draft-mdt-softwire-map-deployment-00.txt

Network Working Group                                             Q. Sun
Internet-Draft                                             China Telecom
Intended status: Informational                                   M. Chen
Expires: November 25, 2012                                       FreeBit
                                                                 G. Chen
                                                            China Mobile
                                                                  C. Sun
                                                             Softbank BB
                                                                 T. Tsou
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                            S. Perreault
                                                               Viag"|nie
                                                            May 24, 2012


     Mapping of Address and Port (MAP) - Deployment Considerations
                  draft-mdt-softwire-map-deployment-00

Abstract

   This document describes when and how an operator uses the technique
   of Mapping of Address and Port (MAP) for the IPv4 residual deployment
   in the IPv6-dominant domain.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 25, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Fixed networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.2.  Mobile networks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Deployment Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Network Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.2.  Building the MAP domain  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       4.2.1.  MAP deployment model planning  . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       4.2.2.  MAP domain planning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       4.2.3.  MAP rule provisioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.2.4.  MAP DHCPv6 server deployment consideration . . . . . . 12
       4.2.5.  PSID consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.2.6.  Addressing and routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.2.7.  Translation vs. Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.3.  BR settings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.4.  CE settings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     4.5.  Supporting system  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   5.  MAP Address Planning, a Step-by-step Guide . . . . . . . . . . 20
   6.  Migration Methodology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     6.1.  Roadmap for MAP-based Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
       6.1.1.  Start from Scratch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
       6.1.2.  Coexiting Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
       6.1.3.  Exit Strategy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     6.2.  Migration Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
       6.2.1.  Passive Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
       6.2.2.  Active Transition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31






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1.  Introduction

   IPv4 address exhaustion has become world-wide reality and the primary
   solution in the industry is to deploy IPv6-only networking.
   Meanwhile, having access to legacy IPv4 contents and services is a
   long-term requirement, will be so until the completion of the IPv6
   transition.  It demands sharing residual IPv4 address pools for IPv4
   communications across the IPv6-only domain(s).

   Mapping of Address and Port (MAP)
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port] is designed in response
   to the requirement of stateless residual deployment.  The term
   "residual deployment" refers to utilizing not-yet-assigned or
   recalled IPv4 addresses for IPv4 communications going across the IPv6
   domain backbone.  MAP assumes the IPv6-only backbone as the
   prerequisite of deployment so that native IPv6 services and
   applications are fully supported and encouraged.  The statelessness
   of MAP ensures only moderate overhead is added to part of the network
   devices.

   Residual deployment with MAP is new to most operators.  This document
   is motivated to provide basic understanding on the usage of MAP,
   i.e., when and how an operator can do with MAP to meet its own
   operational requirements of IPv6 transition and its facility
   conditions, in the phase of IPv4 residual deployment.  Potential
   readers of this document are those who want to know:

   1.  What are the requirements of MAP deployment ?

   2.  What technical options needs to be considered when deploying MAP,
       and how?

   3.  How does MAP impact on the address planning for both IPv6 and
       IPv4 pools?

   4.  How does MAP impact on daily network operations and
       administrations?

   5.  How do we migrate to IPv6-only network with the help of MAP?

   Terminology of this document, unless it is intentionally specified,
   follows the definitions and abbreviations of
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port]. (> co-authors: we may
   change this if later we find any new terms need to be added.)







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2.  Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].














































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3.  Case Studies

   MAP is suitable for deployment either in large-scale carrier (fixed)
   networks or in mobile networks.  They have similar but different
   requirements.

3.1.  Fixed networks

   There are typically two network models for fixed broadband access
   service: one is to use PPPoE/PPPoA authentication method while the
   other is to use IPoE.  The first one is usually applied to
   Residential network and SOHO networks.  Subscribers in CPNs can
   access broadband network by PPP dial-up authentication.  BRAS is the
   key network element which takes full responsibility of IP address
   assignment, user authentication, traffic aggregation, PPP session
   termination, etc.  Then IP traffic is forwarded to Core Routers
   through Metro Area Network, and finally transited to Internet via
   Backbone network.  The second network scenario is usually applied to
   large enterprise networks.  Subscribers in CPNs can access broadband
   network by IPoE authentication.  IP address is normally assigned by
   DHCP server, or static configuration.

   In either case, a CPE could obtain a prefix via prefix delegation
   procedure, and the hosts behind CPE would get its own IPv6 addresses
   within the prefix through SLAAC or DHCPv6 statefully.  A MAP CE would
   also obtain a set of MAP rules from DHCPv6 server.  In MAP solution,
   both encapsulation and double translation can be applied.

   Figure 1 depicts a generic model of stateless IPv4-over-IPv6
   communication for fixed broadband access services.





















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                  +------------------------------+
                  |        MAP Domain            |
              +---+---------------+--------------|
  +--------+  +                   |              |
  |        |  +---------+      +--+--+           |
  |  Host  |--|   CPE   |      |     |           |
  |        |  |(MAP CE) |======| BNG | ======+---------+   +-----------+
  +--------+  +---------+      +--|--+       |         |   |   IPv4    |
  +--------+      +---------------+          |Core     |---| Internet  |
  |        |  +---|-----+      +--+--+       |Router   |   |           |
  |  Host  |--|   CPE   |======|     | ======+---------+   +-----------+
  |        |  |(MAP CE) |      | BNG |           |
  +--------+  +---------+      +--+--+           |
              +                   |              |
              +-------------------+--------------+

        Figure 1: Stateless IPv4-over-IPv6 access in fixed networks

3.2.  Mobile networks

   Regarding the MAP based solution, double translation is more suitable
   in mobile environment according to the analysis in stateless
   4V6[I-D.dec-stateless-4v6].  Figure 2 depicts a typical model of MAP
   deployment in mobile network, where UE plays the rule of MAP CE.
   There may be three possible cases: IPv4 only, IPv6 only or IPv6 and
   IPv4 connection to IP devices, depicted as H1, H2 and H3,
   respectively.  The MAP CE may implement a internal NAT44 to provide
   IPv4 connectin for multiple IP devices.  The IP devices get /64
   prefix from MAP CE through RS/RA.  Such a /64 prefix is generated
   from the prefix assigned by the network through prefix delegation.
   In the process, IPv6 prefix delegation is asked to derive the shared
   IPv4 address implicitly.

