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dRAID HOWTO
First get the code here, build, and install. Then load the zfs kernel module with the following options:
- zfs_vdev_raidz_impl="original": This option is required for correctness. The dRAID code uses the raidz parity functions (generation, and reconstruction) but needs a small change. Currently the change has been made only to the original raidz parity functions, i.e. not the new HW-accelerated ones, so this option is required for now.
- zfs_vdev_scrub_min_active=8 zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active=10 zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active=8: These options help dRAID rebuild performance.
- draid_debug_lvl=5: This option controls the verbosity level of dRAID debug traces, which is very useful for troubleshooting.
Unlike a raidz vdev, before a dRAID vdev can be created, a configuration file must be created with the draidcfg command:
# draidcfg -p 1 -d 4 -s 2 -n 17 17.nvl
Not enough entropy at /dev/random: read -1, wanted 8.
Using /dev/urandom instead.
Worst ( 3 x 5 + 2) x 544: 0.882
Seed chosen: f0cbfeccac3071b0
The command in the example above creates a configuration for a 17-drive dRAID1 vdev with 4 data blocks per strip and 2 distributed spares. Options:
- p: parity level, can be 1, 2, or 3.
- d: # data blocks per stripe.
- s: # distributed spare
- n: total # of drives
- It's required that: (n - s) % (p + d) == 0
Note that:
- Errors like "Not enough entropy at /dev/random" are harmless
- In the future, the draidcfg may get integrated into zpool create so there'd be no separate step for configuration generation.
The configuration file is binary, to examine the contents:
# draidcfg -r 17.nvl
dRAID1 vdev of 17 child drives: 3 x (4 data + 1 parity) and 2 distributed spare
Using 32 base permutations
1,12,13, 5,15,11, 2, 6, 4,16, 9, 7,14,10, 3, 0, 8,
0, 1, 5,10, 8, 6,15, 4, 7,14, 2,13,12, 3,11,16, 9,
1, 7,11,13,14,16, 4,12, 0,15, 9, 2,10, 3, 6, 5, 8,
5,16, 3,15,10, 0,13,11,12, 8, 2, 9, 6, 4, 7, 1,14,
9,15, 6, 8,12,11, 7, 1, 3, 0,13, 5,16,14, 4,10, 2,
10, 1, 5,11, 3, 6,15, 2,12,13, 9, 4,16,14, 0, 7, 8,
10,16,12, 7, 1, 3, 9,14, 5,15, 4,11, 2, 0,13, 8, 6,
7,12, 4,13, 6,11, 9,15,14, 2,16, 3, 0, 1,10, 5, 8,
10, 5, 8, 2, 1,11,16,15,12, 3,13, 4, 0, 7, 9, 6,14,
1, 6,15, 0,14, 5, 9,11, 8,16,10, 2,13,12, 3, 4, 7,
14, 4, 2, 0,12, 7, 3, 6, 8,13,10, 1,11,16,15, 9, 5,
6,14, 8,10, 1, 0,15, 4, 5, 3,16,13, 9,12, 2, 7,11,
13, 5, 8,14, 1,10,16,11,15, 7, 0,12, 2, 9, 4, 6, 3,
9, 6, 3, 7,15, 1, 4, 8,14, 5, 0, 2,16,10,12,11,13,
12, 0, 6, 7, 1, 9,14, 8,11,16, 4, 2,13,15, 3, 5,10,
14, 6,12,10,15,13, 7, 0, 3,16, 5, 9, 2, 8, 4,11, 1,
15,16, 8,13, 6, 4, 7,11, 1, 2,14,12,10, 5, 9, 3, 0,
0,11,10,14,12, 1,16, 3,13, 9, 5, 7, 2, 4, 6,15, 8,
2,10,12, 4, 3, 5,15, 1,11, 0, 7,13, 6, 9,14, 8,16,
11, 8,16,12, 6,13,10, 9, 2, 7, 3, 4, 5, 0,14,15, 1,
4,16,12,15,14, 3, 7, 1, 9,10, 6, 8,11, 0,13, 2, 5,
5,16,13,11, 4, 6, 7,12, 0, 9,15, 1,14, 3, 8,10, 2,
12, 6, 7, 0,10,15, 8, 2,16,14,11, 1, 4, 5, 9,13, 3,
8, 4, 1,13, 6, 5, 0,15, 7, 3,11,14,16, 9,10,12, 2,
16,14,15, 2,10,11, 6,13, 4, 9, 8, 0, 5,12, 3, 1, 7,
9, 6, 8, 3,12,14,16,13,11,10, 4, 5, 7,15, 2, 0, 1,
3, 9,15, 0, 7, 1, 8,11,12, 2,10, 6,13,16, 5,14, 4,
0,14, 6,16, 1,10, 9,15,12, 8,11, 3, 2, 7,13, 5, 4,
12,13, 9, 5,11, 6, 3, 4,14,10, 1, 7, 8, 2, 0,16,15,
16, 9, 0, 2, 3,10, 1,11, 6, 4,13,12,14, 7, 5,15, 8,
16, 9, 6, 0, 1, 4,11,14,12, 3, 2,15,13,10, 5, 8, 7,
7, 8,11,14,10, 6,15,13, 1, 4,16, 9, 2, 3, 0,12, 5,
Now a dRAID vdev can be created using the configuration. The only difference from a normal zpool create is the addition of a configuration file in the vdev specification:
# zpool create -f tank draid1 cfg=17.nvl sdd sde sdf sdg sdh sdi sdj sdk sdl sdm sdn sdo sdp sdq sdr sds sdt
Note that:
- The total number of drives must equal the -n option of draidcfg.
