≤~5~mm); - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or more of the following - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - contains ≤~90\% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead - plant remnants) recognizable dead plant tissues \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - is not loose; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - consists of dead plant material still connected to living plants. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-31}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-31}} - -20\% organic carbon roughly correspond to 40\% organic matter. The -remaining up to 60\% consist of mineral components and/or of organic -components that meet the criteria of \emph{artefacts}. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-60}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-60}} - -\emph{Soil organic carbon} is organic carbon that does not meet the set -of diagnostic criteria of \emph{artefacts}. Material that has -\textless~20\% \emph{soil organic carbon} is either \emph{organotechnic} -or \emph{mineral material}. \emph{Histic} and \emph{folic horizons} -consist of \emph{organic material}. - -\hypertarget{organotechnic-material}{% -\subsection{Organotechnic material}\label{organotechnic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-65}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-65}} - -Organotechnic material (from Greek \emph{organon}, tool, and -\emph{technae}, art) contains large amounts of organic \emph{artefacts}. -It contains relatively small amounts of \emph{soil organic carbon} -(organic carbon that does not meet the set of diagnostic criteria of -\emph{artefacts}). - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-70}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-70}} - -Organotechnic material has - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~35\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} - containing ≥~20\% organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - \textless~20\% \emph{soil organic carbon} (related to the fine earth - plus the dead plant remnants of any length and a diameter ≤~5~mm). -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-32}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-32}} - -Examples for organotechnic material are excavated coal, petroleum -lenses, plastic, wooden boards and garbage like kitchen slops or baby -nappies. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-61}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-61}} - -Material with ≥~20\% \emph{soil organic carbon} is \emph{organic -material}, irrespective of the other components. Material with -\textless~20\% \emph{soil organic carbon} and lower amounts of organic -\emph{artefacts} is \emph{mineral material}. - -\hypertarget{ornithogenic-material}{% -\subsection{Ornithogenic material}\label{ornithogenic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-66}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-66}} - -Ornithogenic material (from Greek \emph{ornis}, bird, and -\emph{genesis}, origin) is material with strong influence of bird -excrements. It often has a high content of coarse fragments that have -been transported by birds. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-71}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-71}} - -Ornithogenic material has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - remnants of birds or bird activity (bones, feathers, and sorted coarse - fragments of similar size); \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - ≥~750~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-33}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-33}} - -750~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract roughly -correspond to 1090~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P or -2500~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{5} in -1\% citric acid (Kabała et al., 2018), which was the requirement in -former editions of WRB. - -\hypertarget{soil-organic-carbon}{% -\subsection{Soil organic carbon}\label{soil-organic-carbon}} - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-72}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-72}} - -Soil organic carbon (from Greek \emph{organon}, tool, and Latin -\emph{carbo}, coal) is organic carbon that does not meet the set of -diagnostic criteria of \emph{artefacts}. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-62}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-62}} - -For organic carbon meeting the criteria of \emph{artefacts}, the -\emph{Garbic} or the \emph{Carbonic} qualifier may apply. - -\hypertarget{solimovic-material}{% -\subsection{Solimovic material}\label{solimovic-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-67}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-67}} - -Solimovic material (from Latin \emph{solum}, soil, and \emph{movere}, to -move) is a heterogeneous mixture of material that has moved downslope, -suspended in water. It is dominated by material that underwent soil -formation at its original place, e.g.~organic matter accumulation or the -formation of Fe oxides. It has been transported as a result of erosional -wash or soil creep, and the transport may have been accelerated by -land-use practices (e.g.~deforestation, ploughing, downhill tillage, -structure degradation). Solimovic material has been formed in relatively -recent times (mostly Holocene). It normally accumulates in slope -positions, in depressions or above a barrier on a low-grade slope. The -barrier may be natural or human-made (e.g.~hedge walls, terraces, -benches). After deposition, there was no advanced soil formation. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-73}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-73}} - -Solimovic material is mineral material and: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - is found on slopes, footslopes, toeslopes, fans, in depressions, above - barriers, along gullies or similar relief positions, originating from - upslope positions where it was subject to diffuse erosion; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is not of fluviatile, lacustrine, marine or mass movement origin; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - one or more of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - if burying a mineral soil, it has a lower bulk density than the - uppermost layer of the buried soil; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has ≥~0.6\% soil organic carbon; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has a Munsell colour chroma of ≥~3, moist; \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - contains artefacts and/or black carbon of any size; - \textbf{\emph{or}} - \item - has ≥~100~mg~kg\textsuperscript{-1} P in the Mehlich-3 extract; - \textbf{\emph{and}} - \end{enumerate} -\item - does not form part of a diagnostic horizon other than a \emph{cambic}, - \emph{chernic}, \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon}. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{field-identification-46}{% -\subsubsection{Field identification}\label{field-identification-46}} - -The fine earth of solimovic material can be of any particle size. Some -small coarse fragments may be included. Solimovic material is generally -imperfectly sorted. It may show some gross stratification, but -stratification is not a typical feature due to the diffuse or chaotic -nature of the deposition process. Solimovic material tends to occupy -gently sloping to moderately steep sloping (2-30\%) areas. Black carbon -or small \emph{artefacts} such as pieces of bricks, ceramics and glass -may be present in solimovic material. In many cases, solimovic material -has a \emph{lithic discontinuity} at its base. - -The upper part of the solimovic material shows characteristics (fine -earth texture, colour, pH and \emph{soil organic carbon} content) -similar to the surface layer of the source in the neighbourhood. In -extreme cases, the profile in the solimovic material mirrors the eroded -soil profile of upward slope positions, with topsoil material buried -under former subsoil material. Good indication in a landscape is varying -colour of the soil surface between convex and concave positions. - -\hypertarget{additional-information-34}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-34}} - -Accumulations by rapid mass movements such as in landslides, slumps or -tree throws do not meet the set of diagnostic criteria of solimovic -material. - -In agricultural environments, solimovic material has mostly a high base -saturation. If not natural, this is the result of liming or -fertilization before and/or after having been eroded. - -In former editions of WRB, the solimovic material was called colluvic -material. However, the traditional use of the word `colluvium' is so -different between countries and national traditions and changed so much -over time (Miller \& Juilleret, 2020) that it is better to avoid this -term and use a new one. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-63}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-63}} - -Solimovic material is not associated with perennial water bodies -(e.g.~rivers, lakes, the sea) and can therefore be distinguished from -\emph{fluvic material}. However, in toeslope positions, \emph{fluvic} -and solimovic material may be sedimented alternatingly or grade into -each other and may be difficult to differentiate. - -Solimovic material is not purposefully added as, e.g., the soil material -in \emph{terric horizons}. - -\hypertarget{technic-hard-material}{% -\subsection{Technic hard material}\label{technic-hard-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-68}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-68}} - -Technic hard material (from Greek \emph{technae}, art) describes -consolidated material, created or substantially modified by humans. - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-74}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-74}} - -Technic hard material: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - is consolidated material resulting from industrial or artisanal - processes; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - has properties substantially different from those of natural - materials; \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - is continuous or has free space covering \textless~5\% of its - horizontal extension. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-35}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-35}} - -Examples of technic hard material are asphalt, concrete or a continuous -layer of worked stones. - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-64}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-64}} - -Technic hard material, intact, fractured or composed, also fulfils the -diagnostic criteria of artefacts. - -\hypertarget{tephric-material}{% -\subsection{Tephric material}\label{tephric-material}} - -\hypertarget{general-description-69}{% -\subsubsection{General description}\label{general-description-69}} - -Tephric material (from Greek \emph{tephra}, pile ash) has many glasses -in the fine earth. These consist of tephra (i.e.~unconsolidated, -unweathered or only slightly weathered pyroclastic products of volcanic -eruptions), of tephric deposits (i.e.~tephra that has been reworked and -mixed with material from other sources, which includes tephric loess, -tephric blown sand and volcanogenic alluvium) or of glasses resulting -from industrial processes (e.g.~ashes from power stations combusting -coal or lignite). - -\hypertarget{diagnostic-criteria-75}{% -\subsubsection{Diagnostic criteria}\label{diagnostic-criteria-75}} - -Tephric material has: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - in the fraction between \textgreater~0.02 and ≤~2~mm, ≥~30\% (by grain - count) volcanic glass, glassy aggregates, other glass-coated primary - minerals or glasses resulting from industrial processes; - \textbf{\emph{and}} -\item - no \emph{andic} or \emph{vitric properties}. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{additional-information-36}{% -\subsubsection{Additional information}\label{additional-information-36}} - -Tephric material refers to the fine earth, but coarse fragments may also -be present (including cinders, lapilli, pumice, pumice-like vesicular -pyroclasts, blocks and volcanic bombs). The original description of the -tephric material is based on Hewitt (1992), the amendment of -\emph{artefacts} is adapted from Uzarowicz et al.~(2017). - -\hypertarget{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-65}{% -\subsubsection{Relationships with some other -diagnostics}\label{relationships-with-some-other-diagnostics-65}} - -Progressive weathering of tephric material will lead to the formation of -\emph{vitric properties}. Glasses resulting from industrial processes -fulfil the criteria of \emph{artefacts}. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-to-the-reference-soil-groups-with-lists-of-principal-and-supplementary-qualifiers}{% -\chapter{Key to the Reference Soil Groups with lists of principal and -supplementary -qualifiers}\label{key-to-the-reference-soil-groups-with-lists-of-principal-and-supplementary-qualifiers}} - -{\textbf{Before using the key, please read the `Rules for naming soils' -(Chapter 2).}} - -\hypertarget{overview-of-key-to-reference-soil-groups}{% -\section{Overview of Key to Reference Soil -Groups}\label{overview-of-key-to-reference-soil-groups}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}} -\toprule() -\endhead -Histosols & Solonchaks & Nitisols & Gypsisols & Cambisols \\ -Anthrosols & Gleysols & Ferralsols & Calcisols & Fluvisols \\ -Technosols & Andosols & Chernozems & Retisols & Arenosols \\ -Cryosols & Podzols & Kastanozems & Acrisols & Regosols \\ -Leptosols & Plinthosols & Phaeozems & Lixisols & \\ -Solonetz & Planosols & Umbrisols & Alisols & \\ -Vertisols & Stagnosols & Durisols & Luvisols & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-histosols}{% -\chapter{Histosols}\label{key-histosols}} - -Soils having one or more of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{organic material} starting ≤~40~cm from the soil surface and - having within 100~cm of the soil surface a combined thickness of: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~40~cm if \textless~25\% (by volume, related to the fine earth plus - all dead plant remnants) consists of moss fibres; \emph{or} - \item - ≥~60 cm; \emph{or} - \end{enumerate} -\item - \emph{organic material} starting at the soil surface, having a - thickness of ≥~10~cm and directly overlying ice, \emph{continuous - rock} or \emph{technic hard material}; \emph{or} -\item - a layer of coarse fragments that, together with overlying organic - material, if present, starts at the soil surface and has a thickness - of - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~10~cm if overlying \emph{continuous rock} or \emph{technic hard - material}; \emph{or} - \item - ≥~40~cm;\\ - \strut \\ - and the major part of the interstices between the coarse fragments - is filled with \emph{organic material} and the remaining - interstices, if present, are void. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Muusic / Rockic / Mawic & Alcalic/ Dystric/ Eutric \\ -Cryic & Aric \\ -Thionic & Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -Folic & Fluvic \\ -Floatic & Gelic \\ -Subaquatic/ Tidalic & Hyperorganic \\ -Fibric/ Hemic/ Sapric & Isolatic \\ -Leptic/ Thyric & Lignic \\ -Murshic/ Drainic & Limnic \\ -Ombric/ Rheic & Limonic \\ -Coarsic & Mineralic \\ -Skeletic & Mulmic \\ -Andic & Ornithic \\ -Vitric & Placic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Relocatic \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Wapnic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-anthrosols}{% -\chapter{Anthrosols}\label{key-anthrosols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{hortic}, \emph{irragric}, \emph{plaggic} or \emph{terric} - horizon, ≥~50~cm thick; \emph{or} -\item - an \emph{anthraquic horizon} and an underlying \emph{hydragric - horizon} with a combined thickness of ≥~50~cm; \emph{or} -\item - a \emph{pretic horizon}, the layers of which have a combined thickness - of ≥~50~cm, within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6235}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3765}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Hydragric/ Irragric/ Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/Terric & Arenic/ Clayic/ -Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Gleyic & Glossic/ Retic \\ -Stagnic & Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic \\ -Ferralic/ Sideralic & Alcalic/ Dystric/ Eutric \\ -Andic & Calcic \\ -& Carbonic \\ -& Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -& Drainic \\ -& Escalic \\ -& Fluvic \\ -& Endoleptic/ Endothyric \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Panpaic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Spodic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Vertic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-technosols}{% -\chapter[Technosols]{\texorpdfstring{Technosols\footnote{Technosols may - bury other soils, which can be mentioned behind the Technosol - classification using the word `over' in between (see Chapter 2.4). - Alternatively, buried diagnostic horizons or buried layers with a - diagnostic property can be indicated with the Thapto- specifier - followed by a qualifier. The soil material above a geomembrane or - \emph{technic hard material} may also be characterized by qualifiers. - If the thickness or depth criteria of these qualifiers are not met, - the Supra- specifier can be used (see Chapter 2.3.2).}}{Technosols}}\label{key-technosols}} - -Other soils: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - with all of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - one or both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - having ≥~20\% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole - soil) \emph{artefacts} in the upper 100~cm from the soil surface - or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower; \emph{or} - \item - having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and starting ≤~50~cm from the soil - surface, with ≥~80\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) - artefacts; \emph{and} - \end{enumerate} - \item - not having a layer containing \emph{artefacts} that qualifies as an - \emph{argic}, \emph{duric}, \emph{ferralic}, \emph{ferric}, - \emph{fragic}, \emph{hydragric}, \emph{natric}, \emph{nitic}, - \emph{petrocalcic}, \emph{petroduric}, \emph{petrogypsic}, - \emph{petroplinthic}, \emph{pisoplinthic}, \emph{plinthic}, - \emph{spodic} or \emph{vertic} horizon starting ≤~100~cm from the - soil surface, unless buried; \emph{and} - \item - not having a limiting layer, starting ≤~10~cm from the soil surface; - \emph{or} - \end{enumerate} -\item - having a continuous, very slowly permeable to impermeable, constructed - geomembrane of any thickness or \emph{technic hard material} starting - ≤~100 cm from the soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5000}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5000}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ekranic/ Thyric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Linic & Geoabruptic \\ -Urbic & Alcalic/ Dystric/ Eutric \\ -Spolic & Anthraquic/ Irragric/ Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric \\ -Garbic & Archaic \\ -Cryic & Calcic \\ -Isolatic & Cambic \\ -Leptic & Carbonic \\ -Subaquatic/ Tidalic & Chernic/ Mollic/ Umbric \\ -Reductic & Densic \\ -Coarsic & Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -Gleyic & Drainic \\ -Stagnic & Ferritic \\ -Andic & Fluvic \\ -& Folic/ Histic \\ -& Fractic \\ -& Gelic \\ -& Gypsic \\ -& Gypsiric \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Hyperartefactic \\ -& Immissic \\ -& Laxic \\ -& Lignic \\ -& Limnic \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Relocatic \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sideralic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Thionic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-cryosols}{% -\chapter{Cryosols}\label{key-cryosols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - a \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface; - \emph{or} -\item - a \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~200~cm from the soil surface - \emph{and}\\ - evidence of cryogenic alteration (cryoturbation, frost heave, - cryogenic sorting, thermal cracking, ice segregation, patterned - ground, etc.) in some layer within 100~cm of the soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5844}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4156}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Glacic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Turbic & Abruptic \\ -Subaquatic/ Tidalic/ Reductaquic/ Oxyaquic & Albic \\ -Leptic & Alcalic/ Dystric/ Eutric \\ -Protic & Biocrustic \\ -Histic & Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -Andic & Drainic \\ -Mollic/ Umbric & Epic/ Endic/ Dorsic \\ -Natric & Evapocrustic/ Puffic \\ -Salic & Fluvic \\ -Spodic & Folic \\ -Alic/ Luvic & Gypsiric \\ -Calcic/ Wapnic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Yermic & Limnic \\ -Cambic & Magnesic \\ -Coarsic & Nechic \\ -Skeletic & Novic \\ -Haplic & Ornithic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Thixotropic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-leptosols}{% -\chapter{Leptosols}\label{key-leptosols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - one of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - \emph{continuous rock} starting ≤~25~cm from the soil surface; - \emph{or} - \item - \textless~20\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) fine - earth\footnote{The volume not occupied by fine earth is occupied by - coarse fragments or pores.}, averaged over a depth of 75~cm from - the soil surface or to \emph{continuous rock}, whichever is - shallower; \emph{and} - \end{enumerate} -\item - no \emph{chernic}, \emph{duric}, \emph{petrocalcic}, - \emph{petroduric}, \emph{petrogypsic}, \emph{petroplinthic}, - \emph{pisoplinthic} or \emph{spodic horizon}. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Nudilithic/ Lithic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Coarsic & Aeolic \\ -Skeletic & Aric \\ -Subaquatic/ Tidalic & Biocrustic \\ -Histic & Protocalcic \\ -Andic & Drainic \\ -Rendzic/ Mollic/ Umbric & Fluvic \\ -Gypsic & Gelic \\ -Calcic & Gleyic \\ -Cambic/ Brunic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Isolatic \\ -Folic & Lapiadic \\ -Gypsiric & Magnesic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Nechic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Novic \\ -& Ornithic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Protic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Protovertic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-solonetz}{% -\chapter{Solonetz}\label{key-solonetz}} - -Other soils having a \emph{natric horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the -mineral soil surface. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Gleyic & Aeolic \\ -Stagnic & Biocrustic \\ -Mollic & Neocambic \\ -Salic & Chromic \\ -Gypsic & Columnic \\ -Petrocalcic & Cutanic \\ -Calcic & Differentic \\ -Vertic & Duric \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Epic/ Endic \\ -Nudinatric & Ferric \\ -Albic & Fluvic \\ -Haplic & Fractic \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Hypernatric \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Petroplinthic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Retic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& =Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-vertisols}{% -\chapter{Vertisols}\label{key-vertisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - a \emph{vertic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface; \emph{and} -\item - ≥~30\% clay between the mineral soil surface and the \emph{vertic - horizon} throughout; \emph{and} -\item - \emph{shrink-swell cracks} that start: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - at the mineral soil surface; \emph{or} - \item - at the base of a plough layer; \emph{or} - \item - directly below a layer with strong granular structure or strong - angular or subangular blocky structure with an aggregate size of - ≤~1~cm (self-mulching surface); \emph{or} - \item - directly below a surface crust; \emph{and}\\ - \strut \\ - extend to the \emph{vertic horizon}. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Salic & Alcalic/ Endodystric \\ -Sodic & Aric \\ -Leptic & Chernic/ Mollic \\ -Petroduric/ Duric & Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -Gypsic & Drainic \\ -Petrocalcic & Hypereutric \\ -Calcic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Irragric & Ferric \\ -Pellic & Fractic \\ -Chromic & Gilgaic \\ -Haplic & Gleyic \\ -& Grumic/ Mazic/ Pelocrustic \\ -& Gypsiric \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Mesotrophic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Takyric \\ -& Thionic \\ -& Toxic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-solonchaks}{% -\chapter{Solonchaks}\label{key-solonchaks}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{salic horizon} starting ≤~50~cm from the soil surface; - \emph{and} -\item - no \emph{thionic horizon} starting ≤~50~cm from the soil surface; - \emph{and} -\item - not permanently submerged by water and not located below the line - affected by tidal water (i.e.~not located below the line of mean high - water springs). -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Petrosalic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Gleyic & Aceric \\ -Stagnic & Aeolic \\ -Sodic & Alcalic \\ -Petrogypsic & Biocrustic \\ -Gypsic & Carbonatic/ Chloridic/ Sulfatic \\ -Petrocalcic & Densic \\ -Calcic & Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -Leptic & Drainic \\ -Mollic & Duric \\ -Fluvic & Evapocrustic/ Puffic \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Folic/ Histic \\ -Haplic & Fractic \\ -& Gelic \\ -& Gypsiric \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Hypersalic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Endothionic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vertic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-gleysols}{% -\chapter{Gleysols}\label{key-gleysols}} - -Other soils having one or more of the following: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~40~cm from the mineral soil - surface, that has - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - \emph{gleyic properties} throughout; \emph{and} - \item - \emph{reducing conditions} in some parts of every sublayer; - \emph{or} - \end{enumerate} -\item - both of the following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon}, \textgreater~40~cm thick, - that has \emph{reducing conditions} in some parts of every sublayer, - from 40~cm below the mineral soil surface to the lower limit of the - \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon}; \emph{and} - \item - directly underneath the \emph{mollic/umbric horizon}, a layer, - ≥~10~cm thick, that has its lower limit ≥~65 cm below the mineral - soil surface, and that has: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumiii{\roman{enumiii}.} - \tightlist - \item - \emph{gleyic properties} throughout; \emph{and} - \item - \emph{reducing conditions} in some parts of every sublayer; - \emph{or} - \end{enumerate} - \end{enumerate} -\item - permanent saturation by water starting ≤~40~cm from the mineral soil - surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5000}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5000}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Thionic & Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic \\ -Reductic & Alcalic \\ -Subaquatic/ Tidalic & Abruptic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Irragric/ Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & -Arenicolic \\ -Histic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Andic & Aric \\ -Vitric & Drainic \\ -Chernic/ Mollic/ Umbric & Ferralic/ Sideralic \\ -Pisoplinthic/ Plinthic & Folic \\ -Stagnic & Fractic \\ -Oxyaquic & Gelic \\ -Oxygleyic/ Reductigleyic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Gypsic & Inclinic \\ -Calcic/ Wapnic & Laxic \\ -Spodic & Limnic \\ -Fluvic & Limonic \\ -Gypsiric & Magnesic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Mulmic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Nechic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Relocatic \\ -& Salic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Takyric \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Uterquic \\ -& Vertic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-andosols}{% -\chapter[Andosols]{\texorpdfstring{Andosols\footnote{Andosols may bury - other soils, which can be mentioned behind the Andosol classification - using the word `over' in between (see Chapter 2.4). Alternatively, - buried diagnostic horizons or buried layers with a diagnostic property - can be indicated with the Thapto- specifier followed by a qualifier.}}{Andosols}}\label{key-andosols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - one or more layers with \emph{andic} or \emph{vitric properties} with - a combined thickness of: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - ≥~30~cm, within 100~cm of the soil surface and starting ≤~25~cm from - the soil surface; \emph{or} - \item - ≥~60\% of the entire thickness of the soil, if a limiting layer - starts \textgreater~25 and ≤~50~cm from the soil surface; \emph{and} - \end{enumerate} -\item - no \emph{argic}, \emph{ferralic}, \emph{petroplinthic}, - \emph{pisoplinthic}, \emph{plinthic} or \emph{spodic horizon} starting - ≤~100~cm of the soil surface, unless buried deeper than 50~cm from the - mineral soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Aluandic/ Silandic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Vitric & Protoandic \\ -Leptic & Aric \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic & Dolomitic/ Calcaric \\ -Gleyic & Drainic \\ -Hydric & Eutrosilic/ Acroxic \\ -Histic & Fluvic \\ -Chernic/ Mollic/ Umbric & Folic \\ -Petroduric/ Duric & Fragic \\ -Gypsic & Gelic \\ -Calcic & Humic \\ -Tephric & Mulimic \\ -Aeolic & Nechic \\ -Skeletic & Novic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Oxyaquic \\ -& Panpaic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Posic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Reductic \\ -& Sideralic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Thixotropic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-podzols}{% -\chapter{Podzols}\label{key-podzols}} - -Other soils having a \emph{spodic horizon} starting ≤~200~cm from the -mineral soil surface. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ortsteinic & Arenic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Carbic/ Rustic & Aric \\ -Albic/ Entic & Abruptic \\ -Leptic & Neocambic \\ -Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & Cordic \\ -Histic & Densic \\ -Gleyic & Drainic \\ -Andic & Epic/ Endic/ Dorsic \\ -Vitric & Eutric \\ -Stagnic & Folic \\ -Anthromollic/ Umbric & Fragic \\ -Glossic/ Retic & Gelic \\ -Acric/ Alic & Novic \\ -Coarsic & Ornithic \\ -Skeletic & Oxyaquic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Sideralic \\ -& Hyperspodic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-plinthosols}{% -\chapter{Plinthosols}\label{key-plinthosols}} - -Other soils having a \emph{plinthic}, \emph{pisoplinthic} or -\emph{petroplinthic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Petric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Pisoplinthic & Abruptic \\ -Gibbsic & Acric/ Lixic \\ -Stagnic & Aric \\ -Geric & Cohesic \\ -Nitic & Drainic \\ -Histic & Duric \\ -Mollic/ Umbric & Dystric/ Eutric \\ -Albic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Coarsic & Folic \\ -Haplic & Fractic \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Isopteric \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Posic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Saprolithic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-planosols}{% -\chapter{Planosols}\label{key-planosols}} - -Other soils having an \emph{abrupt textural difference} ≤~75~cm from the -mineral soil surface and having within the range of 5 cm directly above -or below the \emph{abrupt textural difference}: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{stagnic properties}, in which the area of reductimorphic - features plus the area of oximorphic features is ≥~50\% (weighted - average) of the total area; \emph{and} -\item - \emph{reducing conditions} for some time during the year in some parts - of the soil volume that has the reductimorphic features. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6700}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3300}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Reductic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Thionic & Alcalic \\ -Leptic & Andic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Irragric/ Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & -Aric \\ -Histic & Cambic \\ -Gleyic & Capillaric \\ -Chernic/ Mollic/ Umbric & Chromic \\ -Albic & Cohesic \\ -Fluvic & Columnic \\ -Vertic & Densic \\ -Glossic/ Retic & Drainic \\ -Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic & Ferralic/ Sideralic \\ -Petroduric/ Duric & Ferric \\ -Calcic & Folic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Fragic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Gelic \\ -& Gelistagnic \\ -& Geric \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Inclinic \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Mochipic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Uterquic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-stagnosols}{% -\chapter{Stagnosols}\label{key-stagnosols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{stagnic properties}, in which the area of reductimorphic - features plus the area of oximorphic features is ≥~one third (weighted - average) of the area from the mineral soil surface to a depth of 60~cm - or to \emph{continuous rock}, whichever is shallower; \emph{and} -\item - \emph{reducing conditions} for some time during the year in some parts - of the soil volume that has the reductimorphic features within 60~cm - from the mineral soil surface or to \emph{continuous rock}, whichever - is shallower. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6700}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3300}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Reductic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Thionic & Endoabruptic \\ -Leptic & Alcalic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Irragric/ Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & -Aric \\ -Histic & Cambic \\ -Gleyic & Capillaric \\ -Chernic/ Mollic/ Umbric & Cohesic \\ -Albic & Drainic \\ -Fluvic & Ferralic/ Sideralic \\ -Vertic & Ferric \\ -Glossic/ Retic & Folic \\ -Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic & Fragic \\ -Calcic & Gelic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Gelistagnic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Geric \\ -& Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Inclinic \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Mochipic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Nitic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Ornithic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Rhodic/ Chromic \\ -& Skeletic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Uterquic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-nitisols}{% -\chapter{Nitisols}\label{key-nitisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{nitic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface; \emph{and} -\item - from the mineral soil surface to the \emph{nitic horizon}, a clay - content that is at least half of the weighted average clay content of - the \emph{nitic horizon}; \emph{and} -\item - no \emph{vertic horizon} starting above or at the upper limit of the - \emph{nitic horizon}. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ferralic/ Sideralic & Andic \\ -Ferritic & Aric \\ -Leptic & Densic \\ -Rhodic/ Xanthic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Geric & Ferric \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Pretic & Endogleyic \\ -Profundihumic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Mollic/ Umbric & Magnesic \\ -Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic & Novic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Oxyaquic \\ -& Posic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Endostagnic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-ferralsols}{% -\chapter{Ferralsols}\label{key-ferralsols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{ferralic horizon} starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil - surface; \emph{and} -\item - no \emph{argic horizon} starting above or at the upper limit of the - \emph{ferralic horizon}, unless the \emph{argic horizon} has, in its - upper 30~cm or throughout, whichever is shallower, one or more of the - following: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - \textless~10\% water-dispersible clay; \emph{or} - \item - a ΔpH (pH\textsubscript{KCl} - pH\textsubscript{water}) ≥~0 (both in - 1:1 solution); \emph{or} - \item - ≥~1.4\% \emph{soil organic carbon}. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ferritic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Gibbsic & Abruptic \\ -Rhodic/ Xanthic & Activic \\ -Geric & Andic \\ -Nitic & Aric \\ -Pretic & Cohesic \\ -Gleyic & Densic \\ -Stagnic & Dystric/ Eutric \\ -Profundihumic & Epic/ Endic/ Dorsic \\ -Mollic/ Umbric & Ferric \\ -Acric/ Lixic & Fluvic \\ -Fractic & Folic \\ -Skeletic & Gleyic \\ -Haplic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Isopteric \\ -& Litholinic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Posic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Saprolithic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sombric \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-chernozems}{% -\chapter{Chernozems}\label{key-chernozems}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{chernic horizon}; \emph{and} -\item - starting ≤~50~cm below the lower limit of the \emph{mollic}\footnote{Any - \emph{chernic horizon} also meets the criteria of a \emph{mollic - horizon}. The \emph{mollic horizon} may extend below the - \emph{chernic horizon}.} \emph{horizon} and, if present, above a - \emph{petrocalcic horizon}, a layer with \emph{protocalcic - properties}, ≥~5~cm thick, or a \emph{calcic horizon}; \emph{and} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, - pH~7)\footnote{If the data for base saturation are not available, pH - values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13).} of ≥~50\% - from the mineral soil surface to the layer with \emph{protocalcic - properties} or to the \emph{calcic horizon}, throughout. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Petroduric/ Duric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Petrocalcic & Andic \\ -Leptic & Aric \\ -Hortic & Densic \\ -Gleyic & Fluvic \\ -Vertic & Fractic \\ -Greyzemic & Humic \\ -Luvic & Novic \\ -Calcic & Oxyaquic \\ -Cambic & Pachic \\ -Skeletic & Pyric \\ -Vermic & Raptic \\ -Tonguic & Salic \\ -Haplic & Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sombric \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-kastanozems}{% -\chapter{Kastanozems}\label{key-kastanozems}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{mollic horizon}; \emph{and} -\item - starting ≤~70~cm of the mineral soil surface and, if present, above a - \emph{petrocalcic horizon}, a layer with \emph{protocalcic - properties}, ≥~5~cm thick, or a \emph{calcic horizon}; \emph{and} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, - pH~7)\footnote{If the data for base saturation are not available, pH - values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter~9.13).} of ≥~50\% - from the mineral soil surface to the layer with \emph{protocalcic - properties} or to the \emph{calcic horizon}, throughout. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Someric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Petroduric/ Duric & Andic \\ -Petrogypsic & Anthric \\ -Gypsic & Aric \\ -Petrocalcic & Chromic \\ -Leptic & Densic \\ -Hortic/ Terric & Fractic \\ -Gleyic & Gelic \\ -Fluvic & Humic \\ -Vertic & Laxic \\ -Luvic & Magnesic \\ -Calcic & Novic \\ -Cambic/ Brunic & Oxyaquic \\ -Skeletic & Pachic \\ -Tonguic & Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -Haplic & Pyric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sombric \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-phaeozems}{% -\chapter{Phaeozems}\label{key-phaeozems}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{mollic horizon}; \emph{and} -\item - a base saturation (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, - pH~7)\footnote{If the data for base saturation are not available, pH - values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13).} of ≥~50\% - throughout to a depth of 100~cm from the mineral soil surface or to a - limiting layer, whichever is shallower. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Rendzic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Chernic/ Someric & Abruptic \\ -Mulmic & Albic \\ -Petroduric/ Duric & Andic \\ -Petrocalcic & Anthric \\ -Endocalcic & Aric \\ -Leptic & Columnic \\ -Irragric/ Hortic/ Pretic/ Terric & Densic \\ -Gleyic & Ferralic/ Sideralic \\ -Stagnic & Folic \\ -Fluvic & Fractic \\ -Vertic & Humic \\ -Greyzemic & Isolatic \\ -Glossic/ Retic & Laxic \\ -Lixic/ Luvic & Limonic \\ -Cambic/ Brunic & Magnesic \\ -Skeletic & Nechic \\ -Vermic & Novic \\ -Tonguic & Oxyaquic \\ -Gypsiric & Pachic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -Haplic & Pyric \\ -& Relocatic \\ -& Rhodic/ Chromic \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sombric \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-umbrisols}{% -\chapter{Umbrisols}\label{key-umbrisols}} - -Other soils having an \emph{umbric} or \emph{mollic} or \emph{hortic -horizon}. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Hortic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Chernic/ Mollic/ Someric & Abruptic \\ -Mulmic & Albic \\ -Fragic & Andic \\ -Leptic & Anthric \\ -Gleyic & Aric \\ -Stagnic & Densic \\ -Fluvic & Drainic \\ -Greyzemic & Hyperdystric/ Eutric \\ -Glossic/ Retic & Ferralic/ Sideralic \\ -Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic & Folic \\ -Cambic/ Brunic & Gelic \\ -Skeletic & Humic \\ -Tonguic & Isolatic \\ -Endodolomitic/ Endocalcaric & Laxic \\ -Haplic & Limonic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Ornithic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Pachic \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Relocatic \\ -& Rhodic/ Chromic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sombric \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Thionic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-durisols}{% -\chapter{Durisols}\label{key-durisols}} - -Other soils having a \emph{petroduric} or \emph{duric horizon} starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Petric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Petrogypsic & Aeolic \\ -Gypsic & Aric \\ -Petrocalcic & Biocrustic \\ -Calcic & Chromic \\ -Leptic & Cohesic \\ -Acric/ Lixic/ Alic/ Luvic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Cambic & Gleyic \\ -Coarsic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Fractic & Isopteric \\ -Skeletic & Magnesic \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Novic \\ -Andic & Pyric \\ -Gypsiric & Raptic \\ -Calcaric & Salic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Sideralic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Vertic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-gypsisols}{% -\chapter{Gypsisols}\label{key-gypsisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{gypsic} or \emph{petrogypsic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from - the mineral soil surface; \emph{and} -\item - no \emph{argic horizon} starting above or at the upper limit of the - \emph{gypsic} or \emph{petrogypsic horizon}, unless the \emph{argic - horizon} contains secondary gypsum or secondary carbonates, - throughout. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Petric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Petrocalcic & Abruptic \\ -Calcic & Aeolic \\ -Leptic & Aric \\ -Gleyic & Biocrustic \\ -Stagnic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Lixic/ Luvic & Fluvic \\ -Cambic & Hypergypsic \\ -Coarsic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Fractic & Isopteric \\ -Skeletic & Naramic \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Novic \\ -Calcaric & Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -Haplic & Pyric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vertic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-calcisols}{% -\chapter{Calcisols}\label{key-calcisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{calcic} or \emph{petrocalcic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from - the mineral soil surface; \emph{and} -\item - no \emph{argic horizon} starting above or at the upper limit of the - \emph{calcic} or \emph{petrocalcic horizon} unless the \emph{argic - horizon} contains secondary carbonates, throughout. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Petric & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Leptic & Abruptic \\ -Gleyic & Aeolic \\ -Stagnic & Aric \\ -Lixic/ Luvic & Biocrustic \\ -Cambic & Hypercalcic \\ -Coarsic & Densic \\ -Fractic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Skeletic & Fluvic \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Gelic \\ -Gypsiric & Protogypsic \\ -Haplic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Isopteric \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Naramic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Rhodic/ Chromic \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Technic \\ -& Toxic/ Kalaic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vertic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-retisols}{% -\chapter{Retisols}\label{key-retisols}} - -Other soils having an \emph{argic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the -mineral soil surface and having \emph{retic properties} at its upper -boundary. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Fragic & Aric \\ -Glossic & Cutanic \\ -Leptic & Densic \\ -Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & Differentic \\ -Histic & Drainic \\ -Gleyic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Stagnic & Folic \\ -Stagnic & Gelic \\ -Sideralic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Nudiargic & Lamellic \\ -Neocambic & Nechic \\ -Albic & Novic \\ -Calcic & Oxyaquic \\ -Skeletic & Profondic \\ -Endodolomitic/ Endocalcaric & Pyric \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Raptic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-acrisols}{% -\chapter{Acrisols}\label{key-acrisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - an \emph{argic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface; \emph{and} -\item - a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - \textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay in some - subhorizon of the \emph{argic horizon} within 150~cm of the mineral - soil surface; \emph{and} -\item - exchangeable Al~\textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na)\footnote{Exchangeable - cations are given in cmol\textsubscript{c} kg\textsuperscript{-1}. - If these data are not available, pH values may be used according to - Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13).} in half or more of: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the depth range between 50 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface; - \emph{or} - \item - the lower half of the mineral soil above a limiting layer starting - ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5479}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4521}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Fragic & Andic \\ -Leptic & Aric \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Pretic/ Terric & Neocambic/ Neobrunic \\ -Gleyic & Cohesic \\ -Stagnic & Cutanic \\ -Ferralic & Densic \\ -Rhodic/ Chromic/ Xanthic & Differentic \\ -Nudiargic & Hyperdystric/ Epieutric \\ -Lamellic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Albic & Geric \\ -Ferric & Gibbsic \\ -Skeletic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Haplic & Magnesic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Nitic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Posic \\ -& Profondic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Saprolithic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sombric \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-lixisols}{% -\chapter{Lixisols}\label{key-lixisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - an \emph{argic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface; \emph{and} -\item - a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of - \textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c} kg-1 clay in some subhorizon of the - \emph{argic horizon} within 150~cm of the mineral soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5479}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4521}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Fragic & Andic \\ -Petrocalcic & Aric \\ -Leptic & Neocambic/ Neobrunic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Pretic/ Terric & Cohesic \\ -Gleyic & Columnic \\ -Stagnic & Cutanic \\ -Ferralic & Densic \\ -Rhodic/ Chromic/ Xanthic & Differentic \\ -Nudiargic & Epidystric/ Hypereutric \\ -Lamellic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Albic & Fractic \\ -Ferric & Geric \\ -Gypsic & Gibbsic \\ -Calcic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Magnesic \\ -Skeletic & Nechic \\ -Haplic & Nitic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Profondic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Saprolithic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-alisols}{% -\chapter{Alisols}\label{key-alisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - an \emph{argic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface; \emph{and} -\item - exchangeable Al \textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na)\footnote{Exchangeable - cations are given in cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. - If these data are not available, pH values may be used according to - Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13).