   Prefix delegation is introduced in 3GPP network in Release 10.  A MAP
   CE obtains IPv6 prefix from the mobile network.  It then initiates
   DHCPv6 for prefix delegation.  There are two phases for a MAP CE to
   perform prefix delegation function.  In the first phase, the MAP CE
   attaches to the LTE network.  The network provides the UE with IPv6
   only connection and the UE obtains a /64 IPv6 prefix.  In the second
   phase, the MAP CE initiates prefix delegation procedure.  The network
   assigns a prefix shorter than 64 to the MAP CE.  Figure 2 shows a
   case where a /56 is assigned to MAP CE during prefix delegation.









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                  +-------------+
                  |Private IPv4 |
                  |  Network    | H1
                  +-------------+
                   |
                   |
               O-------------------O
               |      UE (MAP CE)  |
               | +-------+-------+ |  |------------|    |------------|
               | | NAT44 | 4via6 | |  |            |    |            |
               | |       |  /64  | |==| E-UTRAN    |----|    EPC     |
               | +-------+-------+ |  |------------|    |------------|
               |         |       | |
               |         |  /56  | |
               O---------+-------+-O
                    |          |
                    | H3       |  H2
             +-------------+  +----------+
             | /64 IPv6    |  | /64 IPv6 |
             |&Private IPv4|  +----------+
             |  Network    |
             +-------------+


                Figure 2: MAP deployment in mobile network


























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4.  Deployment Consideration

4.1.  Network Models

   MAP domain connects IPv4 subnets, including home networks, enterprise
   networks, and collective residence faclities, with the IPv4 Internet
   through the IPv6 routing infrastructure.

   A typical case of home network is shown in Figure 3.


            +-------+-------+     +-------+-------+         \
            |   Service     |     |   Service     |          \
            |  Provider A   |     |  Provider B   |           | Service
            |    Router     |     |    Router     |           | Provider
            +-------+-------+     +-------+-------+           | network
                     |                 |                     /
                     |    Customer     |                   /
                     |    Internet     |                  /
                     |   connections   |                 |
                    +---------+---------+                 \
                    |       IPv6        |                   \
                    |   Customer Edge   |                    \
                    |      Router       |                    /
                    +---------+---------+                   /
                              |                            /
                              |                            | End-User
      ---+------------+-------+--------+-------------+---  | network(s)
         |            |                |             |      \
    +----+-----+ +----+-----+     +----+-----+ +-----+----+  \
    |IPv6 Host | |IPv6 Host |     | IPv6 Host| |IPv6 Host |  /
    |          | |          |     |          | |          | /
    +----------+ +----------+     +----------+ +----------+

        Figure 3: Relations between home networking and MAP domain

   Three network models are defined in [I-D.ietf-homenet-arch]: A.
   single ISP, single CER, internal routers; B. two ISPs, two CERs,
   shared subnet; C. two ISPs, one CER, shared subnet.  Model A/B is
   different with model C in MAP technologies.  For model A/B, one CE
   only need to correspond to a BR, while in model C one CE have to
   correspond with multiple BRs.  Figure 4 illustrate a typical case,
   where the home network have multiple connections to multiple
   providers or multiple logical connections to the same provider.  In
   any cases, a CE may have different paths towards multiple MAP border
   relays.





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      +---------------------+------------------------------+
      |  Home networking1   |        MAP Domain            |
      +---------------------+---------------+--------------|
      |     +--------+  +   |               |              |
      |     |  Host  |  +---------+      +--+--+           |
      |     +--------+--|   CPE   |      |     |           |
      |     +--------+--|(MAP CE) |======| BNG | ======+---------+   +-----------+
      |     |  Host  |  +---------+      +-----+       |         |   |           |
      |     +--------+      |                          |         |   |           |
      +---------------------+                          |  Core   |   |   IPv4    |
      +---------------------+                          |         |---|           |
      |                     |                          |  Router |   | Internet  |
      |     +--------+      |                          |         |   |           |
      |     |  Host  |  +---------+      +-----+       |         |   |           |
      |     +--------+--|   CPE   |======|     | ======+---------+   +-----------+
      |     +--------+--|(MAP CE) |      | BNG |           |
      |     |  Host  |  +---------+      +--+--+           |
      |     +--------+      |               |              |
      +---------------------+---------------+--------------+
      |  Home networking2   |
      +---------------------+

                 Figure 4: Network Architecture of Model C

4.2.  Building the MAP domain

   When deploying stateless MAP in operational network, a provider
   should firstly do MAP domain planning based on its own network
   condition.  According to the definition of
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port], a MAP domain is a set of
   MAP CEs and BRs connected to the same virtual link.  One MAP domain
   shares a common BR and has the same set of BMRs, FMRs and DMR, and it
   can be further divided into multiple sub-domains when multiple IPv4
   subnets are deployed in one MAP domain.  All CEs in the MAP domain
   are provisioned with the same set of MAP rules by MAP DHCPv6 server
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option].  There might be multiple BMRs in
   one MAP domain, and CE would pick up its own BMR by longest prefix
   matching lookup.  However, all CEs within the sub-domain will have
   the same BMR. in which the BMR of all CEs is the same.  In hub and
   spoke mode, CE would use DMR as its only FMR for outbound traffic;
   while in mesh mode, a longest-matching prefix lookup is done in the
   IPv4 routing table and the correct FMR is chosen.