- The parity level must match the -p option, e.g. use draid3 for draidcfg -p 3
When the numbers don't match, zpool create will fail but with a generic error message, which can be confusing.
Now the dRAID vdev is online and ready for IO:
# zpool status
pool: tank
state: ONLINE
config:
NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
tank ONLINE 0 0 0
draid1-0 ONLINE 0 0 0
sdd ONLINE 0 0 0
sde ONLINE 0 0 0
sdf ONLINE 0 0 0
sdg ONLINE 0 0 0
sdh ONLINE 0 0 0
sdu ONLINE 0 0 0
sdj ONLINE 0 0 0
sdv ONLINE 0 0 0
sdl ONLINE 0 0 0
sdm ONLINE 0 0 0
sdn ONLINE 0 0 0
sdo ONLINE 0 0 0
sdp ONLINE 0 0 0
sdq ONLINE 0 0 0
sdr ONLINE 0 0 0
sds ONLINE 0 0 0
sdt ONLINE 0 0 0
spares
$draid1-0-s0 AVAIL
$draid1-0-s1 AVAIL
There are two logical spare vdevs shown above at the bottom:
- The names begin with a '$' followed by the name of the parent dRAID vdev.
- These spare are logical, made from reserved blocks on all the 17 child drives of the dRAID vdev.
- Unlike traditional hot spares, the distributed spare can only replace a drive in its parent dRAID vdev.
The dRAID vdev behaves just like a raidz vdev of the same parity level. You can do IO to/from it, scrub it, fail a child drive and it'd operate in degraded mode.
When there's a bad/offlined/failed child drive, the dRAID vdev supports a completely new mechanism to reconstruct lost data/parity, in addition to the resilver. First of all, resilver is still supported - if a failed drive is replaced by another physical drive, the resilver process is used to reconstruct lost data/parity to the new replacement drive, which is the same as a resilver in a raidz vdev.
But if a child drive is replaced with a distributed spare, a new process called rebuild is used instead of resilver:
# zpool offline tank sdo
# zpool replace tank sdo '$draid1-0-s0'
# # zpool status
pool: tank
state: DEGRADED
status: One or more devices has been taken offline by the administrator.
Sufficient replicas exist for the pool to continue functioning in a
degraded state.
action: Online the device using 'zpool online' or replace the device with
'zpool replace'.
scan: rebuilt 2.00G in 0h0m5s with 0 errors on Fri Feb 24 20:37:06 2017
config:
NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
tank DEGRADED 0 0 0
draid1-0 DEGRADED 0 0 0
sdd ONLINE 0 0 0
sde ONLINE 0 0 0
sdf ONLINE 0 0 0
sdg ONLINE 0 0 0
sdh ONLINE 0 0 0
sdu ONLINE 0 0 0
sdj ONLINE 0 0 0
sdv ONLINE 0 0 0
sdl ONLINE 0 0 0
sdm ONLINE 0 0 0
sdn ONLINE 0 0 0
spare-11 DEGRADED 0 0 0
sdo OFFLINE 0 0 0
$draid1-0-s0 ONLINE 0 0 0
sdp ONLINE 0 0 0
sdq ONLINE 0 0 0
sdr ONLINE 0 0 0
sds ONLINE 0 0 0
sdt ONLINE 0 0 0
spares
$draid1-0-s0 INUSE currently in use
$draid1-0-s1 AVAIL
The scan status line of the zpool status output now says "rebuilt" instead of "resilvered", because the lost data/parity was rebuilt to the distributed spare by a brand new process called "rebuild". The main differences from resilver are:
- The rebuild process does not scan the whole block pointer tree. Instead, it only scans the spacemap objects.
- The IO from rebuild is sequential, because it rebuilds metaslabs one by one in sequential order.
- The rebuild process is not limited to block boundaries. For example, if 10 64K blocks are allocated contiguously, then rebuild will fix 640K at one time. So rebuild process will generate larger IOs than resilver.
- For all the benefits above, there is one price to pay. The rebuild process cannot verify block checksums, since it doesn't have block pointers.
Although rebuild process creates larger IOs, the drives will not necessarily see large IO requests. The block device queue parameter /sys/block/*/queue/max_sectors_kb must be tuned accordingly. However, since the rebuild IO is already sequential, the benefits of enabling larger IO requests might be marginal.