} in half or more of: - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - the depth range between 50 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface; - \emph{or} - \item - the lower half of the mineral soil above a limiting layer starting - ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface whichever is shallower. - \end{enumerate} -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5972}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4028}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Fragic & Andic \\ -Leptic & Aric \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & Neocambic/ Neobrunic \\ -Gleyic & Cutanic \\ -Stagnic & Densic \\ -Vertic & Differentic \\ -Rhodic/ Chromic & Hyperdystric/ Epieutric \\ -Nudiargic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Lamellic & Fluvic \\ -Albic & Folic \\ -Ferric & Gelic \\ -Skeletic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Haplic & Hyperalic \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Nitic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Profondic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-luvisols}{% -\chapter{Luvisols}\label{key-luvisols}} - -Other soils having an \emph{argic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the -mineral soil surface. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5000}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5000}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Fragic & Andic \\ -Petrocalcic & Aric \\ -Leptic & Neocambic /Neobrunic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Irragric/ Pretic/ Terric & Columnic \\ -Gleyic & Cutanic \\ -Stagnic & Densic \\ -Vertic & Differentic \\ -Rhodic/ Chromic & Epidystric/ Hypereutric \\ -Nudiargic & Epic/ Endic \\ -Lamellic & Escalic \\ -Albic & Fluvic \\ -Ferric & Fractic \\ -Gypsic & Gelic \\ -Calcic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Magnesic \\ -Skeletic & Nechic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Nitic \\ -Haplic & Novic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Profondic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Raptic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Solimovic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Vitric \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-cambisols}{% -\chapter{Cambisols}\label{key-cambisols}} - -Other soils having: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a \emph{cambic horizon} - - \begin{enumerate} - \def\labelenumii{\alph{enumii}.} - \tightlist - \item - a. starting ≤~50~cm from the mineral soil surface; \emph{and} - \item - having its lower limit ≥~25~cm from the mineral soil surface; - \emph{or} - \end{enumerate} -\item - an \emph{anthraquic}, \emph{hydragric}, \emph{irragric}, - \emph{plaggic}, \emph{pretic} or \emph{terric horizon}; \emph{or} -\item - a \emph{fragic}, \emph{thionic} or \emph{vertic horizon} starting - ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface; \emph{or} -\item - a \emph{tsitelic horizon} with a texture class of sandy loam or finer, - starting ≤~50~cm from the mineral soil surface; \emph{or} -\item - one or more layers with \emph{andic} or \emph{vitric properties} with - a combined thickness of ≥~15~cm within 100~cm of the soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6413}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3587}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Fragic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Thionic & Geoabruptic \\ -Hydragric/ Anthraquic/ Irragric/ Plaggic/ Pretic/ Terric & Aeolic \\ -Tsitelic & Alcalic \\ -Vertic & Aric \\ -Andic & Biocrustic \\ -Vitric & Protocalcic \\ -Leptic & Carbonic \\ -Histic & Cohesic \\ -Gleyic & Columnic \\ -Stagnic & Densic \\ -Solimovic & Drainic \\ -Fluvic & Escalic \\ -Sideralic & Ferric \\ -Rhodic/ Chromic/ Xanthic & Folic \\ -Skeletic & Fractic \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Gelic \\ -Gypsiric & Gelistagnic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Protogypsic \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Humic/ Ochric \\ -& Isopteric \\ -& Laxic \\ -& Limonic \\ -& Litholinic \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Ornithic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Saprolithic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Tephric \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-fluvisols}{% -\chapter{Fluvisols}\label{key-fluvisols}} - -Other soils having \emph{fluvic material}: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~25~cm from the mineral soil surface; - \emph{or} -\item - from the lower limit of a plough layer, ≤~40~cm thick, to a depth of - ≥~50~cm from the mineral soil surface. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5286}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4714}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Principal Qualifiers -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Supplementary Qualifiers -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Tidalic & Arenic/ Clayic/ Loamic/ Siltic \\ -Pantofluvic/ Anofluvic/ Orthofluvic & Geoabruptic \\ -Leptic & Alcalic \\ -Histic & Arenicolic \\ -Gleyic & Aric \\ -Stagnic & Protocalcic \\ -Skeletic & Densic \\ -Tephric & Drainic \\ -Yermic/ Takyric & Folic \\ -Gypsiric & Gelic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Limnic \\ -& Limonic \\ -& Magnesic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Panpaic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sideralic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Transportic \\ -& Turbic \\ -& Protovertic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{key-arenosols}{% -\chapter[Arenosols]{\texorpdfstring{Arenosols\footnote{Arenosols may - bury other soils, which can be mentioned behind the Arenosol - classification using the word `over' in between (see Chapter 2.4). - Alternatively, buried diagnostic horizons or buried layers with a - diagnostic property can be indicated with the Thapto- specifier - followed by a qualifier. Arenosols may have diagnostic horizons at - depths of \textgreater~100~cm. These can be indicated with the Bathy- - specifier followed by a qualifier, e.g.~Bathyacric - (\textgreater~100~cm), Bathyspodic (\textgreater~200~cm).}}{Arenosols}}\label{key-arenosols}} - -Other soils having within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - a weighted average texture class of loamy sand or sand; \emph{and} -\item - layers of finer texture, if present, with a combined thickness of - \textless~15~cm; \emph{and} -\item - layers with ≥~40\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) coarse - fragments, if present, with a combined thickness of \textless~15~cm. -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Principal Qualifiers & Supplementary Qualifiers \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Tidalic & Geoabruptic \\ -Aeolic & Alcalic \\ -Solimovic & Arenicolic \\ -Tephric & Aric \\ -Tsitelic & Biocrustic \\ -Brunic & Protocalcic \\ -Protic & Carbonic \\ -Gleyic & Cordic \\ -Sideralic & Folic \\ -Yermic & Gelic \\ -Transportic & Protogypsic \\ -Relocatic & Humic/ Ochric \\ -Gypsiric & Hydrophobic \\ -Dolomitic/ Calcaric & Isopteric \\ -Dystric/ Eutric & Lamellic/ Protoargic \\ -& Limonic \\ -& Nechic \\ -& Novic \\ -& Ornithic \\ -& Oxyaquic \\ -& Placic \\ -& Panpaic/ Raptic \\ -& Pyric \\ -& Rhodic/ Chromic/ Rubic/ Claric \\ -& Salic \\ -& Sodic \\ -& Bathyspodic \\ -& Protospodic \\ -& Stagnic \\ -& Sulfidic \\ -& Technic/ Kalaic \\ -& Toxic \\ -& Turbic \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{definitions-of-qualifiers}{% -\chapter{Definitions of qualifiers}\label{definitions-of-qualifiers}} - -{\textbf{Before using the qualifiers, please read the `Rules for naming -soils' (Chapter 2).}} - -The definitions of the qualifiers for the second-level units relate to -RSGs, diagnostic horizons, properties and materials, and to attributes -such as colour, chemical conditions, texture, etc. References to the -RSGs defined in Chapter 4 and the diagnostics listed in Chapter 3 are -shown \emph{in italics}. - -Usually, only a limited number of combinations will be possible in a -soil name; many of the definitions make the qualifiers mutually -exclusive. - -\hypertarget{general-rules}{% -\section{General rules}\label{general-rules}} - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - \textbf{Subqualifiers} (see Chapter 2.3), \textbf{which may be used in - the soil name instead of the qualifier listed in the Key} (Chapter 4), - are found beneath the definition of the respective qualifier - (e.g.~Protocalcic is found under Calcic). \textbf{Subqualifiers, which - cannot replace a listed qualifier}, are found in alphabetical order - (e.g.~Hyperalic). -\item - If a subqualifier (\textbf{optional or additional subqualifier}) - related to depth requirements can be constructed by the user, - \textbf{the figure indicates, which rule applies}: (1), (2), (3), (4), - (5). If no figure is indicated, these subqualifiers cannot be - constructed. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{definitions}{% -\section{Definitions}\label{definitions}} - -\hypertarget{abruptic-ap}{% -\subsection{Abruptic (ap)}\label{abruptic-ap}} - -(from Latin \emph{abruptus}, broken away): having an \emph{abrupt -textural difference} within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface (1). - -\hypertarget{geoabruptic-go}{% -\subsubsection{Geoabruptic (go)}\label{geoabruptic-go}} - -(from Greek \emph{gaia}, earth): having an abrupt textural difference -within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface that is not associated with -the upper limit of an \emph{argic}, \emph{natric} or \emph{spodic -horizon} (1). - -\hypertarget{aceric-ae}{% -\subsection{Aceric (ae)}\label{aceric-ae}} - -(from Latin \emph{acer}, sharp): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface a layer with a pH (1:1 in water) between ≥~3.5 and \textless~5 -and jarosite concentrations (in \emph{Solonchaks only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{acric-ac}{% -\subsection{Acric (ac)}\label{acric-ac}} - -(from Latin \emph{acer}, sharp): having an \emph{argic horizon} starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface with a CEC (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of -\textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay in some -subhorizon within 150~cm of the mineral soil surface; and having -exchangeable Al \textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) in half or more -of the depth range between 50 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface or -the lower half of the mineral soil above a limiting layer starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower (2). - -\textbf{Note:} Exchangeable cations are given in -cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. If these data are not -available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13). - -\hypertarget{acroxic-ao}{% -\subsection{Acroxic (ao)}\label{acroxic-ao}} - -(from Latin \emph{acer}, sharp, and Greek \emph{oxys}, sour): having -within 100~cm of the soil surface one or more layers with a combined -thickness of ≥~30~cm, and with -\textless~2~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} fine earth -exchangeable bases (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) plus -exchangeable Al (by 1~\emph{M}~KCl, unbuffered) (in \emph{Andosols -only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{activic-at}{% -\subsection{Activic (at)}\label{activic-at}} - -(from Latin \emph{activus}, busy): having above a ferralic horizon a -layer, ≥~30~cm thick, with a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, -pH~7) of ≥~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay and -\textless{} 0.6\% soil organic carbon (in Ferralsols only) (2). - -\hypertarget{aeolic-ay}{% -\subsection{Aeolic (ay)}\label{aeolic-ay}} - -(from Greek \emph{aiolos}, wind): having \emph{aeolic material} (2: Ano- -and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{albic-ab}{% -\subsection{Albic (ab)}\label{albic-ab}} - -(from Latin \emph{albus}, white): having an \emph{albic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{alcalic-ax}{% -\subsection{Alcalic (ax)}\label{alcalic-ax}} - -(from Arabic \emph{al-qali}, salt-containing ash): having: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Histosols}, a pH (1:1 in water) of ≥~8.5 in the \emph{organic - material} within 50~cm of the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, a pH (1:1 in water) of ≥~8.5 in the upper 50~cm of the - mineral soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower, -\end{itemize} - -and fulfilling the set of diagnostic criteria of the Eutric qualifier. - -\hypertarget{alic-al}{% -\subsection{Alic (al)}\label{alic-al}} - -(from Latin \emph{alumen}, alum): having an argic horizon starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface with a CEC (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of -≥~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay throughout within -150~cm of the mineral soil surface; and having exchangeable Al -\textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) in half or more of the depth -range between 50 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface or the lower -half of the mineral soil above a limiting layer starting ≤~100~cm from -the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower (2). Note: Exchangeable -cations are given in cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. If -these data are not available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 -(Chapter 9.13). - -\hypertarget{aluandic-aa}{% -\subsection{Aluandic (aa)}\label{aluandic-aa}} - -(from Latin \emph{alumen}, alum, and Japanese \emph{an}, dark, and -\emph{do}, soil): having within 100~cm of the soil surface one or more -layers with a combined thickness of ≥~15~cm with andic properties and a -Siox content of \textless~0.6\% (in Andosols only) (2). - -\hypertarget{andic-an}{% -\subsection{Andic (an)}\label{andic-an}} - -(from Japanese \emph{an}, dark, and \emph{do}, soil): having within -100~cm of the soil surface one or more layers with andic or vitric -properties with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm (in \emph{Cambisols} -≥~15~cm), of which ≥~15~cm (in \emph{Cambisols} ≥~7.5~cm) have -\emph{andic properties} (2). - -\hypertarget{protoandic-qa}{% -\subsubsection{Protoandic (qa)}\label{protoandic-qa}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~15~cm, and -with an Al\textsubscript{ox} + ½Fe\textsubscript{ox} value of ≥~1.2\%, a -bulk density of ≤~1.2~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3} and a phosphate -retention of ≥ 55\%; and not fulfilling the set of diagnostic criteria -of the Andic qualifier (2). - -\textbf{Note:} For bulk density, the volume is determined after an -undried soil sample has been desorbed at 33~kPa (no prior drying), and -afterwards the weight is determined at 105~°C (see Annex 2, Chapter -9.5). - -\hypertarget{anthraquic-aq}{% -\subsection{Anthraquic (aq)}\label{anthraquic-aq}} - -(from Greek \emph{anthropos}, human being, and Latin \emph{aqua}, -water): having an \emph{anthraquic horizon} and no \emph{hydragric -horizon}. - -\hypertarget{anthric-ak}{% -\subsection{Anthric (ak)}\label{anthric-ak}} - -(from Greek \emph{anthropos}, human being): having \emph{anthric -properties}. - -\hypertarget{archaic-ah}{% -\subsection{Archaic (ah)}\label{archaic-ah}} - -(from Greek \emph{archae}, beginning): having a layer, ≥~20~cm thick and -within 100~cm of the soil surface, with ≥~20\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} containing ≥~50\% -(by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) -\emph{artefacts} produced by pre-industrial processes, e.g.~ceramics, -showing traces of production by hand, ceramics that can easily be broken -or ceramics containing sand (in \emph{Technosols} only) (2). - -\hypertarget{arenic-ar}{% -\subsection{Arenic (ar)}\label{arenic-ar}} - -(from Latin \emph{arena}, sand): consisting of \emph{mineral material} -and having, single or in combination, a texture class of sand or loamy -sand - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30 cm, occurring - within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, or -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textgreater~10 and \textless~60 cm from the mineral - soil surface\\ - (2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from - the mineral soil surface). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{arenicolic-ad}{% -\subsection{Arenicolic (ad)}\label{arenicolic-ad}} - -(related to the worm genus \emph{Arenicola}): having ≥~50\% (by volume, -weighted average) of worm holes, casts, or filled animal burrows in a -layer, ≥~20~cm thick and occurring in a tidal area. - -\hypertarget{aric-ai}{% -\subsection{Aric (ai)}\label{aric-ai}} - -(from Latin \emph{arare}, to plough): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting at the soil surface, that is homogenized by ploughing and that -has an abrupt or very abrupt lower boundary (2: Ano- and Panto only). - -\hypertarget{arzic-az}{% -\subsection{Arzic (az)}\label{arzic-az}} - -(from Turkish \emph{arz}, land or earth's crust): saturated by -groundwater or flowing water in some layer within 50~cm of the soil -surface during some time in most years and containing ≥~15\% gypsum -averaged over a depth of 100~cm from the soil surface or to a limiting -layer, whichever is shallower (\emph{in Gypsisols only}). - -\hypertarget{biocrustic-bc}{% -\subsection{Biocrustic (bc)}\label{biocrustic-bc}} - -(from Greek \emph{bios}, life, and Latin \emph{crusta}, crust): having a -biological surface crust. - -\hypertarget{brunic-br}{% -\subsection{Brunic (br)}\label{brunic-br}} - -(from Low German \emph{brun}, brown): having a layer, ≥~15~cm thick and -starting ≤~50~cm from the mineral soil surface, that meets diagnostic -criteria 3 and 4 of the \emph{cambic horizon} but fails diagnostic -criterion 1 and does not consist of \emph{claric material}. - -\hypertarget{neobrunic-nb}{% -\subsubsection{Neobrunic (nb)}\label{neobrunic-nb}} - -(from Greek \emph{neos}, new): having a layer, ≥~15~cm thick and -starting ≤~50 cm from the mineral soil surface, that meets diagnostic -criteria 3 and 4 of the \emph{cambic horizon} but fails diagnostic -criterion 1, does not consist of \emph{claric material} and overlies: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - an \emph{albic horizon} that overlies an \emph{argic}, a \emph{natric} - or a \emph{spodic horizon}, \emph{or} -\item - a layer with \emph{retic properties}. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{calcaric-ca}{% -\subsection{Calcaric (ca)}\label{calcaric-ca}} - -(from Latin \emph{calcarius}, containing lime): having \emph{calcaric -material} - -\begin{itemize} -\item - in a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil - surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface; -\end{itemize} - -and not having a \emph{calcic} or a \emph{petrocalcic horizon} starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2; no subqualifier if a limiting -layer starts \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{calcic-cc}{% -\subsection{Calcic (cc)}\label{calcic-cc}} - -(from Latin \emph{calx}, lime): having a \emph{calcic horizon} starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hypercalcic-jc}{% -\subsubsection{Hypercalcic (jc)}\label{hypercalcic-jc}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{calcic horizon} with a -calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥~50\% and starting ≤~100~cm from the -mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{protocalcic-qc}{% -\subsubsection{Protocalcic (qc)}\label{protocalcic-qc}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer with \emph{protocalcic -properties} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface and not -having a \emph{calcic} or \emph{petrocalcic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm -from the mineral soil surface (\emph{not in Chernozems and Kastanozems, -where protocalcic properties are part of the definition}) (2). - -\hypertarget{cambic-cm}{% -\subsection{Cambic (cm)}\label{cambic-cm}} - -(from Latin \emph{cambire}, to change): having a \emph{cambic horizon}, -not consisting of \emph{claric material} and starting ≤~50~cm from the -mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{neocambic-nc}{% -\subsubsection{Neocambic (nc)}\label{neocambic-nc}} - -(from Greek \emph{neos}, new): having a \emph{cambic horizon}, not -consisting of \emph{claric material}, starting ≤~50~cm from the mineral -soil surface and overlying: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - an \emph{albic horizon} that overlies an \emph{argic}, a \emph{natric} - or a \emph{spodic horizon}, \emph{or} -\item - a layer with \emph{retic properties}. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{capillaric-cp}{% -\subsection{Capillaric (cp)}\label{capillaric-cp}} - -(from Latin \emph{capillus}, hair): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and -starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that has so few -macropores that water saturation of capillary pores causes -\emph{reducing conditions}. - -\hypertarget{carbic-cb}{% -\subsection{Carbic (cb)}\label{carbic-cb}} - -(from Latin \emph{carbo}, coal): having a \emph{spodic horizon} that has -a Munsell colour value of ≤~2, moist, throughout (`Humus Podzols'; -\emph{in Podzols only}). - -\hypertarget{carbonatic-cn}{% -\subsection{Carbonatic (cn)}\label{carbonatic-cn}} - -(from Latin \emph{carbo}, coal): having a \emph{salic horizon} with a -soil solution (1:1 in water) with a pH of ≥~8.5 and -{[}HCO\textsubscript{3}\textsuperscript{-}{]} \textgreater{} -{[}SO\textsubscript{4}\textsuperscript{2-}{]} \textgreater{} -2*{[}Cl\textsuperscript{-}{]} (\emph{in Solonchaks only}). - -\hypertarget{carbonic-cx}{% -\subsection{Carbonic (cx)}\label{carbonic-cx}} - -(from Latin \emph{carbo}, coal): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface, with ≥~5\% organic carbon that -belongs to \emph{artefacts} (2). - -\hypertarget{chernic-ch}{% -\subsection{Chernic (ch)}\label{chernic-ch}} - -(from Russian \emph{chorniy}, black): having a \emph{chernic horizon} -(2: Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{tonguichernic-tc}{% -\subsubsection{Tonguichernic (tc)}\label{tonguichernic-tc}} - -(from English \emph{tongue}): having a \emph{chernic horizon} that -tongues into an underlying layer (2: Ano- and Panto- only; referring to -the lower limit of the \emph{chernic horizon}). - -\hypertarget{chloridic-cl}{% -\subsection{Chloridic (cl)}\label{chloridic-cl}} - -(from Greek \emph{chloros}, yellow-green): having a \emph{salic horizon} -with a soil solution (1:1 in water) with -{[}Cl\textsuperscript{-}{]}~\textgreater~2*~SO\textsubscript{4}\textsuperscript{2-}{]} -\textgreater{} 2*{[}HCO\textsubscript{3}\textsuperscript{-}{]} (\emph{in -Solonchaks only}). - -\hypertarget{chromic-cr}{% -\subsection{Chromic (cr)}\label{chromic-cr}} - -(from Greek \emph{chroma}, colour): having between 25 and 150~cm of the -mineral soil surface a layer, ≥~30~cm thick, that shows evidence of soil -formation as defined in criterion 3 of the \emph{cambic horizon} and -that has, in ≥~90\% of its exposed area, a Munsell colour hue redder -than 7.5YR and a chroma of \textgreater~4, both moist. - -\hypertarget{claric-cq}{% -\subsubsection{Claric (cq)}\label{claric-cq}} - -(from Latin \emph{clarus}, bright): having between 25 and 100~cm of the -mineral soil surface a layer, ≥~30~cm thick, that consists of -\emph{claric material}, and the soil does not meet the set of diagnostic -criteria of the Bathyspodic qualifier (\emph{in Arenosols only}) (2: -except Epi-). - -\hypertarget{clayic-ce}{% -\subsubsection{Clayic (ce)}\label{clayic-ce}} - -(from English \emph{clay}): consisting of mineral material and having, -single or in combination, a texture class of clay, sandy clay or silty -clay - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm, occurring - within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textgreater~10 and \textless~60~cm from the mineral - soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from the -mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{coarsic-cs}{% -\subsubsection{Coarsic (cs)}\label{coarsic-cs}} - -(from English \emph{coarse}): having \textless~20\% (by volume, related -to the whole soil) fine earth, averaged over a depth of 75~cm from the -soil surface or to a limiting layer starting \textgreater~25~cm from the -soil surface, whichever is shallower. - -\textbf{Note:} The volume not occupied by fine earth is occupied by -coarse fragments or pores. - -\hypertarget{cohesic-co}{% -\subsection{Cohesic (co)}\label{cohesic-co}} - -(from Latin \emph{cohaerere}, to stick together): having a \emph{cohesic -horizon} starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{columnic-cu}{% -\subsection{Columnic (cu)}\label{columnic-cu}} - -(from Latin \emph{columna}, column): having a layer, ≥~15~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, that has a columnar -structure (2). - -\hypertarget{cordic-cd}{% -\subsection{Cordic (cd)}\label{cordic-cd}} - -(from Latin \emph{corda}, string): having two or more ribbon-like -accumulations, ≥~0.5 and \textless~2.5~cm thick, that are not cemented, -have higher contents of Fe oxides and/or organic matter than the -directly overlying and underlying layers, do not meet the set of -diagnostic criteria of the Lamellic qualifier and have a combined -thickness of ≥~2.5~cm within 50~cm; the uppermost ribbon-like -accumulation starting ≤~200~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{cryic-cy}{% -\subsection{Cryic (cy)}\label{cryic-cy}} - -(from Greek \emph{kryos}, cold, ice): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - having a \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface, - \emph{or} -\item - having a \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~200 cm from the soil surface - with evidence of cryogenic alteration in some layer ≤~100~cm from the - soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(1; Epi- and Endo- only; referring to the upper limit of the \emph{cryic -horizon}). - -\hypertarget{cutanic-ct}{% -\subsection{Cutanic (ct)}\label{cutanic-ct}} - -(from Latin \emph{cutis}, skin): having an \emph{argic} or \emph{natric -horizon} that meets diagnostic criterion 2.b of the respective horizon. - -\hypertarget{densic-dn}{% -\subsection{Densic (dn)}\label{densic-dn}} - -(from Latin \emph{densus}, dense): having within 50~cm of the mineral -soil surface a layer with a bulk density to the extent that roots cannot -enter, except along cracks. - -\hypertarget{differentic-df}{% -\subsection{Differentic (df)}\label{differentic-df}} - -(from Latin \emph{differentia}, difference): having an \emph{argic} or -\emph{natric horizon} that meets diagnostic criterion 2.a of the -respective horizon. - -\hypertarget{dolomitic-do}{% -\subsection{Dolomitic (do)}\label{dolomitic-do}} - -(from the mineral dolomite, named after the French geoscientist -\emph{Déodat de Dolomieu}): having \emph{dolomitic material} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil - surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from the -mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{dorsic-ds}{% -\subsection{Dorsic (ds)}\label{dorsic-ds}} - -(from Latin \emph{dorsum}, at a lower position): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Cryosols}, the \emph{cryic horizon} starting - \textgreater~100~cm from the soil surface, -\item - in \emph{Ferralsols} and \emph{Podzols}, the ferralic/spodic horizon - starting \textgreater~100~cm from the mineral soil surface. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{drainic-dr}{% -\subsection{Drainic (dr)}\label{drainic-dr}} - -(from French \emph{drainer}, to drain): having been artificially -drained. - -\hypertarget{duric-du}{% -\subsection{Duric (du)}\label{duric-du}} - -(from Latin \emph{durus}, hard): having a \emph{duric horizon} starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hyperduric-ju}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperduric (ju)}\label{hyperduric-ju}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{duric horizon} with -≥~50\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) durinodes or fragments of -a broken-up \emph{petroduric horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral -soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{dystric-dy}{% -\subsection{Dystric (dy)}\label{dystric-dy}} - -(from Greek \emph{dys}, bad, and \emph{trophae}, food): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Histosols}, having a pH\textsubscript{water} of \textless~5.5 - in half or more of the part with \emph{organic material}, within - 100~cm of the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, having one or more layers consisting of \emph{mineral - material}, - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - between 20 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, \emph{or} - \item - between 20~cm of the mineral soil surface and a limiting layer - starting \textgreater~25~cm from the mineral soil surface,\\ - whichever is shallower,\\ - that have exchangeable Al \textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) - in half or more of their combined thickness (3). - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{hyperdystric-jd}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperdystric (jd)}\label{hyperdystric-jd}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): - -\begin{itemize} -\item - in \emph{Histosols}, having a pH\textsubscript{water} of \textless~5.5 - throughout in the organic material within 100~cm of the soil surface - and \textless~4.5 in the major part with organic material within - 100~cm of the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, having \emph{mineral material}, throughout - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - from 20 to 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, \emph{or} - \item - from 20~cm of the mineral soil surface to a limiting layer starting - ≥~50~cm from the mineral soil surface,\\ - whichever is shallower,\\ - that has exchangeable Al \textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na); - and in its major part exchangeable Al \textgreater{} 4 times the - exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na). - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{orthodystric-od}{% -\subsubsection{Orthodystric (od)}\label{orthodystric-od}} - -(from Greek \emph{orthos}, right): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Histosols}, having a pH\textsubscript{water} of \textless~5.5 - throughout in the organic material within 100~cm of the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, having mineral material, throughout - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - from 20 to 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, \emph{or} - \item - from 20~cm of the mineral soil surface to a limiting layer starting - ≥~50~cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower, that - has exchangeable Al \textgreater{} exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na). - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\textbf{Note:} Exchangeable cations are given in -cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. If these data are not -available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13). - -\hypertarget{ekranic-ek}{% -\subsection{Ekranic (ek)}\label{ekranic-ek}} - -(from French \emph{écran}, shield): having \emph{technic hard material} -starting ≤~5~cm from the soil surface (\emph{in Technosols only}). - -\hypertarget{endic-ed}{% -\subsection{Endic (ed)}\label{endic-ed}} - -(from Greek \emph{endon}, inside): - -\begin{itemize} -\item - in \emph{Cryosols}, the \emph{cryic horizon} starting \textgreater~50 - and ≤~100~cm from the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, the uppermost respective diagnostic horizon of the - RSG, not meeting the set of diagnostic criteria of the Petric - qualifier, starting \textgreater~50 and ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{entic-et}{% -\subsection{Entic (et)}\label{entic-et}} - -(from Latin \emph{recens}, young): not having an \emph{albic horizon} -above the \emph{spodic horizon} (\emph{in Podzols only}). - -\hypertarget{epic-ep}{% -\subsection{Epic (ep)}\label{epic-ep}} - -(from Greek \emph{epi}, over): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Cryosols}, the \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~50~cm from the - soil surface, -\item - in other soils, the uppermost respective diagnostic horizon of the - RSG, not meeting the set of diagnostic criteria of the Petric - qualifier, starting ≤~50~cm from the mineral soil surface. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{escalic-ec}{% -\subsection{Escalic (ec)}\label{escalic-ec}} - -(from Spanish \emph{escala}, terrace): soil has been truncated and/or -locally transported to form human-made terraces. - -\hypertarget{eutric-eu}{% -\subsection{Eutric (eu)}\label{eutric-eu}} - -(from Greek \emph{eu}, good, and \emph{trophae}, food): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Histosols}, having a pH\textsubscript{water} of ≥~5.5 in the - major part with \emph{organic material}, within 100~cm of the soil - surface, -\item - in other soils, having one or more layers consisting of \emph{mineral - material}, - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - between 20 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, or - \item - between 20~cm of the mineral soil surface and a limiting layer - starting \textgreater~25~cm from the mineral soil surface,\\ - whichever is shallower,\\ - that have exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) ≥ exchangeable Al in the major - part of their combined thickness (3). - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{hypereutric-je}{% -\subsubsection{Hypereutric (je)}\label{hypereutric-je}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): - -\begin{itemize} -\item - in Histosols, having a pH\textsubscript{water} of ≥~5.5 throughout in - the \emph{organic material} within 100~cm of the soil surface and - ≥~6.5 in the major part with \emph{organic material} within 100~cm of - the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, having \emph{mineral material}, throughout - - \begin{itemize} - \item - from 20 to 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, or - \item - from 20~cm of the mineral soil surface to a limiting layer starting - ≥~50~cm from the mineral soil surface,\\ - whichever is shallower,\\ - that has exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) ≥ exchangeable Al; and in its - major part exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) ≥ 4 times the exchangeable Al. - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{oligeoeutric-ol}{% -\subsubsection{Oligeoeutric (ol)}\label{oligeoeutric-ol}} - -(from Greek \emph{oligos}, few): in soils other than \emph{Histosols}, -having one or more layers consisting of \emph{mineral material}, - -\begin{itemize} -\item - between 20 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, or -\item - between 20~cm of the mineral soil surface and a limiting layer - starting \textgreater~25~cm from the mineral soil surface,\\ - whichever is shallower,\\ - that have exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) ≥ exchangeable Al and exchangeable - (Ca+Mg+K+Na) \textless~5~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} - clay in the major part of their combined thickness (3). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{orthoeutric-oe}{% -\subsubsection{Orthoeutric (oe)}\label{orthoeutric-oe}} - -(from Greek \emph{orthos}, right): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Histosols}, having a pH\textsubscript{water} of ≥~5.5 - throughout in the organic material within 100~cm of the soil surface, -\item - in other soils, having mineral material, throughout - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - from 20 to 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, or - \item - from 20~cm of the mineral soil surface to a limiting layer starting - ≥~50~cm from the mineral soil surface,\\ - whichever is shallower,\\ - that has exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) ≥ exchangeable Al. - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\textbf{Note:} Exchangeable cations are given in -cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. If these data are not -available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13). - -\textbf{Note:} Oligoeutric has preference over Hypereutric and -Orthoeutric. - -\hypertarget{eutrosilic-es}{% -\subsection{Eutrosilic (es)}\label{eutrosilic-es}} - -(from Greek \emph{eu}, good, and \emph{trophae}, food, and Latin -\emph{silex}, silicon-containing material): having within 100~cm of the -soil surface one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm -with \emph{andic properties} and a sum of exchangeable bases (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of ≥~15 -cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} fine earth (\emph{in -Andosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{evapocrustic-ev}{% -\subsection{Evapocrustic (ev)}\label{evapocrustic-ev}} - -(from Latin \emph{e}, out, and \emph{vapor}, steam, and \emph{crusta}, -crust): having a saline crust, ≤~2~cm thick, on the soil surface. - -\hypertarget{ferralic-fl}{% -\subsection{Ferralic (fl)}\label{ferralic-fl}} - -(from Latin \emph{ferrum}, iron, and \emph{alumen}, alum): having a -\emph{ferralic horizon} starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil surface -(2). - -\hypertarget{ferric-fr}{% -\subsection{Ferric (fr)}\label{ferric-fr}} - -(from Latin \emph{ferrum}, iron): having a \emph{ferric horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{manganiferric-mf}{% -\subsubsection{Manganiferric (mf)}\label{manganiferric-mf}} - -(from the chemical element \emph{manganese}): having a \emph{ferric -horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface in which ≥~50\% -of the oximorphic features are black (2). - -\hypertarget{ferritic-fe}{% -\subsection{Ferritic (fe)}\label{ferritic-fe}} - -(from Latin \emph{ferrum}, iron): having a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, with ≥~10\% -Fe\textsubscript{dith} and not forming part of a \emph{petroplinthic}, -\emph{pisoplinthic} or \emph{plinthic horizon} (2). - -\hypertarget{hyperferritic-jf}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperferritic (jf)}\label{hyperferritic-jf}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, with ≥~30\% -Fe\textsubscript{dith} and not forming part of a \emph{petroplinthic}, -\emph{pisoplinthic} or \emph{plinthic horizon} (2). - -\hypertarget{fibric-fi}{% -\subsection{Fibric (fi)}\label{fibric-fi}} - -(from Latin \emph{fibra}, fiber): having \emph{organic material} that, -after rubbing, consists of \textgreater{} two thirds (by volume, related -to the fine earth plus all dead plant remnants) of recognizable dead -plant tissues in - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm within 100~cm - of the soil surface, or -\item - the weighted average of the entire \emph{organic material} if the - \emph{organic material} within 100~cm of the soil surface has a - combined thickness of \textless~60~cm -\end{itemize} - -(\emph{in Histosols only}) (2; no subqualifier if no \emph{organic -material} is present ≥~60~cm of the soil surface). - -\hypertarget{floatic-ft}{% -\subsection{Floatic (ft)}\label{floatic-ft}} - -(from English \emph{to float}): having \emph{organic material} floating -on water (\emph{in Histosols only}). - -\hypertarget{fluvic-fv}{% -\subsection{Fluvic (fv)}\label{fluvic-fv}} - -(from Latin \emph{fluvius}, river): having \emph{fluvic material}, -≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{akrofluvic-kf}{% -\subsubsection{Akrofluvic (kf)}\label{akrofluvic-kf}} - -(from Greek \emph{akra}, top): having \emph{fluvic material} from the -mineral soil surface to a depth of ≥~5~cm, but \textless~25~cm thick. -(In addition to the Akrofluvic subqualifier, a soil may also have the -Amphifluvic, the Katofluvic or the Endofluvic subqualifier). - -\hypertarget{orthofluvic-of}{% -\subsubsection{Orthofluvic (of)}\label{orthofluvic-of}} - -(from Greek \emph{orthos}, right): having \emph{fluvic material}: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - from the mineral soil surface to a depth of ≥~5~cm , \emph{and} -\item - ≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~25~cm from the mineral soil surface. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{folic-fo}{% -\subsubsection{Folic (fo)}\label{folic-fo}} - -(from Latin \emph{folium}, leaf): having a \emph{folic horizon} starting -at the soil surface. - -\hypertarget{skeletofolic-ko}{% -\subsubsection{Skeletofolic (ko)}\label{skeletofolic-ko}} - -(from Greek \emph{skeletos}, dried out): having a \emph{folic horizon} -with ≥~40\% (by volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) -coarse fragments. - -\hypertarget{fractic-fc}{% -\subsection{Fractic (fc)}\label{fractic-fc}} - -(from Latin \emph{fractus}, broken): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, consisting of a broken -\emph{petrocalcic} or \emph{petrogypsic horizon}, the remnants of which: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - occupy ≥~40\% (by volume, related to the whole soil), \emph{and} -\item - have an average horizontal length of \textless~10~cm and/or occupy - \textless~80\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{calcifractic-cf}{% -\subsubsection{Calcifractic (cf)}\label{calcifractic-cf}} - -(from Latin \emph{calx}, lime): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, consisting of a broken -\emph{petrocalcic horizon}, the remnants of which: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - occupy ≥~40\% (by volume, related to the whole soil), \emph{and} -\item - have an average horizontal length of \textless~10~cm and/or occupy - \textless~80\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{gypsofractic-gf}{% -\subsubsection{Gypsofractic (gf)}\label{gypsofractic-gf}} - -(from Greek \emph{gypsos}, gypsum): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, consisting of a broken -petrogypsic horizon, the remnants of which: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - occupy ≥~40\% (by volume, related to the whole soil), \emph{and} -\item - have an average horizontal length of \textless~10~cm and/or occupy - \textless~80\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{fragic-fg}{% -\subsection{Fragic (fg)}\label{fragic-fg}} - -(from Latin \emph{fragilis}, fragile): having a fragic horizon starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{garbic-ga}{% -\subsection{Garbic (ga)}\label{garbic-ga}} - -(from English \emph{garbage}): having a layer, ≥~20~cm thick and within -100~cm of the soil surface, with ≥~20\% (by volume, weighted average, -related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts}, ≥~35\% (by volume, related -to the whole soil) of which contain ≥~20\% organic carbon (e.g.~organic -waste) (\emph{in Technosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{hypergarbic-jb}{% -\subsubsection{Hypergarbic (jb)}\label{hypergarbic-jb}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a layer, ≥~50~cm thick and -within 100~cm of the soil surface, consisting of \emph{organotechnic -material} (\emph{in Technosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{gelic-ge}{% -\subsubsection{Gelic (ge)}\label{gelic-ge}} - -(from Latin \emph{gelare}, to freeze): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - having a layer with a soil temperature of \textless~0~°C for ≥~2 - consecutive years, starting ≤~200 cm from the soil surface, \emph{and} -\item - not having a \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the soil - surface, \emph{and} -\item - not having a \emph{cryic horizon} starting ≤~200~cm from the soil - surface with evidence of cryogenic alteration in some layer within - 100~cm of the soil surface. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{gelistagnic-gt}{% -\subsection{Gelistagnic (gt)}\label{gelistagnic-gt}} - -(from Latin \emph{gelare}, to freeze, and \emph{stagnare}, to flood): -having temporary water saturation caused by a frozen layer. - -\hypertarget{geoabruptic-go-1}{% -\subsubsection{Geoabruptic (go)}\label{geoabruptic-go-1}} - -see \emph{Abruptic}. - -\hypertarget{geric-gr}{% -\subsection{Geric (gr)}\label{geric-gr}} - -(from Greek \emph{geraios}, old): having between 25 and 100~cm of the -mineral soil surface a layer that has a sum of exchangeable bases (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) plus exchangeable Al (by -1~\emph{M}~KCl, unbuffered) of \textless~6~cmolc~kg\textsuperscript{-1} -clay (2). - -\hypertarget{hypergeric-jq}{% -\subsubsection{Hypergeric (jq)}\label{hypergeric-jq}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having between 25 and 100~cm of the -mineral soil surface a layer that has a sum of exchangeable bases (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) plus exchangeable Al (by -1~\emph{M}~KCl, unbuffered) of -\textless~1.5~cmolc~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay (2). - -\hypertarget{gibbsic-gi}{% -\subsection{Gibbsic (gi)}\label{gibbsic-gi}} - -(from the mineral \emph{gibbsite}, named after the US mineralogist -George Gibbs): having a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and starting ≤~100~cm from -the mineral soil surface, containing ≥~25~g gibbsite -kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay (2). - -\hypertarget{gilgaic-gg}{% -\subsection{Gilgaic (gg)}\label{gilgaic-gg}} - -(from Aboriginal Australian \emph{gilgai}, water hole): having at the -soil surface microhighs and microlows with a difference in level of -≥~10~cm, i.e.~gilgai microrelief (\emph{in Vertisols only}). - -\hypertarget{glacic-gc}{% -\subsection{Glacic (gc)}\label{glacic-gc}} - -(from Latin \emph{glacies}, ice): having a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface, containing ≥~75\% ice (by -volume, related to the whole soil) (2). - -\hypertarget{gleyic-gl}{% -\subsection{Gleyic (gl)}\label{gleyic-gl}} - -(from Russian folk name \emph{gley}, wet bluish clay): having a layer, -≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that -has \emph{gleyic properties} throughout and \emph{reducing conditions} -in some parts of every sublayer (2). - -\hypertarget{inclinigleyic-iy}{% -\subsubsection{Inclinigleyic (iy)}\label{inclinigleyic-iy}} - -(from Latin \emph{inclinare}, to bow): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and -starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil, that has \emph{gleyic -properties} throughout and \emph{reducing conditions} in some parts of -every sublayer; and having a slope inclination of ≥~5\% and a subsurface -water flow for some time during the year (2). - -\hypertarget{protogleyic-qy}{% -\subsubsection{Protogleyic (qy)}\label{protogleyic-qy}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that has \emph{gleyic -properties} throughout and \emph{reducing conditions} in some parts of -every sublayer (2). - -\hypertarget{relictigleyic-rl}{% -\subsubsection{Relictigleyic (rl)}\label{relictigleyic-rl}} - -(from Latin \emph{relictus}, left back): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick -and starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that meets criterion -2 of the \emph{gleyic properties} throughout and not having -\emph{reducing conditions} (2). - -\hypertarget{glossic-gs}{% -\subsection{Glossic (gs)}\label{glossic-gs}} - -(from Greek \emph{glossa}, tongue): having albeluvic glossae starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{greyzemic-gz}{% -\subsection{Greyzemic (gz)}\label{greyzemic-gz}} - -(from English \emph{grey}, and Russian \emph{zemlya}, earth): having -uncoated sand and/or coarse silt grains on soil aggregate surfaces in -the lower half of a \emph{mollic horizon}. - -\hypertarget{grumic-gm}{% -\subsection{Grumic (gm)}\label{grumic-gm}} - -(from Latin \emph{grumus}, soil heap): having at the mineral soil -surface a layer, ≥~1~cm thick, with strong granular structure or strong -angular or subangular blocky structure with an aggregate size of ≤~1~cm, -i.e.~`self-mulching' (\emph{in Vertisols only}). - -\hypertarget{gypsic-gy}{% -\subsection{Gypsic (gy)}\label{gypsic-gy}} - -(from Greek \emph{gypsos}, gypsum): having a gypsic horizon starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hypergypsic-jg}{% -\subsubsection{Hypergypsic (jg)}\label{hypergypsic-jg}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{gypsic horizon} with a -gypsum content of ≥~50\% and starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{protogypsic-qq}{% -\subsubsection{Protogypsic (qq)}\label{protogypsic-qq}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer with \emph{protogypsic -properties} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface and not -having a \emph{gypsic} or \emph{petrogypsic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm -from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{gypsiric-gp}{% -\subsection{Gypsiric (gp)}\label{gypsiric-gp}} - -(from Greek \emph{gypsos}, gypsum): having \emph{gypsiric material} - -\begin{itemize} -\item - in a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil - surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface; -\end{itemize} - -and not having a \emph{gypsic} or \emph{petrogypsic horizon} starting -≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2; no subqualifier if a limiting -layer starts \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{haplic-ha}{% -\subsection{Haplic (ha)}\label{haplic-ha}} - -(from Greek \emph{haplous}, simple): no other principal qualifier of the -respective RSG applies. - -\hypertarget{hemic-hm}{% -\subsection{Hemic (hm)}\label{hemic-hm}} - -(from Greek \emph{hemisys}, half): having \emph{organic material} that, -after rubbing, consists of ≤~two thirds and \textgreater~one sixth (by -volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant remnants) of -recognizable dead plant tissues in - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm within 100~cm - of the soil surface, \emph{or} -\item - the weighted average of the entire organic material if the organic - material within 100~cm of the soil surface has a combined thickness of - \textless~60~cm (\emph{in Histosols only}) (2; no subqualifier if no - organic material is present ≥~60~cm of the soil surface). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{histic-hi}{% -\subsection{Histic (hi)}\label{histic-hi}} - -(from Greek \emph{histos}, tissue): having a \emph{histic horizon} -starting - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - at the soil surface, \emph{or} -\item - directly below a layer, \textless~40~cm thick, consisting of - \emph{mulmic material}, \emph{or} -\item - directly below a layer, \textless~40~cm thick, consisting of - \emph{organic material}, that is saturated with water for \textless~30 - consecutive days in most years and is not drained. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{skeletohistic-kh}{% -\subsubsection{Skeletohistic (kh)}\label{skeletohistic-kh}} - -(from Greek \emph{skeletos}, dried out): having a \emph{histic horizon} -starting - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - at the soil surface \emph{or} -\item - directly below a layer, \textless~40~cm thick, consisting of - \emph{mulmic material} \emph{or} -\item - directly below a layer, \textless~40~cm thick, consisting of - \emph{organic material} that is saturated with water for \textless~30 - consecutive days in most years and is not drained; with ≥~40\% (by - volume, weighted average, related to the whole soil) coarse fragments. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{hortic-ht}{% -\subsection{Hortic (ht)}\label{hortic-ht}} - -(from Latin \emph{hortus}, garden): having a \emph{hortic horizon} (2: -Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{humic-hu}{% -\subsection{Humic (hu)}\label{humic-hu}} - -(from Latin \emph{humus}, earth): having ≥~1\% \emph{soil organic -carbon} as a weighted average to a depth of 50~cm from the mineral soil -surface (if a limiting layer starts within the specified depth, the -depth range below that contributes a 0 to the calculation of the -weighted average). - -\hypertarget{hyperhumic-jh}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperhumic (jh)}\label{hyperhumic-jh}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having ≥~5\% soil organic carbon as a -weighted average to a depth of 50~cm from the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{profundihumic-dh}{% -\subsubsection{Profundihumic (dh)}\label{profundihumic-dh}} - -(from Latin \emph{profundus}, deep): having to a depth of 100~cm from -the mineral soil surface ≥~1.4\% \emph{soil organic carbon} as a -weighted average and ≥~1\% soil organic carbon throughout. - -\hypertarget{hydragric-hg}{% -\subsection{Hydragric (hg)}\label{hydragric-hg}} - -(from Greek \emph{hydor}, water, and Latin \emph{ager}, field): having -an \emph{anthraquic horizon} and a directly underlying \emph{hydragric -horizon}, the latter starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface. - -\hypertarget{hyperhydragric-jy}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperhydragric (jy)}\label{hyperhydragric-jy}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having an \emph{anthraquic horizon} and -a directly underlying \emph{hydragric horizon} with a combined thickness -of ≥~100~cm. - -\hypertarget{hydric-hy}{% -\subsection{Hydric (hy)}\label{hydric-hy}} - -(from Greek \emph{hydor}, water): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~35~cm that -have \emph{andic properties} and a water content ≥~70\% (mass of water -divided by mass of dry soil) at 1500~kPa tension, measured without -previous drying of the sample (\emph{in Andosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{hydrophobic-hf}{% -\subsection{Hydrophobic (hf)}\label{hydrophobic-hf}} - -(from Greek \emph{hydor}, water, and \emph{phobos}, fear): -water-repellent, i.e.~water stands on a dry soil surface for ≥~60 -seconds (\emph{in Arenosols only}). - -\hypertarget{hyperalic-jl}{% -\subsection{Hyperalic (jl)}\label{hyperalic-jl}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over, and Latin \emph{alumen}, alum): having -an \emph{argic horizon}, starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface, that has a silt to clay ratio of \textless~0.6 and an Al -saturation (effective) of ≥~50\%, throughout or to a depth of 50~cm -below its upper limit, whichever is thinner (\emph{in Alisols only}). - -\hypertarget{hyperartefactic-ja}{% -\subsection{Hyperartefactic (ja)}\label{hyperartefactic-ja}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over, and Latin \emph{ars}, art, and -\emph{factus}, made): having ≥~50\% (by volume, weighted average, -related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} within 100~cm of the soil -surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower (\emph{in -Technosols only}). - -\hypertarget{hypercalcic-jc-1}{% -\subsection{Hypercalcic (jc)}\label{hypercalcic-jc-1}} - -see \emph{Calcic}. - -\hypertarget{hypereutric-je-1}{% -\subsection{Hypereutric (je):}\label{hypereutric-je-1}} - -see \emph{Eutric}. - -\hypertarget{hypergypsic-jy}{% -\subsection{Hypergypsic (jy):}\label{hypergypsic-jy}} - -see \emph{Gypsic}. - -\hypertarget{hypernatric-jn}{% -\subsection{Hypernatric (jn):}\label{hypernatric-jn}} - -see \emph{Natric}. - -\hypertarget{hyperorganic-jo}{% -\subsection{Hyperorganic (jo)}\label{hyperorganic-jo}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over, and \emph{organon}, tool): having -organic material ≥~200~cm thick (\emph{in Histosols only}). - -\hypertarget{hypersalic-jz}{% -\subsection{Hypersalic (jz)}\label{hypersalic-jz}} - -see \emph{Salic}. - -\hypertarget{hyperspodic-jp}{% -\subsection{Hyperspodic (jp)}\label{hyperspodic-jp}} - -see \emph{Spodic}. - -\hypertarget{immissic-im}{% -\subsection{Immissic (im)}\label{immissic-im}} - -(from Latin \emph{immissus}, sent inside): having at the soil surface a -layer, ≥~10~cm thick, with ≥~20\% (by volume) sedimented dust, soot or -ash that meets the diagnostic criteria of \emph{artefacts} (2: Ano- and -Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{inclinic-ic}{% -\subsection{Inclinic (ic)}\label{inclinic-ic}} - -(from Latin \emph{inclinare}, to bow): having - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - a slope inclination of ≥~5\%, \emph{and} -\item - a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~75 cm from the mineral soil - surface, with \emph{gleyic} or \emph{stagnic properties} and a - subsurface water flow for some time during the year. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{infraandic-ia}{% -\subsection{Infraandic (ia)}\label{infraandic-ia}} - -(from Latin \emph{infra}, below, and Japanese \emph{an}, dark, and -\emph{do}, soil): having a layer, ≥~15~cm thick, that underlies a soil -classified with preference according to the `Rules for naming soils' -(Chapter 2.4) and that meets diagnostic criteria 2 and 3 of the -\emph{andic properties} and fails diagnostic criterion 1. - -\hypertarget{infraspodic-is}{% -\subsection{Infraspodic (is)}\label{infraspodic-is}} - -(from Latin \emph{infra}, below, and Greek \emph{spodos}, wood ash): -having a layer that underlies a soil classified with preference -according to the `Rules for naming soils' (Chapter 2.4) and that meets -diagnostic criteria 3 to 7 of the \emph{spodic horizon} and fails -diagnostic criterion 1 or 2 or both. - -\hypertarget{irragric-ir}{% -\subsection{Irragric (ir)}\label{irragric-ir}} - -(from Latin \emph{irrigare}, to irrigate, and \emph{ager}, field): -having an \emph{irragric horizon} (2: Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{isolatic-il}{% -\subsection{Isolatic (il)}\label{isolatic-il}} - -(from Italian \emph{isola}, island): having, above \emph{technic hard -material}, above a geomembrane or above a continuous layer of -\emph{artefacts} starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface, soil material -containing fine earth without any contact to other soil material -containing fine earth (e.g.~soils on roofs or in pots). - -\hypertarget{isopteric-ip}{% -\subsection{Isopteric (ip)}\label{isopteric-ip}} - -(related to \emph{Isoptera}, zoologic order of termites): having a -layer, ≥~30~cm thick and starting at the mineral soil surface, that is -remodelled by termites, has a bulk density -≤~1.3~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3} and \textless~5\% particles ≥~630~μm (2: -Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{kalaic-ka}{% -\subsection{Kalaic (ka)}\label{kalaic-ka}} - -(from Tamil \emph{kalai}, art): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~90~cm from the soil surface, with ≥~50\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} (2: Epi-, Endo- and -Amphionly). - -\hypertarget{protokalaic-qk}{% -\subsubsection{Protokalaic (qk)}\label{protokalaic-qk}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer, ≥~10~cm thick and -starting ≤~90~cm from the soil surface, with ≥~25\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} (2: Epi-, Endo- and -Amphi- only). - -\hypertarget{lamellic-ll}{% -\subsection{Lamellic (ll)}\label{lamellic-ll}} - -(from Latin \emph{lamella}, metal blade): having two or more lamellae, -≥~0.5 and \textless~7.5~cm thick, that have one or both of the -following: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - higher clay contents than the directly overlying and underlying layers - as stated in the diagnostic criteria 2.a of the \emph{argic horizon}, - or -\item - meet the diagnostic criteria 2.b of the \emph{argic horizon}, -\end{itemize} - -with or without other accumulations, and that have a combined thickness -of ≥~5~cm within 50~cm; the uppermost lamella starting ≤~100~cm from the -mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{totilamellic-ta}{% -\subsubsection{Totilamellic (ta)}\label{totilamellic-ta}} - -(from Latin \emph{totus}, complete): having an \emph{argic horizon} that -consists entirely of lamellae starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface. - -\hypertarget{lapiadic-ld}{% -\subsection{Lapiadic (ld)}\label{lapiadic-ld}} - -(from Latin \emph{lapis}, stone): having at the soil surface -\emph{continuous rock} that has dissolution features (rills, grooves), -≥~20~cm deep and covering ≥~10 and \textless~50\% of the surface of the -\emph{continuous rock} (in Leptosols only). - -\hypertarget{laxic-la}{% -\subsection{Laxic (la)}\label{laxic-la}} - -(from Latin \emph{laxus}, slack): having between 25 and 75~cm from the -mineral soil surface a mineral soil layer, ≥~20~cm thick, that has a -bulk density of ≤~0.9~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3}. - -\textbf{Note:} For bulk density, the volume is determined after an -undried soil sample has been desorbed at 33~kPa (no prior drying), and -afterwards the weight is determined at 105~°C (see Annex 2, Chapter -9.5). - -\hypertarget{leptic-le}{% -\subsection{Leptic (le)}\label{leptic-le}} - -(from Greek \emph{leptos}, thin): having continuous rock starting -≤~100~cm from the soil surface (1: Epi- and Endo- only). - -\hypertarget{lignic-lg}{% -\subsection{Lignic (lg)}\label{lignic-lg}} - -(from Latin \emph{lignum}, wood): having inclusions of intact wood -fragments that make up ≥~25\% of the soil volume (related to the fine -earth plus all dead plant remnants), within 50~cm from the soil surface. - -\hypertarget{limnic-lm}{% -\subsection{Limnic (lm)}\label{limnic-lm}} - -(from Greek \emph{limnae}, pool): having one or more layers with -\emph{limnic material} with a combined thickness of ≥~10~cm within -100~cm of the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{limonic-ln}{% -\subsection{Limonic (ln)}\label{limonic-ln}} - -(from Greek \emph{leimon}, meadow): having a \emph{limonic horizon}, -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{linic-lc}{% -\subsection{Linic (lc)}\label{linic-lc}} - -(from Latin \emph{linea}, line): having a continuous, very slowly -permeable to impermeable constructed geomembrane of any thickness -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (1). - -\hypertarget{lithic-li}{% -\subsection{Lithic (li)}\label{lithic-li}} - -(from Greek \emph{lithos}, stone): having \emph{continuous rock} -starting ≤~10~cm from the soil surface (\emph{in Leptosols only}). - -\hypertarget{nudilithic-nt}{% -\subsubsection{Nudilithic (nt)}\label{nudilithic-nt}} - -(from Latin \emph{nudus}, naked): having \emph{continuous rock} at the -soil surface (\emph{in Leptosols only}). - -\hypertarget{litholinic-lh}{% -\subsection{Litholinic (lh)}\label{litholinic-lh}} - -(from Greek \emph{lithos}, stone, and Latin \emph{linea}, line): having -a layer, ≥~2 and ≤~20~cm thick and starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral -soil surface, that has ≥~40\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) -coarse fragments and in the layers above and below \textless~10\% (by -volume, related to the whole soil) coarse fragments (\emph{stone line}) -(1, referring to the upper limit of the layer). - -\hypertarget{lixic-lx}{% -\subsection{Lixic (lx)}\label{lixic-lx}} - -(from Latin \emph{lixivia}, washed-out substances): having an -\emph{argic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface -with a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of -\textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay in some -subhorizon within 150~cm of the mineral soil surface; and having -exchangeable Al ≤ exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) in half or more of the depth -range between 50 and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface or the lower -half of the mineral soil above a limiting layer starting ≤~100~cm from -the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower (2). - -\textbf{Note:} Exchangeable cations are given in -cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. If these data are not -available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13). - -\hypertarget{loamic-lo}{% -\subsection{Loamic (lo)}\label{loamic-lo}} - -(from English \emph{loam}): consisting of \emph{mineral material} and -having, single or in cobmination, a texture class of loam, sandy loam, -clay loam, sandy clay loam or silty clay loam - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm, occurring - within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textgreater~10 and \textless~60~cm from the mineral - soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from the -mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{luvic-lv}{% -\subsection{Luvic (lv)}\label{luvic-lv}} - -(from Latin \emph{eluere}, to wash): having an \emph{argic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface with a CEC (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of -≥~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay throughout within -150~cm of the mineral soil surface; and having exchangeable Al ≤ -exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) in half or more of the depth range between 50 -and 100~cm of the mineral soil surface or the lower half of the mineral -soil above a limiting layer starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface, whichever is shallower (2). - -\textbf{Note:} Exchangeable cations are given in -cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1}. If these data are not -available, pH values may be used according to Annex 2 (Chapter 9.13). - -\hypertarget{magnesic-mg}{% -\subsection{Magnesic (mg)}\label{magnesic-mg}} - -(from the chemical element \emph{magnesium}): having an exchangeable Ca -to Mg ratio of \textless~1 - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil - surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from the -mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{hypermagnesic-jm}{% -\subsubsection{Hypermagnesic (jm)}\label{hypermagnesic-jm}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having an exchangeable Ca to Mg ratio -of \textless~0.1 - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in a layer, ≥~30~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil - surface, \emph{or} -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textless~60~cm from the mineral soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from the -mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{mawic-mw}{% -\subsection{Mawic (mw):}\label{mawic-mw}} - -(from Kiswahili \emph{mawe}, stones): having a layer of coarse fragments -that, together with overlying \emph{organic material}, if present, -starts at the soil surface and has a thickness of - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~10~cm if overlying \emph{continuous rock} or \emph{technic hard - material}; \emph{or} -\item - ≥~40~cm; -\end{itemize} - -and the major part of the interstices between the coarse fragments is -filled with \emph{organic material} and the remaining interstices, if -present, are void (\emph{in Histosols only}) (1: Epi- and Endo- only; -referring to the upper limit of the layer of coarse fragments). - -\hypertarget{mazic-mz}{% -\subsection{Mazic (mz)}\label{mazic-mz}} - -(from Spanish \emph{maza}, cudgel): having a massive structure and a -rupture-resistance class of at least hard in the upper 20~cm of the -mineral soil (\emph{in Vertisols only}). - -\hypertarget{mineralic-mi}{% -\subsection{Mineralic (mi)}\label{mineralic-mi}} - -(from Celtic \emph{mine}, mineral): having, within 100~cm of the soil -surface, one or more layers of \emph{mineral material}, not consisting -of \emph{mulmic material}, with a combined thickness of ≥~20~cm, above -or in between layers of \emph{organic material} (\emph{in Histosols -only}) (2: Epi-, Endo-, Amphi- and Poly- only). - -\hypertarget{akromineralic-km}{% -\subsubsection{Akromineralic (km)}\label{akromineralic-km}} - -(from Greek \emph{akra}, top): having mineral material, ≥~10~cm thick, -not consisting of \emph{mulmic material} and starting at the soil -surface, but the layers of \emph{mineral material}, not consisting of -\emph{mulmic material}, above or in between layers of \emph{organic -material} have a combined thickness of \textless~20~cm (\emph{in -Histosols only}). - -\hypertarget{orthomineralic-oi}{% -\subsubsection{Orthomineralic (oi)}\label{orthomineralic-oi}} - -(from Greek \emph{orthos}, right): having: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{mineral material}, ≥~10~cm thick, not consisting of \emph{mulmic - material} and starting at the soil surface, \emph{and} -\item - within 100~cm of the soil surface, one or more layers of \emph{mineral - material}, not consisting of \emph{mulmic material}, with a combined - thickness of ≥~20~cm, above or in between layers of \emph{organic - material} (\emph{in Histosols only}) (2: Epi-, Endo-, Amphi- and Poly- - only). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{mochipic-mc}{% -\subsection{Mochipic (mc)}\label{mochipic-mc}} - -(from Nahuatl \emph{mochipa}, always): having a layer with \emph{stagnic -properties}, ≥~25~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil -surface, that is water-saturated for ≥~300 cumulative days in most -years. - -\hypertarget{mollic-mo}{% -\subsection{Mollic (mo)}\label{mollic-mo}} - -(from Latin \emph{mollis}, soft): having a \emph{mollic horizon} (2: -Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{anthromollic-am}{% -\subsubsection{Anthromollic (am)}\label{anthromollic-am}} - -(from Greek \emph{anthropos}, human being): having a \emph{mollic -horizon} and \emph{anthric properties} (2: Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{somerimollic-sm}{% -\subsubsection{Somerimollic (sm)}\label{somerimollic-sm}} - -(from Spanish \emph{somero}, superficial): having a \emph{mollic -horizon}, \textless~20~cm thick. - -\hypertarget{tonguimollic-tm}{% -\subsubsection{Tonguimollic (tm)}\label{tonguimollic-tm}} - -(from English \emph{tongue}): having a \emph{mollic horizon} that -tongues into an underlying layer (2: Ano- and Panto- only; referring to -the \emph{mollic horizon}, not to the tongues). - -\hypertarget{mulmic-mm}{% -\subsection{Mulmic (mm)}\label{mulmic-mm}} - -(from German \emph{mulm}, powdery detritus): having a layer, ≥~10~cm -thick, consisting of \emph{mulmic material} and starting at the mineral -soil surface. - -\hypertarget{murshic-mh}{% -\subsection{Murshic (mh)}\label{murshic-mh}} - -(from Polish \emph{mursz}, decay): having a drained \emph{histic -horizon}, ≥~20~cm thick, and starting - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - at the soil surface, \emph{or} -\item - directly below a layer, \textless~40~cm thick, consisting of - \emph{mulmic material}, \emph{or} -\item - directly below a layer, \textless~40~cm thick, consisting of - \emph{organic material} that is saturated with water for \textless~30 - consecutive days in most years and is not drained, -\end{itemize} - -and having a bulk density of ≥~0.2~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3} and one or -both of the following: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - moderate to strong granular structure or moderate to strong angular or - subangular blocky structure, or -\item - cracks -\end{itemize} - -(\emph{in Histosols only}) (2). - -\textbf{Note:} For bulk density, the volume is determined after an -undried soil sample has been desorbed at 33~kPa (no prior drying), and -afterwards the weight is determined at 105~°C (see Annex 2, Chapter -9.5). - -\hypertarget{muusic-mu}{% -\subsection{Muusic (mu):}\label{muusic-mu}} - -(from Sakha \emph{muus}, ice): having \emph{organic material} starting -at the soil surface that directly overlies ice (\emph{in Histosols -only}) (1: Epi- and Endo- only; referring to the upper limit of the -ice). - -\hypertarget{naramic-nr}{% -\subsection{Naramic (nr)}\label{naramic-nr}} - -(from Hindi, \emph{naram}, soft): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Gypsisols}: having a \emph{gypsic horizon} above a - \emph{petrogypsic horizon} that starts ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface (2). -\item - in \emph{Calcisols}: having a \emph{calcic horizon} above a - \emph{petrocalcic horizon} that starts ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil - surface (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{natric-na}{% -\subsection{Natric (na)}\label{natric-na}} - -(from Arabic \emph{natroon}, salt): having a \emph{natric horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hypernatric-jn-1}{% -\subsubsection{Hypernatric (jn)}\label{hypernatric-jn-1}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{natric horizon} with an -exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of ≥~15 throughout the entire natric -horizon or within its upper 40~cm, whichever is thinner. - -\hypertarget{nudinatric-nn}{% -\subsubsection{Nudinatric (nn)}\label{nudinatric-nn}} - -(from Latin \emph{nudus}, naked): having a \emph{natric horizon} -starting at the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{nechic-ne}{% -\subsection{Nechic (ne)}\label{nechic-ne}} - -(from Amharic \emph{nech}, white): having a pH\textsubscript{water} of -\textless~5 and uncoated mineral grains of sand and/or coarse silt size -in a darker matrix somewhere within 5~cm of the mineral soil surface and -no \emph{spodic horizon} starting ≤~200~cm from the mineral soil -surface. - -\hypertarget{neocambic-nc-1}{% -\subsection{Neocambic (nc):}\label{neocambic-nc-1}} - -see \emph{Cambic}. - -\hypertarget{nitic-ni}{% -\subsection{Nitic (ni)}\label{nitic-ni}} - -(from Latin \emph{nitidus}, shiny): having a \emph{nitic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface. (2) - -\hypertarget{novic-nv}{% -\subsection{Novic (nv)}\label{novic-nv}} - -(from Latin \emph{novus}, new): having a layer, ≥~5 and \textless~50~cm -thick, overlying a buried soil that is classified with preference -according to the `Rules for naming soils' (Chapter 2.4). - -\hypertarget{areninovic-aj}{% -\subsubsection{Areninovic (aj)}\label{areninovic-aj}} - -(from Latin \emph{arena}, sand): having a layer, ≥~5 and \textless~50~cm -thick, that has, single or in combination, a texture class of sand or -loamy sand in its major part, overlying a buried soil that is classified -with preference according to the `Rules for naming soils' (Chapter 2.4). - -\hypertarget{clayinovic-cj}{% -\subsubsection{Clayinovic (cj)}\label{clayinovic-cj}} - -(from English \emph{clay}): having a layer, ≥~5 and \textless~50~cm -thick, that has, single or in combination, a texture class of clay, -sandy clay or silty clay in its major part, overlying a buried soil that -is classified with preference according to the `Rules for naming soils' -(Chapter 2.4). - -\hypertarget{loaminovic-lj}{% -\subsubsection{Loaminovic (lj)}\label{loaminovic-lj}} - -(from English \emph{loam}): having a layer, ≥~5 and \textless~50~cm -thick, that has, single or in combination, a texture class of loam, -sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam or silty clay loam in its major -part, overlying a buried soil that is classified with preference -according to the `Rules for naming soils' (Chapter 2.4). - -\hypertarget{siltinovic-sj}{% -\subsubsection{Siltinovic (sj)}\label{siltinovic-sj}} - -(from English \emph{silt}): having a layer, ≥~5 and \textless~50~cm -thick, that has, single or in combination, a texture class of silt or -silt loam in its major part, overlying a buried soil that is classified -with preference according to the `Rules for naming soils' (Chapter 2.4). - -Combinations possible to indicate the deposited material (see Chapter -2.4). - -\hypertarget{nudiargic-ng}{% -\subsection{Nudiargic (ng)}\label{nudiargic-ng}} - -(from Latin \emph{nudus}, naked, and \emph{argilla}, white clay): having -an \emph{argic horizon} starting at the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{nudilithic-nt-1}{% -\subsection{Nudilithic (nt)}\label{nudilithic-nt-1}} - -see \emph{Lithic}. - -\hypertarget{nudinatric-nn-1}{% -\subsection{Nudinatric (nn)}\label{nudinatric-nn-1}} - -see \emph{Natric}. - -\hypertarget{ochric-oh}{% -\subsection{Ochric (oh)}\label{ochric-oh}} - -(from Greek \emph{ochros}, pale): having ≥~0.2\% \emph{soil organic -carbon} (weighted average) in the upper 10 cm of the mineral soil; and -not having a \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon} and not meeting the -set of diagnostic criteria of the Humic qualifier. - -\hypertarget{ombric-om}{% -\subsection{Ombric (om)}\label{ombric-om}} - -(from Greek \emph{ombros}, rain): having a \emph{histic horizon}, the -upper ≥~20~cm or at least the upper half of which, whichever is -shallower, are saturated predominantly with rainwater (\emph{in -Histosols only}). - -\hypertarget{ornithic-oc}{% -\subsection{Ornithic (oc)}\label{ornithic-oc}} - -(from Greek \emph{ornis}, bird): having a layer, ≥~15~cm thick, with -\emph{ornithogenic material} starting ≤~50~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{orthofluvic-of-1}{% -\subsection{Orthofluvic (of)}\label{orthofluvic-of-1}} - -see \emph{Fluvic}. - -\hypertarget{ortsteinic-os}{% -\subsection{Ortsteinic (os)}\label{ortsteinic-os}} - -(from Old Saxonian \emph{arut}, hard): having a \emph{spodic horizon} -that has a subhorizon that is cemented (`ortstein') with a cementation -class of at least moderately cemented in ≥~50\% of its horizontal -extension and that does not meet the set of diagnostic criteria of the -Placic qualifier (\emph{in Podzols only}). - -\hypertarget{oxyaquic-oa}{% -\subsection{Oxyaquic (oa)}\label{oxyaquic-oa}} - -(from Greek \emph{oxys}, sour, and Latin \emph{aqua}, water): having a -layer, ≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, -that is saturated with water during a period of ≥~20 consecutive days; -and not having \emph{gleyic properties} and not having \emph{stagnic -properties} in any layer within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{oxygleyic-oy}{% -\subsection{Oxygleyic (oy)}\label{oxygleyic-oy}} - -(from Greek oxys, \emph{sour}, and Russian folk name \emph{gley}, wet -bluish clay): not having, within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, a -layer that meets diagnostic criterion 1 of the \emph{gleyic properties} -(\emph{in Gleysols only}). - -\hypertarget{pachic-ph}{% -\subsection{Pachic (ph)}\label{pachic-ph}} - -(from Greek \emph{pachys}, thick): having a \emph{chernic}, -\emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon} ≥~50~cm thick. - -\hypertarget{panpaic-pb}{% -\subsection{Panpaic (pb)}\label{panpaic-pb}} - -(from Quechua \emph{p'anpay}, to bury): having a \emph{panpaic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (1, referring to the -upper limit of the \emph{panpaic horizon}). - -\hypertarget{pellic-pe}{% -\subsection{Pellic (pe)}\label{pellic-pe}} - -(from Greek \emph{pellos}, dusty): having in the upper 30~cm of the -mineral soil a Munsell colour value of ≤~3 and a chroma of ≤~2, both -moist (\emph{in Vertisols only}). - -\hypertarget{pelocrustic-p}{% -\subsection{Pelocrustic (p)}\label{pelocrustic-p}} - -(from Greek \emph{pelos}, clay, and Latin \emph{crusta}, crust): having -a permanent physical surface crust with ≥~30\% clay (\emph{in Vertisols -only}). - -\hypertarget{petric-pt}{% -\subsection{Petric (pt)}\label{petric-pt}} - -(from Greek \emph{petros}, rock): having the cemented diagnostic horizon -of the respective RSG, starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface -(1: Epi- and Endo- only). - -\hypertarget{nudipetric-np}{% -\subsubsection{Nudipetric (np)}\label{nudipetric-np}} - -(from Latin \emph{nudus}, naked): having the cemented diagnostic horizon -of the respective RSG, starting at the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{petrocalcic-pc}{% -\subsection{Petrocalcic (pc)}\label{petrocalcic-pc}} - -(from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and Latin \emph{calx}, lime): having a -\emph{petrocalcic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{petroduric-pd}{% -\subsection{Petroduric (pd)}\label{petroduric-pd}} - -(from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and Latin \emph{durus}, hard): having a -\emph{petroduric horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{petrogypsic-pg}{% -\subsection{Petrogypsic (pg)}\label{petrogypsic-pg}} - -(from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and \emph{gypsos}, gypsum): having a -\emph{petrogypsic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{petroplinthic-pp}{% -\subsection{Petroplinthic (pp)}\label{petroplinthic-pp}} - -(from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and \emph{plinthos}, brick): having a -\emph{petroplinthic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{petrosalic-ps}{% -\subsection{Petrosalic (ps)}\label{petrosalic-ps}} - -(from Greek \emph{petros}, rock, and Latin \emph{sal}, salt): having a -layer, ≥~10~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, -which is cemented by salts more soluble than gypsum (2). - -\hypertarget{pisoplinthic-px}{% -\subsection{Pisoplinthic (px)}\label{pisoplinthic-px}} - -(from Latin \emph{pisum}, pea, and Greek \emph{plinthos}, brick): having -a \emph{pisoplinthic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{placic-pi}{% -\subsection{Placic (pi)}\label{placic-pi}} - -(from Greek \emph{plax}, flat stone): having a layer, ≥~0.1 and -\textless~2.5~cm thick and within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, -that is cemented, with a cementation class of at least weakly cemented, -by Fe oxides, with or without other cementing agents, and is continuous -to the extent that vertical fractures, if present, have an average -horizontal spacing of ≥~10~cm and occupy \textless~20\% (by volume, -related to the whole soil) (2: Epi-, Endo- and Amphi- only). - -\hypertarget{plaggic-pa}{% -\subsection{Plaggic (pa)}\label{plaggic-pa}} - -(from Low German \emph{plaggen}, sod): having a \emph{plaggic horizon} -(2: Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{plinthic-pl}{% -\subsection{Plinthic (pl)}\label{plinthic-pl}} - -(from Greek \emph{plinthos}, brick): having a \emph{plinthic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{posic-po}{% -\subsection{Posic (po)}\label{posic-po}} - -(from Latin \emph{positivus}, given): having layer, ≥~30~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, that has a zero or -positive charge (pH\textsubscript{KCl} - pH\textsubscript{water}~≥~0, -both in 1:1 solution) (2). - -\hypertarget{pretic-pk}{% -\subsection{Pretic (pk)}\label{pretic-pk}} - -(from Portuguese \emph{preto}, black): having a \emph{pretic horizon} -(2: Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{profondic-pn}{% -\subsection{Profondic (pn)}\label{profondic-pn}} - -(from French \emph{profond}, deep): having an \emph{argic horizon}, in -which the clay content does not decrease by ≥~20\% (relative) from its -maximum within 150~cm of the mineral soil surface, throughout. - -\hypertarget{protic-pr}{% -\subsection{Protic (pr)}\label{protic-pr}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): showing no soil horizon development, -with the exception of a \emph{cryic horizon}, which may be present. - -\hypertarget{protoandic-qa-1}{% -\subsection{Protoandic (qa)}\label{protoandic-qa-1}} - -see \emph{Andic}. - -\hypertarget{protoargic-qg}{% -\subsection{Protoargic (qg)}\label{protoargic-qg}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first, and Latin \emph{argilla}, white clay): -having an absolute clay increase of ≥~4\% from one layer to the directly -underlying layer, within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface (in -\emph{Arenosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{protocalcic-qc-1}{% -\subsection{Protocalcic (qc)}\label{protocalcic-qc-1}} - -see \emph{Calcic}. - -\hypertarget{protospodic-qp}{% -\subsection{Protospodic (qp)}\label{protospodic-qp}} - -see \emph{Spodic}. - -\hypertarget{protovertic-qv}{% -\subsection{Protovertic (qv)}\label{protovertic-qv}} - -see \emph{Vertic}. - -\hypertarget{puffic-pu}{% -\subsection{Puffic (pu)}\label{puffic-pu}} - -(from English \emph{to puff}): having a chemical surface crust formed by -readily soluble salts \emph{(in Solonchaks only}). - -\hypertarget{pyric-py}{% -\subsection{Pyric (py)}\label{pyric-py}} - -(from Greek \emph{pyr}, fire): having within 100~cm of the soil surface -one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~10~cm with ≥~5\% (by -exposed area, related to the fine earth plus black carbon of any size) -visible black carbon and not forming part of a \emph{pretic horizon} -(2). - -\hypertarget{raptic-rp}{% -\subsection{Raptic (rp)}\label{raptic-rp}} - -(from Latin \emph{raptus}, broken): having a \emph{lithic discontinuity} -at some depth ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, that is not -related to \emph{fluvic material} and not to \emph{solimovic material} -(1). - -\hypertarget{reductaquic-ra}{% -\subsection{Reductaquic (ra)}\label{reductaquic-ra}} - -(from Latin \emph{reductus}, drawn back, and \emph{aqua}, water): having -above a \emph{cryic horizon} a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and starting ≤~75~cm -from the soil surface, that is saturated with water during the thawing -period and that has at some time of the year \emph{reducing conditions} -(\emph{in Cryosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{reductic-rd}{% -\subsection{Reductic (rd)}\label{reductic-rd}} - -(from Latin \emph{reductus}, drawn back): having \emph{reducing -conditions} in ≥~25\% (by volume) within 100~cm of the soil surface, -caused by gaseous emissions, e.g.~methane or carbon dioxide, or caused -by liquid intrusions other than water, e.g.~gasoline. - -\hypertarget{reductigleyic-ry}{% -\subsection{Reductigleyic (ry)}\label{reductigleyic-ry}} - -(Latin \emph{reductus}, drawn back, and Russian folk name \emph{gley}, -wet bluish clay): not having, ≥~40~cm from the mineral soil surface, a -layer that meets diagnostic criterion 2 of the \emph{gleyic properties} -(\emph{in Gleysols only}). - -\hypertarget{relocatic-rc}{% -\subsection{Relocatic (rc)}\label{relocatic-rc}} - -(from Latin \emph{re}, again, and \emph{locatus}, put): being remodelled -in situ or within the immediate vicinity by human activity to a depth of -≥~100~cm (e.g.~by deep ploughing, refilling soil pits or levelling land) -and no formation of diagnostic horizons after remodelling, throughout, -except a \emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon} (in \emph{Technosols}, -Relocatic is redundant, except in combination with the Ekranic, Thyric -or Linic qualifier); a destroyed diagnostic subsurface horizon may be -added with a hyphen, e.g.~Spodi-Relocatic, Spodi-Epirelocatic, however, -there are no codes provided for these additions (4: Epi- only). - -\hypertarget{rendzic-rz}{% -\subsection{Rendzic (rz)}\label{rendzic-rz}} - -(from Polish \emph{rzendzic}, to grate in contact with a plough blade): -having a \emph{mollic horizon} that contains or directly overlies -\emph{calcaric material} containing ≥~40\% calcium carbonate equivalent -or that directly overlies calcareous rock containing ≥~40\% calcium -carbonate equivalent (2: Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{somerirendzic-sr}{% -\subsubsection{Somerirendzic (sr)}\label{somerirendzic-sr}} - -(from Spanish \emph{somero}, superficial): having a \emph{mollic -horizon}, \textless~20~cm thick, that directly overlies calcareous rock -containing ≥~40\% calcium carbonate equivalent. - -\hypertarget{retic-rt}{% -\subsection{Retic (rt)}\label{retic-rt}} - -(from Latin \emph{rete}, net): having retic properties starting ≤~100~cm -from the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{rheic-rh}{% -\subsection{Rheic (rh)}\label{rheic-rh}} - -(from Greek \emph{rhein}, to flow): having a \emph{histic horizon}, in -which groundwater or flowing water ascends to \textless~20~cm of the -soil surface or reaches the \emph{histic horizon}'s upper half, -whichever is shallower (\emph{in Histosols only}). - -\hypertarget{rhodic-ro}{% -\subsection{Rhodic (ro)}\label{rhodic-ro}} - -(from Greek \emph{rhodon}, rose): having between 25 and 150~cm of the -mineral soil surface a layer, ≥~30~cm thick, that shows evidence of soil -formation as defined in criterion 3 of the cambic horizon and that has, -in ≥~90\% of its exposed area, a Munsell colour hue redder than 5YR -moist, a value of \textless~4 moist, and a value dry, not more than one -unit higher than the moist value. - -\hypertarget{rockic-rk}{% -\subsection{Rockic (rk)}\label{rockic-rk}} - -(from English \emph{rock}): having \emph{organic material} starting at -the soil surface that directly overlies \emph{continuous rock} or -\emph{technic hard material} (\emph{in Histosols only}) (1: Epi- and -Endo- only; referring to the upper limit of the \emph{continuous rock} -or \emph{technic hard material}). - -\hypertarget{rubic-ru}{% -\subsection{Rubic (ru)}\label{rubic-ru}} - -(from Latin \emph{ruber}, red): having between 25 and 100~cm of the -mineral soil surface a layer, ≥~30~cm thick, that does not consist of -\emph{claric material} and that has, in ≥~90\% of its exposed area, a -Munsell colour hue redder than 10YR and/or a chroma of ≥~5, both moist -(\emph{in Arenosols only}). - -\hypertarget{rustic-rs}{% -\subsection{Rustic (rs)}\label{rustic-rs}} - -(from English \emph{rust}): having a \emph{spodic horizon} that has a -Munsell colour chroma of ≥~6, moist, throughout (`Iron Podzols'; -\emph{in Podzols only}). - -\hypertarget{salic-sz}{% -\subsection{Salic (sz)}\label{salic-sz}} - -(from Latin \emph{sal}, salt): having a salic horizon starting ≤~100~cm -from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hypersalic-jz-1}{% -\subsubsection{Hypersalic (jz)}\label{hypersalic-jz-1}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{salic horizon} with a -subhorizon, ≥~15~cm thick and starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface, -that has an EC\textsubscript{e} of ≥~30~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} at -25~°C (2). - -\hypertarget{protosalic-qz}{% -\subsubsection{Protosalic (qz)}\label{protosalic-qz}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface a layer that has an EC\textsubscript{e} of -≥~4~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} at 25~°C; and not having a \emph{salic -horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{sapric-sa}{% -\subsection{Sapric (sa)}\label{sapric-sa}} - -(from Greek \emph{sapros}, rotten): having \emph{organic material} that, -after rubbing, consists of ≤~one~sixth (by volume, related to the fine -earth plus all dead plant remnants) of recognizable dead plant tissues -in - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30 cm within 100~cm - of the soil surface, or -\item - the weighted average of the entire \emph{organic material} if the - organic material within 100~cm of the soil surface has a combined - thickness of \textless~60~cm -\end{itemize} - -(\emph{in Histosols only}) (2; no subqualifier if no \emph{organic -material} is present ≥~60~cm of the soil surface). - -\hypertarget{saprolithic-sh}{% -\subsection{Saprolithic (sh)}\label{saprolithic-sh}} - -(from Greek \emph{sapros}, rotten, and \emph{lithos}, stone): having a -layer, ≥~30~cm thick and starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil -surface, that has rock structure in ≥~75\% (by volume, related to the -whole soil) and a CEC (by 1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of -\textless~24~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay (2). - -\hypertarget{sideralic-se}{% -\subsection{Sideralic (se)}\label{sideralic-se}} - -(from Greek \emph{sideros}, iron, and Latin \emph{alumen}, alum): having -within 150~cm of the mineral soil surface a layer that has -\emph{sideralic properties}; and not having a \emph{ferralic horizon} -starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hypersideralic-jr}{% -\subsubsection{Hypersideralic (jr)}\label{hypersideralic-jr}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having within 150~cm of the mineral -soil surface a layer that has \emph{sideralic properties} and a CEC (by -1~\emph{M}~NH\textsubscript{4}OAc, pH~7) of -\textless~16~cmol\textsubscript{c}~kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay; and not -having a \emph{ferralic horizon} starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil -surface (2). - -\hypertarget{silandic-sn}{% -\subsection{Silandic (sn)}\label{silandic-sn}} - -(from Latin \emph{silex}, silicon-containing material, and Japanese -\emph{an}, dark, and \emph{do}, soil): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~15~cm with -\emph{andic properties} and a Si\textsubscript{ox} content of ≥~0.6\% -(\emph{in Andosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{siltic-sl}{% -\subsection{Siltic (sl)}\label{siltic-sl}} - -(from English \emph{silt}): consisting of \emph{mineral material} and -having, single or in combination, a texture class of silt or silt loam - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in one or more layers with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm, occurring - within 100~cm of the mineral soil surface, or -\item - in the major part between the mineral soil surface and a limiting - layer starting \textgreater~10 and \textless~60~cm from the mineral - soil surface -\end{itemize} - -(2; no subqualifier if a limiting layer starts \textless~60~cm from the -mineral soil surface). - -\hypertarget{skeletic-sk}{% -\subsection{Skeletic (sk)}\label{skeletic-sk}} - -(from Greek \emph{skeletos}, dried out): having ≥~40\% (by volume, -related to the whole soil) coarse fragments averaged over a depth of -100~cm from the mineral soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever -is shallower (5). - -\hypertarget{akroskeletic-kk}{% -\subsubsection{Akroskeletic (kk)}\label{akroskeletic-kk}} - -(from Greek \emph{akra}, top): having ≥~40\% of the soil surface covered -by fragments that have an average length of their greatest dimension of -\textgreater~6~cm (stones, boulders and/or large boulders). - -\hypertarget{ejectiskeletic-jk}{% -\subsubsection{Ejectiskeletic (jk)}\label{ejectiskeletic-jk}} - -(from Latin \emph{ejicere}, to throw out): having ≥~40\% (by volume, -related to the whole soil) coarse fragments of pyroclastic origin -(lapilli, bombs and/or blocks), averaged over a depth of 100~cm from the -mineral soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower (5). - -\hypertarget{orthoskeletic-ok}{% -\subsubsection{Orthoskeletic (ok)}\label{orthoskeletic-ok}} - -(from Greek \emph{orthos}, right): having: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~40\% of the soil surface covered by fragments that have an average - length of their greatest dimension of \textgreater~6~cm (stones, - boulders and/or large boulders), \emph{and} -\item - ≥~40\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) coarse fragments - averaged over a depth of 100~cm from the mineral soil surface or to a - limiting layer, whichever is shallower (5). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{sodic-so}{% -\subsection{Sodic (so)}\label{sodic-so}} - -(from Arabic \emph{suda}, headache - referring to the -headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate): having a layer, -≥~20~cm thick and starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, that -has ≥~15\%~Na plus Mg and ≥~6\%~Na on the exchange complex; and not -having a \emph{natric horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface -(2). - -\hypertarget{argisodic-as}{% -\subsubsection{Argisodic (as)}\label{argisodic-as}} - -(from Latin \emph{argilla}, white clay): having an argic horizon, -starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, that has ≥ 15\% Na plus -Mg and ≥ 6\% Na on the exchange complex throughout the argic horizon or -within its upper 40 cm, whichever is thinner (2). - -\hypertarget{protosodic-qs}{% -\subsubsection{Protosodic (qs)}\label{protosodic-qs}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer, ≥~20~cm thick and -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface, that has ≥~6\%~Na on -the exchange complex; and not having a natric horizon starting ≤~100~cm -from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{solimovic-sv}{% -\subsection{Solimovic (sv)}\label{solimovic-sv}} - -(from Latin \emph{solum}, soil, and \emph{movere}, to move): having -\emph{solimovic material}, ≥~20~cm thick and starting at the mineral -soil surface (2: Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{sombric-sb}{% -\subsection{Sombric (sb)}\label{sombric-sb}} - -(from French \emph{sombre}, shade): having a \emph{sombric horizon} -starting ≤~150~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{someric-si}{% -\subsection{Someric (si)}\label{someric-si}} - -(from Spanish \emph{somero}, superficial): having a \emph{mollic} or -\emph{umbric horizon}, \textless~20~cm thick. - -\hypertarget{spodic-sd}{% -\subsection{Spodic (sd)}\label{spodic-sd}} - -(from Greek \emph{spodos}, wood ash): having a \emph{spodic horizon} -starting ≤~200~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hyperspodic-jp-1}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperspodic (jp)}\label{hyperspodic-jp-1}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{spodic horizon}, -≥~100~cm thick and starting ≤~200~cm from the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{nudispodic-ns}{% -\subsubsection{Nudispodic (ns)}\label{nudispodic-ns}} - -(from Latin \emph{nudus}, naked, and Greek \emph{spodos}, wood ash): -having layer, starting at the mineral soil surface, that fulfils the -criteria of the \emph{spodic horizon}, except criterion 2. - -\hypertarget{protospodic-qp-1}{% -\subsubsection{Protospodic (qp)}\label{protospodic-qp-1}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer, starting ≤~100~cm -from the mineral soil surface, that has an Al\textsubscript{ox} value -that is ≥~1.5 times that of the lowest Al\textsubscript{ox} value of all -the mineral layers above; and not having a spodic horizon starting -≤~200~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{spolic-sp}{% -\subsection{Spolic (sp)}\label{spolic-sp}} - -(from Latin \emph{spoliare}, to exploit): having a layer, ≥~20~cm thick -and within 100~cm of the soil surface, with ≥~20\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts}, ≥~35\% (by volume, -weighted average, related to the whole soil) of which consist of -industrial products (e.g.~mine spoil, dredgings, slag, ash, rubble, -etc.) (\emph{in Technosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{hyperspolic-jj}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperspolic (jj)}\label{hyperspolic-jj}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a layer, ≥ 50 cm thick and -within 100 cm of the soil surface, with ≥ 35\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) artefacts consisting of industrial -products (in Technosols only) (2). - -\hypertarget{stagnic-st}{% -\subsection{Stagnic (st)}\label{stagnic-st}} - -(from Latin \emph{stagnare}, to flood): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick -and starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not form -part of a hydragric horizon and that has: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - stagnic properties in which the area of reductimorphic features plus - the area of oximorphic features is ≥ 25\% (weighted average) of the - layer's total area, and -\item - reducing conditions for some time during the year in some parts of the - layer's volume that has the reductimorphic features (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{inclinistagnic-iw}{% -\subsubsection{Inclinistagnic (iw)}\label{inclinistagnic-iw}} - -(from Latin \emph{inclinare}, to bow): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and -starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not form part -of a \emph{hydragric horizon} and that has: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{stagnic properties} in which the area of reductimorphic features - plus the area of oximorphic features is ≥~25\% (weighted average) of - the layer's total area, \emph{and} -\item - \emph{reducing conditions} for some time during the year in some parts - of the layer's volume that has the reductimorphic features, -\item - a slope inclination of ≥~5\% and a subsurface water flow for some time - during the year (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{protostagnic-qw}{% -\subsubsection{Protostagnic (qw)}\label{protostagnic-qw}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick and -starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not form part -of a \emph{hydragric horizon} and that has: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{stagnic properties} in which the area of reductimorphic features - plus the area of oximorphic features is ≥~10\% and \textless~25\% - (weighted average) of the layer's total area, and -\item - \emph{reducing conditions} for some time during the year in some parts - of the layer's volume that has the reductimorphic features (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{relictistagnic-rw}{% -\subsubsection{Relictistagnic (rw)}\label{relictistagnic-rw}} - -(from Latin \emph{relictus}, left back): having a layer, ≥~25~cm thick -and starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil surface, that has: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - \emph{stagnic properties} in which the area of oximorphic features is - ≥~10\% (weighted average) of the layer's total area, and -\item - no \emph{reducing conditions} (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{subaquatic-sq}{% -\subsection{Subaquatic (sq)}\label{subaquatic-sq}} - -(from Latin \emph{sub}, under, and \emph{aqua}, water): being -permanently submerged by water not deeper than 200~cm. - -\hypertarget{sulfatic-su}{% -\subsection{Sulfatic (su)}\label{sulfatic-su}} - -(from Latin \emph{sulpur}, sulfur): having a \emph{salic horizon} with a -soil solution (1:1 in water) with -{[}SO\textsubscript{4}\textsuperscript{2-}{]}~\textgreater~2*{[}HCO\textsubscript{3}\textsuperscript{-}{]}~\textgreater~2*{[}Cl\textsuperscript{-}{]} -(\emph{in Solonchaks only}). - -\hypertarget{sulfidic-sf}{% -\subsection{Sulfidic (sf)}\label{sulfidic-sf}} - -(from Latin \emph{sulpur}, sulfur): having \emph{hypersulfidic} or -\emph{hyposulfidic material}, ≥~15~cm thick and starting ≤~100~cm from -the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hypersulfidic-js}{% -\subsubsection{Hypersulfidic (js)}\label{hypersulfidic-js}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having \emph{hypersulfidic material}, -≥~15~cm thick and starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hyposulfidic-ws}{% -\subsubsection{Hyposulfidic (ws)}\label{hyposulfidic-ws}} - -(from Greek \emph{hypo}, under): having \emph{hyposulfidic material}, -≥~15~cm thick and starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{takyric-ty}{% -\subsection{Takyric (ty)}\label{takyric-ty}} - -(from Turkic languages \emph{takyr}, barren land): having \emph{takyric -properties}. - -\hypertarget{technic-te}{% -\subsection{Technic (te)}\label{technic-te}} - -(from Greek \emph{technae}, art): having ≥~10\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) artefacts in the upper 100~cm from -the soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower (5). - -\hypertarget{hypertechnic-jt}{% -\subsubsection{Hypertechnic (jt)}\label{hypertechnic-jt}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having ≥~20\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} in the upper 100~cm -from the soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower -(5). - -\hypertarget{prototechnic-qt}{% -\subsubsection{Prototechnic (qt)}\label{prototechnic-qt}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having ≥~5\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} in the upper 100~cm -from the soil surface or to a limiting layer, whichever is shallower -(5). - -\hypertarget{tephric-tf}{% -\subsection{Tephric (tf)}\label{tephric-tf}} - -(from Greek \emph{tephra}, pile ash): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface one or more layers with \emph{tephric material} with a combined -thickness of ≥~30~cm (2). - -\hypertarget{prototephric-qf}{% -\subsubsection{Prototephric (qf)}\label{prototephric-qf}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface one or more layers with \emph{tephric material} with a combined -thickness of ≥~10~cm (2). - -\hypertarget{technotephric-tt}{% -\subsubsection{Technotephric (tt)}\label{technotephric-tt}} - -(from Greek \emph{technae}, art): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface one or more layers with \emph{tephric material}, consisting -predominantly of \emph{artefacts}, with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm -(2). - -\hypertarget{terric-tr}{% -\subsection{Terric (tr)}\label{terric-tr}} - -(from Latin \emph{terra}, earth): having a \emph{terric horizon} (2: -Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{thionic-ti}{% -\subsection{Thionic (ti)}\label{thionic-ti}} - -(from Greek \emph{theion}, sulfur): having a \emph{thionic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{hyperthionic-ji}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperthionic (ji)}\label{hyperthionic-ji}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a \emph{thionic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface and having a pH (1:1 in water) -of \textless~3.5 (2). - -\hypertarget{hypothionic-wi}{% -\subsubsection{Hypothionic (wi)}\label{hypothionic-wi}} - -(from Greek \emph{hypo}, under): having a \emph{thionic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface and having a pH (1:1 in water) -of ≥~3.5 and \textless~4 (2). - -\hypertarget{thixotropic-tp}{% -\subsection{Thixotropic (tp)}\label{thixotropic-tp}} - -(from Greek \emph{thixis}, contact, and \emph{tropae}, reversion): -having in some layer, within 50~cm of the soil surface, material that -changes, under pressure or by rubbing, from a plastic solid into a -liquefied stage and back into a solid condition. - -\hypertarget{thyric-th}{% -\subsection{Thyric (th)}\label{thyric-th}} - -(from Greek \emph{thyreos}, shield): having \emph{technic hard material} -starting within \textgreater~5 and ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (1: -Epi- and Endo- only). - -\hypertarget{tidalic-td}{% -\subsection{Tidalic (td)}\label{tidalic-td}} - -(from English \emph{tide}): affected by tidal water, i.e.