   Basically, operator should firstly determine its own deployment mode
   for MAP domain: mesh or Hub and spoke, as different considerations
   for different deployment models should be applied accordingly.
   Afterwards, MAP domain planning, MAP rule provision, addressing and
   routing, etc., for a MAP domain should be taken into consideration.



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   For the scenario where one CE is corresponding to multiple MAP border
   relays, it is possible that those MAP BRs belong to different MAP
   domains.  The CE must pick up its own MAP rules among these domains.
   It is a typical case of multihoming.  The MAP rules must have the
   information about BR(s) and the information about the services types
   and the ISP.

4.2.1.  MAP deployment model planning

   In order to do MAP domain planning, an operator should firstly make
   the decision to choose Mesh or Hub and Spoke model according to
   operator's network policy.  In Hub and Spoke mode, all traffic within
   the same MAP domain has to go through BR which will result in less
   optimized traffic; however, it would simplify the CE process since
   there is no need to do FMR lookup for each incoming packet.  Besides,
   it would have enhanced management ability as BR can take full control
   of all the traffic.  As a result, it is reasonable to deploy Hub and
   Spoke mode for network with relatively flat architecture.

   In mesh mode, traffic optimization can be achieved by CE to CE direct
   path.  It is recommended to apply mesh mode in case CE to CE traffic
   is high and there are not too many MAP rules, say less than 10 MAP
   rules, in the specific domain.

4.2.2.  MAP domain planning

   Stateless MAP has its own advantage in terms of scalability, high-
   reliability, etc.  As a result, it is reasonable to apply a larger
   MAP domain to accommodate more subscribers with less BRs.  Moreover,
   a larger MAP domain would also be easier for management and
   maintenance.  However, a larger MAP domain may also result in less
   optimized traffic in Hub and spoke case, where all traffic has to go
   through a remote BR.  Besides, it will also result in increased
   number of MAP rules and highly centralized address management, etc.
   It is a tradeoff to choose appropriate domain coverage.

   Generally speaking, it is not recommended to use a large MAP domain
   in Hub and spoke model.  While in mesh model, it is suggested to
   adopt a relatively larger MAP domain since traffic optimization has
   already been guaranteed, and the only concern is to make sure that
   the number of MAP rules is not too big.

   Furthermore, MAP sub-domains can be divided for differentiated
   service provision.  Different sub-domains could be distinguished by
   different Rule IPv4 prefixes.  But all CEs within the same MAP sub-
   domain would have the same Rule IPv4 prefix, Rule IPv6 prefix and
   PSID parameters.




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4.2.3.  MAP rule provisioning

   In stateless MAP, Mesh or Hub and Spoke communications can be
   achieved among CEs in one MAP domain in terms of assigning
   appropriate FMR(s) to CEs.  We recommend ISP deploy the full Hub and
   Spoke mode or full mesh mode describe below, because the DHCPv6
   server can simply achieve them.

4.2.3.1.  Full Hub and Spoke Communication among CEs

   In order to achieve the full communication in the Hub and Spoke mode,
   no FMR is assigned to CEs.  In this mode, when a CE sends packets to
   another CE in the same MAP domain using the DMR as FMR, the packets
   must go though BR before arriving at the destination.

4.2.3.2.  Full Mesh Communication among CEs

   Assigning all BMRs in MAP domain to each CE as FMRs, Mesh
   communications can be achieved among all CEs.  In this case, when CE
   receives an IPv4 packet, it looks up for an appropriate FMR with a
   specific Rule IPv4 prefix which has the longest match with the IPv4
   destination address.  If the FMR is found (destination is one of the
   CEs in the MAP domain), the packet will be forwarded to associated CE
   directly without going though BR.  If the FMR is not found
   (destination is out of the MAP domain), the DMR will be selected as
   FMR, the CE then forwards the packet to the associated BR.

4.2.3.3.  Mesh or Hub/Spoke communication among some CEs

   Mesh communications among some CEs along with Hub/Spoke
   communications among some other CEs can be achieved by which
   differentiated FMRs are assigned to CEs.  For instance, as Figure 5
   shown, Mapping rule 1, Mapping rule 2, Mapping rule 3 is provisioned
   to CE1, CE2, CE3 respectively as BMR, and rule 1 and rule2, and rule
   1 and rule 2 and rule 3, and rule 2 and rule 3 are assigned to CE1,
   CE2, CE3 respectively, then CE1 and CE2, CE2 and CE3 communicate
   directly without going though associated BR (Mesh mode), the
   communication between CE1 and CE3 must go though BR before reaching
   peer each other (Hub/Spoke mode).












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              +---------------+---------+---------+---------+
              |               |   CE1   |   CE2   |   CE3   |
              +---------------+---------+---------+---------+
              |      BMR      | rule 1  | rule 2  | rule 3  |
              +---------------+---------+---------+---------+
              |               | rule 1  | rule 1  | rule 2  |
              |     FMRs      | rule 2  | rule 2  | rule 3  |
              |               |         | rule 3  |         |
              +---------------+---------+---------+---------+

            Figure 5: Mapping rules assigned to CEs in example

4.2.4.  MAP DHCPv6 server deployment consideration

   All the CEs within a MAP domain will get the same set of MAP rules by
   DHCPv6 server, including BMR, FMRs and DMR.  In one MAP domain, BMR
   for different CEs might be different, but FMRs and DMR are all the
   same.  Each Mapping Rule keeps a record of Rule IPv6 prefix, Rule
   IPv4 prefix, Rule EA-bits length and Rule Port Parameters.  Section 5
   would give a step by step example of how to calculate these
   parameters.

   In stateless MAP, the deployment of DHCPv6 server is independent with
   MAP domain planning.  So there are three possible ways:

   MAP domain : DHCPv6 server = 1:1  This is the ideal solution that
         each MAP domain would have its own MAP DHCPv6 server.  In this
         case, MAP DHCPv6 server only needs to configure parameters for
         the specific MAP domain.  It is highly recommended to adopt
         this deployment model in stateless MAP.

   MAP domain : DHCPv6 server = 1:N  This might happen when DHCPv6
         servers are deployed in a large MAP domain in a distributed
         manner.  In this case, all these DHCPv6 servers should be
         configured with the same set of MAP rules for the MAP domain,
         including mutiple BMRs, FMRs and DMRs.

   MAP domain : DHCPv6 server = N:1  This might happen when MAP domain
         is relatively small and a single MAP DHCPv6 server is deployed
         in the network.  In this case, multiple MAP domains should be
         distinguished based on CE's IPv6 prefix in different MAP
         domains.

   Besides, the situation of remaining IPv4 address prefixes may have
   big impact on MAP rule planning, especially for service operators who
   only have rather scattered address space.  Since the number of
   scattered IPv4 address prefixes would be equal to the number of FMR
   rules within a MAP domain, one should choose as large IPv4 address



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   pool as possible to reduce the number of FMR rules.

4.2.5.  PSID consideration

   For PSID provisioning, all the CEs, BR and DHCPv6 server within the
   same MAP domain should be configured with the same parameter value.
   All CEs with the same BMR should have the same PSID length.  If a
   provider would like to introduce differentiated address sharing
   ratios for different CEs, it is better to define multiple MAP sub-
   domains with different Rule IPv4 prefixes.  In this way, MAP domain
   division is only a logical method, rather than a geographical one.

   The default PSID offset is chosen as 4 in
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port], which will exclude port
   range of 0-4096.  Operator may adjust the value based on actual
   usage, policy, and service mode.

   With regard to PSID format, both continuous and non-continuous port
   set can be supported in GMA algorithm.  Non-continuous port set has
   the advantage of better security, UPnP friendly, etc., while
   continuous port set is the simplest way to implement.  Since PSID
   format should be supported not only in CPEs, BRs and DHCPv6 server,
   but also in other sustaining systems as well, e.g. traffic logging
   system, user management system, a provider should make the decision
   based on a comprehensive investigation on its demand and the reality
   of existing equipments.

   Note that some ISPs may need to offer services in a MAP domain with a
   shared address, e.g. there are hosts FTP server under CEs.  The
   service provisioning may require well-know port range (i.e. port
   range belong to 0-1023).  MAP would provide operators with an option
   to generate a port range including those in 0-1023.  Afterwards,
   operators could decide to assign it to any requesting user.

4.2.6.  Addressing and routing

   In MAP addressing, it should follow the MAP rule planning in the MAP
   domain.

   For IPv4 addressing, since the number of scattered IPv4 address
   prefixes would be equal to the number of FMR rules within a MAP
   domain, one should choose as large IPv4 address pool as possible to
   reduce the number of FMR rules.For IPv6 address, the Rule IPv6
   prefixes should be equal to the end user IPv6 prefix in MAP domain.

   If ISP has a /24 rule IPv4 prefix with sharing ratio of 64 gives
   16000 customers, and a /16 rule IPv4 prefix supports 4 million
   customer.  If up the sharing ratio to 256, 64000 and 16 million



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   customers can be supports respectively.  For the ISP who have number
   of scattered IPv4 address prefixes, in order to reduce the FMRs,
   according to needs of ports they can divide different class.  For
   instance, for the enterprise customers class which need many ports to
   use, provision them the BMR with low sharing ratio while for the
   private customers class which don't need so many ports provision them
   the BMR with high sharing ratio.

   For MAP routing, there are no IPv4 routes exported to IPv6 networks.

4.2.7.  Translation vs. Encapsulation

   1.  Option header

   There may be some options in the IPv4 header, and some of them may
   not be able to mapped to IPv6 option headers accurately
   [RFC791][RFC2460].  If Translation is used, those options can not be
   supported, and packets with those options SHOULD be dropped.
   Encapsulation does not have this problem.

   2.  ICMP

   Some IPv4 ICMP codes do not have a corresponding codes in ICMPv6, a
   detailed analysis on the double translation behavior suggest that
   some ICMPv4 messages, when they are translated to ICMPv6 and back to
   ICMPv4 across the IPv6 domain, the accuracy might be sacrificed to
   some extent.  Encapsulation keeps the full transparency of ICMPv4
   messages, while translation can make in-transition access through
   either single or double translations with a unified solution.

   In either the encapsulation or translation mode, if an intermediate
   node generates an ICMPv6 error message, it should be converted into
   ICMPv4 version and returned to the source with a special source
   address set to 192.70.192.254 [I-D.xli-behave-icmp-address], in the
   stateless MAP architecture.

   3.  PMTU and fragmentation

   Both translation mode and encapsulation mode have PMTU and
   fragmentation problem.  [RFC6145] discusses the problem in details
   for the translation, while [RFC2473] could be a good reference on the
   issue in encapsulation.

4.3.  BR settings

   1.  BR placement

   BR placement has important impacts on the operation of a MAP domain.



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   A first concern should be the avoidance of "triangle routing".  That
   is, the path from the CE to an IPv4 peer via the BR should be close
   to the one that would be taken if the CE had native IPv4
   connectivity.  This can be accomplished easily by placing the BR
   close to the CE, such that the length of the path from the CE to the
   BR is minimized.