~located -between the line of mean high water springs and the line of mean low -water springs. - -\hypertarget{tonguic-to}{% -\subsection{Tonguic (to)}\label{tonguic-to}} - -(from English \emph{tongue}): showing tonguing of a \emph{chernic}, -\emph{mollic} or \emph{umbric horizon} into an underlying layer. - -\hypertarget{toxic-tx}{% -\subsection{Toxic (tx)}\label{toxic-tx}} - -(from Greek \emph{toxon}, bow, referring to arrow poison): having in -some layer, within 50~cm of the soil surface, toxic concentrations of -organic or inorganic substances other than ions of Al, Fe, Na, Ca and -Mg, or having radioactivity dangerous to humans. - -\hypertarget{radiotoxic-rx}{% -\subsubsection{Radiotoxic (rx)}\label{radiotoxic-rx}} - -(from Latin \emph{radius}, ray): having radioactivity, dangerous to -humans. - -\textbf{Note:} The definition of limit values is the task of governments -and not the task of WRB. - -\hypertarget{transportic-tn}{% -\subsection{Transportic (tn)}\label{transportic-tn}} - -(from Latin \emph{transportare}, to transport): having at the soil -surface or below a recently formed organic surface horizon a layer, - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~20~cm thick, or -\item - with a thickness of ≥~50\% of the entire soil if a limiting layer - starts ≤~40~cm from the soil surface, with soil material containing, - if any, \textless~10\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) - \emph{artefacts}; and that has been moved from a source area outside - the immediate vicinity by intentional human activity, usually with the - aid of machinery, and without substantial reworking or displacement by - natural forces (2: Ano- and Panto- only). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{organotransportic-ot}{% -\subsubsection{Organotransportic (ot)}\label{organotransportic-ot}} - -(from Greek \emph{organon}, tool): having at the soil surface or below a -recently formed organic surface horizon a layer, - -\begin{itemize} -\item - ≥~20~cm thick, or -\item - with a thickness of ≥~50\% of the entire soil if a limiting layer - starts ≤~40~cm from the soil surface, with \emph{organic material} - containing, if any, \textless~10\% (by volume, related to the whole - soil) \emph{artefacts}; and that has been moved from a source area - outside the immediate vicinity by intentional human activity, usually - with the aid of machinery, and without substantial reworking or - displacement by natural forces (2: Ano- and Panto- only). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{skeletotransportic-kt}{% -\subsubsection{Skeletotransportic (kt)}\label{skeletotransportic-kt}} - -(from Greek skeletos, dried out): having at the soil surface or below a -recently formed organic surface horizon a layer, - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - ≥~20~cm thick, or -\item - with a thickness of ≥~50\% of the entire soil if a limiting layer - starts ≤~40~cm from the soil surface, with soil material containing, - if any, \textless~10\% (by volume, related to the whole soil) - artefacts and ≥~40\% (by volume, weighted average, related to the - whole soil) coarse fragments; -\end{itemize} - -and that has been moved from a source area outside the immediate -vicinity by intentional human activity, usually with the aid of -machinery, and without substantial reworking or displacement by natural -forces (2: Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{tsitelic-ts}{% -\subsection{Tsitelic (ts)}\label{tsitelic-ts}} - -(from Georgian \emph{tsiteli}, red): having a \emph{tsitelic horizon} -starting ≤~50~cm from the mineral soil surface. - -\hypertarget{turbic-tu}{% -\subsection{Turbic (tu)}\label{turbic-tu}} - -(from Latin \emph{turbare}, to disturb): having features of cryogenic -alteration (cryoturbation, mixed material, disrupted soil horizons, -involutions, organic intrusions, frost heave, separation of coarse from -fine materials, cracks, patterned ground etc.) in some layer within -100~cm of the soil surface and above a \emph{cryic horizon} or above a -seasonally frozen layer (2: only if clearly recognizable as a layer). - -\hypertarget{relictiturbic-rb}{% -\subsubsection{Relictiturbic (rb)}\label{relictiturbic-rb}} - -(from Latin \emph{relictus}, left back): having features of cryogenic -alteration within 100~cm of the soil surface, caused by frost action in -the past (2: only if clearly recognizable as layer). - -\hypertarget{umbric-um}{% -\subsection{Umbric (um)}\label{umbric-um}} - -(from Latin \emph{umbra}, shade): having an \emph{umbric horizon} (2: -Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{anthroumbric-aw}{% -\subsubsection{Anthroumbric (aw)}\label{anthroumbric-aw}} - -(from Greek \emph{anthropos}, human being): having an \emph{umbric -horizon} and \emph{anthric properties} (2: Ano- and Panto- only). - -\hypertarget{someriumbric-sw}{% -\subsubsection{Someriumbric (sw)}\label{someriumbric-sw}} - -(from Spanish \emph{somero}, superficial): having an \emph{umbric -horizon}, \textless~20~cm thick. - -\hypertarget{tonguiumbric-tw}{% -\subsubsection{Tonguiumbric (tw)}\label{tonguiumbric-tw}} - -(from English \emph{tongue}): having an \emph{umbric horizon} that -tongues into an underlying layer (2: Ano- and Panto- only; referring to -the \emph{umbric horizon}, not to the tongues). - -\hypertarget{urbic-ub}{% -\subsection{Urbic (ub)}\label{urbic-ub}} - -(from Latin \emph{urbs}, city): having a layer, ≥~20~cm thick and within -100~cm of the soil surface, with ≥~20\% (by volume, weighted average, -related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts}, ≥~35\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) of which consist of rubble and -refuse of human settlements (\emph{in Technosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{hyperurbic-jx}{% -\subsubsection{Hyperurbic (jx)}\label{hyperurbic-jx}} - -(from Greek \emph{hyper}, over): having a layer, ≥~50~cm thick and -within 100~cm of the soil surface, with ≥~35\% (by volume, weighted -average, related to the whole soil) \emph{artefacts} consisting of -rubble and refuse of human settlements (\emph{in Technosols only}) (2). - -\hypertarget{uterquic-uq}{% -\subsection{Uterquic (uq)}\label{uterquic-uq}} - -(from Latin \emph{uterque}, both): having a layer - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - with dominant \emph{gleyic properties} and some parts with - \emph{stagnic properties}, starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil - surface (\emph{in Gleysols only}) (2). -\item - with dominant \emph{stagnic properties} and some parts with - \emph{gleyic properties}, starting ≤~75~cm from the mineral soil - surface (\emph{in Planosols and Stagnosols only}) (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{vermic-vm}{% -\subsection{Vermic (vm)}\label{vermic-vm}} - -(from Latin \emph{vermis}, worm): having ≥~50\% (by volume, weighted -average) of worm holes, casts, or filled animal burrows in the upper -100~cm of the mineral soil or to a limiting layer, whichever is -shallower. - -\hypertarget{vertic-vr}{% -\subsection{Vertic (vr)}\label{vertic-vr}} - -(from Latin \emph{vertere}, to turn): having a \emph{vertic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{protovertic-qv-1}{% -\subsubsection{Protovertic (qv)}\label{protovertic-qv-1}} - -(from Greek \emph{proton}, first): having a \emph{protovertic horizon} -starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface; and not having a -\emph{vertic horizon} starting ≤~100~cm from the mineral soil surface -(2). - -\hypertarget{vitric-vi}{% -\subsection{Vitric (vi)}\label{vitric-vi}} - -(from Latin \emph{vitrum}, glass): having within 100~cm of the soil -surface - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - in \emph{Andosols}, one or more layers with \emph{vitric properties} - with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm. (2). -\item - in other soils, one or more layers with \emph{andic} or \emph{vitric - properties} with a combined thickness of ≥~30~cm (in \emph{Cambisols} - ≥~15~cm), of which ≥~15~ cm (in \emph{Cambisols} ≥~7.5~cm) have - \emph{vitric properties} (2). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{wapnic-wa}{% -\subsection{Wapnic (wa)}\label{wapnic-wa}} - -(from Polish \emph{wapno}, lime): having a \emph{calcic horizon} within -\emph{organic material}, starting ≤~100~cm from the soil surface (2). - -\hypertarget{xanthic-xa}{% -\subsection{Xanthic (xa)}\label{xanthic-xa}} - -(from Greek \emph{xanthos}, yellow): having a \emph{ferralic horizon} -that has in a subhorizon, ≥~30~cm thick and starting ≤~75~cm from the -upper limit of the \emph{ferralic horizon}, in ≥~90\% of its exposed -area, a Munsell colour hue of 7.5YR or yellower, a value of ≥~4 and a -chroma of ≥~5, all moist. - -\hypertarget{yermic-ye}{% -\subsection{Yermic (ye)}\label{yermic-ye}} - -(from Spanish \emph{yermo}, desert): having \emph{yermic properties}, -including a desert pavement. - -\hypertarget{nudiyermic-ny}{% -\subsubsection{Nudiyermic (ny)}\label{nudiyermic-ny}} - -(from Latin \emph{nudus}, naked): having \emph{yermic properties} -without a desert pavement. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{codes-for-the-reference-soil-groups-qualifiers-and-specifiers}{% -\chapter{Codes for the Reference Soil Groups, qualifiers and -specifiers}\label{codes-for-the-reference-soil-groups-qualifiers-and-specifiers}} - -\hypertarget{reference-soil-groups}{% -\section{Reference Soil Groups}\label{reference-soil-groups}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1410}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1026}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1538}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1026}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1538}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1026}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1410}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1026}}@{}} -\toprule() -\endhead -Acrisol & \textbf{AC} & Chernozem & \textbf{CH} & Leptosol & \textbf{LP} -& Regosol & \textbf{RG} \\ -Alisol & \textbf{AL} & Durisol & \textbf{DU} & Lixisol & \textbf{LX} & -Retisol & \textbf{RT} \\ -Andosol & \textbf{AN} & Ferralsol & \textbf{FR} & Luvisol & \textbf{LV} -& Solonchak & \textbf{SC} \\ -Anthrosol & \textbf{AT} & Fluvisol & \textbf{FL} & Nitisol & \textbf{NT} -& Solonetz & \textbf{SN} \\ -Arenosol & \textbf{AR} & Gleysol & \textbf{GL} & Phaeozem & \textbf{PH} -& Stagnosol & \textbf{ST} \\ -Calcisol & \textbf{CL} & Gypsisol & \textbf{GY} & Planosol & \textbf{PL} -& Technosol & \textbf{TC} \\ -Cambisol & \textbf{CM} & Histosol & \textbf{HS} & Plinthosol & -\textbf{PT} & Umbrisol & \textbf{UM} \\ -Cryosol & \textbf{CR} & Kastanozem & \textbf{KS} & Podzol & \textbf{PZ} -& Vertisol & \textbf{VR} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{qualifiers}{% -\section{Qualifiers}\label{qualifiers}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1867}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1867}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2000}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1600}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}}@{}} -\toprule() -\endhead -Abruptic & \textbf{ap} & Carbonic & \textbf{cx} & Fluvic & \textbf{fv} & -Hypergarbic & \textbf{jb} \\ -Aceric & \textbf{ae} & Chernic & \textbf{ch} & Folic & \textbf{fo} & -Hypergeric & \textbf{jq} \\ -Acric & \textbf{ac} & Claric & \textbf{cq} & Fractic & \textbf{fc} & -Hypergypsic & \textbf{jg} \\ -Acroxic & \textbf{ao} & Chloridic & \textbf{cl} & Fragic & \textbf{fg} & -Hyperhumic & \textbf{jh} \\ -Activic & \textbf{at} & Chromic & \textbf{cr} & Garbic & \textbf{ga} & -Hyperhydragric & \textbf{jy} \\ -Aeolic & \textbf{ay} & Clayic & \textbf{ce} & Gelic & \textbf{ge} & -Hypermagnesic & \textbf{jm} \\ -Akrofluvic & \textbf{kf} & Clayinovic & \textbf{cj} & Gelistagnic & -\textbf{gt} & Hypernatric & \textbf{jn} \\ -Akromineralic & \textbf{km} & Coarsic & \textbf{cs} & Geoabruptic & -\textbf{go} & Hyperorganic & \textbf{jo} \\ -Akroskeletic & \textbf{kk} & Cohesic & \textbf{co} & Geric & \textbf{gr} -& Hypersalic & \textbf{jz} \\ -Albic & \textbf{ab} & Columnic & \textbf{cu} & Gibbsic & \textbf{gi} & -Hypersideralic & \textbf{jr} \\ -Alcalic & \textbf{ax} & Cordic & \textbf{cd} & Gilgaic & \textbf{gg} & -Hyperspodic & \textbf{jp} \\ -Alic & \textbf{al} & Cryic & \textbf{cy} & Glacic & \textbf{gc} & -Hyperspolic & \textbf{jj} \\ -Aluandic & \textbf{aa} & Cutanic & \textbf{ct} & Gleyic & \textbf{gl} & -Hypersulfidic & \textbf{js} \\ -Andic & \textbf{an} & Densic & \textbf{dn} & Glossic & \textbf{gs} & -Hypertechnic & \textbf{jt} \\ -Anthraquic & \textbf{aq} & Differentic & \textbf{df} & Greyzemic & -\textbf{gz} & Hyperthionic & \textbf{ji} \\ -Anthric & \textbf{ak} & Dolomitic & \textbf{do} & Grumic & \textbf{gm} & -Hyperurbic & \textbf{jx} \\ -Anthromollic & \textbf{am} & Dorsic & \textbf{ds} & Gypsic & \textbf{gy} -& Hyposulfidic & \textbf{ws} \\ -Anthroumbric & \textbf{aw} & Drainic & \textbf{dr} & Gypsifractic & -\textbf{gf} & Hypothionic & \textbf{wi} \\ -Archaic & \textbf{ah} & Duric & \textbf{du} & Gypsiric & \textbf{gp} & -Immissic & \textbf{im} \\ -Arenic & \textbf{ar} & Dystric & \textbf{dy} & Haplic & \textbf{ha} & -Inclinic & \textbf{ic} \\ -Arenicolic & \textbf{ad} & Ejectiskeletic & \textbf{jk} & Hemic & -\textbf{hm} & Inclinigleyic & \textbf{iy} \\ -Areninovic & \textbf{aj} & Ekranic & \textbf{ek} & Histic & \textbf{hi} -& Inclinistagnic & \textbf{iw} \\ -Argisodic & \textbf{as} & Endic & \textbf{ed} & Hortic & \textbf{ht} & -Infraandic & \textbf{ia} \\ -Aric & \textbf{ai} & Entic & \textbf{et} & Humic & \textbf{hu} & -Infraspodic & \textbf{ia} \\ -Arzic & \textbf{az} & Epic & \textbf{ep} & Hydragric & \textbf{hg} & -Irragric & \textbf{ir} \\ -Biocrustic & \textbf{bc} & Escalic & \textbf{ec} & Hydric & \textbf{hy} -& Isolatic & \textbf{il} \\ -Brunic & \textbf{br} & Eutric & \textbf{eu} & Hydrophobic & \textbf{hf} -& Isopteric & \textbf{ip} \\ -Calcaric & \textbf{ca} & Eutrosilic & \textbf{es} & Hyperalic & -\textbf{jl} & Kalaic & \textbf{ka} \\ -Calcic & \textbf{cc} & Evapocrustic & \textbf{ev} & Hyperartefactic & -\textbf{ja} & Lamellic & \textbf{ll} \\ -Calcifractic & \textbf{cf} & Ferralic & \textbf{fl} & Hypercalcic & -\textbf{jc} & Lapiadic & \textbf{ld} \\ -Cambic & \textbf{cm} & Ferric & \textbf{fr} & Hyperduric & \textbf{ju} & -Laxic & \textbf{la} \\ -Capillaric & \textbf{cp} & Ferritic & \textbf{fe} & Hyperdystric & -\textbf{jd} & Leptic & \textbf{le} \\ -Carbic & \textbf{cb} & Fibric & \textbf{fi} & Hypereutric & \textbf{je} -& Lignic & \textbf{lg} \\ -Carbonatic & \textbf{cn} & Floatic & \textbf{ft} & Hyperferritic & -\textbf{jf} & Limnic & \textbf{lm} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1892}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0676}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1757}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0676}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2027}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0676}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1622}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0676}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Limonic -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{ln} -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Orthoeutric -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{oe} -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Prototephric -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{qf} -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Someriumbric -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{sw} -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Linic & \textbf{lc} & Orthofluvic & \textbf{of} & Protovertic & -\textbf{qv} & Spodic & \textbf{sd} \\ -Lithic & \textbf{li} & Orthomineralic & \textbf{oi} & Puffic & -\textbf{pu} & Spolic & \textbf{sp} \\ -Litholinic & \textbf{lh} & Orthoskeletic & \textbf{ok} & Pyric & -\textbf{py} & Stagnic & \textbf{st} \\ -Lixic & \textbf{lx} & Ortsteinic & \textbf{os} & Radiotoxic & -\textbf{rx} & Subaquatic & \textbf{sq} \\ -Loamic & \textbf{lo} & Oxyaquic & \textbf{oa} & Raptic & \textbf{rp} & -Sulfatic & \textbf{su} \\ -Loaminovic & \textbf{lj} & Oxygleyic & \textbf{oy} & Reductaquic & -\textbf{ra} & Sulfidic & \textbf{sf} \\ -Luvic & \textbf{lv} & Pachic & \textbf{ph} & Reductic & \textbf{rd} & -Takyric & \textbf{ty} \\ -Magnesic & \textbf{mg} & Panpaic & \textbf{pb} & Reductigleyic & -\textbf{ry} & Technic & \textbf{te} \\ -Manganiferric & \textbf{mf} & Pellic & \textbf{pe} & Relictigleyic & -\textbf{rl} & Technotephric & \textbf{tt} \\ -Mawic & \textbf{mw} & Pelocrustic & \textbf{pq} & Relictistagnic & -\textbf{rw} & Tephric & \textbf{tf} \\ -Mazic & \textbf{mz} & Petric & \textbf{pt} & Relictiturbic & \textbf{rb} -& Terric & \textbf{tr} \\ -Mineralic & \textbf{mi} & Petrocalcic & \textbf{pc} & Relocatic & -\textbf{rc} & Thionic & \textbf{ti} \\ -Mochipic & \textbf{mc} & Petroduric & \textbf{pd} & Rendzic & -\textbf{rz} & Thixotropic & \textbf{tp} \\ -Mollic & \textbf{mo} & Petrogypsic & \textbf{pg} & Retic & \textbf{rt} & -Thyric & \textbf{th} \\ -Mulmic & \textbf{mm} & Petroplinthic & \textbf{pp} & Rheic & \textbf{rh} -& Tidalic & \textbf{td} \\ -Murshic & \textbf{mh} & Petrosalic & \textbf{ps} & Rhodic & \textbf{ro} -& Tonguic & \textbf{to} \\ -Muusic & \textbf{mu} & Pisoplinthic & \textbf{px} & Rockic & \textbf{rk} -& Tonguichernic & \textbf{tc} \\ -Naramic & \textbf{nr} & Placic & \textbf{pi} & Rubic & \textbf{ru} & -Tonguimollic & \textbf{tm} \\ -Natric & \textbf{na} & Plaggic & \textbf{pa} & Rustic & \textbf{rs} & -Tonguiumbric & \textbf{tw} \\ -Nechic & \textbf{ne} & Plinthic & \textbf{pl} & Salic & \textbf{sz} & -Totilamellic & \textbf{ta} \\ -Neobrunic & \textbf{nb} & Posic & \textbf{po} & Sapric & \textbf{sa} & -Toxic & \textbf{tx} \\ -Neocambic & \textbf{nc} & Pretic & \textbf{pk} & Saporlithic & -\textbf{sh} & Transportic & \textbf{tn} \\ -Nitic & \textbf{ni} & Profondic & \textbf{pn} & Sideralic & \textbf{se} -& Tsitelic & \textbf{ts} \\ -Novic & \textbf{nv} & Profundihumic & \textbf{dh} & Silandic & -\textbf{sn} & Turbic & \textbf{tu} \\ -Nudiargic & \textbf{ng} & Protic & \textbf{pr} & Siltic & \textbf{sl} & -Umbric & \textbf{um} \\ -Nudilithic & \textbf{nt} & Protoandic & \textbf{qa} & Siltinovic & -\textbf{sj} & Urbic & \textbf{ub} \\ -Nudinatric & \textbf{nn} & Protoargic & \textbf{qg} & Skeletic & -\textbf{sk} & Uterquic & \textbf{uq} \\ -Nudipetric & \textbf{np} & Protocalcic & \textbf{qc} & Skeletofolic & -\textbf{ko} & Vermic & \textbf{vm} \\ -Nudispodic & \textbf{ns} & Protogleyic & \textbf{qy} & Skeletohistic & -\textbf{kh} & Vertic & \textbf{vr} \\ -Nudiyermic & \textbf{ny} & Protogypsic & \textbf{qq} & -Skeletotransportic & \textbf{kt} & Vitric & \textbf{vi} \\ -Ochric & \textbf{oh} & Protokalaic & \textbf{qk} & Sodic & \textbf{so} & -Wapnic & \textbf{wa} \\ -Oligoeutric & \textbf{ol} & Protosalic & \textbf{qz} & Solimovic & -\textbf{sv} & Xanthic & \textbf{xa} \\ -Ombric & \textbf{om} & Protosodic & \textbf{qs} & Sombric & \textbf{sb} -& Yermic & \textbf{ye} \\ -Organotransportic & \textbf{ot} & Protospodic & \textbf{qp} & Someric & -\textbf{si} & & \\ -Ornithic & \textbf{oc} & Protostagnic & \textbf{qw} & Somerimollic & -\textbf{sm} & & \\ -Orthodystric & \textbf{od} & Prototechnic & \textbf{qt} & Somerirendzic -& \textbf{sr} & & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{specifiers}{% -\section{Specifiers}\label{specifiers}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1094}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1406}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0938}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1406}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1094}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1406}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1250}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1406}}@{}} -\toprule() -\endhead -Amphi & \textbf{..m} & Endo & \textbf{..n} & Kato & \textbf{..k} & Supra -& \textbf{..s} \\ -Ano & \textbf{..a} & Epi & \textbf{..p} & Panto & \textbf{..e} & Thapto -& \textbf{..b} \\ -Bathy & \textbf{..d} & & & Poly & \textbf{..y} & & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{combinations-with-the-novic-qualifier}{% -\section{Combinations with the Novic -qualifier}\label{combinations-with-the-novic-qualifier}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1867}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1867}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1733}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0800}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1733}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0667}}@{}} -\toprule() -\endhead -Aeoli-Novic & \textbf{nva} & Solimovic-Novic & \textbf{nvs} & -Tephri-Novic & \textbf{nvv} & Transporti-Novic & \textbf{nvp} \\ -Fluvi-Novic & \textbf{nvf} & Techni-Novic & \textbf{nvt} & & & & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\textbf{Note:} The codes for the combinations with subqualifiers of the -Novic qualifier are constructed accordingly, e.g., Aeoli-Siltinovic -(sja). - -\hypertarget{rules-for-the-use-of-the-codes-for-naming-soils}{% -\subsection{Rules for the use of the codes for naming -soils}\label{rules-for-the-use-of-the-codes-for-naming-soils}} - -At the first level of classification, the code of the RSG stands alone. - -At the second level, the code starts with the RSG,\\ -followed by a `-',\\ -followed by the principal qualifiers according to the list from top to -bottom, with a `.' between them, followed by a `-',\\ -followed by the supplementary qualifiers with a `.' between them: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - first, if applicable, the qualifiers related to the texture, if - several ones apply, in the sequence from the top to the bottom of the - profile, -\item - then, all others in alphabetical order of the qualifier names (not in - alphabetical order of their codes), if applicable, followed by a - `-',\\ - followed by qualifiers that are not in the list for the particular - RSG. -\end{itemize} - -Subqualifiers (qualifiers combined with specifiers) are placed in the -order of the qualifiers as if they were used without the specifier. -Exceptions: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - if used with a principal qualifier, the Proto-, Bathy- and Thapto- - subqualifiers must shift to the supplementary qualifiers, -\item - the list of supplementary qualifiers starts, if applicable, with the - qualifiers related to the texture (see above). If one group of - qualifiers is empty, the `-' is still included, if one of the - following groups is not empty. -\end{itemize} - -The resulting scheme is as follows:\\ -RSG\{-\}{[}PQ1{[}.PQ2{]}etc{]}\{-\}{[}TQ1{[}.TQ2{]}etc{]}{[}SQ1{[}.SQ2{]}etc{]}\{-\}{[}NQ1{[}.NQ2{]}etc{]} - -With: PQ = principal qualifier, with or without added specifiers, TQ = -supplementary qualifier related to texture, with or without added -specifiers, SQ = other supplementary qualifier, with or without added -specifiers, NQ = qualifier not listed for the particular RSG, with or -without added specifiers; etc = further qualifiers can be added in the -same way if necessary; elements in {[}{]} are listed if they apply; -elements in \{\} are necessary if elements follow. - -\hypertarget{examples-of-the-use-of-the-codes-for-naming-soils}{% -\subsection{Examples of the use of the codes for naming -soils}\label{examples-of-the-use-of-the-codes-for-naming-soils}} - -Albic Stagnic Luvisol (Episiltic, Endoclayic, Cutanic, Differentic, -Ochric):\\ -LV-st.ab-slp.cen.ct.df.oh - -Hemic Folic Endorockic Histosol (Dystric):\\ -HS-rkn.fo.hm-dy - -Haplic Ferralsol (Pantoloamic, Dystric, Humic, Bathypetroplinthic, -Posic):\\ -FR-ha-loe.dy.hu.ppd.po - -Calcaric Skeletic Pantofluvic Fluvisol (Pantoarenic, Ochric):\\ -FL-fve.sk.ca-are.oh - -Dystric Umbric Aluandic Andosol (Pantosiltic, Thaptohistic, -Hyperhumic):\\ -AN-aa.um.dy-sle.hib.jh - -Isolatic Ekranic Technosol (Supraarenic, Supracalcaric):\\ -TC-ek.il-ars.cas - -Dystric Arenosol (Bathyspodic):\\ -AR-dy-sdd - -\hypertarget{rules-for-the-use-of-the-codes-for-creating-map-legends}{% -\subsection{Rules for the use of the codes for creating map -legends}\label{rules-for-the-use-of-the-codes-for-creating-map-legends}} - -At the first scale level, the code of the RSG stands alone.\\ -At the second and third scale level, the code starts with the RSG,\\ -followed by a `-',\\ -followed by the principal qualifiers (number according to the scale -level) according to the list from top to bottom, with a `.' between -them. - -If elective qualifiers are added,\\ -a `-' is added,\\ -followed by the elective qualifiers, with a `.' between them (the -principal qualifiers are placed first, and of them, the first applicable -qualifier is placed first, and the sequence of any supplementary -qualifiers added is decided by the soil scientist who makes the map). - -If according to the scale level no principal qualifier has to be added, -the `-' is still included, if any elective qualifier is added. - -If codominant or associated soils are indicated, the words `dominant:', -`codominant:' and `associated:' are written before the code of the soil. - -The resulting scheme is as follows:\\ -RSG\{-\}{[}PQ1{[}.PQ2{]}{]}\{-\}{[}EQ1{[}.EQ2{]}etc{]} - -With: PQ = principal qualifier, EQ = elective qualifier; etc = further -qualifiers can be added in the same way if necessary; elements in {[}{]} -are listed if they apply; elements in \{\} are necessary if elements -follow. - -\hypertarget{examples-of-the-use-of-the-codes-for-creating-map-legends}{% -\subsection{Examples of the use of the codes for creating map -legends}\label{examples-of-the-use-of-the-codes-for-creating-map-legends}} - -Umbric Geric Xanthic Ferralsols (Clayic, Dystric, Humic):\\ -first scale level: FR\\ -second scale level: FR-xa\\ -third scale level: FR-xa.gr - -If elective qualifiers are added: examples:\\ -first scale level: FR--ce\\ -second scale level: FR-xa-ce\\ -third scale level: FR-xa.gr-um.ce.dy - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{references}{% -\chapter{References}\label{references}} - -Asiamah, R.D. 2000. Plinthite and conditions for its hardening in -agricultural soils in Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and -Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. (Thesis) - -Broll, G., Brauckmann, H.-J., Overesch, M., Junge, B., Erber, C., -Milbert, G., Baize, D. \& Nachtergaele, F. 2006. Topsoil -characterization -- recommendations for revision and expansion of the -FAO-Draft (1998) with emphasis on humus forms and biological features. -Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 169 (3): 453-461. - -de Almeida, J.A., Lunardi Neto, A. \& Vidal-Torrado, P. 2015. Sombric -horizon: Five decades without evolution (Review). Scientia Agricola, -doi:10.1590/0103-9016-2014-0111. - -FAO. 1988. Soil map of the world. Revised legend, by FAO--UNESCO--ISRIC. -World Soil Resources Report No.~60. Rome. - -FAO. 1994. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, by ISSS--ISRIC--FAO. -Draft. Rome/Wageningen, Netherlands. - -FAO. 1998. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, by ISSS--ISRIC--FAO. -World Soil Resources Report No.~84. Rome. - -FAO. 2001. Lecture notes on the major soils of the world (with CD-ROM), -by P. Driessen, J. Deckers, O. Spaargaren \& F, Nachtergaele, eds.~World -Soil Resources Report No.~94. Rome. - -FAO--UNESCO. 1971--1981. Soil map of the world 1:5 000 000. 10 Volumes. -Paris, UNESCO. - -Fieldes, M. \& Perrott, K.W. 1966. The nature of allophane soils: 3. -Rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. N. Z. J. Sci., 9: -623--629. - -Fox, C.A., Tarnocai, C. \& Broll, G. 2010. New A Horizon Protocols for -Topsoil Characterization in Canada. 19th World Congress of Soil Science -Proceedings, Symposium 1.4.2. - -Graefe, U., Baritz, R., Broll, G., Kolb, E., Milbert, G. \& Wachendorf, -C. 2012. Adapting humus form classification to WRB principles. EUROSOIL -2012, Book of Abstracts, p.~954. - -Hewitt, A.E. 1992. New Zealand soil classification. DSIR Land Resources -Scientific Report 19. Lower Hutt. - -Ito, T., Shoji, S., Shirato, Y. \& Ono, E. 1991. Differentiation of a -spodic horizon from a buried A horizon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55: -438--442. - -IUSS Working Group WRB. 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources -2006. World Soil Resources Report No.~103, FAO, Rome. - -IUSS Working Group WRB. 2007. World Reference Base for Soil Resources -2006, First Update 2007. FAO, Rome. - -IUSS Working Group WRB. 2010. Guidelines for constructing small-scale -map legends using the WRB. FAO, Rome. - -Jabiol, B., Zanella, A., Ponge, J.-F., Sartori, G., Englisch, M., van -Delft, B., de Waal, R. \& Le Bayon, R.C. 2013. A proposal for including -humus forms in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRBFAO). -Geoderma, 192: 286-294. - -Juilleret, J., de Azevedo, A.C., Santos, R.A., dos Santos, J.C., Pedron, -F. de A., Dondeyne, S. 2018. Where are we with whole regolith pedology? -A comparative study from Brazil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil -35, 251--261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2017.1411537. - -Juilleret, J., Dondeyne, S., Vancampenhout, K., Deckers, J., Hissler, C. -2016. Mind the gap: A classification system for integrating the subsolum -into soil surveys. Geoderma 264, 332--339. -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.031. - -Kabała, C., Galka, B., Labaz, B., Anjos, L. \& Cavassani, R. 2018. -Towards more simple and coherent chemical criteria in a classification -of anthropogenic soils: A comparison of phosphorus tests for diagnostic -horizons and properties. Geoderma, 320: 1-11. - -Krogh, L. \& Greve, M.H. 1999. Evaluation of World Reference Base for -Soil Resources and FAO Soil Map of the World using nationwide grid soil -data from Denmark. Soil Use \& Man., 15(3):157--166. - -Miller, B \& Juilleret, J. 2020. The colluvium and alluvium problem: -Historical review and current state of definitions. Earth-Science -Reviews, 209:103316. - -Munsell Soil Color Charts. Munsell Color Co.~Inc.~Baltimore 18, Maryland -21218, USA. - -Nachtergaele, F. 2005. The ``soils'' to be classified in the World -Reference Base for Soil Resources. Euras. Soil Sci., 38(Suppl. 1): -13--19. - -Prietzel, J. \& Wiesmeier, M. 2019. A concept to optimize the accuracy -of soil surface area and SOC stock quantification in mountainous -landscapes. Geoderma 356:113922. - -Shoji, S., Nanzyo, M., Dahlgren, R.A. \& Quantin, P. 1996. Evaluation -and proposed revisions of criteria for Andosols in the World Reference -Base for Soil Resources. Soil Sci., 161(9): 604--615. - -Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy. A basic system of soil -classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd Edition. -Agric. Handbook 436. Washington, DC, Natural Resources Conservation -Service, United States Department of Agriculture. - -Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to soil taxonomy. 12th Edition. -Washington, DC, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural -Resources Conservation Service. - -Sokolov, I.A. 1997. Soil Formation and Exogenesis. Moscow. 241pp. {[}in -Russian{]}. - -Takahashi, T., Nanzyo, M. \& Shoji, S. 2004. Proposed revisions to the -diagnostic criteria for andic and vitric horizons and qualifiers of -Andosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Soil Sci. Plant -Nutr., 50 (3): 431--437. - -Uzarowicz, L., Zagorski, Z., Mendak, E., Bartminski, P., Szara, E., -Kondras, M., Oktaba, L, Turek, A. \& Rogozinski, R. 2017. Technogenic -soils (Technosols) developed from fly ash and bottom ash from thermal -power stations combusting bituminous coal and lignite. Part I. -Properties, classification, and indications of early pedognesis. Catena -157: 75-89. - -Varghese, T. \& Byju, G. 1993. Laterite soils. Their distribution, -characteristics, classification and management. Technical Monograph 1. -Thirivananthapuram, Sri Lanka, State Committee on Science, Technology -and Environment. - -Zanella, A., Ponge, J.-F., Jabiol, B., Sartori, G., Kolb, E., Le Bayon, -R.-C., Gobat, J.-M., Aubert, M., De Waal, R., Van Delft, B., Vacca, A., -Serra, G., Chersich, S., Andreetta, A., Kolli, R., Brun, J.J., Cools, -N., Englisch, M., Hager, H., Katzensteiner, K., Brêthes, A., De Nicola, -C., Testi, A., Bernier, N., Graefe, U., Wolf, U., Juilleret, J., -Garlato, A., Obber, S., Galvan, P., Zampedri, R., Frizzera, L., Tomasi, -M., Banas, D., Bureau, F., Tatti, D., Salmon, S., Menardi, R., -Fontanella, F., Carraro, V., Pizzeghello, D., Concheri, G., Squartini, -A., Cattaneo, D., Scattolin, L., Nardi, S., Nicolini, G., Viola, F. -2018. Humusica 1, article 5: Terrestrial humus systems and forms --- -Keys of classification of humus systems and forms. Appl. Soil Ecol. 122, -75--86. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{annex-1-field-guide}{% -\chapter{Annex 1: Field Guide}\label{annex-1-field-guide}} - -This field guide helps describe soils. It provides all field -characteristics needed for WRB classification and some other general -field characteristics. This field guide is not supposed to be a -comprehensive manual. People using this guide must have basic knowledge -in soil science and experience in the field. In many soils, some of the -listed characteristics are not present. Every characteristic must be -reported in the soil description sheet (Annex 4, Chapter 11) using the -provided codes. - -The field guide consists of six consecutive parts: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - Preparation work and general rules -\item - General data and description of soil-forming factors -\item - Description of surface characteristics -\item - Description of layers -\item - Sampling -\item - References -\end{enumerate} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-1.png} - -} - -\caption{Ideal soil scientists} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{preparation-work-and-general-rules}{% -\section{Preparation work and general -rules}\label{preparation-work-and-general-rules}} - -\hypertarget{exploration-of-an-area-of-interest-with-auger-and-spade}{% -\subsection{Exploration of an area of interest with auger and -spade}\label{exploration-of-an-area-of-interest-with-auger-and-spade}} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-2.png} - -} - -\caption{Pürckhauer auger profile} - -\end{figure} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-3.png} - -} - -\caption{Mini-profile} - -\end{figure} - -Select your area of interest and give it a distinct name, e.g., Gombori -Pass. Then select a location. For further exploration, use a Pürckhauer -or an Edelman auger. If using a Pürckhauer auger, drive it into the soil -vertically with a plastic hammer. Occasionally, turn the auger with the -help of the turning bar, especially in clay-rich soils. If the auger -hits a rock or big stone, take it out. You may try again a small -distance apart but be careful not to damage the auger. Drive the auger -in to a depth of 1 m if possible. If not, note the actual depth that was -reached. To take it out, turn it while pulling. - -Now place the auger onto the ground. Cut the protruding soil material -with a knife and remove it to the side. Avoid contaminating one layer -with the removed material from another. Be aware that compaction inside -the auger may have occurred; the layer depths may therefore not be -accurate. Place a folding ruler aside the auger according to the -actually reached depth (Figure 8.2). - -In most cases, the topsoil falls out of the auger. To investigate it in -more detail, always make a mini-profile close to where the auger was -driven in. It should be at least 25 cm deep and wide, and the profile -walls should be vertical and smooth. Now place a folding ruler inside -the profile in such a way that point 0 is at the soil surface (see -Chapter 8.3.1). For later reconstruction, it may help to take a picture -of the mini-profile (Figure 8.3). - -The characteristics that can be described from the soil material in the -auger are marked with an asterisk (*) in Chapter 8.4. - -\hypertarget{preparation-of-a-soil-profile}{% -\subsection{Preparation of a soil -profile}\label{preparation-of-a-soil-profile}} - -The soil profile should be at least 1~m deep or reach the parent -material. On a slope, unless the parent material starts at smaller -depth, the profile depth (Figure 8.4) should be 1~m~/~cos(α). For the -decision if the thickness and depth criteria of the WRB are fulfilled -and when calculating element stocks (Prietzel \& Wiesmeier, 2019), the -layer thickness perpendicular to the slope is needed. This is calculated -multiplying the vertical thickness by cos(α). - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-4.png} - -} - -\caption{Correct profile depth when terrain is inclined} - -\end{figure} - -The profile should be 1~m wide. If on a slope, the profile wall must be -parallel to the contour lines. The material should be piled up to the -left and/or right side of the profile and must not be placed on top side -of the profile (the side of the profile wall). Never walk or place tools -on the side of the profile wall. It is recommended to collect the soil -material on two tarps, topsoil and subsoil separately. When refilling -the soil profile later, you should first fill in the subsoil and then -the topsoil. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-5.png} - -} - -\caption{Ideal soil profile. Always take the photo perpendicular to the -profile wall} - -\end{figure} - -Carefully prepare the profile wall: it must be strictly vertical and -smooth. Roots should be cut directly at the profile wall. Use an -appropriate tool to clean the profile wall horizontally and avoid -vertical smearing. Place the measuring tape in such a way that point 0 -is at the soil surface (see Chapter 8.3.1). It should be at one side but -not touch the side walls. It must be strictly vertical and plane. It may -help to weight the bottom end of the tape with a stone or stick. Take a -photo. Hold the camera perpendicularly to the profile wall (Figure 8.5). -Avoid any inclination. Also take at least one picture of the surrounding -terrain and vegetation (Figure 8.6), e.g., the tree canopy. Make sure -you will be able to associate profile and photo later. If possible, save -and name the pictures the same day they are taken. - -If you describe a soil profile that has been dug some time ago, the -topsoil may be disturbed. To describe the humus forms, you need a fresh -miniprofile nearby the soil profile. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-6.png} - -} - -\caption{The setting of the profile in the landscape} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{general-data-and-description-of-soil-forming-factors}{% -\section{General data and description of soil-forming -factors}\label{general-data-and-description-of-soil-forming-factors}} - -This Chapter refers to some general data and to the soil-forming factors -climate, landform and vegetation. Other soil-forming factors are -described with the layer description. - -\hypertarget{date-and-authors}{% -\subsection{Date and authors}\label{date-and-authors}} - -Report the date of description and the names of the describing authors. - -\hypertarget{location}{% -\subsection{Location}\label{location}} - -Give the location a name and report it; e.g., \emph{Gombori Pass 1}.\\ -Report the GPS coordinates.\\ -Report the altitude above sea level (a.s.l.); e.g., \emph{106~m}. - -\hypertarget{landform-and-topography}{% -\subsection{Landform and topography}\label{landform-and-topography}} - -This Chapter refers to the large-scale topography. For local surface -unevenness, see Chapter 8.3.11. - -\hypertarget{gradient}{% -\subsubsection{Gradient}\label{gradient}} - -Report the ground surface inclination with respect to the horizontal -plane. If the profile lies on a flat surface, the gradient is 0\%. If it -lies on a slope, make 2 records, one upslope and one downslope; e.g., -\emph{upslope: 18\%, downslope: 16\%}. - -\hypertarget{slope-aspect}{% -\subsubsection{Slope aspect}\label{slope-aspect}} - -If the profile lies on a slope, report the compass direction that the -slope faces, viewed downslope; e.g., 225°. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-7.png} - -} - -\caption{Slope aspect, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 1-5} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{slope-shape}{% -\subsubsection{Slope shape}\label{slope-shape}} - -If the profile lies on a slope, report the slope shape in 2 directions: -up-/downslope (perpendicular to the elevation contour, i.e.~the vertical -curvature) and across slope (along the elevation contour, i.e.~the -horizontal curvature); e.g., \emph{Linear}, \emph{Convex} or -\emph{Concave}. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-8.png} - -} - -\caption{Slope Shape, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 1-6} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{position-of-the-soil-profile-related-to-topography}{% -\subsubsection{Position of the soil profile (related to -topography)}\label{position-of-the-soil-profile-related-to-topography}} - -If the profile lies in an uneven terrain, report the profile position. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-9.png} - -} - -\caption{Position of the profile, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 1-7, -modified (basin not included)} - -\end{figure} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\toprule() -Position & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Summit & SU \\ -Shoulder & SH \\ -Backslope & BS \\ -Footslope & FS \\ -Toeslope & TS \\ -Valley bottom & VB \\ -Basin with outflow & OB \\ -Endorheic basin & EB \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{climate-and-weather}{% -\subsection{Climate and weather}\label{climate-and-weather}} - -\hypertarget{climate}{% -\subsubsection{Climate}\label{climate}} - -Report the climate according to Köppen (1936) and the ecozones according -to Schultz (2005, adapted). The term `summer' refers to the season with -high solar altitude and the term `winter' to the season with low solar -altitude. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8767}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1233}}@{}} -\caption{Climate according to Köppen (1936)}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Climate -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Climate -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Tropical climates & \textbf{A} \\ -Tropical rainforest climate & \textbf{Af} \\ -Tropical savanna climate with dry-winter characteristics & -\textbf{Aw} \\ -Tropical savanna climate with dry-summer characteristics & -\textbf{As} \\ -Tropical monsoon climate & \textbf{Am} \\ -Dry climates & \textbf{B} \\ -Hot arid climate & \textbf{BWh} \\ -Cold arid climate & \textbf{BWc} \\ -Hot semi-arid climate & \textbf{BSh} \\ -Cold semi-arid climate & \textbf{BSc} \\ -Temperate climates & \textbf{C} \\ -Mediterranean hot summer climate & \textbf{Csa} \\ -Mediterranean warm/cool summer climate & \textbf{Csb} \\ -Mediterranean cold summer climate & \textbf{Csc} \\ -Humid subtropical climate & \textbf{Cfa} \\ -Oceanic climate & \textbf{Cfb} \\ -Subpolar oceanic climate & \textbf{Cfc} \\ -Dry-winter humid subtropical climate & \textbf{Cwa} \\ -Dry-winter subtropical highland climate & \textbf{Cwb} \\ -Dry-winter subpolar oceanic climate & \textbf{Cwc} \\ -Continental climates & \textbf{D} \\ -Hot-summer humid continental climate & \textbf{Dfa} \\ -Warm-summer humid continental climate & \textbf{Dfb} \\ -Subarctic climate & \textbf{Dfc} \\ -Extremely cold subarctic climate & \textbf{Dfd} \\ -Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate & -\textbf{Dwa} \\ -Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate & -\textbf{Dwb} \\ -Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate & \textbf{Dwc} \\ -Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate & \textbf{Dwd} \\ -Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate & -\textbf{Dsa} \\ -Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate & -\textbf{Dsb} \\ -Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate & \textbf{Dsc} \\ -Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate & -\textbf{Dsd} \\ -Polar and alpine climates & \textbf{E} \\ -Tundra climate & \textbf{ET} \\ -Ice cap climate & \textbf{EF} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Ecozones according to Schultz (2005, adapted)}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Ecozone & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Ecozone & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Tropics with year-round rain & \textbf{TYR} \\ -Tropics with summer rain & \textbf{TSR} \\ -Dry tropics and subtropics & \textbf{TSD} \\ -Subtropics with year-round rain & \textbf{SYR} \\ -Subtropics with winter rain (Mediterranean climate) & \textbf{SWR} \\ -Humid mid-latitudes & \textbf{MHU} \\ -Dry mid-latitudes & \textbf{MDR} \\ -Boreal zone & \textbf{BOR} \\ -Polar-subpolar zone & \textbf{POS} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{season-of-description}{% -\subsubsection{Season of Description}\label{season-of-description}} - -Report the season of the description. Vegetation can best be described -in the season of full vegetation development. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3614}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5422}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0964}}@{}} -\caption{Season of description}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Ecozone -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Season -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Ecozone -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Season -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -SYR, SWR, MHU, MDR, BOR, POS & Spring & \textbf{SP} \\ -& Summer & \textbf{SU} \\ -& Autumn & \textbf{AU} \\ -& Winter & \textbf{WI} \\ -TSR & Wet season & \textbf{WS} \\ -& Dry season & \textbf{DS} \\ -TYR, TSD & No significant seasonality for plant growth & \textbf{NS} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{weather-conditions}{% -\subsubsection{Weather conditions}\label{weather-conditions}} - -Report the current and past weather conditions. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Current weather conditions, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -1-1}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Current weather conditions & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Current weather conditions & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Sunny/clear & \textbf{SU} \\ -Partly cloudy & \textbf{PC} \\ -Overcast & \textbf{OV} \\ -Rain & \textbf{RA} \\ -Sleet & \textbf{SL} \\ -Snow & \textbf{SN} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8904}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1096}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Past weather conditions -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -No rain in the last month & \textbf{NM} \\ -No rain in the last week & \textbf{NW} \\ -No rain in the last 24 hours & \textbf{ND} \\ -Rain but no heavy rain in the last 24 hours & \textbf{RD} \\ -Heavy rain for some days or excessive rain in the last 24 hours & -\textbf{RH} \\ -Extremely rainy or snow melting & \textbf{RE} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{vegetation-and-land-use}{% -\subsection{Vegetation and land use}\label{vegetation-and-land-use}} - -This Chapter refers to all kinds of plant cover from completely natural -to completely human-made. It is not a vegetation survey, and only the -really soil-relevant characteristics are reported. If the land is -cultivated as cropland or grassland, the cultivation type is reported. -In all other cases, the vegetation type is reported. Observe an area (10 -m x 10 m, if possible) with the profile at its centre. - -\hypertarget{vegetation-strata}{% -\subsubsection{Vegetation strata}\label{vegetation-strata}} - -The following strata are relevant. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8462}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1026}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0513}}@{}} -\caption{Vegetation strata, National Committee on Soil and Terrain -(2009), 79, modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Stratum -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Stratum -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ground vegetation & Ground stratum & \textbf{GS} \\ -If both ground stratum and upper stratum are present, you may define a -midstratum between the upper stratum and the ground stratum & -Mid-stratum & \textbf{MS} \\ -Tallest plants (only if crown cover ≥ 5\%) & Upper stratum & -\textbf{US} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{vegetation-type-or-cultivation-type}{% -\subsubsection{Vegetation type or cultivation -type}\label{vegetation-type-or-cultivation-type}} - -If the land is not cultivated, report the vegetation type according to -Table 8.8, for each stratum separately; if more than one type occurs in -the same stratum, report up to three, the dominant one first. If the -land is cultivated, report the cultivation type according to Table 8.9; -cultivated land may show several strata, but they are not reported -separately. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2679}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6607}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0714}}@{}} -\caption{Vegetation type, National Committee on Soil and Terrain (2009), -88-93, modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Life form -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Vegetation type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Life form -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Vegetation type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Aquatic & Algae: fresh or brackish & \textbf{AF} \\ -Aquatic & Algae: marine & \textbf{AM} \\ -Aquatic & Higher aquatic plants (woody or non-woody) & \textbf{AH} \\ -Surface crusts & Biological crust (of cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, -lichens and/or mosses) & \textbf{CR} \\ -Terrestrial non-woody plants & Fungi & \textbf{NF} \\ -Terrestrial non-woody plants & Lichens & \textbf{NL} \\ -Terrestrial non-woody plants & Mosses (non-peat) & \textbf{NM} \\ -Terrestrial non-woody plants & Peat & \textbf{NP} \\ -Terrestrial non-woody plants & Grasses and/or herbs & \textbf{NG} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Heath or dwarf shrubs & \textbf{WH} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Evergreen shrubs & \textbf{WG} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Seasonally green shrubs & \textbf{WS} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Evergreen trees (mainly not planted) & -\textbf{WE} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Seasonally green trees (mainly not planted) & -\textbf{WT} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Plantation forest, not in rotation with -cropland or grassland & \textbf{WP} \\ -Terrestrial woody plants & Plantation forest, in rotation with cropland -or grassland & \textbf{WR} \\ -None (barren) & Water, rock, or soil surface with \textless{} 0.5\% -vegetation cover & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8977}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1023}}@{}} -\caption{Cultivation type}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Cultivation type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Cultivation type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Simultaneous agroforestry system with trees and perennial crops & -\textbf{ACP} \\ -Simultaneous agroforestry system with trees and annual crops & -\textbf{ACA} \\ -Simultaneous agroforestry system with trees, perennial and annual crops -& \textbf{ACB} \\ -Simultaneous agroforestry system with trees and grassland & -\textbf{AGG} \\ -Simultaneous agroforestry system with trees, crops and grassland & -\textbf{ACG} \\ -Pasture on (semi-)natural vegetation & \textbf{GNP} \\ -Intensively-managed grassland, pastured & \textbf{GIP} \\ -Intensively-managed grassland, not pastured & \textbf{GIN} \\ -Perennial crop production (e.g.~food, fodder, fuel, fiber, ornamental -plants) & \textbf{CPP} \\ -Annual crop production (e.g.~food, fodder, fuel, fiber, ornamental -plants) & \textbf{CPA} \\ -Fallow, less than 12 months, with spontaneous vegetation & -\textbf{FYO} \\ -Fallow, at least 12 months, with spontaneous vegetation & -\textbf{FOL} \\ -Fallow, all plants constantly removed (dry farming) & \textbf{FDF} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{vegetation-height-cover-and-taxa}{% -\subsubsection{Vegetation height, cover and -taxa}\label{vegetation-height-cover-and-taxa}} - -For non-cultivated land, report the following characteristics: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Report the average height and the maximum height in m above ground for - each stratum separately. -\item - Report the vegetation cover. For the upper stratum and the - mid-stratum, report the percentage (by area) of the crown cover. For - the ground stratum, report the percentage (by area) of the ground - cover. -\item - Report up to three important species per stratum, e.g., \emph{Fagus - orientalis}. If you do not know the species, report the next higher - taxonomic rank. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{actual-or-last-cultivated-species}{% -\subsubsection{Actual or last cultivated -species}\label{actual-or-last-cultivated-species}} - -For cultivated land, report the actual cultivated species using the -scientific name, e.g., \emph{Zea mays}. If currently under fallow, -report the last species and indicate month and year of harvest or of -cultivation cessation. If more than one species is/was grown -simultaneously, report up to three in the sequence of the area covered, -starting with the species that covers the largest area; this includes -tree species in simultaneous agroforestry systems. - -\hypertarget{rotational-cultivated-species}{% -\subsubsection{Rotational cultivated -species}\label{rotational-cultivated-species}} - -For cultivated land, report the species that have been cultivated in the -last five years in rotation with the actual or last species. Report up -to three in the sequence of frequency, starting with the most frequent -species; this includes tree species in rotational agroforestry systems. - -\hypertarget{special-techniques-to-enhance-site-productivity}{% -\subsubsection{Special techniques to enhance site -productivity}\label{special-techniques-to-enhance-site-productivity}} - -Report the techniques that refer to the surrounding area of the soil -profile. Techniques that affect certain soil layers are reported for the -respective layer. Techniques that cause surface unevenness have to be -reported in Chapter 8.3.11, additionally. If more than one type is -present, report up to three, the dominant one first. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Special techniques to enhance site productivity}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Drainage by open canals & \textbf{DC} \\ -Underground drainage & \textbf{DU} \\ -Wet cultivation & \textbf{CW} \\ -Irrigation & \textbf{IR} \\ -Raised beds & \textbf{RB} \\ -Human-made terraces & \textbf{HT} \\ -Local raise of land surface & \textbf{LO} \\ -Other & \textbf{OT} \\ -None & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{description-of-surface-characteristics}{% -\section{Description of surface -characteristics}\label{description-of-surface-characteristics}} - -Surface characteristics can be detected on the soil surface without -looking into a soil profile. - -\hypertarget{soil-surface}{% -\subsection{Soil surface}\label{soil-surface}} - -A \textbf{litter layer} is a loose layer that contains \textgreater~90\% -(by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant remnants) -recognizable dead plant tissues (e.g.~undecomposed leaves). Dead plant -material still connected to living plants (e.g.~dead parts of -\emph{Sphagnum} mosses) is not regarded to form part of a litter layer. -The \textbf{soil surface} (0~cm) is by convention the surface of the -soil after removing, if present, the litter layer and, if present, below -a layer of living plants (e.g.~living mosses). The \textbf{mineral soil -surface} is the upper limit of the uppermost mineral horizon (see -Chapter 2.1, General rules, and see Chapter 8.4.4). - -\hypertarget{litter-layer}{% -\subsection{Litter layer}\label{litter-layer}} - -Observe an area of 5~m x 5~m with the profile at its centre. Report the -average and the maximum thickness of the litter layer in cm (see Chapter -8.3.1). If there is no litter layer, report 0~cm as thickness. - -\hypertarget{rock-outcrops}{% -\subsection{Rock outcrops}\label{rock-outcrops}} - -Rock outcrops are exposures of bedrock. Observe an area (10~m x 10~m if -possible) with the profile at its centre. Report the percentage of the -area that is covered by rock outcrops. Also report in m the average -distance between rock outcrops and their size (average length of the -greatest dimension). - -\hypertarget{coarse-surface-fragments}{% -\subsection{Coarse surface fragments}\label{coarse-surface-fragments}} - -Coarse surface fragments are loose fragments lying at the soil surface, -including those partially exposed. Observe an area (5~m x 5~m if -possible) with the profile at its centre. The Table indicates the -average length of the greatest dimension in cm. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Size of coarse surface fragments, FAO (2006), Table -15}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -\textgreater~0.2-\/-0.6 & Fine gravel & \textbf{F} \\ -\textgreater~0.6 - 2 & Medium gravel & \textbf{M} \\ -\textgreater~2 - 6 & Coarse gravel & \textbf{C} \\ -\textgreater~6 - 20 & Stones & \textbf{S} \\ -\textgreater~20 - 60 & Boulders & \textbf{B} \\ -\textgreater~60 & Large boulders & \textbf{L} \\ -& No coarse surface fragments & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -Report the total percentage of the area that is covered by coarse -surface fragments. In addition, report at least one and up to three size -classes and report the percentage of the area that is covered by the -coarse surface fragments of the respective size class, the dominant one -first. - -\hypertarget{desert-features}{% -\subsection{Desert features}\label{desert-features}} - -Coarse fragments that are constantly exposed to wind-blown sand may be -affected by abrasion, etching and polishing, which results in even -surfaces with sharp edges. These fragments are called ventifacts -(windkanters), and their totality is called desert pavement. Observe an -area of 5~m x 5~m with the profile at its centre and report the -percentage of ventifacts out of the coarse fragments \textgreater~2~cm -(greatest dimension). - -Coarse fragments may show chemical weathering, which may lead to the -formation of oxides and an intense colour at their upper surfaces, -whereas there is no such weathering and therefore the original rock -colour at their lower surfaces. This intense colour at the upper -surfaces is called desert varnish. Observe an area of 5~m x 5~m with the -profile at its centre and report the percentage of coarse fragments -\textgreater~2~cm (greatest dimension) featuring desert varnish. - -\hypertarget{patterned-ground}{% -\subsection{Patterned ground}\label{patterned-ground}} - -Patterned ground is the result of material sorting due to freeze-thaw -cycles in permafrost regions. Report the sorting of coarse fragments -\textgreater~6~cm (greatest dimension) at the soil surface. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Patterned ground}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Form & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Form & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Rings & \textbf{R} \\ -Polygons & \textbf{P} \\ -Stripes & \textbf{S} \\ -None & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{surface-crusts}{% -\subsection{Surface crusts}\label{surface-crusts}} - -Surface crusts are described as layers in Chapter 8.4.31 and further -explained there. The area covered is described here. Observe an area -(5~m x 5~m if possible) with the profile at its centre. Report the -percentage of the area that has a surface crust. - -\hypertarget{surface-cracks}{% -\subsection{Surface cracks}\label{surface-cracks}} - -Cracks are fissures other than those attributed to soil structure (see -Chapter 8.4.10). If surface cracks are present, report the average width -of the cracks. If the soil surface between cracks of larger width -classes is regularly divided by cracks of smaller width classes, report -the two width classes. If different width classes occur randomly, just -report the dominant one. The continuity of cracks to a greater depth is -reported with the layer description (see Chapter 8.4.13). For every -width class, report the average distance between the cracks and the -spatial arrangement and persistence of the cracks. - -\hypertarget{width}{% -\subsubsection{Width}\label{width}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Width of surface cracks, FAO (2006), Table 21}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Width (cm) & Width class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Width (cm) & Width class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~1 & Very fine & \textbf{VF} \\ -\textgreater~1 - 2 & Fine & \textbf{FI} \\ -\textgreater~2 - 5 & Medium & \textbf{ME} \\ -\textgreater~5 - 10 & Wide & \textbf{WI} \\ -\textgreater~10 & Very wide & \textbf{VW} \\ -& No surface cracks & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{distance-between-surface-cracks}{% -\subsubsection{Distance between surface -cracks}\label{distance-between-surface-cracks}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Distance between surface cracks, FAO (2006), Table 21, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Distance (cm) & Distance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Distance (cm) & Distance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~0.5 & Tiny & \textbf{TI} \\ -\textgreater~0.5 - 2 & Very small & \textbf{VS} \\ -\textgreater~2 - 5 & Small & \textbf{SM} \\ -\textgreater~5 - 20 & Medium & \textbf{ME} \\ -\textgreater~20 - 50 & Large & \textbf{LA} \\ -\textgreater~50 - 200 & Very large & \textbf{VL} \\ -\textgreater~200 - 500 & Huge & \textbf{HU} \\ -\textgreater~500 & Very huge & \textbf{VH} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{spatial-arrangement-of-surface-cracks}{% -\subsubsection{Spatial arrangement of surface -cracks}\label{spatial-arrangement-of-surface-cracks}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Spatial arrangement of surface cracks}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Spatial arrangement & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Spatial arrangement & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Polygonal & \textbf{P} \\ -Non-polygonal & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{persistence-of-surface-cracks}{% -\subsubsection{Persistence of surface -cracks}\label{persistence-of-surface-cracks}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9286}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0714}}@{}} -\caption{Persistence of surface clacks}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{Code} -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{Code} -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Reversible (open and close with changing moisture, e.g., in Vertisols -and in soils with the Vertic or the Protovertic qualifier) & -\textbf{R} \\ -Irreversible (persist year-round, e.g., drained polder cracks, cracks in -cemented layers) & \textbf{I} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{presence-of-water}{% -\subsection{Presence of water}\label{presence-of-water}} - -Report the presence of water above the soil surface. For wet cultivation -and irrigation, see Chapter 8.2.5. If water of more than one origin -occurs above the soil surface, report the dominant one. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8933}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1067}}@{}} -\caption{Water above the soil surface}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Permanently submerged by seawater (below mean low water springs) & -\textbf{MP} \\ -Tidal area (between mean low and mean high water springs) & -\textbf{MT} \\ -Occasional storm surges (above mean high water springs) & \textbf{MO} \\ -Permanently submerged by inland water & \textbf{FP} \\ -Submerged by remote flowing inland water at least once a year & -\textbf{FF} \\ -Submerged by remote flowing inland water less than once a year & -\textbf{FO} \\ -Submerged by rising local groundwater at least once a year & -\textbf{GF} \\ -Submerged by rising local groundwater less than once a year & -\textbf{GO} \\ -Submerged by local rainwater at least once a year & \textbf{RF} \\ -Submerged by local rainwater less than once a year & \textbf{RO} \\ -Submerged by inland water of unknown origin at least once a year & -\textbf{UF} \\ -Submerged by inland water of unknown origin less than once a year & -\textbf{UO} \\ -None of the above & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{water-repellence}{% -\subsection{Water repellence}\label{water-repellence}} - -Dry soil surfaces may be water-repellent (hydrophobic). Report the water -repellence only if the soil surface is dry. Place some water on the soil -surface and measure the time until it infiltrates. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Water repellence}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Water stands for ≥~60 seconds & \textbf{R} \\ -Water infiltrates completely within \textless~60 seconds & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{surface-unevenness}{% -\subsection{Surface unevenness}\label{surface-unevenness}} - -\hypertarget{natural-surface-unevenness}{% -\subsubsection{Natural surface -unevenness}\label{natural-surface-unevenness}} - -This paragraph refers to unevenness resulting from soil-forming -processes, not associated with erosion, deposition or human activity. -Human-made surface unevenness and erosion are reported in the following -paragraphs. Deposition is regarded to be a feature of the layers (see -Chapter 8.4). Report surface unevenness with an average height -difference ≥~5 cm. Report the type, the average height difference, the -average diameter of the elevated areas and the average distance between -the height maxima. Give all values in m. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9125}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0875}}@{}} -\caption{Types of natural surface unevenness}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Unevenness caused by permafrost (palsa, pingo, mud boils, thufurs etc.) -& \textbf{P} \\ -Unevenness caused by shrink-swell clays (gilgai relief) & \textbf{G} \\ -Other & \textbf{O} \\ -None & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{human-made-surface-unevenness}{% -\subsubsection{Human-made surface -unevenness}\label{human-made-surface-unevenness}} - -Report up to two types of human-made surface unevenness with an average -height difference of ≥~5~cm, the dominant one first. Report only if it -shows a repeating pattern. Single characteristics, e.g.~a single heap, -are not reported. For terraces, report the average height of the terrace -wall. For all other features, report the average difference between the -highest and the lowest points, the average width/length of the feature, -and the average distance between the depth/height maxima. Give all -values in cm. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Types of human-made surface unevenness}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Human-made terraces & \textbf{HT} \\ -Raised beds & \textbf{RB} \\ -Other longitudinal elevations & \textbf{EL} \\ -Polygonal elevations & \textbf{EP} \\ -Rounded elevations & \textbf{ER} \\ -Drainage canals & \textbf{CD} \\ -Irrigation canals & \textbf{CI} \\ -Other canals & \textbf{CO} \\ -Polygonal holes & \textbf{HP} \\ -Rounded holes & \textbf{HR} \\ -Other & \textbf{OT} \\ -None & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-10.png} - -} - -\caption{Human-made surface alterations} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{surface-unevenness-caused-by-erosion}{% -\subsubsection{Surface unevenness caused by -erosion}\label{surface-unevenness-caused-by-erosion}} - -This paragraph refers to erosion phenomena with an average height -difference of ≥~5~cm. Report category, degree, and activity. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Categories of erosion, FAO (2006), Table 16}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Category & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Category & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Water erosion & \\ -Sheet erosion & \textbf{WS} \\ -Rill erosion & \textbf{WR} \\ -Gully erosion & \textbf{WG} \\ -Tunnel erosion & \textbf{WT} \\ -Aeolian (wind) erosion & \\ -Shifting sands & \textbf{AS} \\ -Other types of wind erosion & \textbf{AO} \\ -Water and aeolian (wind) erosion & \textbf{WA} \\ -Mass movement (landslides and similar phenomena) & \textbf{MM} \\ -Erosion, not categorized & \textbf{NC} \\ -No evidence of erosion & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8702}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0763}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0534}}@{}} -\caption{Degree of erosion, FAO (2006), Table 18}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Degree -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Degree -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Some evidence of damage to surface layers, original ecological functions -largely intact & Slight & \textbf{S} \\ -Clear evidence of removal of surface layers, original ecological -functions partly destroyed & Moderate & \textbf{M} \\ -Surface layers completely removed and subsurface layers exposed, -original ecological functions largely destroyed & Severe & \textbf{V} \\ -Substantial removal of deeper subsurface layers, original ecological -functions fully destroyed (badlands) & Extreme & \textbf{E} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Activity of erosion, FAO (2006), Table 19}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Active at present & \textbf{PR} \\ -Active in recent past (within the last 100 years) & \textbf{RE} \\ -Active in historical times & \textbf{HI} \\ -Period of activity not known & \textbf{NK} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{position-of-the-soil-profile-related-to-surface-unevenness}{% -\subsection{Position of the soil profile (related to surface -unevenness)}\label{position-of-the-soil-profile-related-to-surface-unevenness}} - -Report, where the soil profile is located. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Position of the soil profile, if the soil surface is -uneven}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Position & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Position & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -On the high & \textbf{H} \\ -On the slope & \textbf{S} \\ -In the low & \textbf{L} \\ -On an unaffected surface & \textbf{E} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{technical-surface-alterations}{% -\subsection{Technical surface -alterations}\label{technical-surface-alterations}} - -This Chapter refers to technical surface alterations that do not cause -or enhance surface unevenness. For surface unevenness see Chapter -8.3.11. Report the technical surface alterations. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Technical surface alterations}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Sealing by concrete & \textbf{SC} \\ -Sealing by asphalt & \textbf{SA} \\ -Other types of sealing & \textbf{SO} \\ -Topsoil removal & \textbf{TR} \\ -Levelling & \textbf{LV} \\ -Other & \textbf{OT} \\ -None & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{description-of-layers}{% -\section{Description of layers}\label{description-of-layers}} - -\hypertarget{identification-of-layers-and-layer-depths}{% -\subsection{Identification of layers and layer -depths}\label{identification-of-layers-and-layer-depths}} - -A \textbf{soil layer} is a zone in the soil, approximately parallel to -the soil surface, with properties different from layers above and/or -below it. If at least one of these properties is the result of -soil-forming processes, the layer is called a \textbf{soil horizon}. In -the following, the term `layer' is preferred to include layers, in which -soilforming processes did not occur. - -A soil layer is identified by certain observable characteristics. Among -these characteristics are: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Matrix colour -\item - Redoximorphic features -\item - Texture -\item - Coarse fragments -\item - Artefacts -\item - Bulk density -\item - Structure -\item - Coatings and bridges -\item - Cracks -\item - Carbonates -\item - Secondary carbonates -\item - Secondary gypsum -\item - Secondary silica -\item - Cementation -\item - Water saturation -\item - Volcanic glasses -\item - C\textsubscript{org} content -\item - Human alterations -\end{itemize} - -Wherever you observe a major difference in at least one of these -characteristics, set a layer boundary. Whenever a layer is too thick -(e.g.~\textgreater~30~cm), it may be wise to subdivide it into two or -more layers of more or less equal thickness for description. In certain -soils, it may also be wise to add additional layer limits at depths, -which you may need to check for the presence or absence of a diagnostic -horizon (e.g.~20~cm to check mollic or umbric horizons). Alluvial -sediments and tephra layers may be finely stratified. It may be -appropriate to combine several such strata to one layer for description. -In all other cases, different geological strata must not be combined to -one layer. - -In the following headings, the (o), the (m), and the (o, m) indicate, -whether the described characteristic has to be reported in organic or in -mineral layers or in both (see Chapter 8.4.4). For organotechnic layers, -the user decides, which characteristics have to be described. The -asterisk (*) informs that the characteristic can also be reported in a -\emph{Pürckhauer} auger. - -The layers are numbered consecutively from the soil surface (see Chapter -8.3.1) downwards. Report the upper and lower depth for every layer. If -the lower depth of the last layer is unknown, report the depth of the -profile with the + symbol as the layer's lower depth. - -The following principles have to be considered for description (see -General rules, Chapter 2.1): - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - All data refer to the fine earth, unless stated otherwise. The fine - earth comprises the soil constituents ≤~2~mm. The whole soil comprises - fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts and dead plant remnants of any - size. These rules also apply to cemented layers. -\item - All data are given by mass, unless stated otherwise. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{homogeneity-of-the-layer-o-m}{% -\subsection{Homogeneity of the layer (o, -m)}\label{homogeneity-of-the-layer-o-m}} - -\hypertarget{layer-consisting-of-different-parts}{% -\subsubsection{Layer consisting of different -parts}\label{layer-consisting-of-different-parts}} - -If a layer consists of two or more different parts that do not form -horizontal layers but can easily be distinguished, describe them -separately. Use separate lines in the Soil Description Sheet (Annex 4, -Chapter 11) and report the percentage (by exposed area, related to the -whole soil) of each part. Examples are layers with retic properties (see -Chapter 8.4.18), with cryogenic alteration (see Chapter 8.4.34) or with -remodelling by single ploughing (see Chapter 8.4.39). The separation is -not recommended, if there is just a wavy boundary (as typical, e.g., for -chernic horizons or for eluvial horizons in Podzols, see Chapter 8.4.5) -or if there are just some additions of materials (see Chapter 8.4.39). - -\hypertarget{layer-composed-of-several-strata-of-alluvial-sediments-or-of-tephra}{% -\subsubsection{Layer composed of several strata of alluvial sediments or -of -tephra}\label{layer-composed-of-several-strata-of-alluvial-sediments-or-of-tephra}} - -Alluvial strata comprise fluviatile, lacustrine and marine deposits. -Tephra strata have a significant amount of pyroclasts. Report the -presence of alluvial strata and of tephra strata within the described -layer. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9067}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0933}}@{}} -\caption{Presence of strata within a layer}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Layer is composed of two or more alluvial strata & \textbf{A} \\ -Layer is composed of two or more tephra strata & \textbf{T} \\ -Layer is composed of two or more alluvial strata containing tephra & -\textbf{B} \\ -Layer is not composed of different strata & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{water}{% -\subsection{Water}\label{water}} - -\hypertarget{water-saturation-o-m}{% -\subsubsection{Water saturation (o, m)}\label{water-saturation-o-m}} - -Report the water saturation. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9433}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0567}}@{}} -\caption{Types of water saturation}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Saturated by seawater for ≥~30 consecutive days & \textbf{MS} \\ -Saturated by seawater according to tidal changes & \textbf{MT} \\ -Saturated by groundwater or flowing water for ≥~30 consecutive days with -water that has an electrical conductivity of -≥~4~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} & \textbf{GS} \\ -Saturated by groundwater or flowing water for ≥~30 consecutive days with -water that has an electrical conductivity of -\textless~4~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} & \textbf{GF} \\ -Saturated by rainwater for ≥~30 consecutive days & \textbf{RA} \\ -Saturated by water from melted ice for ≥~30 consecutive days & -\textbf{MI} \\ -Pure water, covered by floating organic material & \textbf{PW} \\ -None of the above & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{soil-water-status-m}{% -\subsubsection{Soil water status (m) (*)}\label{soil-water-status-m}} - -Check the soil water status of non-saturated layers. Spray the profile -wall with water and observe the colour change. Then crush a sample and -report the behaviour. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}} -\caption{Soil water status, FAO (2006), Table 57, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Moistening & Crushing & Moisture class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Moistening & Crushing & Moisture class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Going very dark & Dusty or hard & Very dry & \textbf{VD} \\ -Going dark & Makes no dust & Dry & \textbf{DR} \\ -Going slightly dark & Makes no dust & Slightly moist & \textbf{SM} \\ -No change of colour & Makes no dust & Moist & \textbf{MO} \\ -No change of colour & Drops of water & Wet & \textbf{WE} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{organic-organotechnic-and-mineral-layers}{% -\subsection{Organic, organotechnic and mineral -layers}\label{organic-organotechnic-and-mineral-layers}} - -We distinguish the following layers (see Chapter 3.3): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Organic layers consist of organic material. -\item - Organotechnic layers consist of organotechnic material. -\item - Mineral layers are all other layers. -\end{itemize} - -An organic or organotechnic layer is called hydromorphic, if water -saturation lasts ≥~30 consecutive days in most years or if it has been -drained. Otherwise, it is called terrestrial. Hydromorphic organic -layers comprise peat and organic limnic material. Report, whether a -layer is organic, organotechnic or mineral and, if organic or -organotechnic, whether it is hydromorphic or terrestrial. The -distinction is preliminary and may have to be corrected according to -laboratory analyses. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Organic (hydromorphic and terrestrial), organotechnic and -mineral layers}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Organic hydromorphic & \textbf{OH} \\ -Organic terrestrial & \textbf{OT} \\ -Organotechnic hydromorphic & \textbf{TH} \\ -Organotechnic terrestrial & \textbf{TT} \\ -Mineral & \textbf{MI} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{layer-boundaries-o-m}{% -\subsection{Layer boundaries (o, m)}\label{layer-boundaries-o-m}} - -\hypertarget{distinctness-of-the-layers-lower-boundary}{% -\subsubsection{Distinctness of the layer's lower boundary -(*)}\label{distinctness-of-the-layers-lower-boundary}} - -Report the distinctness of the layer's lower boundary. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5629}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3114}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0838}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0419}}@{}} -\caption{Distinctness of layer boundaries, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -2-6, modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Mineral layers, organotechnic layers and hydromorphic organic layers: -transition within (cm) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Terrestrial organic layers: transition within (cm) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Distinctness -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Mineral layers, organotechnic layers and hydromorphic organic layers: -transition within (cm) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Terrestrial organic layers: transition within (cm) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Distinctness -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~0.5 & ≤~0.1 & Very abrupt & \textbf{V} \\ -\textgreater~0.5-2 & \textgreater~0.1-0.2 & Abrupt & \textbf{A} \\ -\textgreater2-5 & \textgreater~0.2-0.5 & Clear & \textbf{C} \\ -\textgreater5-15 & \textgreater~0.5-1 & Gradual & \textbf{G} \\ -\textgreater15 & \textgreater~1 & Diffuse & \textbf{D} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{shape}{% -\subsubsection{Shape}\label{shape}} - -Report the shape. The characteristic refers to the layer's lower -boundary or, if the shape is `broken', to the entire layer. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Shape of layer boundaries, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -2-7}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Shape & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Shape & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Nearly plane surface & Smooth & \textbf{S} \\ -Pockets less deep than wide & Wavy & \textbf{W} \\ -Pockets more deep than wide & Irregular & \textbf{I} \\ -Discontinuous & Broken & \textbf{B} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-11.png} - -} - -\caption{Shape of layer boundaries, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-7, -modified} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{wind-deposition-m}{% -\subsection{Wind deposition (m)}\label{wind-deposition-m}} - -Report any evidence of wind deposition. Use a hand lens (maximum 10x). - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9625}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0375}}@{}} -\caption{Types of wind deposition}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Aeroturbation (cross-bedding) & CB \\ -≥~10\% of the particles of medium sand or coarser are rounded or -subangular and have a matt surface & RH \\ -≥~10\% of the particles of medium sand or coarser are rounded or -subangular and have a matt surface, but only in in-blown material that -has filled cracks & RC \\ -Other & OT \\ -No evidence of wind deposition & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{coarse-fragments-o-m}{% -\subsection{Coarse fragments (o, m)}\label{coarse-fragments-o-m}} - -A coarse fragment is a mineral particle \textgreater~2~mm in its -equivalent diameter (see Chapter 8.4.9). The subdivision of coarse -fragments (0.6 to 60~cm) is according to their greatest dimension. This -Chapter refers to natural coarse fragments. Artefacts are described in -Chapter 8.4.8. Fragments of broken-up cemented layers are reported here -together with the coarse fragments. In addition, the cementing agent has -to be reported (see Chapters 8.4.30 and 8.4.32) (the term `oxides' -includes hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides). - -\hypertarget{size-and-shape}{% -\subsubsection{Size and shape}\label{size-and-shape}} - -The Table indicates the length of the greatest dimension and the shape. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}} -\caption{Size and shape classes of coarse fragments, FAO (2006), Tables -27 and 28}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Shape & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Shape & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -\textgreater~0.2-0.6 & Fine gravel & Rounded & \textbf{FR} \\ -& & Angular & \textbf{FA} \\ -& & Rounded and angular & \textbf{FB} \\ -\textgreater~0.6-2 & & Rounded & \textbf{MR} \\ -& & Angular & \textbf{MA} \\ -& & Rounded and angular & \textbf{MB} \\ -\textgreater~2-6 & & Rounded & \textbf{CR} \\ -& & Angular & \textbf{CA} \\ -& & Rounded and angular & \textbf{CB} \\ -\textgreater~6-20 & & Rounded & \textbf{SR} \\ -& & Angular & \textbf{SA} \\ -& & Rounded and angular & \textbf{SB} \\ -~\textgreater20-60 & & Rounded & \textbf{BR} \\ -& & Angular & \textbf{BA} \\ -& & Rounded and angular & \textbf{BB} \\ -\textgreater~60 & & Rounded & \textbf{LR} \\ -& & Angular & \textbf{LA} \\ -& & Rounded and angular & \textbf{LB} \\ -& No coarse fragments & & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{weathering-stage}{% -\subsubsection{Weathering stage}\label{weathering-stage}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8261}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1196}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0543}}@{}} -\caption{Weathering stage of coarse fragments, FAO (2006), Table -29}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Weathering stage -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{Code} -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Weathering stage -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textbf{Code} -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -No or little signs of weathering & Fresh & \textbf{F} \\ -Loss of original rock colour and loss of crystal form in the outer -parts; centres remain relatively fresh; original strength relatively -well preserved & Moderately weathered & \textbf{M} \\ -All but the most resistant minerals weathered; original rock colour lost -throughout; tend to disintegrate under only moderate pressure & Strongly -weathered & \textbf{S} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{fragments-of-broken-up-cemented-layers}{% -\subsubsection{Fragments of broken-up cemented -layers}\label{fragments-of-broken-up-cemented-layers}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9365}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0635}}@{}} -\caption{Fragments of broken-up cemented layers: cementing -agent}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Cementing agent -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Cementing agent -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Secondary carbonates & \textbf{CA} \\ -Secondary gypsum & \textbf{GY} \\ -Secondary silica & \textbf{SI} \\ -Fe oxides, predominantly inside (former) soil aggregates, no significant -concentration of organic matter & \textbf{FI} \\ -Fe oxides, predominantly on the surfaces of (former) soil aggregates, no -significant concentration of organic matter & \textbf{FO} \\ -Fe oxides, no relationship to (former) soil aggregates, no significant -concentration of organic matter & \textbf{FN} \\ -Fe oxides in the presence of a significant concentration of organic -matter & \textbf{FH} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{abundance-by-volume}{% -\subsubsection{Abundance (by volume)}\label{abundance-by-volume}} - -Report the total percentage of the volume (related to the whole soil) -occupied by coarse fragments. In addition, report at least one and up to -four size and shape classes and report their weathering stage and the -percentage of the volume that is occupied by the coarse fragments of the -respective class, the dominant one first. Figure 8.12 helps with the -estimation of the volume. For fragments of a broken-up cemented layer, -report the agent that caused the cementation, where applicable up to -two, and the percentage of each group of fragments (by volume, related -to the whole soil). - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-12.png} - -} - -\caption{Charts for estimating percentages of coarse fragments, FAO -(2006), Figure 5, modified by B. Repe} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{free-large-pores-between-coarse-fragments}{% -\subsubsection{Free large pores between coarse -fragments}\label{free-large-pores-between-coarse-fragments}} - -Between coarse fragments, large pores may exist that are visible with -the naked eye and do not contain soil material. Report the total -percentage (by volume, related to the whole soil). - -\hypertarget{artefacts-o-m}{% -\subsection{Artefacts (o, m)}\label{artefacts-o-m}} - -Artefacts are solid or liquid substances that are - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - created or substantially modified by humans as part of an industrial - or artisanal manufacturing process, or -\item - brought to the surface by human activity from a depth, where they were - not influenced by surface processes, and deposited in an environment, - where they do not commonly occur. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{type}{% -\subsubsection{Type}\label{type}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8857}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1143}}@{}} -\caption{Examples of artefacts, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-50, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Bitumen (asphalt), continuous & \textbf{BT} \\ -Bitumen (asphalt), fragments & \textbf{BF} \\ -Black carbon (e.g.~charcoal, partly charred particles, soot) & -\textbf{BC} \\ -Boiler slag & \textbf{BS} \\ -Bottom ash & \textbf{BA} \\ -Bricks, adobes & \textbf{BR} \\ -Ceramics & \textbf{CE} \\ -Cloth, carpet & \textbf{CL} \\ -Coal combustion byproducts & \textbf{CU} \\ -Concrete, continuous & \textbf{CR} \\ -Concrete, fragments & \textbf{CF} \\ -Crude oil & \textbf{CO} \\ -Debitage (stone tool flakes) & \textbf{DE} \\ -Dressed or crushed stones & \textbf{DS} \\ -Fly ash & \textbf{FA} \\ -Geomembrane, continuous & \textbf{GM} \\ -Geomembrane, fragments & \textbf{GF} \\ -Glass & \textbf{GL} \\ -Gold coins & \textbf{GC} \\ -Household waste (undifferentiated) & \textbf{HW} \\ -Industrial waste & \textbf{IW} \\ -Lumps of applied lime & \textbf{LL} \\ -Metal & \textbf{ME} \\ -Mine spoil & \textbf{MS} \\ -Organic waste & \textbf{OW} \\ -Paper, cardboard & \textbf{PA} \\ -Plasterboard & \textbf{PB} \\ -Plastic & \textbf{PT} \\ -Processed oil products & \textbf{PO} \\ -Rubber (tires etc.) & \textbf{RU} \\ -Treated wood & \textbf{TW} \\ -Other & \textbf{OT} \\ -None & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -Note: If not purposefully made by humans, black carbon is considered to -be natural (see Chapter 8.4.36). - -\hypertarget{size}{% -\subsubsection{Size}\label{size}} - -The Table indicates the average length of the greatest dimension of -solid artefacts. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Size of artefacts, FAO (2006), Table 27}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~0.2 & Fine earth & \textbf{E} \\ -\textgreater~0.2 - 0.6 & Fine gravel & \textbf{F} \\ -\textgreater~0.6-2 & Medium gravel & \textbf{M} \\ -\textgreater~2-6 & Coarse gravel & \textbf{C} \\ -\textgreater~6-20 & Stones & \textbf{S} \\ -\textgreater~20-60 & Boulders & \textbf{B} \\ -\textgreater~60 & Large boulders & \textbf{L} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{abundance-by-volume-1}{% -\subsubsection{Abundance (by volume)}\label{abundance-by-volume-1}} - -Report the total percentage of the volume (related to the whole soil) -occupied by solid artefacts. In addition, report at least one and up to -five types and size classes and the percentage of the volume that is -occupied by the respective type and size class, the dominant one first. -Figure 8.12 helps with the estimation of the volume. Black carbon has to -be additionally reported as percentage of the exposed area (related to -the fine earth plus black carbon of any size). - -\hypertarget{soil-texture-m}{% -\subsection{Soil texture (m) (*)}\label{soil-texture-m}} - -\hypertarget{particle-size-classes}{% -\subsubsection{Particle-size classes}\label{particle-size-classes}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Particle-size classes, ISO 11277:2009}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Particle-size class & Diameter of particles \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Particle-size class & Diameter of particles \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Fine earth & all particles ≤~2~mm \\ -Sand & \textgreater{} 63 μm - ≤ 2 mm \\ -Very coarse sand & \textgreater{} 1250 μm - ≤ 2 mm \\ -Coarse sand & \textgreater{} 630 μm - ≤ 1250 μm \\ -Medium sand & \textgreater{} 200 μm - ≤ 630 μm \\ -Fine sand & \textgreater{} 125 μm - ≤ 200 μm \\ -Very fine sand & \textgreater{} 63 μm - \textless{} 125 μm \\ -Silt & \textgreater{} 2 μm - ≤ 63 μm \\ -Clay & ≤ 2 μm \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -The particle size classes up to 2~mm are defined according to the -equivalent diameter. The equivalent diameter is the diameter of a sphere -that in sedimentation analysis sinks with the same velocity as the -respective particle. - -The human eye and the tactile sense of the fingers can detect particles -\textgreater~150-300 μm, depending on individual sensitivity. - -\hypertarget{texture-classes}{% -\subsubsection{Texture classes}\label{texture-classes}} - -Report the texture class. Please note that the hand-texturing according -to the following flow chart only provides an estimation of the texture. -Especially around the limits between the classes, the results might be -not absolutely reliable. Beginners should ask experienced soil -scientists for help. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-13.png} - -} - -\caption{Texture classes, triangle, Blum et al.~(2018), Figure 28, -modified} - -\end{figure} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2358}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1509}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1604}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1509}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3019}}@{}} -\caption{Texture classes, Soil Science Division Staff -(2017)}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Texture class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% silt -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% clay -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Additional criteria -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Texture class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% silt -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% clay -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Additional criteria -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Sand (S) & \textgreater~85 & \textless~15 & \textless~10 & (\%silt + -1.5×\%clay) \textless{} 15 \\ -Loamy sand (LS) & \textgreater~70 - ≤~90 & \textless~30 & \textless~15 & -\begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -(\%silt + 1.5×\%clay) ≥ 15 and\\ -(\%silt + 2×\%clay) \textless{} 30\strut -\end{minipage} \\ -Silt (Si) & ≤~20 & ≥~80 & \textless~12 & \\ -Silt loam (SiL) & ≤~50 & ≥~50 to \textless~80 & \textless~27 & \\ -& ≤~8 & ≥ 80 to ≤ 88 & ≥ 12 to ≤ 20 & \\ -Sandy loam (SL) & \textgreater~52 - ≤~85 & ≤ 48 & \textless~20 & (\%silt -+ 2×\%clay) ≥ 30 \\ -& \textgreater~43 - ≤~52 & ≥ 41 to \textless{} 50 & \textless~7 & \\ -Loam (L) & \textgreater~23 to ≤~52 & ≥ 28 to \textless{} 50 & ≥ 7 to -\textless{} 27 & \\ -Sandy clay loam (SCL) & \textgreater~45 to ≤~80 & \textless{} 28 & ≥ 20 -to \textless{} 35 & \\ -Silty clay loam (SiCL) & ≤~20 & \textgreater{} 40 to ≤ 73 & ≥ 27 to -\textless{} 40 & \\ -Clay loam (CL) & \textgreater~20 to ≤~45 & \textgreater{} 15 to -\textless{} 53 & ≥ 27 to \textless{} 40 & \\ -Sandy clay (SC) & \textgreater~45 to ≤~65 & \textless{} 20 & ≥ 35 to -\textless{} 55 & \\ -Silty clay (SiC) & ≤~20 & ≥ 40 to ≤ 60 & ≥ 40 to ≤ 60 & \\ -Clay (C) & ≤~45 & \textless{} 40 & ≥ 40 & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-14.png} - -} - -\caption{Texture classes, flow chart, ideas adapted from - Natural -England Technical Information Note TIN037 (2008) - Thien (1979)} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{subclasses-of-the-texture-classes-sand-and-loamy-sand}{% -\subsubsection{Subclasses of the texture classes sand and loamy -sand}\label{subclasses-of-the-texture-classes-sand-and-loamy-sand}} - -If the layer belongs to the texture classes sand or loamy sand, report -the subclass. The particle-size subclasses of sand are detected by -visual estimation of the diameters of the grains or by laboratory -analysis. The texture subclasses very fine sand and loamy very fine sand -tend to feel floury, whereas all the coarser subclasses feel grainy. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1379}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0690}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2026}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0603}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0819}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0948}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1638}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 14\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1897}}@{}} -\caption{Subclasses of the texture classes sand and loamy sand If the -layer belongs to the texture classes sand or loamy sand, report the -subclass. The particle-size subclasses of sand are detected by visual -estimation of the diameters of the grains or by laboratory analysis. The -texture subclasses very fine sand and loamy very fine sand tend to feel -floury, whereas all the coarser subclasses feel grainy.