   However, minimizing the CE-BR path would ignore a second concern,
   that of minimizing IPv4 operations.  An ISP deploying MAP will
   probably want to focus on IPv6 operations, while keeping IPv4
   operational expenditures to a minimum.  This would imply that the
   size of the IPv4 network that the ISP has to administer would be kept
   to a minimum.  Placing the BR near the CE means that the length of
   the IPv4 network between the BR and the IPv4 Internet would be
   longer.

   Moreover, in case where the set of CEs is geographically dispersed,
   multiple BRs would be needed, which would further enlarge the IPv4
   network that the ISP has to maintain.

   Therefore, we offer the following guideline: BRs should be placed as
   close to the border with the IPv4 Internet as possible while keeping
   triangle routing to a minimum.  Regional POPs should probably be
   considered as potential candidates.

   Note also that MAP being stateless, asymmetric routing is possible,
   meaning that separate BRs can be used for traffic entering and
   exiting a MAP domain.  This option can be considered for its effects
   on traffic engineering.

   Anycast can be used to let the network pick BR closest to a CE for
   traffic exiting the MAP domain.  This is accomplished by provisioning
   a Default Mapping Rule containing an anycast IPv6 address or prefix.
   Operationally, this allows incremental deployment of BRs in strategic
   locations without modifying the provisioning system's configuration.
   CE's close to a newly-deployed BR will automatically start using it.

   2.  Reliability Considerations

   Reliability of MAP is derived in major part from its statelessness.
   This means that MAP can benefit from the usual methods of Internet
   reliability.

   Anycast, already mentioned in section 4.2.1, can be used to ensure
   reliability of traffic from CE to BR.  Since there can be only one
   Default Mapping Rule per MAP domain, traffic from CE to BR will
   always use the same destination address (in encapsulation mode) or
   prefix (in translation mode).  When this address or prefix is



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   anycast, reliability is greatly increased.  If a BR goes down, it
   stops advertising the IPv6 anycast address or prefix, and traffic is
   automatically re-routed to other BRs.  For this mechanism to work
   correctly, it is crucial that the anycast route announcement be very
   closely tied to BR availability.  See [RFC4786] for best current
   practices on the operation of anycast services.

   Anycast covers global reliability.  Reliability within a single link
   can be achieved with the help of a redundancy protocol such as VRRP
   [RFC5798].  This allows operation of a pair of BRs in active/standby
   configuration.  No state needs to be shared for the operation of MAP,
   so there is no need to keep the standby node in a "warm" state: as
   long as it is up and ready to take over the virtual IPv6 address,
   quick failover can be achieved.  This makes the pair behave as a
   single, much more reliable node, with less reliance on quick routing
   protocol convergence for reliability.

   It is expected that production-quality MAP deployments will make use
   of both anycast and a redundancy protocol such as VRRP.

   3.  MTU/Fragmentation

   If the MTU is well-managed such that the IPv6 MTU on the CE WAN side
   interface is set so that no fragmentation occurs within the boundary
   of the MAP domain, then the 4rd Tunnel MTU can be set to the known
   IPv6 MTU minus the size of the encapsulating IPv4 header (40 bytes).
   For example, if the IPv6 MTU is known to be 1500 bytes, the 4rd
   Tunnel MTU might be set to 1460 bytes.  Without more specific
   information, the 4rd Tunnel MTU SHOULD default to 1280 bytes.

   When using encapsulation mode, it is important that fragments of a
   MAP packet sent according to the Default Mapping Rule be handled by
   the same BR.  (This is not required for translation mode.)  This can
   be a problem when using an anycast BR address and routing
   fluctuations cause fragments of a packet to be routed to multiple
   BRs.

   BRs using an anycast address as source can cause problems.  If
   traffic sent by a BR with a source anycast address causes an ICMP
   error to be returned, that error packet's destination address will be
   an anycast address, meaning that a different BR might receive it.  In
   the case of a Too Big ICMP error, this could cause a path MTU
   discovery black hole.  Another possible problem could occur if
   fragmented packets from different BRs using the same anycast address
   as source happen to contain the same fragment ID.  This would break
   fragment reassembly.

   Therefore, when using anycast addresses, it is RECOMMENDED that they



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   be only used as destination address, and never as source addresses.
   BRs SHOULD be configured to accept traffic sent to the anycast
   address, but use an unicast address as source.

   In MAP domains where IPv4 addresses are not shared, IPv6 destinations
   are derived from IPv4 addresses alone.  Thus, each IPv4 packet can be
   encapsulated and decapsulated independently of each other. 4rd
   processing is completely stateless.

   On the other hand, in MAP domains where IPv4 addresses are shared,
   BRs and CEs may have to encapsulate or translate IPv4 packets whose
   IPv6 destinations depend on destination ports.  Precautions are
   needed, due to the fact that the destination port of a fragmented
   datagram is available only in its first fragment.  A sufficient
   precaution consists in reassembling each datagram received in
   multiple packets, and to treat it as though it would have been
   received in single packet.  This function is such that MAP is in this
   case stateful at the IP layer.  (This is common with DS-lite and
   NAT64/DNS64 which, in addition, are stateful at the transport layer.)
   At domain entrance, this ensures that all pieces of all received IPv4
   datagrams go to the right IPv6 destinations.

   Another peculiarity of shared IPv4 addresses is that, without
   precaution, a destination could simultaneously receive from different
   sources fragmented datagrams that have the same Datagram ID (the
   Identification field of [RFC0791]).  This would disturb the
   reassembly process.  To eliminate this risk, CE MUST rewrite the
   datagram ID to a unique value among CEs sharing an IPv4 address upon
   sending the packet over a MAP domain.  This value SHOULD be generated
   locally within the port-range assigned to a given CE.  Note that
   replacing a Datagram ID in an IPv4 header implies an update of its
   Header-checksum field, by adding to it the one's complement
   difference between the old and the new values.

4.4.  CE settings

   1. bridging vs. routing mode

   In routing mode, the CE runs a standard NAT44 [RFC3022] using the
   allocated public address as external IP and ports via DHCPv6 option.
   When receiving an IPv4 packet with private source address from its
   end hosts, it performs NAT44 function by translating the source
   address into public and selecting a port from the allocated port-set.
   Then it encapsulates/translates the packet with the concentrator's
   IPv6 address as destination IPv6 address, and forwards it to the
   concentrator.  When receiving an IPv6 packet from the concentrator,
   the initiator decapsulates/translates the IPv6 packet to get the IPv4
   packet with public destination IPv4 address.  Then it performs NAT44



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   function and translates the destination address into private one.

   The CE is responsible for performing ALG functions (e.g., SIP, FTP),
   as well as supporting NAT Traversal mechanisms (e.g., UPnP, NAT-PMP,
   manual mapping configuration).  This is no different from the
   standard IPv4 NAT today.

   For the bridging mode, end host would run a software performing CE
   functionalities.  In this case, end host gets public address
   directly.  It is also suggested that the host run a local NAT to map
   randomly generated ports into the restricted, valid port-set.
   Another solution is to have the IP stack to only assign ports within
   the restricted, valid range to applications.  Either way the host
   guarantees that every source port number in the outgoing packets
   falls into the allocated port-set.

   2.  CE-initiated application

   CE-initiated case is applied for situations where applications run on
   CE directly.  If the application in CE use the public address
   directly, it might conflict with other CEs.  So it is highly
   suggested that CE should also run a local NAT to map a private
   address to public address in CE.  In this way, the CE IPv4 address
   passed to local applications would be conflict with other CEs.
   Moreover, CE should guarantee that every source port number in the
   outgoing packets falls into the allocated port-set.

4.5.  Supporting system

   1.  Lawful Intercept

   Sharing IPv4 addresses among multiple CEs is susceptible to issues
   related to lawful intercept.  For details, see [RFC6269] section 12.

   2.  Traffic Logging

   It is always possible for a service provider that operates a MAP
   domain to determine the IPv6 prefix associated with a MAP IPv4
   address (and port number in case of a shared address).  This mapping
   is static, and it is therefore unnecessary to log every IPv4 address
   assignment.  However, changes in that static mapping, such as rule
   changes in the provisioning system, need to be logged in order to be
   able to know the mapping at any point in time.

   Sharing IPv4 addresses among multiple CEs is susceptible to issues
   related to traffic logging.  For details, see [RFC6269] sections 8
   and 13.1.




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   3.  Geo-location aware service

   Sharing IPv4 addresses among multiple CEs is susceptible to issues
   related to geo-location.  For details, see [RFC6269] section 7.

   4.  User Managment (policy control ,etc ... )

   MAP IPv4 address assignment, and hence the IPv4 service itself, is
   tied to the IPv6 prefix lease; thus, the MAP service is also tied to
   this in terms of authorization, accounting, etc.  For example, the
   MAP address has the same lifetime as its associated IPv6 prefix.








































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5.  MAP Address Planning, a Step-by-step Guide

   This section is purposed to provide a referential guidance to
   operators, illustrating a common fashion of address planning with MAP
   in IPv4 residual deployment.

   Residual deployment starts from IPv6 address planning.

   (A) IPv6 considerations

   (A1)  Determine the maximum number N of CEs to be supported, and, for
         generality, suppose N = 2^n.

         For example, we suppose n = 20.  It means there will be up to
         about one million CEs.

   (A2)  Choose the length x of IPv6 prefixes to be assigned to ordinary
         customers.

         Consider we have a /32 IPv6 block, it is not a problem for the
         IPv6 deployment with the given number of CEs.  Let x = 60,
         allowing subnets inside in each CE delegated networks.

   (A3)  Multiply N by a margin coefficient K, a power of two (K = 2 ^
         k), to take into account that:

      -  Some privileged customers may be assigned IPv6 prefixes of
         length x', shorter than x, to have larger addressing spaces
         than ordinary customers, both in IPv6 and IPv4;

      -  Due to the hierarchy of routable prefixes, many theoretically
         delegatable prefixes may not be actually delegatable (ref: host
         density ratio of [RFC3194]).

         In our example, let's take k = 0 for simplicity.

   (B) IPv4 considerations

   (B1)  List all (non overlapping, not yet assigned to any in-running
         networks) IPv4 prefixes {Hi} that are available for IPv4
         residual deployment.

         Suppose that we hold two blocks and not yet assigned to any
         fixed network: 192.32.0.0/16 and 63.245.0.0/16.







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   (B2)  Take enough of them, among the shortest ones, to get a total
         whose size M is a power of two (M = 2 ^ m), and includes a good
         proportion of the available IPv4 space.

         If we use both blocks, M = 2^16 + 2^16, and therefore m = 17.
         Then PSID length could be 3 bits, the corresponding sharing
         ratio is also determined so that each CE can have 8192 ports to
         use under the shared global IPv4 address; and accordingly the
         EA-bit length is (32 - 16) + 3 = 19 bits.

   (B3)  For each IPv4 prefix, Hi, of length hi, choose an index, say Ri
         of length ri = m - (32 - hi).

         All these indexes must be non overlapping prefixes (e.g. 0, 10,
         110, 111 for one /10, one /11, and two /12).  In our example,
         we pick 0 for a contiguous block while 1 for another.