}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% very coarse and coarse sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% medium sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% sum of very coarse, coarse and medium sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% fine sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% very fine sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Feel -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Subclasses of the texture class sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Subclasses of the texture class loamy sand -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% very coarse and coarse sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% medium sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% sum of very coarse, coarse and medium sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% fine sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% very fine sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Feel -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Subclasses of the texture class sand -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Subclasses of the texture class loamy sand -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≥~25 & \textless~50 & Not defined & \textless~50 & \textless~50 & Grainy -& Coarse sand (CS) & Loamy coarse sand (LCS) \\ -\textless~25 & Not defined & ≥~25 & \textless~50 & \textless~50 & Grainy -& Medium sand (MS) & Loamy medium sand (LMS) \\ -≥~25 & ≥~50 & Not defined & Not defined & Not defined & Grainy & Medium -sand (MS) & Loamy medium sand (LMS) \\ -Not defined & Not defined & Not defined & ≥~50 & Not defined & Grainy & -Fine sand (FS) & Loamy fine sand (LFS) \\ -Not defined & Not defined & \textless~25 & Not defined & \textless~50 & -Grainy & Fine sand (FS) & Loamy fine sand (LFS) \\ -Not defined & Not defined & Not defined & Not defined & ≥~50 & Tending -to be floury & Very fine sand (VFS) & Loamy very fine sand (LVFS) \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{structure-m}{% -\subsection{Structure (m)}\label{structure-m}} - -Structure is the spatial arrangement of soil constituents and pores. If -this is, at least partially, the result of soil-forming processes, it is -called \textbf{soil structure}. Otherwise, it is \textbf{rock -structure}. Structure refers to the fine earth. Structure is reported -for mineral layers. Additionally, structure is reported for drained -hydromorphic organic layers. - -A \textbf{soil aggregate} is a discrete structural body that can be -clearly distinguished from its surroundings and that results from -soil-forming processes. If a force is applied to a specimen, and the -specimen breaks along natural surfaces of weakness, it is composed of -aggregates. If the specimen breaks exactly where force is applied, the -structure is \textbf{massive} (coherent). If there is no coherence -between the particles, the structure is of \textbf{single-grain} type. -Human disturbance may create artificial structural elements, which are -called \textbf{clods}. - -Undisturbed aggregates or non-aggregated structure are called the -first-level structure. Aggregates of the types subangular blocky, -angular blocky, polyhedral, lenticular, platy, wedge-shaped, prismatic, -and columnar may break into aggregates of a second-level structure and -even further into aggregates of a thirdlevel structure. The second-level -and the third-level structure may be of the same type(s) as the -first-level structure or of a different one. - -Use the spade, take out a large sample, make sure that the aggregates of -the first-level structure, if present, are undisturbed, and observe the -structure. Report the type, if present, up to three, the dominant one -first. For each type, report separately grade, penetrability for roots, -and size class. If applicable, report two size classes, the dominant one -first. Report for every type and size class the abundance (as percentage -by volume of the layer). - -From the first-level structure, take some specimens from each type (if -more than one size class of a type is present, take only the greater -one) and try to break them with low forces. If aggregates of a -second-level structure appear, report the type, if present, up to two, -the dominant one first. For each type, report separately grade, size -class, and penetrability for roots. If applicable, report two size -classes, the dominant one first. Report for every type and size class -the abundance (as percentage by volume of the respective first level -structure). - -From the second-level structure, take some specimens from each type (if -more than one size class of a type is present, take only the greater -one) and try to break them with low forces. If aggregates of a -third-level structure appear, report type, grade, size class, and -penetrability for roots. If applicable, report two size classes, the -dominant one first. Report for every size class the abundance (as -percentage by volume of the respective second level structure). - -\hypertarget{types}{% -\subsubsection{Types}\label{types}} - -Figure 8.15 explains some general terms of soil aggregate description. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-15.png} - -} - -\caption{General terms of soil aggregate description} - -\end{figure} - -Granular - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-01.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Spheroidal; -\item - biogenic; many visible pores; -\item - bounded by curved or very irregular faces; -\item - limited accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\end{itemize} - -Subangular blocky - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-02.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by undulating rough faces; -\item - number of faces variable; -\item - many vertices rounded; -\item - limited accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\end{itemize} - -Angular blocky - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-03.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by relatively flat smooth, roughly equal faces; -\item - number of faces variable; -\item - most vertices angular; -\item - usually much accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\end{itemize} - -Lenticular - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-04.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by curved faces; -\item - overlapping, lens-shaped aggregates generally parallel to the soil - surface that are thick at the centre and taper toward the edges; -\item - usually much accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates; -\item - (formed by active or relict frost processes) -\end{itemize} - -Wedge-shaped - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-05.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by flat faces; -\item - interlocking wedges or lenses that terminate in pronounced angular - vertices; -\item - ends of vertices may be missing; -\item - much accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\item - (typical for first-level or second-level structure in vertic horizons) -\end{itemize} - -Prismatic - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-06.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by relatively flat faces; -\item - vertically elongated units with angular vertices and flat tops; -\item - much accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\end{itemize} - -Columnar - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-07.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by relatively flat faces; -\item - vertically elongated units with angular to rounded vertices and - rounded (domed) tops -\end{itemize} - -Polyhedral - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-08.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by relatively flat smooth, unequal faces; -\item - more than six faces; most vertices angular; -\item - usually much accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates; -\item - re-entrant angles between adjoining faces -\item - (typical for second-level structure in nitic horizons) -\end{itemize} - -Flat-edged - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-09.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by curved faces; -\item - lens-shaped aggregates that are thick at the centre and taper toward - the edges; -\item - limited accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\item - (typical for second-level structure in nitic horizons) -\end{itemize} - -Pseudosand/Pseudosilt - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-10.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Spheroidal units of sand and silt size, composed of kaolinite-oxide - complexes; -\item - the complexes may be interconnected to each other; -\item - hand-texturing according to Chapter 8.4.9 first yields the impression - of a dominance of sand and silt and after prolonged squeezing proves - the dominance of clay -\end{itemize} - -Platy - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-11.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Bounded by relatively flat horizontal faces; -\item - much accommodation to the faces of surrounding aggregates -\end{itemize} - -Single grain - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-12.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Entirely non-coherent, e.g., loose sand -\end{itemize} - -Massive - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-13.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Material is a coherent mass (not necessarily cemented) -\end{itemize} - -Cloddy - -\includegraphics{./table_8-41-14.png} - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Artificial clods created by disturbance; e.g., ploughing -\end{itemize} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1212}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8384}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0404}}@{}} -\caption{Types of structure, formation and codes}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Formation -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Formation -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Granular & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{GR} \\ -Subangular blocky & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{BS} \\ -Angular blocky & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{BA} \\ -Lenticular & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{LC} \\ -Wefge-shaped & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{WE} \\ -Prismatic & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{PR} \\ -Columnar & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{CO} \\ -Polyhedral & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{PH} \\ -Flatedged & Soil aggregate structure, natural & \textbf{FE} \\ -Pseudosand/ Pseudosilt & Soil aggregate structure, natural & -\textbf{PS} \\ -Platy & Soil aggregate structure, natural or resulting from artificial -pressure & \textbf{PL} \\ -Single grain & No structural units, rock structure, inherited from the -parent material & \textbf{SR} \\ -Single grain & No structural units, soil structure, resulting from -soil-forming processes, like loss of organic matter and/or oxides and/or -clay minerals or loss of stratification & \textbf{SS} \\ -Massive & No structural units, rock structure, inherited from the parent -material, structure not changing with soil moisture, not or only -slightly chemically weathered & \textbf{MR} \\ -Massive & No structural units, rock structure, inherited from the parent -material, structure not changing with soil moisture, strongly chemically -weathered (e.g.~saprolite) & \textbf{MW} \\ -Massive & No structural units, soil structure, present when moist and -changing into soil aggregate structure when dry & \textbf{MS} \\ -Stratified & No structural units, rock structure, visible stratification -from sedimentation & \textbf{ST} \\ -Cloddy & Artificial structural elements & \textbf{CL} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{grade}{% -\subsubsection{Grade}\label{grade}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9491}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0299}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0210}}@{}} -\caption{Grade of structural units, Soil Science Division Staff (2017), -159f, modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Grade -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Grade -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -The units are barely observable in place. When gently disturbed, the -soil material parts into a mixture of whole and broken units, the -majority of which exhibit no surfaces of weakness. The surfaces differ -in some way from the interiors. & Weak & \textbf{W} \\ -The units are well formed and evident in place. When disturbed, the soil -material parts into a mixture of mostly whole units, some broken units, -and material that is not in units. Aggregates part from adjoining -aggregates to reveal nearly entire faces that have properties distinct -from those of fractured surfaces. & Moderate & \textbf{M} \\ -The units are distinct in place. When disturbed, they separate cleanly, -mainly into whole units. Aggregates have distinct surface properties. & -Strong & \textbf{S} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{penetrability-for-roots}{% -\subsubsection{Penetrability for roots}\label{penetrability-for-roots}} - -Large soil aggregates may have a dense outer rim that does not allow -roots to enter. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Aggregate penetrability for roots}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -All aggregates with dense outer rim & \textbf{P} \\ -Some aggregates with dense outer rim & \textbf{S} \\ -No aggregate with dense outer rim & \textbf{N} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{size-1}{% -\subsubsection{Size}\label{size-1}} - -The dimension to be reported is indicated in Table 8.41 by a line. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1064}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4397}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2553}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1348}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0638}}@{}} -\caption{Aggregate size, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-55, FAO (2006), -Table 50, modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion: -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -size of structural -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -unit (mm) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Size class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion: -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -size of structural -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -unit (mm) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Size class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -\begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Granular,\\ -Flat-edged,\\ -Platy\strut -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Subangular blocky, Angular blocky, Lenticular, Polyhedral,\\ -Cloddy\strut -\end{minipage} & Wedge-shaped, Prismatic, Columnar & & \\ -≤~1 & ≤~5 & ≤~10 & Very fine & \textbf{VF} \\ -\textgreater~1--2 & \textgreater~5--10 & \textgreater~10--20 & Fine & -\textbf{FI} \\ -\textgreater~2--5 & \textgreater~10--20 & \textgreater~20--50 & Medium & -\textbf{ME} \\ -\textgreater~5--10 & \textgreater~20--50 & \textgreater~50--100 & Coarse -& \textbf{CO} \\ -\textgreater~10--20 & \textgreater~50--100 & \textgreater~100--300 & -Very coarse & \textbf{VC} \\ -\textgreater~20 & \textgreater~100 & \textgreater~300 & Extremely coarse -& \textbf{EC} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{inclination-of-wedge-shaped-aggregates}{% -\subsubsection{Inclination of wedge-shaped -aggregates}\label{inclination-of-wedge-shaped-aggregates}} - -If wedge-shaped aggregates are present, report the volume (as -percentage), occupied by wedge-shaped aggregates tilted between ≥~10° -and ≤~60° from the horizontal. - -\hypertarget{pores-and-cracks-overview}{% -\subsection{Pores and cracks -(overview)}\label{pores-and-cracks-overview}} - -Soil has air- or water-filled voids, which are: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Interstitial (primary packing voids) -\item - Non-matrix pores (tubular, dendritic tubular, vesicular, irregular) -\item - Interstructural (fractures between soil aggregates, which can be - inferred from soil structure description) -\item - Cracks (fissures other than those attributed to soil structure). We - only report non-matrix pores and cracks. -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{non-matrix-pores-m}{% -\subsection{Non-matrix pores (m)}\label{non-matrix-pores-m}} - -\hypertarget{type-1}{% -\subsubsection{Type}\label{type-1}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8738}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0874}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0388}}@{}} -\caption{Types of non-matrix pores, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-73, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Cylindrical and elongated voids; e.g., worm tunnels & Tubular & -\textbf{TU} \\ -Cylindrical, elongated, branching voids; e.g., empty root channels & -Dedritic Tubular & \textbf{DT} \\ -Ovoid to spherical voids; e.g., solidified pseudomorphs of entrapped gas -bubbles concentrated below a crust; most common in arid and semiarid -environments and in permafrost soils & Vesicular & \textbf{VE} \\ -Non-connected cavities, chambers; e.g., vughs; various shapes & -Irregular & \textbf{IG} \\ -No non-matrix pores & & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -Tubular and dendritic tubular pores are commonly referred to as -\textbf{biopores}. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-16.png} - -} - -\caption{Type of non-matrix pores, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-74} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{size-and-abundance}{% -\subsubsection{Size and abundance}\label{size-and-abundance}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}} -\caption{Pore size, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-70}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Diameter (mm) & Soil area to be assessed & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Diameter (mm) & Soil area to be assessed & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~1 & 1~cm\textsuperscript{2} & Very Fine & \textbf{VF} \\ -\textgreater~2--5 & 1~cm\textsuperscript{2} & Fine & \textbf{FI} \\ -\textgreater~5--10 & 1~dm\textsuperscript{2} & Medium & \textbf{ME} \\ -\textgreater~5--10 & 1~dm\textsuperscript{2} & Coarse & \textbf{CO} \\ -\textgreater~10 & 1~m\textsuperscript{2} & Very coarse & \textbf{VC} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Abundance of pores, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-70, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Number & Abundance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Number & Abundance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~1 & Very few & \textbf{V} \\ -\textgreater~1--3 & Few & \textbf{F} \\ -\textgreater~3--5 & Common & \textbf{C} \\ -\textgreater~5 & May & \textbf{M} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -Report all non-matrix pore types that apply. For every type and every -size class, count the number of pores in the assessed area. For every -type, report the dominant size class (size class that has the highest -number of pores). For every type, calculate the sum of pores across the -size classes and report the abundance class. - -Example: - -Very fine: 0\\ -Fine: 2\\ -Medium: 2\\ -Coarse: 1\\ -Very coarse: 0 - -The sum is 5, and the abundance class is Common. - -\hypertarget{cracks-o-m}{% -\subsection{Cracks (o, m)}\label{cracks-o-m}} - -Report persistence and continuity, - -\hypertarget{persistence}{% -\subsubsection{Persistence}\label{persistence}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Persistence of cracks, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -2-76}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Reversible (open and close with changing soil moisture) & \textbf{RT} \\ -Irreversible (persist year-round) & \textbf{IT} \\ -No cracks & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{continuity}{% -\subsubsection{Continuity}\label{continuity}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9121}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0879}}@{}} -\caption{Continuity of cracks}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -All cracks continue into the underlying layer & \textbf{AC} \\ -At least half, but not all of the cracks continue into the underlying -layer & \textbf{HC} \\ -At least one, but less than half of the cracks continue into the -underlying layer & \textbf{SC} \\ -Cracks do not continue into the underlying layer & \textbf{NC} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{width-and-abundance}{% -\subsubsection{Width and abundance}\label{width-and-abundance}} - -Report the average width in mm and the number of cracks. Count the -cracks across 1~m horizontally; use the vertical centre of the layer. - -\hypertarget{stress-features-m}{% -\subsection{Stress features (m)}\label{stress-features-m}} - -Stress features result from soil aggregates that are pressed against -each other due to swelling clays. The aggregate surfaces may be shiny. -There are two types: Pressure faces do not slide past each other and -have no striations, slickensides slide past each other and have -striations. Striations develop if sand (or silt) grains are moved with -strong pressure along the aggregate surfaces. Stress features do not -differ in colour from the matrix (see Chapter 8.4.17). A hand lens -(maximum 10x) may be helpful. Report the abundance of - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Pressure faces in \% of the surfaces of soil aggregates -\item - Slickensides in \% of the surfaces of soil aggregates. -\end{itemize} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-17.png} - -} - -\caption{Type of stress features, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-34} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{concentrations-overview}{% -\subsection{Concentrations (overview)}\label{concentrations-overview}} - -The following definitions apply to concentrations, e.g., redox -concentrations or secondary carbonates (some concentrations may not show -all the below-listed types). For cementation classes, see Chapter -8.4.30. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9319}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0681}}@{}} -\caption{Types of concentrations (overview), Soil Science Division -Staff. (2017), page 174f}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Description -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Designation -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Description -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Designation -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Rounded body, at least very weakly cemented, that can be removed as -discrete unit, with internal organization in the form of concentric -layers that are visible to the naked eye & Concretion \\ -Rounded body, at least very weakly cemented, that can be removed as -discrete unit, without evident internal organization & Nodule \\ -Longitudinal body of any cementation class & Filament \\ -Non-cemented or extremely weakly cemented body, of various shape, that -cannot be removed as discrete unit & Mass \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{soil-colour-overview}{% -\subsection{Soil colour (overview)}\label{soil-colour-overview}} - -In general, soil colour can be a property of the four following soil -features: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Matrix (see Chapter 8.4.17 and Chapter 8.4.18) -\item - Lithogenic mottles (see Chapter 8.4.19) -\item - Redoximorphic features, resulting from redox processes (see Chapter - 8.4.20) -\item - Non-redoximorphic features, resulting from other pedogenic processes: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - initial weathering (see Chapter 8.4.22) - \item - clay coatings and bridges (see Chapter 8.4.23) - \item - uncoated sand and/or coarse silt grains (see Chapter 8.4.23) - \item - ribbon-like accumulations (see Chapter 8.4.24) - \item - secondary carbonates (see Chapter 8.4.25) - \item - secondary gypsum (see Chapter 8.4.26) - \item - secondary silica (see Chapter 8.4.27) - \item - readily soluble salts (see Chapter 8.4.28) - \item - accumulations of organic matter (see Chapter 8.4.36) - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-18.png} - -} - -\caption{Colour flow chart, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-8, modified} - -\end{figure} - -Use the Munsell Color Charts. Take a fresh sample, slightly crush it and -observe the colour in the shade (both your eyes and the colour chart in -the shade) and not in the twilight. Report hue, value and chroma. The -matrix colour is recorded twice, moist and (if possible) dry, the other -colours only in the moist state. The moist state corresponds to field -capacity, which is obtained with sufficient accuracy by moistening and -reading the colour as soon as visible moisture films have disappeared. - -\hypertarget{matrix-colour-m}{% -\subsection{Matrix colour (m) (*)}\label{matrix-colour-m}} - -Report the colour of the soil matrix. If there is more than one matrix -colour, report up to three, the dominant one first, and give the -percentage of the exposed area. - -Advanced chemical weathering without physical alteration, especially -without turbation, results in saprolite (see Chapter 8.4.10). According -to the minerals present, a colour pattern may result. These colours are -reported as matrix colours. - -\hypertarget{combinations-of-darker-coloured-finer-textured-and-lighter-coloured-coarser-textured-parts-m}{% -\subsection{Combinations of darker-coloured finer-textured and -lighter-coloured coarser-textured parts -(m)}\label{combinations-of-darker-coloured-finer-textured-and-lighter-coloured-coarser-textured-parts-m}} - -If a layer consists of darker-coloured finer-textured and -lighter-coloured coarser-textured parts that do not form horizontal -layers but can easily be distinguished, describe them separately. Use -separate lines in the Soil Description Sheet (Annex 4, Chapter 11) and -give a full description. The principal colours are regarded to be matrix -colours. - -For the coarser-textured parts, report in addition the following -characteristics: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - the percentage (by exposed area) occupied by coarser-textured parts of - any orientation (vertical, horizontal, inclined) having a width of - ≥~0.5~cm -\item - the percentage (by exposed area) occupied by continuous vertical - tongues of coarser-textured parts with a horizontal extension of - ≥~1~cm (if these tongues are absent, report 0\%) -\item - the depth range, where these tongues cover ≥~10\% of the exposed area - (if they extend across serveral layers, the length is only reported in - the description of that layer, where they start at the layer's upper - limit). -\end{itemize} - -In the middle of the layer, prepare a horizontal surface, 50~cm x 50~cm, -and report the percentage (by horizontal area covered) of the -coarser-textured parts. - -\hypertarget{lithogenic-mottles-m}{% -\subsection{Lithogenic mottles (m)}\label{lithogenic-mottles-m}} - -Report colour, size, and abundance. If more than one colour occurs, -report up to three, the dominant one first, and give size and abundance -for each colour separately. - -\hypertarget{colour}{% -\subsubsection{Colour}\label{colour}} - -Report the colour according to the Munsell Color Charts. Write `None' if -there are no lithogenic mottles. - -\hypertarget{size-2}{% -\subsubsection{Size}\label{size-2}} - -The Table indicates the average length of the greatest dimension. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Size of lithogenic mottles, FAO (2006), Table -33}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Size (mm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Size (mm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~2 & Very fine & \textbf{V} \\ -\textgreater~2--6 & Fne & \textbf{F} \\ -\textgreater~6--20 & Medium & \textbf{M} \\ -\textgreater~20 & Coarse & \textbf{C} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{abundance-by-exposed-area}{% -\subsubsection{Abundance (by exposed -area)}\label{abundance-by-exposed-area}} - -Report the percentage of abundance. - -\hypertarget{redoximorphic-features-m}{% -\subsection{Redoximorphic features (m)}\label{redoximorphic-features-m}} - -Redoximorphic features (oximorphic features plus reductimorphic -features) are the result of redox processes. Oximorphic features show -the accumulation of substances in oxidized state and usually a redder -hue, a higher chroma and a lower value than the surrounding material, -while reductimorphic features show the opposite characteristics. Soil -parts showing reductimorphic features may either contain substances in -reduced state or may have lost them. - -Report substance, location, size (up to two, the dominant one first), -cementation class and abundance for each colour separately, for up to -three colours, the dominant one first. Substance for oximorphic features -is always reported, for reductimorphic features only in some cases. Size -is only reported for oximorphic features inside soil aggregates. -Cementation is only reported for oximorphic features. The abundance is -reported as percentage of the exposed area. - -\hypertarget{colour-1}{% -\subsubsection{Colour (*)}\label{colour-1}} - -Report the colour according to the Munsell Color Charts. Write `None' if -there are no redoximorphic features. - -\hypertarget{substance}{% -\subsubsection{Substance (*)}\label{substance}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Substance of oximorphic features}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Substance & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Substance & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Fe oxides & \textbf{FE} \\ -Mn oxides & \textbf{MN} \\ -Fe and Mn oxides & \textbf{FM} \\ -Jarosite & \textbf{JA} \\ -Schwertmannite & \textbf{SM} \\ -Fe and Al sulfates (not specified) & \textbf{AS} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -The term `oxides', as used here, includes hydroxides and -oxide-hydroxides. The term `sulfates' includes hydroxysulfates. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Substance of reductimorphic features}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Substance & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Substance & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Fe sulfides & \textbf{FS} \\ -No visible accumulation & \textbf{NA} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{location-1}{% -\subsubsection{Location (*)}\label{location-1}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3766}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5649}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0584}}@{}} -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Location -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Inner parts & Inside soil aggregates: masses & \textbf{OIM} \\ -Inner parts & Inside soil aggregates: concretions & \textbf{OIC} \\ -Inner parts & Inside soil aggregates: modules & \textbf{OIN} \\ -Inner parts & Inside soil aggregates: both concretions and/or nodules -(not possible to distinguish) & \textbf{OIB} \\ -Outer parts & On surfaces of soil aggregates & \textbf{OOA} \\ -Outer parts & Adjacent to surfaces of soil aggregates, infused into the -matrix (hypocoats) & \textbf{OOH} \\ -Outer parts & On biopore walls, lining the entire wall surface & -\textbf{OOE} \\ -Outer parts & On biopore walls, not lining the entire wall surface & -\textbf{OON} \\ -Outer parts & Adjacent to biopores, infused into the matrix (hypocoats) -& \textbf{OOI} \\ -Random (not associated with aggregate surfaces or pores) & Distributed -over the layer, no order visible & \textbf{ORN} \\ -& Distributed over the layer, surrounding areas with reductimorphic -features & \textbf{ORS} \\ -& Throughout & \textbf{ORT} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4265}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5294}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0441}}@{}} -\caption{Location of reductimorphic features}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Location -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Location -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Inner parts & Inside soil aggregates & RIA \\ -Outer parts & Outer parts of soil aggregates & ROA \\ -& Around biopores, surrounding the entire pores & ROE \\ -& Around biopores, not surrounding the entire pores & RON \\ -Random (not associated with aggregate surfaces or pores) & Distributed -over the layer, no order visible & RRN \\ -& Distributed over the layer, surrounding areas with oximorphic features -& RRS \\ -& Throughout & RRT \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{size-of-oximorphic-features}{% -\subsubsection{Size of oximorphic features -(*)}\label{size-of-oximorphic-features}} - -The Table indicates the average length of the greatest dimension. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Size of oximorphic features, FAO (2006), Table -33}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Size (mm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Size (mm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~2 & Very fine & \textbf{VF} \\ -\textgreater~2--6 & Fine & \textbf{FI} \\ -\textgreater~6--20 & Medium & \textbf{ME} \\ -\textgreater~20--60 & Coarse & \textbf{CO} \\ -\textgreater~60 & Very coarse & \textbf{VC} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{cementation-class-of-oximorphic-features}{% -\subsubsection{Cementation class of oximorphic features -(*)}\label{cementation-class-of-oximorphic-features}} - -If an intact specimen is not obtainable, the oximorphic feature is not -cemented. Otherwise, take out the feature, apply force perpendicular to -its greatest dimension, observe the force needed for failure and report -the cementation class. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6696}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2522}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0783}}@{}} -\caption{Consistence of oximorphic features, Schoeneberger et -al.~(2012), 2-63}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Intact specimen not obtainable or very slight force between fingers, -\textless~8~N & Not cemented & \textbf{NC} \\ -Slight force between fingers, 8--\textless~20~N & Extremely weakly -cemented & \textbf{EWC} \\ -Moderate force between fingers, 20--\textless~40~N & Very weakly -cemented & \textbf{VWC} \\ -Strong force between fingers, 40--\textless~80~N & Weakly cemented & -\textbf{WEC} \\ -Does not fail when applying force between fingers, ≥~80~N & Moderately -or more cemented & \textbf{MOC} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{abundance-by-exposed-area-1}{% -\subsubsection{Abundance (by exposed -area)}\label{abundance-by-exposed-area-1}} - -Report the total abundance of the parts with oximorphic features and the -total abundance of the parts with reductimorphic features, both for -inner, outer and random locations, separately. Report them as percentage -of the exposed area. - -\hypertarget{abundance-of-cemented-oximorphic-features-by-volume}{% -\subsubsection{Abundance of cemented oximorphic features (by -volume)}\label{abundance-of-cemented-oximorphic-features-by-volume}} - -This paragraph refers to cemented oximorphic features with a cementation -class of at least moderately cemented and a diameter of \textgreater{} 2 -mm. They comprise concretions and nodules (see above) and fragments of a -broken-up layer that has been cemented by Fe oxides. Report the -abundance. - -\hypertarget{redox-potential-and-reducing-conditions-o-m}{% -\subsection{Redox potential and reducing conditions (o, -m)}\label{redox-potential-and-reducing-conditions-o-m}} - -The soil redox potential (Eh) expresses the ratio of the concentrations -of oxidized and reduced substances and is measured in millivolts (mV). -In soils, redox potentials range from +800 mV to --350 mV. A low redox -potential indicates strong reducing conditions. When opening a profile -pit, oxygen gets access to the profile wall, which leads to a rapid -oxidation of the exposed reduced substances and to a subsequent change -of the redox potential at the profile wall. - -\hypertarget{measure-the-redox-potential-and-calculate-the-rh-value}{% -\subsubsection{Measure the redox potential and calculate the rH -value}\label{measure-the-redox-potential-and-calculate-the-rh-value}} - -For measuring the redox potential (Blume et al., 2011; FAO, 2006), the -following equipment is needed: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - a pointed stainless-steel rod of 4-5~mm in diameter, long enough to - reach the desired soil depth -\item - a perforated plastic tube of 15-20~mm in diameter and of a length - corresponding to the depth of measurement -\item - concentrated KCl solution, fixed with agar -\item - a Pt electrode -\item - a reference electrode, e.g., with Ag/AgCl in 1~\emph{M}~KCl or with - calomel (as used for measuring the pH value) -\item - a potentiometer. -\end{itemize} - -Procedure: Step 1 - 2~m aside the profile pit and drive the rod into the -soil down to the desired depth, roughen the Pt electrode with -fine-grained sandpaper, intrude it immediately into the hole and press -it against the soil. Make another hole at 10-20~cm distance, wide and -deep enough to place a plastic tube that is some cm longer than the -depth of the Pt electrode. Fill the tube with the fixed KCl solution, -place the tube into the hole and fix it with soil material. Then, place -the reference electrode into the KCl solution. Connect the electrodes -with the potentiometer and read the voltage after 30 minutes. Repeat -readings every 10 minutes until the value is stable. In some cases, this -may take several hours. At least two replicates are recommended. (If you -dispose of more than one set of equipment, you may measure the redox -potential simultaneously at different soil depths.) The obtained voltage -has to be adjusted to the voltage of the standard hydrogen electrode: -for Ag/AgCl in 1~\emph{M}~KCl add +244~mV, for calomel add +287~mV. -Simultaneously, measure the pH value (see Chapter 8.4.29) of the soil at -the profile wall in distilled water (soil:water = 1:5) at the same -depth. Report the rH value that is calculated with the following -equation: rH = (2~Eh/59) + 2~pH - -Note: If the profile is freshly dug and not too sandy, you may also -place the electrodes horizontally at least 15 cm behind in the profile -wall. - -\hypertarget{estimate-the-rh-value}{% -\subsubsection{Estimate the rH value (*)}\label{estimate-the-rh-value}} - -The following field tests are available to prove reducing conditions: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Methane can be lit with a match. -\item - H\textsubscript{2}S is formed when spraying a soil sample with a - 10\%~HCl solution and can be identified by the odour of rotten eggs. -\item - Fe\textsuperscript{2+} can be proven by oxidation with a 0.2\% (mass - by volume) solution of α,α-dipyridyl dissolved in 1~\emph{N} ammonium - acetate (NH\textsubscript{4}OAc), pH~7. Take a soil sample and spray - it with the solution. If Fe\textsuperscript{2+} is present, a strong - red colour will develop. The test needs a freshly broken sample that - has not yet been oxidized at the open profile wall. In neutral to - alkaline soils, the colour is hardly visible. Caution: The solution is - slightly toxic. -\end{itemize} - -The following Table explains how to estimate the rH value using these -field tests and the observed redoximorphic features (see Chapter -8.4.20). Report the rH range. Note that oximorphic features may be -relic. Reductimorphic features may also be relic, if Fe and Mn have been -removed in reduced form leaving behind a layer virtually free of Fe and -Mn. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6045}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2768}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0791}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0395}}@{}} -\caption{Ranges of rH values and related soil processes as derived from -redoximorphic features and from field tests of reducing conditions, -Blume et al.~(2011), page 24, FAO (2006), Table 36, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Processes -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -rH value -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Processes -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -rH value -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -No redoximorphic features & Strongly aerated & \textgreater~33 & R6 \\ -& Denitrification & 29--33 & R6 \\ -Oximorphic features of Mn; temporally no free oxygen present & Redox -reactions of Mn & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -temporally\\ -20--29\strut -\end{minipage} & R5 \\ -Oximorphic features of Fe & Redox reactions of Fe & -\begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -temporally\\ -\textless~20\strut -\end{minipage} & R4 \\ -Blue-green to grey colour, Fe\textsuperscript{2+} ions always present -(reduced areas show a positive α,α-dipyridyl test) & Formation of -Fe\textsuperscript{2+}/Fe\textsuperscript{3+} oxides (green rust) & -13--20 & R3 \\ -Black colour due to metal sulfides (spraying with a 10\%~HCl solution -causes the formation of H\textsubscript{2}S) & Sulfide formation & -10--13 & R2 \\ -Flammable methane present & Methane formation & \textless~10 & R1 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{initial-weathering-m}{% -\subsection{Initial weathering (m)}\label{initial-weathering-m}} - -A major process of chemical weathering is the formation of Fe oxides -(including hydroxides and oxidehydroxides). If the weathering is -initial, the Fe oxides may be concentrated in soil parts with easy -access to oxygen, e.g.~along pores. These parts have a distinctly redder -hue or stronger chroma. Report the abundance as percentage of the -exposed area. - -\hypertarget{coatings-and-bridges-m}{% -\subsection{Coatings and bridges (m)}\label{coatings-and-bridges-m}} - -\hypertarget{clay-coatings-and-clay-bridges}{% -\subsubsection{Clay coatings and clay -bridges}\label{clay-coatings-and-clay-bridges}} - -Illuviated clay consists of clay minerals, mostly together with oxides -and in many cases together with organic matter. It covers surfaces of -soil aggregates, coarse fragments and biopore walls as coatings -(argillans), or it forms bridges between sand grains. The clay minerals -give the coatings a shiny appearance. The oxides provide a colour that -is more intensive (usually a higher Munsell chroma) than the colour of -the matrix; organic matter provides a darker colour (usually a lower -Munsell value) than the colour of the matrix (see Chapter 8.4.17). A -hand lens (maximum 10x) may be helpful. - -Report the abundance of - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - clay coatings in \% of the surfaces of soil aggregates, coarse - fragments and/or biopore walls -\item - clay bridges between sand grains in \% of involved sand grains. -\end{itemize} - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-20.png} - -} - -\caption{Clay coatings and clay bridges, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -2-34} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{organic-matter-coatings-and-oxide-coatings-on-sand-and-coarse-silt-grains}{% -\subsubsection{Organic matter coatings and oxide coatings on sand and -coarse silt -grains}\label{organic-matter-coatings-and-oxide-coatings-on-sand-and-coarse-silt-grains}} - -Sand and coarse silt grains are mostly coated by organic matter and/or -oxides. In certain layers, these coatings may be cracked. In other -layers, these coatings may be missing. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Organic matter coatings and oxide coatings on sand and/or -coarse silt grains}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Cracked coatings on sand grains & \textbf{C} \\ -Uncoated sand and/or coarse silt grains & \textbf{U} \\ -All sand and coarse silt grains coated without cracks & \textbf{A} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -For C, report the percentage related to the estimated number of sand -grains. For U, report the percentage related to the estimated number of -sand and coarse silt grains. - -\hypertarget{ribbon-like-accumulations-m}{% -\subsection{Ribbon-like accumulations (m) -(*)}\label{ribbon-like-accumulations-m}} - -Ribbon-like accumulations are thin, horizontally continuous -accumulations within the matrix of another layer. Report the accumulated -substance(s). - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8857}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1143}}@{}} -\caption{Substances of ribbon-like accumulations}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Substance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Substance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Clay minerals & \textbf{CC} \\ -Fe oxides and/or Mn oxides & \textbf{OO} \\ -Organic matter & \textbf{HH} \\ -Clay minerals and Fe oxides and/or Mn oxides & \textbf{CO} \\ -Clay minerals and organic matter & \textbf{CH} \\ -Fe oxides and/or Mn oxides and organic matter & \textbf{OH} \\ -Clay minerals, Fe oxides and/or Mn oxides and organic matter & -\textbf{TO} \\ -No ribbon-like accumulations & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -The term `oxides', as used here, includes hydroxides and -oxide-hydroxides. If clay minerals are accumulated, a ribbon-like -accumulation is \textless~7.5~cm thick, in all other cases -\textless~2.5~cm. If there are 2 or more ribbon-like accumulations in -one layer, report the number of the accumulations and their combined -thickness in cm. If clay minerals are accumulated (CC, CO, CH, TO), the -ribbon-like accumulations are called \textbf{lamellae}. - -\hypertarget{carbonates-o-m}{% -\subsection{Carbonates (o, m)}\label{carbonates-o-m}} - -Take a soil sample, add drops of 1~\emph{M}~HCl and observe the -reaction. This method detects primary and secondary calcium carbonates. -Contrary to calcium carbonate, dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate) -shows little reaction with cold HCl. To identity dolomite, put some soil -material in a spoon, add drops of 1~\emph{M}~HCl and heat it with a -lighter underneath. If effervescence occurs only after heating, the -presence of dolomite is indicated. - -\hypertarget{content}{% -\subsubsection{Content (*)}\label{content}} - -Report the carbonate content in the soil matrix and report, whether the -reaction with HCl is immediate or only after heating. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5500}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2300}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1400}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0800}}@{}} -\caption{Carbonate contents, FAO (2006), Table 38}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Content -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% (by mass) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Content -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% (by mass) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -No visible or audible effervescence & Non-calcareous & 0 & -\textbf{NC} \\ -Audible effervescence but not visible & Slightly calcareous & -\textgreater~0--2 & \textbf{SL} \\ -Visible effervescence & Moderately calcareous & \textgreater~2--10 & -\textbf{MO} \\ -Strong visible effervescence, bubbles form a low foam & Strongly -calcareous & \textgreater~10--25 & \textbf{ST} \\ -Extremely strong reaction, thick foam forms quickly & Extremely -calcareous & \textgreater~25 & \textbf{EX} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Retarded reaction with HCl}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Reaction with 1 M HCl immediate & \textbf{I} \\ -Reaction with 1 M HCl only after heating & \textbf{H} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{secondary-carbonates}{% -\subsubsection{Secondary carbonates}\label{secondary-carbonates}} - -Report the type of secondary carbonates. If more than one occurs, report -up to four, the dominant one first. Report secondary carbonates only if -\textbf{visible when moist}. Always check with HCl if it is really -carbonate. Report the abundance as percentage for each form using Table -8.65 as a reference. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8933}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1067}}@{}} -\caption{Types of secondary carbonates}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Masses (including spheroidal aggregations like white eyes) & -\textbf{MA} \\ -Nodules and/or concretions & \textbf{NC} \\ -Filaments (including continuous filaments like pseudomycelia) & -\textbf{FI} \\ -Coatings on soil aggregate surfaces or biopore walls & \textbf{AS} \\ -Coatings on undersides of coarse fragments and cemented fragments & -\textbf{UR} \\ -No secondary carbonates & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0889}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9111}}@{}} -\caption{Reference for estimating the percentage of secondary -carbonates}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Reference for estimating the percentage -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Reference for estimating the percentage -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -MA, NC, FI & Exposed area (related to the fine earth plus accumulations -of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation class) \\ -AS & Soil aggregate and biopore wall surfaces \\ -UR & Underside surfaces \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{gypsum-m}{% -\subsection{Gypsum (m)}\label{gypsum-m}} - -\hypertarget{content-1}{% -\subsubsection{Content}\label{content-1}} - -Report the gypsum content in the soil matrix. If readily soluble salts -are absent or present in small amounts only, gypsum can be estimated by -measuring the electrical conductivity in soil suspensions of different -soilwater relations after 30 minutes (in the case of fine-grained -gypsum). This method detects primary and secondary gypsum. Note: Higher -gypsum contents may be differentiated by abundance of -H\textsubscript{2}O-soluble pseudomycelia/crystals and a soil colour -with high value and low chroma. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5288}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2404}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1442}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0865}}@{}} -\caption{Gypsum contents in layers with little readily soluble salts, -FAO (2006), Table 40}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Electrical conductivity (EC) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Content -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% (by mass) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Electrical conductivity (EC) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Content -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\% (by mass) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -\begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -≤~1.8~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} in 10~g soil / 25~ml H\textsubscript{2}O -or\\ -≤~0.18~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} in 10~g soil / 250~ml -H\textsubscript{2}O\strut -\end{minipage} & Non-gypsiferous & 0 & \textbf{NG} \\ -\textgreater~0.18 - ≤~1.8~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} in 10~g soil / 250~ml -H\textsubscript{2}O & Slightly gypsiferous & \textgreater~0--5 & -\textbf{SL} \\ -\textgreater{} 1.8~dS~m\textsuperscript{-1} in 10~g soil / 250~ml -H\textsubscript{2}O & Moderately gypsiferous & \textgreater~5--15 & -\textbf{MO} \\ -& Strongly gypsiferous & \textgreater~15--60 & \textbf{ST} \\ -& Extremely gypsiferous & \textgreater~60 & \textbf{EX} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{secondary-gypsum}{% -\subsubsection{Secondary gypsum}\label{secondary-gypsum}} - -Secondary gypsum may be found as - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - filaments (vermiform gypsum, pseudomycelia) -\item - gypsum crystal intergrowths or nodules (roses) -\item - pendants (normally fibrous) below coarse fragments or cemented - fragments -\item - fibrous aggregates -\item - flour-like gypsum. -\end{itemize} - -Gypsum is soft and can easily be ripped with a knife or broken between -thumbnail and forefinger. Gypsum is very soluble, and when gypsum is -found in soils that are not in extremely arid conditions, it can be -assumed that it is secondary in almost all cases. Contrary to that, -gypsiferous rocks and their fragments are primary. Fibrous gypsum, when -occurring along veins within limestones or sandstones is also primary. -Report the total abundance (as percentage by exposed area, related to -the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and -any cementation class) of all types of secondary gypsum. - -\hypertarget{secondary-silica-m}{% -\subsection{Secondary silica (m)}\label{secondary-silica-m}} - -\hypertarget{form}{% -\subsubsection{Form}\label{form}} - -Secondary silica (SiO\textsubscript{2}) is off-white and predominantly -consisting of opal and microcrystalline forms. It occurs as laminar -caps, lenses, (partly) filled interstices, bridges between sand grains, -and as coatings at surfaces of soil aggregates, biopore walls, coarse -fragments, and cemented fragments. Report the type of secondary silica. -If more than one type occurs, report up to two, the dominant one first. -Note: Durinodes are often coated with secondary carbonates. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8904}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1096}}@{}} -\caption{Types of secondary silica}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Nodules (durinodes) & \textbf{DN} \\ -Accumulations within a layer, cemented by secondary silica & -\textbf{CH} \\ -Fragments of a layer that has been cemented by secondary silica & -\textbf{FC} \\ -Other accumulations & \textbf{OT} \\ -No secondary silica & \textbf{NO} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{size-3}{% -\subsubsection{Size}\label{size-3}} - -If a layer shows durinodes and/or fragments of a layer that has been -cemented by secondary silica, report their size. The Table indicates the -average length of the greatest dimension. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Size of durinodes and fragments of a layer that has been -cemented by secondary silica}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Size (cm) & Size class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≤~0.5 & Very fine & \textbf{VF} \\ -\textgreater~0.5--1 & Fine & \textbf{FI} \\ -\textgreater~1--2 & Medium & \textbf{ME} \\ -\textgreater~2--6 & Coarse & \textbf{CO} \\ -\textgreater~6 & Very coarse & \textbf{VC} \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{abundance}{% -\subsubsection{Abundance}\label{abundance}} - -Report the total percentage (by exposed area) of secondary silica. For a -cemented layer, this percentage refers to the fine earth plus -accumulations of secondary silica of any size and any cementation class. -For durinodes and fragments of a cemented layer, this percentage -comprises the secondary silica visible at their surfaces. If a layer -shows durinodes and/or fragments of a cemented layer, report in addition -the percentage (by volume) of those durinodes and fragments that have a -diameter ≥~1~cm. - -\hypertarget{readily-soluble-salts-o-m}{% -\subsection{Readily soluble salts (o, -m)}\label{readily-soluble-salts-o-m}} - -Readily soluble salts are precipitated in dry soil and dissolved in -moist soil. They are more soluble than gypsum. The presence of readily -soluble salts is checked by measuring the electrical conductivity in the -saturation extract (EC\textsubscript{SE}). In the saturation extract, -the soil is completely moist, but has no visible water surplus. This is -not easy to achieve. - -Alternatively, one can measure the electrical conductivity in an extract -of 10~g soil with 25~ml aqua dest. (EC\textsubscript{2.5}). Mix soil and -water carefully, let it rest for at least 30 minutes and measure the -electrical conductivity in the clear solution in -dS~m\textsuperscript{-1}. It must then be transformed into the -EC\textsubscript{SE} according to the following equation: -EC\textsubscript{SE} = 250 x EC\textsubscript{2.5} x -(WC\textsubscript{SE})\textsuperscript{-1}. - -WC\textsubscript{SE} is the water content in the saturation extract. It -can be estimated in mineral soils from texture (see Chapter 8.4.9) and -Corg content (see Chapter 8.4.36) and in peat soils from the degree of -decomposition (see Chapter 8.4.41) with the help of the following -Tables. High amounts of coarse fragments reduce the water content. - -Report the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract in -dS~m\textsuperscript{-1}. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2933}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1200}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1867}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1467}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0800}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0800}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0933}}@{}} -\caption{Estimation of the water content of the saturation extract of -mineral layers, DVWK (1995), FAO (2006), Table 43}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Texture class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textless~0.25 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -0.25--\textless~0.5 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -0.5--\textless~1 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -1--2 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -2--4 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -4--20 -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Texture class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\textless~0.25 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -0.25--\textless~0.5 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -0.5--\textless~1 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -1--2 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -2--4 -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -4--20 -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -CS & 5 & 6 & 8 & 13 & 21 & 35 \\ -MS & 8 & 9 & 11 & 16 & 24 & 38 \\ -FS, VFS & 10 & 11 & 13 & 18 & 26 & 40 \\ -LS, SL (\textless~10\% clay) & 14 & 15 & 17 & 22 & 30 & 45 \\ -SiL (\textless~10\% clay) & 17 & 18 & 20 & 25 & 34 & 49 \\ -Si & 19 & 20 & 22 & 27 & 36 & 51 \\ -SL (≥~10\% clay) & 22 & 23 & 26 & 31 & 39 & 55 \\ -L & 25 & 26 & 29 & 34 & 42 & 58 \\ -SiL (≥~10\% clay) & 28 & 29 & 32 & 37 & 46 & 62 \\ -SCL & 32 & 33 & 36 & 41 & 50 & 67 \\ -CL, SiCL & 44 & 46 & 48 & 53 & 63 & 80 \\ -SC & 51 & 53 & 55 & 60 & 70 & 88 \\ -SiC, C (\textless~60\% clay) & 63 & 65 & 68 & 73 & 82 & 102 \\ -C (≥~60\% clay) & 105 & 107 & 110 & 116 & 126 & 147 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.6146}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3854}}@{}} -\caption{Estimation of the water content of the saturation extract of -organic layers, DVWK (1995), FAO (2006), Table 43}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Degree of decomposition\\ -(by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant -remnants)\strut -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Water content of the saturation extract (WC\textsubscript{SE}) (g~water -/ 100~g soil) -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Degree of decomposition\\ -(by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant -remnants)\strut -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Water content of the saturation extract (WC\textsubscript{SE}) (g~water -/ 100~g soil) -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -The organic material consists only of recognizable dead plant tissues & -80 \\ -After rubbing, \textgreater{} three fourths, but not all, of the organic -material consist of recognizable dead plant tissues & 120 \\ -After rubbing, ≤ three fourths and \textgreater{} two thirds of the -organic material consist of recognizable dead plant tissues & 170 \\ -After rubbing, ≤ two thirds and \textgreater{} one sixth of the organic -material consist of recognizable dead plant tissues & 240 \\ -After rubbing, ≤ one sixth of the organic material consists of -recognizable dead plant tissues & 300 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{field-ph-o-m}{% -\subsection{Field pH (o, m)}\label{field-ph-o-m}} - -Report the field pH. For its determination, two different methods are -recommended: the colorimetric and the potentiometric method. The -colorimetric method only allows the pH measurement in distilled water, -while the potentiometric method allows the measurement in different -solutions. - -\hypertarget{colorimetric-method}{% -\subsubsection{Colorimetric method}\label{colorimetric-method}} - -Mix soil and distilled water in a 1:1 ratio (volume:volume) and stir the -mixture thoroughly. Allow the mixture to settle until a supernatant -forms. Submerge an indicator paper in the supernatant and report the -result. - -\hypertarget{potentiometric-method}{% -\subsubsection{Potentiometric method}\label{potentiometric-method}} - -Table 8.71 shows common solutions and mixing ratios. Mix air-dry soil -with the solution thoroughly. Allow the mixture to settle until a -supernatant forms. Measure the pH value with a pH electrode, ideally -with the help of a tripod. Wait until the measured value is steady. -Report the measured value together with the code indicating solution and -mixing ratio. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Potentiometric pH measurement}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Solution & Mixing ratio (volume:volume) & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Solution & Mixing ratio (volume:volume) & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Distilled water (H\textsubscript{2}O) & 1:1 & W11 \\ -Distilled water (H\textsubscript{2}O) & 1:5 & W15 \\ -CaCl\textsubscript{2}, 0.01~M & 1:5 & C15 \\ -KCl, 1~M & 1:5 & K15 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{consistence-m}{% -\subsection{Consistence (m)}\label{consistence-m}} - -Consistence is the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion that soil -exhibits. This Chapter refers to the consistence of the matrix and of -non-redoximorphic features. For the consistence of redoximorphic -features, see Chapter 8.4.20. Consistence is reported separately for -cemented and non-cemented (parts of) layers. If a specimen of soil does -not fall into pieces by applying low forces, one has to check, whether -it is cemented. - -\hypertarget{presence-and-volume-of-cementation}{% -\subsubsection{Presence and volume of -cementation}\label{presence-and-volume-of-cementation}} - -For checking cementation, different specimens have to be taken, -depending on soil characteristics. For checking surface crusts and platy -aggregates, take a specimen that is approximately 1 to 1.5~cm long by -0.5~cm thick (or the thickness of occurrence, if \textless~0.5~cm -thick). In all other cases, take a specimen, around 2.6 to 3~cm long at -all dimensions. Take the specimen air-dried and submerge it in water for -at least 1 hour. If it slakes like forming a soup, it is not cemented. -Otherwise, it is cemented. Report the percentage (by volume, related to -the whole soil) of the layer that is cemented. - -\hypertarget{cementing-agents-cemented-soil}{% -\subsubsection{Cementing agents (cemented -soil)}\label{cementing-agents-cemented-soil}} - -Report the cementing agents. If more than one is present, report up to -three, the dominant one first. The term `oxides', as used here, includes -hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Cementing agents, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -2-64}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Cementing agent & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Cementing agent & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Carbonates & CA \\ -Gypsum & GY \\ -Readily soluble salts & RS \\ -Silica & SI \\ -Organic matter & OM \\ -Fe oxides & FE \\ -Mn oxides & MN \\ -Al & AL \\ -Ice, \textless{} 75\% (by volume) & IA \\ -Ice, \textless{} 75\% (by volume) & IM \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{cementation-cemented-soil-and-rupture-resistance-non-cemented-soil}{% -\subsubsection{Cementation (cemented soil) and rupture resistance -(non-cemented -soil)}\label{cementation-cemented-soil-and-rupture-resistance-non-cemented-soil}} - -For checking this feature, different specimens have to be taken, -depending on soil characteristics. For checking surface crusts and platy -aggregates, take a specimen that is approximately 1 to 1.5~cm long by -0.5~cm thick (or the thickness of occurrence, if \textless~0.5~cm thick) -and apply force perpendicular to its greatest dimension. In all other -cases, take a specimen, around 2.6 to 3~cm long at all dimensions, and -apply force. Observe the force needed for failure and report the -cementation class (cemented soil) or the rupture resistance class -(non-cemented soil). The rupture resistance has to be detected in moist -soil and, if possible, also in dry soil. If specimens of the required -size are not obtainable, use the following equation to calculate the -stress at failure (Table 8.73 and Table 8.74) (Schoeneberger et al., -2012): - -(2.8~cm/cube length cm)\textsuperscript{2} x (estimated stress (N) at -failure) - -e.g.~for a 5.6-cm cube {[}(2.8/5.6)\textsuperscript{2} x 20~N{]} = 5~N → -Very friable (moist). - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7676}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1901}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0423}}@{}} -\caption{Cementation, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), 2-63}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Intact specimen not obtainable or very slight force between fingers, -\textless~8~N & Not cemented & NOC \\ -Slight force between fingers, 8 - \textless~20~N & Extremely weakly -cemented & EWC \\ -Moderate force between fingers, 20 - \textless~40~N & Very weakly -cemented & VWC \\ -Strong force between fingers, 40 - \textless~80~N & Weakly cemented & -WEC \\ -Moderate force between hands, 80 - \textless~160~N & Moderately cemented -& MOC \\ -Foot pressure by full body weight, 160 - \textless~800~N & Strongly -cemented & STC \\ -Blow of \textless~3~J (3~J = 2~kg dropped 15~cm) and does not fail under -foot pressure by full body weight (800~N) & Very strongly cemented & -VSC \\ -low of \textless~3~J (3~J = 2~kg dropped 15~cm) & Extremely cemented & -EXC \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5215}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1244}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1244}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1148}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1148}}@{}} -\caption{Rupture resistance, non-cemented soil, Schoeneberger et -al.~(2012), 2-63}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Moist rupture resistance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Moist rupture resistance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Dry rupture resistance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Dry rupture resistance -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Moist rupture resistance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Moist rupture resistance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Dry rupture resistance -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Dry rupture resistance -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Intact specimen not obtainable & Loose & LO & Loose & LO \\ -Very slight force between fingers, \textless~8~N & Very friable & VF & -Soft & SO \\ -Very slight force between fingers, \textless~8~N & Friable & FR & -Slightly hard & SH \\ -Moderate force between fingers, 20 - \textless~40~N & Firm & FI & -Moderately hard & MH \\ -Strong force between fingers, 40 - \textless~80~N & Very firm & VI & -Hard & HA \\ -Moderate force between hands, 80 - \textless~160~N & Extremely firm & EI -& Very hard & VH \\ -Foot pressure by full body weight, 160 - \textless~800~N & Slightly -rigid & SR & Extremely hard & EH \\ -Blow of \textless~3~J (3~J = 2~kg dropped 15~cm) and does not fail under -foot pressure by full body weight (800~N) & Rigid & RI & Rigid & RI \\ -Blow of \textless~3~J (3~J = 2~kg dropped 15~cm) & Very rigid & VR & -Very rigid & VR \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{susceptibility-for-cementation-non-cemented-soil}{% -\subsubsection{Susceptibility for cementation (non-cemented -soil)}\label{susceptibility-for-cementation-non-cemented-soil}} - -Some layers are prone to cementation after repeated drying and wetting. -Report the susceptibility. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Susceptibility for cementation}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Cementation after repeated drying and wetting & CW \\ -No cementation after repeated drying and wetting & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{manner-of-failure-non-cemented-to-weakly-cemented-soil}{% -\subsubsection{Manner of failure (non-cemented to weakly cemented -soil)}\label{manner-of-failure-non-cemented-to-weakly-cemented-soil}} - -Report the manner of failure (brittleness). Take a moist specimen, -around 3~cm long at all dimensions, press it between thumb and -forefinger and observe it when it ruptures. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7051}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2179}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0769}}@{}} -\caption{Types of manner of failure (brittleness), Schoeneberger et -al.~(2012), 2-65}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Abruptly (pops or shatters) & Brittle & BR \\ -Before compression to one half the original thickness & Semi-deformable -& SD \\ -After compression to one half the original thickness & Deformable & -DF \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{plasticity-non-cemented-soil}{% -\subsubsection{Plasticity (non-cemented -soil)}\label{plasticity-non-cemented-soil}} - -Plasticity is the degree to which reworked soil can be permanently -deformed without rupturing. It is estimated at a water content where the -maximum plasticity is expressed (usually moist). Make a roll (wire, -sausage) of soil, 4~cm long, roll it to smaller diameters and report the -plasticity. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.8015}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1527}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0458}}@{}} -\caption{Types of plasticity, Schoeneberger et al.~(2012), -2-66}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Does not form a roll 6 mm in diameter, or if a roll is formed, it cannot -support itself if held on end. & Non-plastic & NP \\ -6 mm diameter roll supports itself; 4 mm diameter roll does not. & -Slightly plastic & SP \\ -4 mm diameter roll supports itself; 2 mm diameter roll does not. & -Moderately plastic & MP \\ -2 mm diameter roll supports itself. & Very plastic & VP \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{penetration-resistance}{% -\subsubsection{Penetration resistance}\label{penetration-resistance}} - -Measuring the penetration resistance is recommended for layers that are -cemented or have a ruptureresistance class of firm or more (moist). -Non-cemented soil should be at field capacity for measurement. Use a -penetrometer and report the penetration resistance in MPa. The -measurement should be repeated at least five times to calculate a -reliable average value. - -\hypertarget{surface-crusts-m}{% -\subsection{Surface crusts (m)}\label{surface-crusts-m}} - -A crust is a thin layer of soil constituents bound together into a -horizontal mat or into small polygonal plates (see Schoeneberger et al., -2012). Soil crusts develop in the first mineral layer(s) and are formed -by a sealing agent of physical, chemical and/or biological origin. The -characteristics of the crust are different from the underlying layers. -Typically, soil crusts change the infiltration rate and stabilize loose -soil aggregates. They may be present permanently or only when the soil -is dry. The area covered is reported in Chapter 8.3.7. They may be -cemented or not, which is reported in Chapter 8.4.30. - -Report the sealing agent. If more than one is present, report up to -three, the dominant one first. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Sealing agent of surface crusts}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Physical, permanent & PP \\ -Physical, only when dry & PD \\ -Chemical, by carbonates & CC \\ -Chemical, by gypsum & CG \\ -Chemical, by readily soluble salts & CR \\ -Chemical, by silica & CS \\ -Biological, by cyanobacteria & BC \\ -Biological, by algae & BA \\ -Biological, by fungi & BF \\ -Biological, by lichens & BL \\ -Biological, by mosses & BM \\ -No crust present & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{continuity-of-hard-materials-and-cemented-layers-m}{% -\subsection{Continuity of hard materials and cemented layers -(m)}\label{continuity-of-hard-materials-and-cemented-layers-m}} - -Continuous rock, technic hard material and cemented layers may have -fractures, which are filled by noncemented soil material. Report the -average distance between the fractures in cm and the total percentage -(by volume, related to the whole soil) that is occupied by the -fractures. This has also to be reported, if the hard or cemented -material starts at the soil surface. If the layer is broken up, the -fragments are reported with the coarse fragments (see Chapter 8.4.7). - -\hypertarget{volcanic-glasses-and-andic-characteristics-o-m}{% -\subsection{Volcanic glasses and andic characteristics (o, -m)}\label{volcanic-glasses-and-andic-characteristics-o-m}} - -\hypertarget{volcanic-glasses-in-the-sand-and-coarse-silt-fraction}{% -\subsubsection{Volcanic glasses in the sand and coarse silt -fraction}\label{volcanic-glasses-in-the-sand-and-coarse-silt-fraction}} - -Report the percentage of the particles in the sand and coarse silt -fraction (\textgreater~20~μm - ≤~2~mm) that consist of volcanic glasses. -Use a hand lens or microscope. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{Abundance of particles in the sand and coarse silt fraction -that consist of volcanic glasses}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\% of particles & Abundance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\% of particles & Abundance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -0 & None & N \\ -\textgreater~0 - 5 & Few & F \\ -\textgreater~5 - 30 & Common & C \\ -\textgreater~30 & Many & M \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -If the percentage is around a limit value, take a soil sample, gain the -sand and coarse silt fraction by sieving, lay the particles on a sheet, -and count the glass particles and the non-glass particles. - -\hypertarget{andic-characteristics}{% -\subsubsection{Andic characteristics}\label{andic-characteristics}} - -Andic properties are defined by laboratory data. In the field, one can -recognize a low bulk density, a dark colour and a high organic matter -content. In addition, there are two specific field tests indicative of -andic properties. - -Thixotropy: Layers with andic properties show a high variable charge -allowing the absorption of much water that can easily be driven out by -shaking but will be absorbed again, after a while. Procedure: Take a -soil sample and make a sphere of about 2.5~cm in diameter. Wait until -any moisture films have disappeared. Place the sphere in cupped hands -and shake it. If moisture films appear at the surface of the sphere, the -soil shows thixotropy. After a while, the moisture films will disappear -again. - -NaF test according to Fieldes and Perrott (1966), after FAO (2006): A -pH\textsubscript{NaF} of \textgreater~9.5 indicates the presence of -abundant allophanes and imogolites and/or organo-aluminium complexes. -Aluminium sorbs F\textsuperscript{-} ions while releasing -OH\textsuperscript{-} ions. The test is indicative for most layers with -andic properties, except for those very rich in organic matter. However, -the same reaction occurs in spodic horizons and in acidic clayey soils -that are rich in aluminium-interlayered clay minerals; soils with free -carbonates also react. Before applying the NaF test, check the soil pH -in water or KCl (the NaF test is not suitable for alkaline soils) and -the presence of free carbonates (using the HCl test). Procedure: Place a -small amount of soil on a filter paper previously soaked in -phenolphthalein and add some drops of 1~M~NaF (adjusted to pH~7.5). A -positive reaction is indicated by a fast change to an intense red -colour. Alternatively, measure the pH of a suspension of 1~g soil in -50~ml 1~M~NaF (adjusted to pH~7.5) after waiting 2 minutes. A pH of -\textgreater~9.5 is an indication of andic properties. - -Report the results. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Thixotropy and NaF field test}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Criterion & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Positive NaF test & NF \\ -Thixotropy & TH \\ -Positive NaF test and Thixotropy & NT \\ -None of the above & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{permafrost-features-o-m}{% -\subsection{Permafrost features (o, m)}\label{permafrost-features-o-m}} - -\hypertarget{cryogenic-alteration}{% -\subsubsection{Cryogenic alteration}\label{cryogenic-alteration}} - -Estimate the total percentage (by exposed area, related to the whole -soil) affected by cryogenic alteration. Report up to three features, the -dominant one first, and report the percentage for each feature -separately. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Cryogenic alteration}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Feature & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Feature & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ice wedge & IW \\ -Ice lens & IL \\ -Disrupted lower layer boundary & DB \\ -Organic involutions in a mineral layer & OI \\ -Mineral involutions in an organic layer & MI \\ -Separation of coarse material and fine material & CF \\ -Other & OT \\ -None & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{layers-with-permafrost}{% -\subsubsection{Layers with permafrost}\label{layers-with-permafrost}} - -A layer with permafrost has continuously for ≥~2 consecutive years one -of the following: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - massive ice, cementation by ice or readily visible ice crystals, or -\item - a soil temperature of \textless~0~°C and insufficient water to form - readily visible ice crystals. Report whether a layer has permafrost. -\end{itemize} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9368}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0632}}@{}} -\caption{Layers with permafrost}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Massive ice, cementation by ice or readily visible ice crystals & I \\ -Soil temperature of \textless{} 0 °C and insufficient water to form -readily visible ice crystals & T \\ -No permafrost & N \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{bulk-density-m}{% -\subsection{Bulk density (m) (*)}\label{bulk-density-m}} - -Estimate the packing density using a knife with a blade approx. 10~cm -long. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7849}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1505}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0645}}@{}} -\caption{Packing density}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Knife penetrates completely even when applying low forces & Very loose & -VL \\ -Knife penetrates completely when forces are applied & Loose & LO \\ -Knife penetrates half when forces are applied & Intermediate & IN \\ -Only the knifepoint penetrates when forces are applied & Firm & FR \\ -Knife does not (or only a little bit) penetrate when forces are applied -& Very firm & VR \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -With the following Figure, the bulk density is determined from packing -density and soil texture (see Chapter~8.4.9). If C\textsubscript{org} -content is \textgreater~1\%, bulk density must be reduced by -0.03~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3} for each 0.5\% increment in -C\textsubscript{org} content. Report the bulk density with an accuracy -of one decimal. - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-21.png} - -} - -\caption{Estimation of bulk density from packing density and texture, -FAO (2006), Figure 7, modified} - -\end{figure} - -\hypertarget{soil-organic-carbon-corg-m}{% -\subsection{\texorpdfstring{Soil organic carbon (C\textsubscript{org}) -(m)}{Soil organic carbon (Corg) (m)}}\label{soil-organic-carbon-corg-m}} - -\hypertarget{estimation-of-the-content}{% -\subsubsection{Estimation of the content -(*)}\label{estimation-of-the-content}} - -Report the estimated organic carbon content. It is based on the Munsell -value, moist, and the texture. If chroma is 3.5~-~6, use value 0.5 -higher (e.g.~if you reported a Munsell colour of 10YR 3/4, use a value -of 3.5 for estimating soil organic carbon). If chroma is \textgreater~6, -use value 1 higher. - -Caution: The Munsell value is also influenced by parent material, -carbonates and redox conditions. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1705}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1591}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1932}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4773}}@{}} -\caption{Estimation of organic carbon contents in a moist sample, Blume -et al.~(2011), modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Munsell value -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -OC\% (S) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -OC\% (LS, SL, L) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -OC\% (SiL, Si, SiCL, CL, SCL, SC, SiC, C) -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Munsell value -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -OC\% (S) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -OC\% (LS, SL, L) -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -OC\% (SiL, Si, SiCL, CL, SCL, SC, SiC, C) -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -≥~6 & \textless~0.2 & \textless~0.2 & \textless~0.2 \\ -5.5 & \textless~0.2 & \textless~0.2 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 \\ -5 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} -0.5 \\ -45 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} -0.5 \\ -4 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} 0.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} -1.0 \\ -3.5 & 0.2 - \textless{} 1.0 & 0.5 - \textless{} 1.0 & 0.5 - \textless{} -2.5 \\ -3 & 0.5 - \textless{} 2.5 & 1.0 - \textless{} 2.5 & 1.0 - \textless{} -5.0 \\ -2.5 & 1.0 - \textless{} 5.0 & ≥ 2.5 & ≥ 2.5 \\ -≤~2 & ≥ 2.5 & & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{natural-accumulations-of-organic-matter}{% -\subsubsection{Natural accumulations of organic -matter}\label{natural-accumulations-of-organic-matter}} - -This Chapter refers to accumulations of organic matter in form of -discrete bodies. They have usually a lower value than the surrounding -material. Report here all accumulations that are natural or that are a -side effect of human activities. Additions of artefacts see Chapter -8.4.8 and of human-transported material see Chapter 8.4.39. If black -carbon is purposefully made by humans, it is considered to be an -artefact. Organic matter accumulations due to animal activity are -reported twice, once here and once in Chapter 8.4.38. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9516}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0484}}@{}} -\caption{Types of accumulation of organic matter}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Filled earthworm burrows & BU \\ -Filled krotowinas & KR \\ -Organic matter coatings at surfaces of soil aggregates and biopore walls -(no visible other material in the coatings) & CO \\ -Black carbon (e.g.~charcoal, partly charred particles, soot)) & BC \\ -No visible accumulation of organic matter & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -Report up to three types, the dominant one first, and report the -percentage (by exposed area) for each type separately. Black carbon has -to be additionally reported as percentage of the exposed area (related -to the fine earth plus black carbon of any size). - -\hypertarget{roots-o-m}{% -\subsection{Roots (o, m)}\label{roots-o-m}} - -Count the number of roots per dm\textsuperscript{2}, separately for the -two diameter classes, and report the abundance classes. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}} -\caption{Abundance of roots, FAO (2006), Table 80}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Number ≤ 2 mm & Number \textgreater{} 2 mm & Abundance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Number ≤ 2 mm & Number \textgreater{} 2 mm & Abundance class & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -0 & 0 & None & N \\ -1 - 5 & 1 - 2 & Very few & V \\ -6 - 10 & 3 - 5 & Few & F \\ -11 - 20 & 6 - 10 & Common & C \\ -21 - 50 & 11 - 20 & Many & M \\ -\textgreater{} 50 & \textgreater{} 20 & Abundanct & A \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{results-of-animal-activity-o-m}{% -\subsection{Results of animal activity (o, -m)}\label{results-of-animal-activity-o-m}} - -Report the animal activity that has visibly changed the features of the -layer. If applicable, report up to 5 types, the dominant one first. -Report the percentage (by exposed area), separately for mammal activity, -bird activity, worm activity, insect activity and unspecified activity. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Types of animal activity, FAO (2006), Table 82, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Type & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Mammal activity & \\ -Open large burrows & MO \\ -Infilled large burrows (krotovinas) & MI \\ -Bird activity & \\ -Bones, feathers, sorted gravel of similar size & BA \\ -Worm activity & \\ -Earthworm channels & WE \\ -Worm casts & WC \\ -Insect activity & \\ -Termite channels and nests & IT \\ -Ant channels and nests & IA \\ -Other insect activity & IO \\ -Burrows (unspecified) & BU \\ -No visible results of animal activity & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{human-alterations-o-m}{% -\subsection{Human alterations (o, m)}\label{human-alterations-o-m}} - -\hypertarget{additions-of-human-transported-natural-material}{% -\subsubsection{Additions of human-transported natural -material}\label{additions-of-human-transported-natural-material}} - -Natural material is any material not meeting the criteria of artefacts -(see Chapter 8.4.8). Report the percentage (by volume, related to the -whole soil), which may range from very little up to 100\%, for each -addition separately. If more than one occurs, report up to three, the -dominant one first. For mineral additions ≤~2~mm, report additionally, -if possible, the texture class (see Chapter 8.4.9), the carbonate -content (see Chapter 8.4.25) and the C\textsubscript{org} content (see -Chapter 8.4.36). - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Artificial additions of natural material}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Material & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Material & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Organic & OR \\ -Mineral, \textgreater~2~mm & ML \\ -Mineral, ≤~2~mm & MS \\ -No additions & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{in-situ-alterations}{% -\subsubsection{In-situ alterations}\label{in-situ-alterations}} - -Report in-situ alterations. If more than one applies, report up to two, -the dominant one first. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9155}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0845}}@{}} -\caption{In-situ alterations}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Ploughing, annually & PA \\ -Ploughing, at least once every 5 years & PO \\ -Ploughing in the past, not ploughed since \textgreater{} 5 years & PP \\ -Ploughing, unspecified & PU \\ -Remodelled (e.g.~single ploughing) & RM \\ -Loosening & LO \\ -Compaction, other than a plough pan & CP \\ -Structure deterioration, other than by ploughing or remodelling & SD \\ -Other & OT \\ -No in-situ alteration & NO \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{soil-aggregate-formation-after-additions-or-after-in-situ-alterations}{% -\subsubsection{Soil aggregate formation after additions or after in-situ -alterations}\label{soil-aggregate-formation-after-additions-or-after-in-situ-alterations}} - -Adding or mixing may combine materials richer and poorer in -C\textsubscript{org}. A new granular structure may form combining the -two. Report, to which extent this process has happened. Use a hand lens. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9634}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0366}}@{}} -\caption{Aggregate formation after addditions or after in-situ -alterations}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterion -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -New granular structure present throughout the layer & T \\ -New granular structure present in places, but in other places the added -or mixed materials and the previously present materials lie isolated -from each other & P \\ -No new granular structure present & N \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{parent-material-m}{% -\subsection{Parent material (m)}\label{parent-material-m}} - -Report the parent material. Use the help of a geological map. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2518}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2014}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0432}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4604}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 8\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0432}}@{}} -\caption{Types of parent material, FAO (2006), Table 12, -modified}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Major class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Group -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Major class -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Group -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Igneous Rock & Felsic igneous & IF & Granite & IF1 \\ -& & & Quartz-diorite & IF2 \\ -& & & Grano-diorite & IF3 \\ -& & & Diorite & IF4 \\ -& & & Rhyolite & IF5 \\ -& Intermediate igneous & II & Andesite, trachyte, phonolite & II1 \\ -& & & Diorite-syenite & II2 \\ -& Mafic igneous & IM & Gabbro & IM1 \\ -& & & Basalt & IM2 \\ -& & & Dolerite & IM3 \\ -& Ultramafic igneous & IU & Peridotite & IU1 \\ -& & & Pyroxenite & IU2 \\ -& & & Ilmenite, magnetite, ironstone, serpentine & IU3 \\ -& Pyroclastic & IP & Tuff, tuffite & IP1 \\ -& & & Volcanic scoria/breccia & IP2 \\ -& & & Volcanic ash & IP3 \\ -& & & Ignimbrite & IP4 \\ -Metamorphic rock & Felsic metamorphic & MF & Quartzite & MF1 \\ -& & & Gneiss, migmatite & MF2 \\ -& & & Slate, phyllite (politic rocks) & MF3 \\ -& & & Schist & MF4 \\ -& Mafic metamorphic & MM & Slate, phyllite (politic rocks) & MM1 \\ -& & & (Green)schist & MM2 \\ -& & & Gneiss rich in Fe-Mg minerals & MM3 \\ -& & & Metamorphic limestone (marble) & MM4 \\ -& & & Amphibolite & MM5 \\ -& & & Eclogite & MM6 \\ -& Ultramafic metamorphic & MU & Serpentinite, greenstone & MU1 \\ -Sedimentary rock (consolidated) & Clastic sediments & SC & Conglomerate, -breccia & SC1 \\ -& & & Sandstone, greywacke, arkose & SC2 \\ -& & & Silt-, mud-, claystone & SC3 \\ -& & & Shale & SC4 \\ -& & & Ironstone & SC5 \\ -& Carbonatic, organic & SO & Limestone, other carbonate rock & SO1 \\ -& & & Marl and other mixtures & SO2 \\ -& & & Coals, bitumen and related rocks & SO3 \\ -& Evaporites & SE & Anhydrite, gypsum & SE1 \\ -& & & Halite & SE2 \\ -Sedimentary rock (unconsolidated) & Weathered residuum & UR & Bauxite, -laterite & UR1 \\ -& Fluvial & UF & Sand and gravel & UF1 \\ -& & & Clay, silt and loam & UF2 \\ -& Lacustrine & UL & Sand & UL1 \\ -& & & Silt and clay, \textless~20\% CaCO\textsubscript{3} equivalent, -little or no diatoms & UL2 \\ -& & & Silt and clay, \textless~20\% CaCO\textsubscript{3} equivalent, -many diatoms & UL3 \\ -& & & Silt and clay, ≥~20\% CaCO\textsubscript{3} equivalent (marl) & -UL4 \\ -& Marine, estuarine & UM & Sand & UM1 \\ -& & & Clay and silt & UM2 \\ -& Colluvial & UC & Slope deposits & UC1 \\ -& & & Lahar & UC2 \\ -& & & Deposit of soil material & UC3 \\ -& Aeolian & UE & Loess & UE1 \\ -& & & Sand & UE2 \\ -& Glacial & UG & Moraine & UG1 \\ -& & & Glacio-fluvial sand & UG2 \\ -& & & Glacio-fluvial gravel & UG3 \\ -& Cryogenic & UK & Periglacial rock debris & UK1 \\ -& & & Periglacial solifluction layer & UK2 \\ -& Organic & UO & Rainwater-fed peat (bog) & UO1 \\ -& & & Groundwater-fed peat (fen) & UO2 \\ -& & & Lacustrine (organic limnic sediments) & UO3 \\ -& Anthropogenic/ technogenic & UA & Redeposited natural material & -UA1 \\ -& & & Industrial/artisanal deposits & UA2 \\ -& Unspecified deposits & UU & Clay & UU1 \\ -& & & Loam and silt & UU2 \\ -& & & Sand & UU3 \\ -& & & Gravelly sand & UU4 \\ -& & & Gravel, broken rock & UU5 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -If the type is unknown, just report the group. Note: the old terms -`acid' and `basic' rocks were replaced by `felsic' and `mafic'. - -\hypertarget{degree-of-decomposition-in-organic-layers-and-presence-of-dead-plant-remnants-o}{% -\subsection{Degree of decomposition in organic layers and presence of -dead plant remnants (o) -(*)}\label{degree-of-decomposition-in-organic-layers-and-presence-of-dead-plant-remnants-o}} - -\hypertarget{degree-of-decomposition}{% -\subsubsection{Degree of decomposition}\label{degree-of-decomposition}} - -This Chapter refers to the transformation of visible plant tissues into -visibly homogeneous organic matter. Rub the soil material and report the -percentage of visible plant tissues (by volume, related to the fine -earth plus all dead plant remnants). - -\hypertarget{subdivisions-of-the-oa-horizon}{% -\subsubsection{Subdivisions of the Oa -horizon}\label{subdivisions-of-the-oa-horizon}} - -If an Oa horizon (see Annex 3, Chapter 10.2) is present, report its -subdivisions. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.7324}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1831}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0845}}@{}} -\caption{Subdivisions of the Oa horizon}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterin -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criterin -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Type -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Code -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Breaks into longitudinal pieces with sharp edges & Sharp-edged & SE \\ -Breaks into longitudinal pieces with unsharp edges & Compact & CO \\ -Breaks into crumbly pieces or breaks powdery & Crumbly & CR \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{dead-natural-plant-remnants}{% -\subsubsection{Dead natural plant -remnants}\label{dead-natural-plant-remnants}} - -This Chapter refers to dead natural plant remnants of any length and a -diameter ≥~5~mm. For treated plant remnants, see artefacts (see Chapter -8.4.8). Report up to two types of plant remnants, the dominant one -first, and give the percentage (by volume, related to the fine earth -plus all dead plant remnants) for each type separately. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Dead remnants of specific plants}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Type of plant remnants & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Type of plant remnants & Code \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Wood & W \\ -Moss fibres & S \\ -Other plants & O \\ -No dead plant remnants & N \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{sampling}{% -\section{Sampling}\label{sampling}} - -We describe here the sampling of the terrestrial organic surface layers -and the conventional and volumetric sampling of mineral layers, all for -the standard analyses described in Annex 2 (Chapter 9). Sampling of -other layers requires special techniques that are not described here. - -\hypertarget{preparation-of-sampling-bags}{% -\subsection{Preparation of sampling -bags}\label{preparation-of-sampling-bags}} - -Use strong, moisture-resistant bags (transparent, if possible) for -sampling. Write the sampling details twice: once on the bag and once on -a piece of paper to be put into the bag. If you want to transfer -sampling rings to the laboratory, write the sampling details on the -ring. Always use a permanent marker. - -Write down the following details: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Profile name -\item - Conventional (C) / Volumetric (V) -\item - Layer upper and lower depth -\item - Layer designation (see Annex 3, Chapter 10). -\end{itemize} - -Example: \emph{Gombori Pass 1 - V - 0-10 cm - Ah.} - -Make sure to seal the bags after filling in the sample. - -\hypertarget{sampling-of-terrestrial-organic-surface-layers}{% -\subsection{Sampling of terrestrial organic surface -layers}\label{sampling-of-terrestrial-organic-surface-layers}} - -For the terrestrial organic surface layers, use a quadratic steel frame, -for instance with 30 cm side length. Use a rubber hammer to drive the -frame through the organic surface layers and a few centimetres into the -mineral soil. The frame must enter the soil evenly, do not drive in one -side first and then the other. Collect the organic surface material -manually, sample the litter layer and the O horizons separately. Be very -careful to sample all organic surface material but no mineral soil. - -\hypertarget{conventional-sampling-of-mineral-layers}{% -\subsection{Conventional sampling of mineral -layers}\label{conventional-sampling-of-mineral-layers}} - -Use a scraper to sample every layer separately and along its entire -height and width. Start with the lowest layer. Make sure that you only -sample one layer at a time, avoid that material from one layer falls -into the other. - -\hypertarget{volumetric-sampling-of-mineral-layers}{% -\subsection{Volumetric sampling of mineral -layers}\label{volumetric-sampling-of-mineral-layers}} - -At the soil surface, determine an area large enough for the appropriate -number of sampling rings (e.g.~3 rings). The area must be adjacent to -the profile wall and close to the measuring tape. In this area, remove -the organic surface layers and start sampling layer by layer from top to -down. The thickness of a mineral layer may be larger or smaller than the -height of a sampling ring or it may be equal (Figure 8.22). - -\begin{figure} - -{\centering \includegraphics{./figure_8-22.png} - -} - -\caption{Volumetric sampling} - -\end{figure} - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\alph{enumi}.} -\tightlist -\item - If the thickness of the layer is larger, subtract the height of the - sampling ring from the layer thickness and divide the difference by 2. - This result equals the thickness of soil material that has to be - removed starting from the upper layer boundary. -\item - If the thickness of the layer is equal, it is very important that the - surface is plane. -\item - If the thickness of the layer is smaller, you will need the thickness - of the layer in relation to the height of the sampling ring for - calculating the sampled volume. -\end{enumerate} - -For each layer, form a plane surface. If the soil is dryer than field -capacity, moisten the surface slowly with water from a spray bottle. -Wait until the soil is moist, avoid a water surplus. Then drive in the -sampling rings slowly and completely but avoid compacting soil material. -For driving in the sampling rings, use a hammer and a piece of wood. The -piece should be made of durable wood and have plane surfaces at the top -and the bottom. It should be just large enough to cover one sampling -ring. If the ring does not move in without deforming, stop driving it -in. Try to find a better position. - -To take out the rings, penetrate the soil with a spatula just beneath -the ring and take it out. If the soil is hard to penetrate, you may use -a knife with a serrated blade (bread knife). When necessary, cut roots -off. When taking the rings out, make sure that no soil material is lost -from inside the rings. Place a cap on the top side and turn the ring -upside down. Now make the bottom surface plane and place another cap. - -If you want to do further physical analyses, transfer the ring to the -laboratory. If the layer thickness is smaller than the height of the -ring (case c), fill up the volume with a resin. If you just want to -determine the soil mass, you may empty the soil material from the ring -into the designated bag and reuse the ring. - -To determine the soil mass of a sample of a certain volume, you may also -use coated clods (see Annex 2, Chapter 9.5). - -\hypertarget{references-1}{% -\section{References}\label{references-1}} - -Blum, W.E.H., Schad, P. \& Nortcliff, S. 2018. Essentials of soil -science. Soil formation, functions, use and classification (World -Reference Base, WRB). Borntraeger Science Publishers, Stuttgart. - -Blume, H.-P., Stahr, K. \& Leinweber, P. 2011. Bodenkundliches -Praktikum. Eine Einführung in pedologisches Arbeiten für Ökologen, -insbesondere Land- und Forstwirte, und für Geowissenschaftler. 3. Aufl. -Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg. - -DVWK. 1995. Bodenkundliche Untersuchungen im Felde zur Ermittlung von -Kennwerten zu Standortscharakterisierung. Teil I: Ansprache von Böden. -DVWK Regeln 129. Bonn, Germany, Wirtschafts- und Verlagsgesellschaft Gas -und Wasser. - -FAO. 2006. Guidelines for soil description. Prepared by Jahn, R., Blume, -H.-P., Asio, V.B., Spaargaren, O., Schad, P. 4th ed.~FAO, Rome. - -International Organization for Standardization. 2015. Soil quality --- -Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material --- -Method by sieving and sedimentation. ISO 11277:2009. -https://www.iso.org/standard/54151.html, retrieved 13.04.2020. - -Köppen, W. \& Geiger, R. 1936. Das geographische System der Klimate. In: -Köppen W, Geiger R (19301943): Handbuch der Klimatologie. Gebrüder -Borntraeger, Berlin. - -National Committee on Soil and Terrain. 2009. Australian soil and land -survey field handbook. 3rd ed.~CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. - -Natural England. 2008. Technical Information Note TIN037. - -Prietzel, J. \& Wiesmeier, M. 2019. A concept to optimize the accuracy -of soil surface area and SOC stock quantification in mountainous -landscapes. Geoderma 356:113922. - -Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C. \& Soil Survey Staff. -2012. Field Book for describing and sampling soils. Version 3.0. Natural -Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln. - -Schultz, J. 2005.The ecozones of the world. Springer, Heidelberg. - -Soil Science Division Staff. 