         Then we have:

            H1 = 192.32.0.0./16, h1 = 16, r1 = 1 => R1 = bin(0);
            H2 = 63.245.0.0./16, h2 = 16, r2 = 1 => R2 = bin(1);

   Sometimes the IPv4 residual pool is not well aggregated and the
   contiguous blocks may have different sizes.  For example, in (B1), if
   we have H1 = 59.112.0.0/13 and H2 = 219.120.0.0/16 as the IPv4
   residual pool, then M = 2^19 + 2^16, and in such a case, we must pick
   m so that m = ceil(log2(M)), where "ceil(x)" means the minimum
   integer not less than x, i.e., m = 20 in this case.  Therefore r1 =
   20 - (32 - 13) = 1, while r2 = 20 - (32 - 16) = 4.  Several
   combinations are available for the R1 and R2 and one only needs to
   pay attention to avoiding overlapping when picking up the values.

   (C) After (A) and (B), derive the rule(s)

   (C1)  Derive the length c of the MAP domain IPv6 prefix, C, that will
         appear at the beginning of all delegated prefixes (c = x - (n +
         k)).

   (C2)  Take any prefix for this C of length c that starts with a RIR-
         allocated IPv6 prefix.

   (C3)  For each IPv4 prefix Hi, make the rule, in which the key is Hi
         and the value is the domain IPv6 prefix C followed by the rule
         index Ri.  Then this i-th rule's Rule IPv6 Prefix will have the
         length of (c + ri).






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         Then we can do that:

               c = 40 => C = 2001:0db8:ff00::/40
               Rule 1: Rule IPv6 Prefix = 2001:0db8:ff00::/41
               Rule 2: Rule IPv6 Prefix = 2001:0db8:ff80::/41

         If we have different lengths for the Rule IPv4 prefix (as the
         extra example discussed at the end of (B)), their Rule IPv6
         prefixes should not have the same length, as their rule index
         length is different.

         As a result, for a certain CE delegating 2001:0db8:ff98:
         7650::/60, its parameters are:

              Rule IPv6 Prefix = 2001:0db8:ff80::/41 => Rule 2
              IPv4 Suffix = bin(001 1000 0111 0110 0)
                                         PSID = bin(101) = 0x5
              Rule IPv4 Prefix = 63.245.0.0/16
              CE IPv4 Address = 63.245.48.236

   If different sharing ratio is demanded, we may partition CEs into
   groups and do (A) and (B) for each group, determining the PSID length
   for them separately.

   Remarks:

   1.  IPv6 address planning in residual deployment is independent of
       the usage of the residual IPv4 addresses.

   2.  The IPv4 address pool for "residual deployment" contains IPv4
       addresses not yet assigned to customers/subscribers and/or those
       already recalled from ex-customers.  Dynamic assignment is also
       considered of the case of "recalled".

   3.  MAP is mainly designed for residual deployment but also applied
       for the case of legacy IPv4 networks keeping communication with
       the IPv4 world over the IPv6 domain without renumbering.  In such
       a case, unlike the residual deployment, the IPv6 addressing is
       not independent of IPv4.

   4.  For the non-residual deployment case, the address format, which
       is introduced by [RFC6052] as well as its extensions like
       [I-D.xli-behave-divi], is typically applied.  The relevance of
       MAP- and RFC6052-formats is: once a single rule applies for the
       whole IPv4 space, MAP-format becomes equivalent to RFC6052-
       format.  This frees the domain to distribute any specific rule
       information, including the DMR.




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6.  Migration Methodology

6.1.  Roadmap for MAP-based Solution

6.1.1.  Start from Scratch

   IPv6 deployment normally involves a step-wise approach where parts of
   the network should properly updated gradually.  As IPv6 deployment
   progresses it may be simpler for operators to employ a single-version
   network, since deploying both IPv4 and IPv6 in parallel would costs
   more than IPv6-only network.  Therefore switching to an IPv6-only
   network in relatively small scale will become more prevalent.
   Meanwhile, a significant part of network will still stay in IPv4 for
   a long time, especially at early stage of IPv6 transition.  There may
   not be enough public or private IPv4 addresses to support end-to-end
   network communication, without segmenting the network into small
   parts with sharing one IPv4 address space.  That is a time to
   introduce MAP-based solution to bridge these IPv4 islands through
   IPv6 backbone network.

6.1.2.  Coexiting Phases

   A operator may has various deployment strategies.  The deployment of
   MAP-based solution(i.e., MAP-encapsulation and MAP-translation)
   should have a big tolerance to allow different deployment modes to be
   occuring.  Coexisting deployment would be a basic consideration for
   this casualness.  In a potential practice, MAP-E and MAP-T would not
   only coexist with each other, but also can harmonize with other
   deployment cases.  Here lists some coexisting cases.  (Note: more
   coexisting cases are expected to be investigated in future.)

   o  Case 1: Coexisting between MAP Encapsulation(MAP-E) and MAP
      Translation(MAP-T)

   o  Case 2: Coexisting between MAP translation(Double Translation) and
      statelss NAT64 (Single Translation)

   o  Case3: Coexisting between MAP-based solution and native IPv6
      deployement

   Regarding the case 1, MAP[I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port]
   has provided a good pre-condition, in which a unified address format
   and configuration rules have been documented to facilitate the
   collocation of MAP-T and MAP-E.  Received data packets on CE or BR
   could be differentiated and processed accordingly through inspecting
   "Next Header" filed in IP header.

   Regarding the case 2, separated gateway on the ISP network edge may



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   serve MAP BR and NAT64 respectively.  In alternative case, MAP BR or
   NAT64 functionality could be configured on the different interfaces
   on a standalone gateway.  In either case, traffic could be
   distributed into proper gateway or interface by addressing diffrent
   IPv6 prefix as NAT4prefix and Rule IPv6 prefix.