2017. Soil survey manual. Agriculture -Handbook No.~18. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. - -Thien, S.J. 1979. A flow diagram for teaching texture by feel analysis, -Journal of Agronomic Education, 8: 54-55, downloaded from NRCS. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{annex-2-summary-of-analytical-procedures-for-soil-characterization}{% -\chapter{Annex 2: Summary of analytical procedures for soil -characterization}\label{annex-2-summary-of-analytical-procedures-for-soil-characterization}} - -This annex provides summaries of recommended analytical procedures to be -used for soil characterization for the World Reference Base for Soil -Resources. Full descriptions can be found in \emph{Procedures for soil -analysis} (Van Reeuwijk, 2002) and the USDA \emph{Kellogg Soil Survey -Laboratory Methods Manual} (Soil Survey Staff, 2014). - -\hypertarget{sample-preparation}{% -\section{Sample preparation}\label{sample-preparation}} - -Samples are air-dried or alternatively oven-dried at a maximum of 40~°C. -The fine earth is obtained by sieving the dry sample with a 2~mm sieve. -Clods not passing through the sieve are crushed (not ground) and sieved -again. Coarse fragments and roots not passing through the sieve are -treated separately. - -In special cases where air-drying causes unacceptable irreversible -changes in certain soil properties (e.g.~in peat and in soils with -\emph{andic properties}), samples are kept and treated in the -field-moist state. These samples should be kept under cool conditions -and analyzed within a few weeks after sampling. - -\hypertarget{moisture-content}{% -\section{Moisture content}\label{moisture-content}} - -Calculation of contents is done on the basis of dry (105~°C) soil mass. - -\hypertarget{particle-size-analysis}{% -\section{Particle-size analysis}\label{particle-size-analysis}} - -The mineral part of the soil is separated into various size fractions -and the proportion of these fractions is determined. The determination -comprises all material, i.e.~including coarse fragments, but the -procedure itself is applied to the fine earth (≤~2~mm) only. The -particle-size classes according to ISO 11277:2009 are given in the -Table: - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}} -\caption{Particle-size classes}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -Particle-size class & Diameter of particles \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -Particle-size class & Diameter of particles \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Fine earth & all particles ≤ 2 mm \\ -Sand & \textgreater{} 63 μm - ≤ 2 mm \\ -Very coarse sand & \textgreater{} 1250 μm - ≤ 2 mm \\ -Coarse sand & \textgreater{} 630 μm - ≤ 1250 μm \\ -Medium sand & \textgreater{} 200 μm - ≤ 630 μm \\ -Fine sand & \textgreater{} 125 μm - ≤ 200 μm \\ -Very fine sand & \textgreater{} 63 μm - \textless{} 125 μm \\ -Silt & \textgreater{} 2 μm - ≤ 63 μm \\ -Coarse silt & \textgreater{} 20 μm - ≤ 63 μm \\ -Fine silt & \textgreater{} 2 μm - ≤ 20 μm \\ -Clay & ≤ 2 μm \\ -Coarse clay & \textgreater{} 0.2 μm - ≤ 2 μm \\ -Fine clay & ≤ 0.2 μm \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -The pre-treatment of the sample is aimed at complete dispersion of the -primary particles. Therefore, cementing materials (usually of secondary -origin) such as organic matter and calcium carbonate may have to be -removed. In some cases, de-ferration also needs to be applied. The -amount of cementing material has to be documented. However, depending on -the aim of study, it may be fundamentally wrong to remove cementing -materials. Thus, all pre-treatments are considered optional. However, -for soil characterization purposes, removal of organic matter by H2O2 -and of carbonates by HCl is routinely carried out. After this -pre-treatment, the sample is shaken with a dispersing agent and sand is -separated from clay and silt with a 63-μm sieve. The sand is -fractionated by dry sieving; the clay and silt fractions are determined -by the pipette method or, alternatively, by the hydrometer method. - -\hypertarget{water-dispersible-clay}{% -\section{Water-dispersible clay}\label{water-dispersible-clay}} - -This is the clay content found when the sample is dispersed with water -without any pre-treatment to remove cementing compounds and without use -of a dispersing agent. The proportion of water-dispersible clay to total -clay can be used as a structure stability indicator. - -\hypertarget{bulk-density}{% -\section{Bulk density}\label{bulk-density}} - -Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Soil bulk density is the -ratio of the mass of solids to the total or bulk volume and is given at -dry state. This total volume includes the volume of both solids and pore -space. The volume and therefore the bulk density changes with swelling -and shrinking, which is related to the water content. For that reason, -the water status of the sample prior to drying must be specified. - -Two different procedures can be used: - -\begin{itemize} -\item - \emph{Undisturbed core samples.} A metal cylinder of known volume is - pressed into the soil. The moist sample mass is recorded. This may be - the field-moist state or the state after equilibrating the sample at a - specified water tension. The sample is then dried at 105~°C and - weighed again. The bulk density is the ratio of dry mass to volume - (related to the determined water content and/or the specified water - tension). -\item - \emph{Coated clods.} Field-occurring clods are coated with plastic - lacquer (e.g.~Saran dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone) to allow - underwater determination. This gives the volume of the clod. The moist - sample mass is recorded. This may be the field-moist state or the - state after equilibrating the clod at a specified water tension. The - sample is then dried at 105~°C and weighed again. The bulk density is - the ratio of dry mass to volume (related to the determined water - content and/or the specified water tension). -\end{itemize} - -If the sample contains many coarse fragments, the coarse fragments are -sieved out after drying and then their mass and volume are determined -separately. With that, the bulk density of the fine earth is calculated. -The determination of bulk density is very sensitive to natural -variability, particularly caused by nonrepresentativeness of the samples -(coarse fragments, cementations, cracks, roots, etc.). Therefore, -determinations should always be made at least in triplicate. - -\hypertarget{coefficient-of-linear-extensibility-cole}{% -\section{Coefficient of linear extensibility -(COLE)}\label{coefficient-of-linear-extensibility-cole}} - -The COLE gives an indication of the reversible shrink--swell capacity of -a soil. It is calculated as the ratio of the difference between the -moist length and the dry length of a clod to its dry length: -(L\textsubscript{m} - L\textsubscript{d})/L\textsubscript{d}, in which -L\textsubscript{m} is the length at 33~kPa tension and Ld the length -when dry (105~°C). - -\hypertarget{ph}{% -\section{pH}\label{ph}} - -The pH of the soil is measured potentiometrically in the supernatant -suspension of a soil:liquid mixture. If not stated otherwise, -soil:liquid are in a ratio of 1:5 (volume:volume) (according to ISO -standards). The liquid is either distilled water (pHwater) or a -1~\emph{M}~KCl solution (pH\textsubscript{KCl}). However, in some -definitions, a 1:1 soil:water ratio is used. - -\hypertarget{organic-carbon}{% -\section{Organic carbon}\label{organic-carbon}} - -Many laboratories use auto-analysers (e.g.~dry combustion). In these -cases, a qualitative test for carbonates on effervescence with HCl is -recommended, and if applicable, a correction for inorganic C (see -Chapter 9.9) is required. - -Otherwise, the \emph{Walkley--Black method} is followed. This involves a -wet combustion of the organic matter with a mixture of potassium -dichromate and sulfuric acid at about 125~°C. The residual dichromate is -titrated against ferrous sulfate. To compensate for incomplete -destruction, an empirical correction factor of 1.3 is applied in the -calculation of the result. - -\hypertarget{carbonates}{% -\section{Carbonates}\label{carbonates}} - -The \emph{rapid titration method} by Piper (also called \emph{acid -neutralization method}) is used. The sample is treated with dilute HCl -and the residual acid is titrated. The results are referred to as -\emph{calcium carbonate equivalent} as the dissolution is not selective -for calcite, and other carbonates such as dolomite are dissolved as -well. - -\textbf{\emph{Note:}} Other procedures such as the \emph{Scheibler -volumetric method} or the \emph{Bernard calcimeter} may also be used. - -\hypertarget{gypsum}{% -\section{Gypsum}\label{gypsum}} - -Gypsum is dissolved by shaking the sample with water. It is then -selectively precipitated from the extract by adding acetone. This -precipitate is re-dissolved in water and the Ca concentration is -determined as a measure for gypsum. This method also extracts anhydrite. - -\hypertarget{cation-exchange-capacity-cec-and-exchangeable-base-cations}{% -\section{Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable base -cations}\label{cation-exchange-capacity-cec-and-exchangeable-base-cations}} - -The ammonium acetate pH 7 method is used. In saline soils, the readily -soluble salts have to be washed out before starting the procedure. The -sample is percolated with ammonium acetate (pH 7) and the base cations -are measured in the percolate. The sample is subsequently percolated -with sodium acetate (pH 7), the excess salt is then removed and the -adsorbed Na exchanged by percolation with ammonium acetate (pH 7). The -Na in this percolate is a measure for the CEC. - -Alternatively, after percolation with ammonium acetate, the sample can -be washed free of excess salt, the whole sample distilled and the -evolved ammonia determined. - -Percolation in tubes may be replaced by shaking in flasks. Each -extraction must be repeated three times and the three extracts should be -combined for analysis. - -\textbf{Note 1:} Other procedures for CEC may be used provided the -determination is done at pH 7. - -\textbf{Note 2:} In special cases where CEC is not a diagnostic -criterion, e.g.~saline and alkaline soils, the CEC may be determined at -pH 8.2. - -\textbf{Note 3:} The base saturation of saline, calcareous and gypseous -soils can be considered to be 100\%. - -\hypertarget{exchangeable-aluminium-and-exchange-acidity}{% -\section{Exchangeable aluminium and exchange -acidity}\label{exchangeable-aluminium-and-exchange-acidity}} - -Exchangeable Al is released upon exchange by an unbuffered -1~\emph{M}~KCl solution. - -Exchange acidity is extracted by a barium chloride-triethanolamine -solution, buffered at pH 8.2. The extract is back-titrated with HCl. - -\hypertarget{calculations-of-cec-and-exchangeable-cations}{% -\section{Calculations of CEC and exchangeable -cations}\label{calculations-of-cec-and-exchangeable-cations}} - -These calculations are usually only provided for mineral material. - -\hypertarget{cec}{% -\subsection{CEC}\label{cec}} - -The CEC is given in cmolc kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil. The CEC -kg\textsuperscript{-1} clay is calculated by dividing the CEC -kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil by the clay content. Principally, this is -only correct if, before doing that, the CEC kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil -attributed to the organic matter is subtracted. But we do not have a -reliable method to detect the contribution of the organic matter to the -CEC. Therefore, it is recommended to do the calculation as if all the -CEC were provided by clay. If the organic matter content is low, the -error is negligible. - -\hypertarget{saturations-at-ph-7}{% -\subsection{Saturations at pH 7}\label{saturations-at-ph-7}} - -The base saturation (BS) refers to the exchangeable base cations and is -calculated as:\\ -exchangeable (Ca+Mg+K+Na) x 100 / CEC. - -The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is calculated as:\\ -exchangeable Na x 100 / CEC. - -The input data are given in cmol\textsubscript{c} kg\textsuperscript{-1} -and the results in \%. - -If the data for the base saturation are not available, the -pH\textsubscript{water} can be used instead. If this is also not -available, the pH\textsubscript{KCl} can be used. The correlations -between base saturation and pH depend on the amount of organic matter -and show an extremely high variance. The following pH values are -recommended for a base saturation of 50\%: - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}} -\caption{pH values corresponding to a base saturation of -50\%}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -C\textsubscript{org} (\%) & pH\textsubscript{water} & -pH\textsubscript{KCl} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -C\textsubscript{org} (\%) & pH\textsubscript{water} & -pH\textsubscript{KCl} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -\textless{} 2 & 5.0 & 4.0 \\ -≥~2 to \textless{} 7.5 & 5.3 & 4.5 \\ -≥~7.5 to \textless{} 20 & 5.7 & 5.0 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{relationships-between-cations}{% -\subsection{Relationships between -cations}\label{relationships-between-cations}} - -Exchangeable ions are given in cmol\textsubscript{c} -kg\textsuperscript{-1}. For some soils, the relationship between the sum -of exchangeable base cations and exchangeable Al is required. If the -data for exchangeable ions are not available, the pHwater can be used -instead. If this is also not available, the pHKCl can be used. The -correlations between exchangeable ions and pH depend on the amount of -organic matter and show an extremely high variance. The following pH -values are recommended: - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1379}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.1810}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0776}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2241}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0776}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2241}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 12\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0776}}@{}} -\caption{pH values corresponding to relationships between -cations}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -exch base = exch Al -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -exch base \textgreater= 4x exch Al -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Exch Al \textgreater= 4x Exch base -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -exch base = exch Al -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -exch base \textgreater= 4x exch Al -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Exch Al \textgreater= 4x Exch base -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -C\textsubscript{org} (\%) & pH\textsubscript{water} & -pH\textsubscript{KCl} & pH\textsubscript{water} & pH\textsubscript{KCl} -& pH\textsubscript{water} & pH\textsubscript{KCl} \\ -\textless{} 2 & 4.6 & 3.8 & 5.5 & 4.7 & 3.9 & 3.2 \\ -≥~2 to \textless{} 7.5 & 4.9 & 4.1 & 5.9 & 5.0 & 4.2 & 3.4 \\ -≥~7.5 to \textless{} 20 & 5.4 & 4.6 & 6.3 & 5.5 & 4.5 & 3.7 \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{extractable-iron-aluminium-manganese-and-silicon}{% -\section{Extractable iron, aluminium, manganese and -silicon}\label{extractable-iron-aluminium-manganese-and-silicon}} - -These analyses comprise: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Fe\textsubscript{dith}, Al\textsubscript{dith}, - Mn\textsubscript{dith}: Dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate dissolves: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - Fe particularly from Fe(III) oxides, hydroxides and - oxide-hydroxides; - \item - Al from Fe oxides, where the Al has substituted the Fe, and Al - associated to reducible oxides; - \item - Mn particularly from Mn(IV) oxides, hydroxides and - oxide-hydroxides.\\ - Both the Mehra \& Jackson (1958) and the Holmgren (1967) procedures - may be used, with membrane filtration (0.45~μm). - \end{itemize} -\item - Fe\textsubscript{ox}, Al\textsubscript{ox}, Si\textsubscript{ox}, - Mn\textsubscript{ox}: Oxalate (0.2~M ammonium oxalate buffered to pH~3 - with 0.2~M oxalic acid) dissolves: - - \begin{itemize} - \tightlist - \item - Fe from poorly crystalline oxides, hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides - (such as ferrihydrite), and partially Fe from goethite, - lepidocrocite, maghemite and magnetite, and partially Fe from - organic associations; - \item - Al from Fe oxides, where the Al has substituted the Fe, from - hydroxy-interlayers of phyllosilicates, and partially Al from - short-range ordered aluminosilicates (such as allophane and - imogolite), and partially Al from organic associations, and the - adsorbed Al; - \item - Si partially from short-range ordered aluminosilicates (such as - allophane and imogolite); - \item - Mn from oxides, hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides (completely).\\ - The procedure according to Blakemore et al.~(1987) may be used, with - membrane filtration (0.45 μm). - \end{itemize} -\end{itemize} - -\textbf{Note:} Al\textsubscript{dith} and Mn\textsubscript{ox} are not -used for definitions in WRB. For further review of methods see Rennert -(2019). - -\hypertarget{salinity}{% -\section{Salinity}\label{salinity}} - -Attributes associated with salinity in soils are determined in the -saturation extract. The attributes include: pH, electrical conductivity -(EC\textsubscript{e}), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and the cations and -anions of the dissolved salts. These include Ca, Mg, Na, K, carbonate -and bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate. The SAR and the -exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) may be estimated from the -concentrations of the dissolved cations. - -The determination in the saturation extract is often difficult. -Alternatively, the conductivity and the cations and anions may be -detected in a 1:2.5 solution and recalculated to the saturation extract -(see Chapter 8.4.28). - -\hypertarget{phosphate-and-phosphate-retention}{% -\section{Phosphate and phosphate -retention}\label{phosphate-and-phosphate-retention}} - -These analyses comprise: - -\begin{itemize} -\item - \emph{Mehlich-3 method}: Extraction with a solution of 0.2~\emph{M} - glacial acetic acid, 0.25~\emph{M} ammonium nitrate, 0.015~\emph{M} - ammonium fluoride, 0.013~\emph{M} nitric acid, and 0.001~\emph{M} - ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Mehlich 1984). -\item - For phosphate retention, the \emph{Blakemore method} is used. The - sample is equilibrated with a phosphate solution at pH 4.6 and the - proportion of phosphate withdrawn from solution is determined - (Blakemore et al., 1987). -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{mineralogical-analysis-of-the-sand-fraction}{% -\section{Mineralogical analysis of the sand -fraction}\label{mineralogical-analysis-of-the-sand-fraction}} - -After removal of cementing and coating materials, the sand is separated -from the clay and silt by wet sieving. From the sand, the fraction -63--420~μm is separated by dry sieving. This fraction is divided into a -heavy fraction and a \emph{light} fraction with the aid of a -high-density liquid: a solution of sodium polytungstate with a specific -density of 2.85~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3}. Of the \emph{heavy fraction}, -a microscopic slide is made; the \emph{light fraction} is stained -selectively for microscopic identification of feldspars and quartz. The -analysis requires a petrographic microscope. - -Volcanic glass can usually be recognized as isotropic grains with -vesicles. - -\hypertarget{x-ray-diffractometry}{% -\section{X-ray diffractometry}\label{x-ray-diffractometry}} - -X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be used to analyze (1) the powder of the -fine earth or (2) the clay fraction separated from soil. - -\hypertarget{total-reserve-of-bases}{% -\section{Total reserve of bases}\label{total-reserve-of-bases}} - -There are two methods to analyze the total content of elements: XRD (see -Chapter 9.18) and an extract with HF and HClO\textsubscript{4}. The -obtained values for Ca, Mg, K and Na are used to calculate the total -reserve of bases. - -\hypertarget{sulfides}{% -\section{Sulfides}\label{sulfides}} - -Reduced inorganic S is converted to H\textsubscript{2}S by a hot acidic -CrCl\textsubscript{2} solution. The evolved H\textsubscript{2}S is -trapped quantitatively in a Zn acetate solution as solid ZnS. The ZnS is -then treated with HCl to release H\textsubscript{2}S into solution, -which is quickly titrated with I\textsubscript{2} solution to the -blue-coloured end point indicated by the reaction of I\textsubscript{2} -with starch (Sullivan et al., 2000). Caution: Toxic residues have to be -managed carefully. - -\hypertarget{references-2}{% -\section{References}\label{references-2}} - -Blakemore, L.C., Searle, P.L. \& Daly, B.K. 1987. Soil Bureau analytical -methods. A method for chemical analysis of soils. NZ Soil Bureau Sci. -Report 80. DSIRO. - -Holmgren, G. 1967. A Rapid Citrate-Dithionite Extractable Iron -Procedure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 31 (2), 210-211. - -Mehlich, A. 1984. Mehlich 3 Soil Test Extractant: A Modification of -Mehlich 2 Extractant. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15 (12): 1409--1416. - -Mehra, O.P. \& Jackson, M.L. 1958. Iron Oxide Removal from Soils and -Clay by a Dithionite-Citrate System Buffered with Sodium Bicarbonate. -Clays and Clay Minerals, 7, 317-327. - -Rennert, T. 2019. Wet-chemical extractions to characterise pedogenic Al -and Fe species -- a critical review. Soil Research 57, 1--16. - -Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. -Soil Survey Investigations Report No.~42, Version 5.0. R. Burt and Soil -Survey Staff (ed.). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources -Conservation Service. - -Sullivan, L.A., Bush, R.T. \& McConchie, D. 2000. A modified chromium -reducible sulfur method for reduced inorganic sulfur: optimum reaction -time in acid sulfate soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 38, -729-34. - -Van Reeuwijk, L.P. 2002. Procedures for soil analysis. 6th Edition. -Technical Papers 9. Wageningen, Netherlands, ISRIC -- World Soil -Information. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{annex-3-horizon-and-layer-designations}{% -\chapter{Annex 3: Horizon and layer -designations}\label{annex-3-horizon-and-layer-designations}} - -This annex provides the horizon and layer symbols for soil description. -The designations are based on field characteristics (Annex 1, Chapter 8) -and laboratory characteristics (Annex 2, Chapter 9). In some cases, the -processes that have led to these characteristics, may no longer be -active. \textbf{Only brief descriptions are given here, which are not -intended to be definitions as in the diagnostics of the WRB}. In most -cases, no quantitative criteria are given. - -A \textbf{soil layer} is a zone in the soil, approximately parallel to -the soil surface, with properties different from layers above and/or -below it. If at least one of these properties is the result of -soil-forming processes, the layer is called a \textbf{soil horizon}. In -the following, the term layer is used to indicate the possibility that -soilforming processes did not occur. A \textbf{stratum} (see Chapter -10.4) is the result of geological processes and may comprise more than -one layer. - -A \textbf{litter layer} is a loose layer that contains \textgreater~90\% -(by volume, related to the fine earth plus all dead plant remmants) -recognizable dead plant tissues (e.g.~undecomposed leaves). Dead plant -material still connected to living plants (e.g.~dead parts of -\emph{Sphagnum} mosses) is not regarded to form part of a litter layer. -The \textbf{soil surface} (0 cm) is by convention the surface of the -soil after removing, if present, the litter layer and, if present, below -a layer of living plants (e.g.~living mosses). The \textbf{mineral soil -surface} is the upper limit of the uppermost mineral horizon (see -Chapter 2.1, General rules, and Annex 1, Chapters 8.3.1 and 8.3.2). - -The \textbf{fine earth} comprises the soil constituents ≤~2~mm. The -\textbf{whole soil} comprises fine earth, coarse fragments, artefacts -and dead plant remnants of any size. These rules also apply to cemented -layers (see Chapter 2.1, General rules, and Annex 1, Chapters 8.3.1 and -8.3.2). - -We distinguish the following layers (see Chapter 3.3): - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Organic layers consist of organic material. -\item - Organotechnic layers consist of organotechnic material. -\item - Mineral layers are all other layers. -\end{itemize} - -The designation consists of a capital letter (master symbol), which in -most cases is followed by one or more lowercase letters (suffixes). -Rules are given for the combinations of symbols in one layer and for -layer sequences. - -The word \textbf{rock} comprises both consolidated and unconsolidated -material. The word \textbf{oxides}, in the following, includes oxides, -hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides. - -\hypertarget{master-symbols}{% -\section{Master symbols}\label{master-symbols}} - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0286}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9714}}@{}} -\caption{Master symbols}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Symbol -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criteria -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Symbol -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criteria -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -H & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Organic or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter layer; -water saturation \textgreater~30 consecutive days in most years or -drained; generally regarded as peat layer or organic limnic layer. - -Nota bene: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Under water saturation, completely undecomposed organic layers, - consisting of 100\% (by volume, related to all dead plant remnants) - recognizable dead plant tissues, may exist. However, most H layers - underwent at least some decomposition, show \textless~100\% (by - volume) recognizable dead plant tissues and are considered to be soil - horizons. -\item - If the H is used for organotechnic layers, the suffix u is mandatory. -\end{itemize} -\end{minipage} \\ -O & Organic horizon or organotechnic layer, not forming part of a litter -layer; water saturation ≤~30 consecutive days in most years and not -drained; generally regarded as non-peat and non-limnic horizon. - -Nota bene: If the O is used for organotechnic layers, the suffix u is -mandatory. \\ -A & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Mineral horizon at the mineral soil surface or buried;\\ -contains organic matter that has at least partly been modified -in-situ;\\ -soil structure and/or structural elements created by cultivation in -≥~50\% (by volume, related to the fine earth), i.e.~rock structure, if -present, in \textless~50\% (by volume); cultivated mineral layers are -designated A, even if they belonged to another layer before -cultivation.\strut -\end{minipage} \\ -E & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Mineral horizon;\\ -has lost by downward movement within the soil (vertically or laterally) -one or more of the following: Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; -organic matter.\strut -\end{minipage} \\ -B & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Mineral horizon that has (at least originally) formed below an A or E -horizon; rock structure, if present, in \textless~50\% (by volume, -related to the fine earth); one or more of the following processes of -soil formation: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - formation of soil aggregate structure -\item - formation of clay minerals and/or oxides -\item - accumulation by illuviation processes of one or more of the following: - Fe, Al, and/or Mn species; clay minerals; organic matter; silica; - carbonates; gypsum -\item - removal of carbonates or gypsum. -\end{itemize} - -Nota bene: B horizons may show other accumulations as well. -\end{minipage} \\ -C & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Mineral layer;\\ -unconsolidated (can be cut with a spade when moist), or consolidated and -more fractured than the R layer;\\ -no soil formation, or soil formation that does not meet the criteria of -the A, E, and B horizon.\strut -\end{minipage} \\ -R & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Consolidated rock;\\ -air-dry or drier specimens, when placed in water, will not slake within -24 hours;\\ -fractures, if present, occupy \textless~10\% (by volume, related to the -whole soil); not resulting from the cementation of a soil horizon.\strut -\end{minipage} \\ -I & ≥~75\% ice (by volume, related to the whole soil), permanent, below -an H, O, A, E, B or C layer. \\ -W & Permanent water above the soil surface or between layers, may be -seasonally frozen. \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{suffixes}{% -\section{Suffixes}\label{suffixes}} - -If not stated otherwise, the descriptions are related to the fine earth -(see Chapter 2.1). - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0231}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.9205}} - >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 4\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0564}}@{}} -\caption{Suffixes}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Symbol -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criteria -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Combination with -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Symbol -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Criteria -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Combination with -\end{minipage} \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -a & Organic material in an advanced state of decomposition; after gently -rubbing, ≤ one sixth of the volume (related to the fine earth plus all -dead plant remnants) consists of recognizable dead plant tissues {[}a -like \textbf{a}dvanced{]}. & H, O \\ -b & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Buried horizon;\\ -first, the horizon has formed, and then, it was buried by mineral -material {[}b like \textbf{b}uried{]}.\strut -\end{minipage} & H, O, A, E, B \\ -c & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Concretions or nodules\\ -(only used if following another suffix (k, q, v, y) that indicates the -accumulated substance) {[}c like \textbf{c}oncretion{]}.\strut -\end{minipage} & \\ -d & Drained {[}d like \textbf{d}rained{]}. & H \\ -e & Organic material in an intermediate state of decomposition; after -gently rubbing, ≤ two thirds and \textgreater{} one sixth of the volume -(related to the fine earth plus all dead plant remnants) consist of -recognizable dead plant tissues {[}e like interm\textbf{e}diate{]}. & H, -O \\ -& Saprolite {[}e like saprolit\textbf{e}{]}. & C \\ -f & Permafrost {[}f like \textbf{f}rost{]}. & H, O, A, E, B, C \\ -g & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Accumulation of Fe and/or Mn oxides (related to the fine earth plus -accumulations of Fe and/or Mn oxides of any size and any cementation -class) predominantly inside soil aggregates, if present, and loss of -these oxides on aggregate surfaces (A, B, and C horizons),\\ -or loss of Fe and/or Mn by lateral subsurface flow (pale colours in ≥ -50\% of the exposed area; E horizons);\\ -transport in reduced form\\ -{[}g like sta\textbf{g}nic{]}.\strut -\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -A, B, C\\ -\strut \\ -\strut \\ -\strut \\ -E\strut -\end{minipage} \\ -h & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Significant amount of organic matter;\\ -in A horizons at least partly modified in situ;\\ -in B horizons predominantly by illuviation;\\ -in C horizons forming part of the parent material {[}h like -humus{]}.\strut -\end{minipage} & A, B, C, \\ -i & Organic material in an initial state of decomposition; after gently -rubbing, \textgreater{} two thirds of the volume (related to the fine -earth plus all dead plant remnants) consist of recognizable dead plant -tissues {[}i like \textbf{i}nitial{]}. & H, O \\ -& Slickensides and/or wedge-shaped aggregates {[}i like -sl\textbf{i}ckenside{]}. & B \\ -j & Accumulation of jarosite and/or schwertmannite (related to the fine -earth plus accumulations of jarosite and/or schwertmannite of any size -and any cementation class) {[}j like \textbf{j}arosite{]}. & H, O, A, E, -B, C \\ -k & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Accumulation of secondary carbonates (related to the fine earth plus -accumulations of secondary carbonates of any size and any cementation -class), evident by one or both of the following: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - visible even in moist state, -\item - has a calcium carbonate equivalent of ≥ 5\% higher (absolute, related - to the fine earth plus accumulations of secondary carbonates of any - size and any cementation class) than that of an underlying layer and - no lithic discontinuity between the two layers -\end{itemize} - -{[}k like German \textbf{K}arbonat{]}. -\end{minipage} & H, O, A, E, B, C \\ -l & Accumulation of Fe and/or Mn in reduced form by upwardmoving -capillary water with subsequent oxidation (related to the fine earth -plus accumulations of Fe and/or Mn oxides of any size and any -cementation class): accumulation predominantly at soil aggregate -surfaces, if present, and reduction of these oxides inside the -aggregates {[}l like capi\textbf{l}lary{]}. & H, A, B, C \\ -m & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Pedogenic cementation in ≥~50\% of the volume (related to the whole -soil);\\ -cementation class: at least moderately cemented\\ -(only used if following another suffix (k, l, q, s, v, y, z) that -indicates the cementing agent) {[}m like ce\textbf{m}ented{]}.\strut -\end{minipage} & \\ -n & Exchangeable sodium percentage ≥~6\% {[}n like \textbf{n}atrium{]}. -& E, B, C \\ -o & Residual accumulation of large amounts of pedogenic oxides in -strongly weathered horizons {[}o like \textbf{o}xide{]}. & B \\ -p & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright -Modification by cultivation (e.g.~ploughing);\\ -mineral layers are designated A, even if they belonged to another layer -before cultivation {[}p like \textbf{p}lough{]}.\strut -\end{minipage} & H, O, A \\ -q & Accumulation of secondary silica (related to the fine earth plus -accumulations of secondary silica of any size and any cementation class) -{[}q like \textbf{q}uartz{]}. & A, E, B, C \\ -r & Strong reduction {[}r like \textbf{r}eduction{]}. & A, E, B, C \\ -s & Accumulation of Fe oxides, Mn oxides and/or Al (related to the fine -earth plus accumulations of Fe oxides, Mn oxides and/or Al of any size -and any cementation class) by vertical illuviation processes from above -{[}s like \textbf{s}esquioxide{]}. & B, C \\ -t & Accumulation of clay minerals by illuviation processes {[}t like -German \emph{\textbf{T}on}, clay{]}. & B, C \\ -u & Containing artefacts or consisting of artefacts (related to the -whole soil) {[}u like \textbf{u}rban{]}. & H, O, A, E, B, C, R \\ -v & Plinthite (related to the fine earth plus accumulations of Fe and/or -Mn oxides of any size and any cementation class) {[}the suffix v has no -connotation{]}. & B, C \\ -w & Formation of soil structure and/or oxides and/or clay minerals -(layer silicates, allophanes and/or imogolites) {[}w like Beathered{]}. -& B \\ -x & Fragic characteristics (soil aggregates with a rupture resistance of -at least firm and a brittle manner of failure, not allowing roots to -enter the aggregates) {[}the x refers to the impossibility to enter the -aggregates{]}. & E, B, C \\ -y & Accumulation of secondary gypsum (related to the fine earth plus -accumulations of secondary gypsum of any size and any cementation class) -{[}y like gypsum or Spanish \textbf{y}eso{]}. & A, E, B, C \\ -z & Presence of readily soluble salts {[}z like Dutch -\emph{\textbf{z}out}{]}. & H, O, A, E, B, C \\ -/@ & Cryogenic alteration. & H, O, A, E, B, C \\ -α & Presence of primary carbonates (in R layers related to the rock, in -all other layers related to the fine earth) {[}α like -c\textbf{a}rbonate{]}. & H, A, E, B, C, R \\ -β & Bulk density ≤~0.9~kg~dm\textsuperscript{-3} {[}β like \textbf{b}ulk -density{]}. & B \\ -γ & Containing ≥~5\% (by grain count) volcanic glasses in the fraction -between \textgreater~0.02 and ≤~2~mm {[}γ like \textbf{g}lass{]}. & H, -O, A, E, B, C \\ -δ & High bulk density (natural or anthropogenic - not due to cementation -(symbol ..m), not in fragic horizons (symbol x), not in layers with -retic properties (symbol Bt/E)), so that roots cannot enter, except -along cracks {[}δ like \textbf{d}ense{]}. & A, E, B, C \\ -λ & Deposited in a body of water (limnic) {[}λ like \textbf{l}imnic{]}. -& H, A, C \\ -ρ & Relict features (only used if following another suffix (g, k, l, p, -@) that indicates the relict feature) {[}ρ like \textbf{r}elict{]}. & \\ -σ & Permanent water saturation and no redoximorphic features {[}σ like -saturation{]} & A, E, B, C \\ -τ & Human-transported natural material (related to the whole soil) {[}τ -like \textbf{t}ransported{]}. & H, O, A, B, C \\ -φ & Accumulation of Fe and/or Mn in reduced form by lateral subsurface -flow with subsequent oxidation (related to the fine earth plus -accumulations of Fe and/or Mn oxides of any size and any cementation -class) {[}φ like \textbf{f}low{]}. & A, B, C \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -I and W layers have no suffixes. - -Combination of suffixes: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - The c follows the suffix that indicates the substance that forms the - concretions or nodules; if this is true for more than one suffix, each - one is followed by the c. -\item - The m follows the suffix that indicates the substance that is the - cementing agent; if this is true for more than one suffix, each one is - followed by the m. -\item - The ρ follows the suffix that indicates the relict features; if this - is true for more than one suffix, each one is followed by the ρ. -\item - If two suffixes belong to the same soil-forming process, they follow - each other immediately; in the combination of t and n, the t is - written first; rules 1, 2 and 3 have to be followed, if applicable. - Examples: Btn, Bhs, Bsh, Bhsm, Bsmh. -\item - If in a B horizon the characteristics of the suffixes g, h, k, l, o, - q, s, t, v, or y are strongly expressed, the suffix w is not used, - even if its characteristics are present; if the characteristics of the - mentioned suffixes are weakly expressed and the characteristics of the - suffix w are present as well, the suffixes are combined. Examples: Bwt - (weak illuvial accumulation of clay minerals; characteristics of w - present), Btw (intermediate illuvial accumulation of clay minerals; - characteristics of w present), Bt (strong illuvial accumulation of - clay minerals; characteristics of w present),\\ - Nota bene: If the characteristics of the B horizon are absent (≥ 50 \% - rock structure, by volume, related to the fine earth), the horizon is - named Ct. -\item - In H and O layers, the i, e or a is written first. -\item - The @, f and b are written last, if b occurs together with @ or f - (only if other suffixes are present as well): @b, fb. -\item - Besides that, combinations must be in the sequence of dominance, the - dominant one first. Examples: Btng, Btgb, Bkcyc. -\end{enumerate} - -\hypertarget{transitional-layers}{% -\section{Transitional layers}\label{transitional-layers}} - -If the characteristics of two or more master layers are superimposed to -each other, the master symbols are combined without anything in between, -the dominant one first, each one followed by its suffixes. Examples: -AhBw, BwAh, AhE, EAh, EBg, BgE, BwC, CBw, BsC, CBs. - -If the characteristics of two or more master layers occur in the same -depth range, but occupy distinct parts clearly separated from each -other, the master symbols are combined with the slash (/), the dominant -one first, each one followed by its suffixes. - -Examples:\\ -E/Bt (interfingering of E material into a Bt horizon),\\ -C/Bt (Bt horizon forming lamellae within a C layer). - -If a suffix applies to two or more master symbols, it is not repeated -and follows the first master symbol. Example: AhkBw (not: AhkBwk; not: -AhBwk). - -W cannot be combined with other master symbols. H, O, I, and R can only -be combined using the slash. - -\hypertarget{layer-sequences}{% -\section{Layer sequences}\label{layer-sequences}} - -The sequence of the layers is from top to down with a hyphen in between. -Examples see Chapter 10.5. - -If lithic discontinuities occur, the strata are indicated by preceding -figures, starting with the second stratum. I and W layers are not -considered as strata. All layers of the respective stratum are indicated -by the figure:\\ -Example: Oi-Oe-Ah-E-2Bt-2C-3R. - -If the suffix b occurs, the preceding figure and the suffix b are -combined.\\ -Example: Oi-Oe-Ah-E-Bt-2Ahb-2Eb-2Btb-2C-3R. - -If two or more layers with the same designation occur, the letters are -followed by figures. The sequence of figures continues across different -strata.\\ -Examples:\\ -Oi-Oe-Oa-Ah-Bw1-Bw2-2Bw3-3Ahb1-3Eb-3Btb-4Ahb2-4C,\\ -Oi-He-Ha-Cr1-2Heb-2Hab-2Cr2-3Crγ. - -\hypertarget{examples-for-layer-sequences}{% -\section{Examples for layer -sequences}\label{examples-for-layer-sequences}} - -This Chapter provides for every RSG examples for layer sequences. These -are just examples, and in every RSG other layer sequences occur as well. -Some layer sequences occur in more than one RSG. - -\textbf{Histosols:}\\ -Hi-He-Ha-Haλ-Cr\\ -Hi-Hef-Haf-Cf\\ -Hi-Haγ-Haβ-Cr\\ -Oi-Hid-Hed-He-Ha-Haλ-Cr\\ -W-Hiλ-Heλ-Haλ-Cr\\ -Oi-W-Hiλ-Heλ-Haλ-Cr\\ -Oi-I\\ -Oi-Oe-Oa-R\\ -Oi-Oe-Ru\\ -Oi-Oe/C-Oa/C-R - -\textbf{Anthrosols:}\\ -Ap-Bw-C\\ -Arp-Ardp-Bg-C - -\textbf{Technosols:}\\ -Ahτ-2Bwu-2Cu\\ -Ah-2Our-3C\\ -Ru-2Cu-3Bw-3C\\ -Ahτ-2Ru - -\textbf{Cryosols:}\\ -Oi-Ah-Bw@-Bwf-Cf\\ -Oi-Oe-Ah-Cf - -\textbf{Leptosols:}\\ -Oi-Oe-Ah-R\\ -Oi-Ah-CBw-C - -\textbf{Solonetz:}\\ -Ah-E-Btn-C - -\textbf{Vertisols:}\\ -Ah-Bw-Bi-C - -\textbf{Solonchaks:}\\ -Ah-Bz-Cz - -\textbf{Gleysols:}\\ -Ah-Bl-Br-Cr\\ -Ah-Br-Cr\\ -Ah-Bl-C\\ -Ah-Cσ\\ -He-Cr\\ -W-Heλ-Cr\\ -W-Ahr-Cr - -\textbf{Andosols:}\\ -Ah-Bwγ-Cγ\\ -Ah-Bwβ-Cγ - -\textbf{Podzols:}\\ -Oi-Oe-Oa-AhE-E-Bhs-Bs-C\\ -Oi-Oe-Oa-AhE-E-Bhs-BsC-C\\ -Oi-Oe-Oa-AhE-E-Bh-C\\ -Oi-Oe-Oa-AhE-E-Bs-C - -\textbf{Plinthosols:}\\ -Ah-Eg-Bvg-C\\ -Ah-Bv-Bo-C\\ -Ah-Bvc-Bo-C\\ -Ah-Bvm-Bo-C\\ -Ah-Bvm-Ce-C - -\textbf{Planosols:}\\ -Oi-Oe-Ah-Eg-2Bg-2C\\ -Ah-Eg-Btg-C - -\textbf{Stagnosols:}\\ -Ah-Bg-C\\ -Oi-Ah-Eg-Btg-C - -\textbf{Nitisols:}\\ -Ah-Bo-C - -\textbf{Ferralsols:}\\ -Ah-Bo-C\\ -Ah-Bo-Ce-C\\ -Ah-Bw-Bo-Ce-C - -\textbf{Chernozems:}\\ -Ah-Ck Ah-Bwk-C\\ -Ah-Bw-Bwk-C - -\textbf{Kastanozems:}\\ -Ah-Ck Ah-Bwk-C\\ -Ah-Bk-C - -\textbf{Phaeozems:}\\ -Ah-C\\ -Ah-Bw-C\\ -Ah-Bw-Bwk-C\\ -Ah-E-Bt-C - -\textbf{Umbrisols:}\\ -Ah-C\\ -Oi-Ah-Bw-C - -\textbf{Durisols:}\\ -Ah-Bqc-C\\ -A-Bqc-C\\ -A-Bqm-C\\ -A-Bw-Bqm-C\\ -A-Bk-Bqm-C - -\textbf{Gypsisols:}\\ -Ah-Cy\\ -A-By-C\\ -A-Bk-By-C\\ -A-By-Bk-C\\ -A-Bym-C - -\textbf{Calcisols:}\\ -Ah-Ck\\ -Ah-Bk-Cα\\ -A-Bkc-C\\ -A-Bkm-C\\ -A-Bw-Bk-Cα\\ -Ah-E-Btk-Bk-C - -\textbf{Retisols:}\\ -Ah-E-Bt/E-Bt-C - -\textbf{Acrisols, Lixisols, Alisols, Luvisols:}\\ -Ah-E-Bt-C - -\textbf{Cambisols:}\\ -Ah-Bw-C\\ -Oi-Oe-Ah-Bw-C\\ -Ah-Bwφ-C - -\textbf{Fluvisols:}\\ -Ah-C1-2C2-3C3 - -\textbf{Arenosols:}\\ -A-C\\ -Ah-C - -\textbf{Regosols:}\\ -A-C\\ -Ah-C\\ -Ahτ-C\\ -Ah-Cγ - -\hypertarget{references-3}{% -\section{References}\label{references-3}} - -FAO. 2006. Guidelines for soil description. Prepared by Jahn R, Blume -H-P, Asio VB, Spaargaren O, Schad P. 4th ed.~FAO, Rome. - -Schoeneberger P.J., Wysocki D.A., Benham E.C. \& Soil Survey Staff. -2012. Field Book for describing and sampling soils. Version 3.0. Natural -Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{annex-4-soil-description-sheet}{% -\chapter{Annex 4: Soil description -sheet}\label{annex-4-soil-description-sheet}} - -The soil description sheet is provided as an open source excel file on -the WRB homepage. For cells coloured in brown, a code is required. For -cells coloured in green, figures or free text are required. The excel -file representing the whole Annexes 1 (Chapter 8) and 3 (Chapter 10) is -relatively long. With the help of excel macros, you can change it into a -short version (explained in the excel file). - -You may also prepare your individual short version. If you are sure that -in the area of your soil survey certain characteristics cannot occur, -you may delete the respective columns. (Example: If your survey is not -in a desert, you may delete the columns referring to desert features.) - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{annex-5-guidance-on-database-set-up}{% -\chapter{Annex 5: Guidance on database -set-up}\label{annex-5-guidance-on-database-set-up}} - -Setting up a database for soil description and classification according -to WRB is not a simple task due to often conflicting requirements -regarding issues like - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Data evaluation aims and needs -\item - Data reusability -\item - Data quality -\item - Data and system security -\item - Performance of database operations -\item - Experience of database administrators and users -\end{itemize} - -and last but not least, the complex data structure necessary to cover -parameters with their auxiliary data and the complexity of WRB soil name -syntax. - -The single-user one-project data collection can be done in a spreadsheet -approach, which is unsuitable for multi-user information systems that -need to maintain data security for decades. Introducing WRB 2022 into an -existing soil or even land information system asks for different -solutions than a newly set-up single-aim database. Even if we consider -the most widespread relational database approach, not all of the -database management systems provide any logical operation and further -possibilities foreseen in the \emph{Structured Query Language (SQL)}, -and they differ largely in performance and the use of additional -programming. - -The WRB homepage provides guidance and practice examples for database -solutions suited to the fourth edition of WRB. - -\bookmarksetup{startatroot} - -\hypertarget{annex-6-colour-symbols-for-rsg-maps}{% -\chapter{Annex 6: Colour symbols for RSG -maps}\label{annex-6-colour-symbols-for-rsg-maps}} - -This annex provides suggestions for colours in maps showing the RSGs. -The suggestions follow roughly the colour choices in the atlases edited -by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. - -The guidelines for creating map legends are given in Chapter 2.5. A map -unit consists of - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - a dominant soil only -\item - a dominant soil plus a codominant soil and/or one or more associated - soils -\item - one, two or three codominant soils with or without one or more - associated soils. It is strongly recommended to indicate more than - just one soil in the map units, because the restriction to only one - soil gives often an insufficient or even misleading image. -\end{itemize} - -It is recommended to use colour symbols and alphanumeric codes to allow -the map reader a correct identification of the mapping unit of each -polygon. (For raster datasets, only colours can be used.) The colour -represents the dominant soil or, if absent, the major codominant soil, -only. The other soils are indicated by adding alphanumeric codes. On the -first scale level, nothing else is required. If you add optional -qualifiers, use alphanumeric codes. The principal qualifiers added at -the second and third scale level are also indicated by alphanumeric -codes. These are selected by the soil scientist, who makes the map. In -complex mapping units with several soils, codominant and associated -soils may be mentioned in the mapping unit explanation, only. - -\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}} -\caption{Colour symbols for RSG maps}\tabularnewline -\toprule() -RSG & R & G & B & RGB Hex \\ -\midrule() -\endfirsthead -\toprule() -RSG & R & G & B & RGB Hex \\ -\midrule() -\endhead -Acrisol (AC) & 247 & 152 & 4 & \#F79804 \\ -Alisol (AL) & 255 & 255 & 190 & \#FFFFBE \\ -Andosol (AN) & 254 & 0 & 0 & \#FE0000 \\ -Anthrosol (AT) & 207 & 152 & 4 & \#CF9804 \\ -Arenosol (AR) & 245 & 212 & 161 & \#F5D4A1 \\ -Calcisol (CL) & 254 & 244 & 0 & \#FEF400 \\ -Cambisol (CM) & 254 & 190 & 0 & \#FEBE00 \\ -Chernozem (CH) & 145 & 77 & 53 & \#914D35 \\ -Cryosol (CR) & 75 & 61 & 172 & \#4B3DAC \\ -Durisol (DU) & 239 & 228 & 190 & \#EFE4BE \\ -Ferralsol (FR) & 255 & 135 & 33 & \#FF8721 \\ -Fluvisol (FL) & 0 & 254 & 253 & \#00FEFD \\ -Gleysol (GL) & 128 & 131 & 217 & \#8083D9 \\ -Gypsisol (GY) & 254 & 246 & 164 & \#FEF6A4 \\ -Histosol (HS) & 112 & 107 & 102 & \#706B66 \\ -Kastanozem (KS) & 202 & 147 & 127 & \#CA937F \\ -Leptosol (LP) & 209 & 209 & 209 & \#D1D1D1 \\ -Lixisol (LX) & 255 & 190 & 190 & \#FFBEBE \\ -Luvisol (LV) & 250 & 132 & 132 & \#FA8484 \\ -Nitisol (NT) & 255 & 167 & 127 & \#FFA77F \\ -Phaeozem (PH) & 189 & 100 & 70 & \#BD6446 \\ -Planosol (PL) & 247 & 125 & 58 & \#F77D3A \\ -Plinthosol (PT) & 115 & 0 & 0 & \#730000 \\ -Podzol (PZ) & 12 & 217 & 0 & \#0CD900 \\ -Regosol (RG) & 254 & 227 & 164 & \#FEE3A4 \\ -Retisol (RT) & 254 & 194 & 194 & \#FEC2C2 \\ -Solonchak (SC) & 254 & 0 & 250 & \#FE00FA \\ -Solonetz (SN) & 249 & 194 & 254 & \#F9C2FE \\ -Stagnosol (ST) & 64 & 192 & 233 & \#40C0E9 \\ -Technosol (TC) & 145 & 0 & 157 & \#91009D \\ -Umbrisol (UM) & 115 & 142 & 127 & \#738E7F \\ -Vertisol (VR) & 197 & 0 & 255 & \#C500FF \\ -& & & & \\ -\bottomrule() -\end{longtable} - -\hypertarget{references-4}{% -\subsubsection{References}\label{references-4}} - -Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló, S., Comerma, J., Cruz Gaistardo, C., -Encina Rojas, A., Jones, A., Krasilnikov, P., Mendonça Santos Brefin, -M.L., Montanarella, L., Muñiz Ugarte, O., Schad, P., Vara Rodríguez, -M.I. \& Vargas, R. (eds.). 2014. Atlas de suelos de América Latina y el -Caribe, Comisión Europea - Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea, -L-2995 Luxembourg, 176 pp. - -Jones, A., Montanarella, L. \& Jones, R. (eds.). 2005. Soil Atlas of -Europe. European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, -Luxembourg. - -Jones, A., Stolbovoy, V., Tarnocai, C., Broll, G., Spaargaren, O. \& -Montanarella, L. (eds.). 2010. Soil Atlas of the Northern Circumpolar -Region. European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, -Luxembourg. - -Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Brossard, M., Dampha, A., Deckers, J., -Dewitte, O., Gallali, T., Hallett, S., Jones, R., Kilasara, M., Le Roux, -P., Micheli, E., Montanarella, L., Spaargaren, O., Thiombiano, L., Van -Ranst, E., Yemefack, M. \& Zougmoré, R. (eds.). 2013. Soil Atlas of -Africa. European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, -Luxembourg. - - - -\end{document}