   Regarding the case 3, MAP solutions would not eliminate IPv6 host
   accessing MAP CE.  Native IPv6 communication should get along with
   MAP solution.  RFC6204 shoud be applied to CE in this case.  Prefix
   delegation has two-fold, in which delegated prefix would not only
   help to create unique, longer IPv6 prefixes for IPv6 hosts, but also
   serve MAP algorithm to implicitly derive shared IPv4 address/port
   information.  When data packages have been received at CE, it would
   distinguish IPv4 packets from native IPv6 packets depending on
   preconfigured mapping rules.

6.1.3.  Exit Strategy

   The benefits of IPv6 + MAP-based solution are that all IPv6 flows
   would go directly to the Internet, no need further progressing on
   encapsulation or translation.  In this way, as more content providers
   and service are available over IPv6, the utilization on MAP CE and BR
   goes down since fewer destinations require MAP progressing.  This way
   would advance IPv6, because it provides everyone incentives to use
   IPv6, and eventually the result is an pure IPv6 network with no need
   for IPv4.  As more content providers and hosts equiped with IPv6
   capabilities , the MAP utilization goes down until it is eventually
   not used at all when all content is IPv6.  In this way, MAP has an
   "exit strategy".  The corresponding solutions will leave the network
   in time.

6.2.  Migration Mode

   IPv4 Residual deployment is an interim phase during IPv6 migration.
   It would be beneficial for ISPs, if this phase is as short as
   possible since end-to-end IPv6 traversal is the really goals.  When
   IPv6 is getting more and more mature, MAP solution would be retired
   in a natural way or enforced by particular considerations.

6.2.1.  Passive Transition

   Passive Transition is following IPv4 retirement law.  In another
   word, MAP would always get along with IPv4 appearance, even all nodes
   is dual-stack capable.  At a later stage of IPv6 migration, MAP based
   solutions can also be served for dual-stack hosts, which is sending
   traffic through the IPv4 stack.  There is still a value for this
   approach because it could steer IPv4 traffic to IPv6 going through a
   MAP CE processing.  When it comes the time when ISP decide to turn



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   off IPv4, MAP would be faded due to IPv4 disappearance.

6.2.2.  Active Transition

   Active Transition is targeting to accelerate IPv4 exit and increase
   native IPv6 utilization.  A desirable way deploying MAP solution is
   only providing IPv6 traversal ability to an IPv4-only host.  However,
   MAP CE can not determine received traffic is sent from an IPv4 node
   or a dual-stack node.  In the latter case, IPv6 utilization is
   prefered in a common case.  When a network evolves to a post-IPv6
   era, it might be good for ISP to consider implementing enforcements
   rules to help IPv6 migration.  There is a set of approach would help
   the situation.

   o  ISP could install only IPv6 record (i.e.  AAAA) in DNS server,
      which would provide users with IPv6 steering effects.  When a host
      is IPv6-capable and gets IPv6 DNS reply in advance, MAP
      functionalities would be restricted by IPv6-only record reply

   o  ISP could retrieve shared IPv4 address by increasing sharing
      ratio.  In this case, number of concurrent IPv4 sessions on MAP CE
      would be suppressed.  It would encourage native IPv6 growth in
      some extent.

   o  ISP could allocate a dedicated IPv6 prefix for MAP deployment.
      The allocation could not only facilitate the differentiation
      between MAPed traffic and native IPv6 trafffic, but also clearly
      observe the tendency of MAP traffic.  When the traffic is getting
      down for while, ISP could close the MAP functionalities in some
      specific area.  It would result networks to native IPv6-only
      capable.




















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7.  IANA Considerations

   This specification does not require any IANA actions.
















































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8.  Security Considerations

   There are no new security considerations pertaining to this document.
















































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9.  Acknowledgements

   Remi Despres contributed the original example of step-by-step
   deployment guidance in discussion with the authors.  Ole Troan, as
   the head of MAP Design Team, joined the discussion directly and
   contributed a lot of ideas and comments.  We also thank other members
   of the MAP Design Team for their comments and suggestions.












































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10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option]
              Mrugalski, T., Boucadair, M., Deng, X., Troan, O., and C.
              Bao, "DHCPv6 Options for Mapping of Address and Port",
              draft-mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option-02 (work in progress),
              January 2012.

   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port]
              Bao, C., Troan, O., Matsushima, S., Murakami, T., and X.
              Li, "Mapping of Address and Port (MAP)",
              draft-mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port-03 (work in
              progress), January 2012.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5342]  Eastlake, D., "IANA Considerations and IETF Protocol Usage
              for IEEE 802 Parameters", BCP 141, RFC 5342,
              September 2008.

   [RFC6145]  Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
              Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.

   [RFC6346]  Bush, R., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to the
              IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, August 2011.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.dec-stateless-4v6]
              Dec, W., Asati, R., and H. Deng, "Stateless 4Via6 Address
              Sharing", draft-dec-stateless-4v6-04 (work in progress),
              October 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-homenet-arch]
              Chown, T., Arkko, J., Brandt, A., Troan, O., and J. Weil,
              "Home Networking Architecture for IPv6",
              draft-ietf-homenet-arch-02 (work in progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.murakami-softwire-4rd]
              Murakami, T., Troan, O., and S. Matsushima, "IPv4 Residual
              Deployment on IPv6 infrastructure - protocol
              specification", draft-murakami-softwire-4rd-01 (work in
              progress), September 2011.

   [I-D.xli-behave-divi]



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              Shang, W., Li, X., Zhai, Y., and C. Bao, "dIVI: Dual-
              Stateless IPv4/IPv6 Translation", draft-xli-behave-divi-04
              (work in progress), October 2011.

   [I-D.xli-softwire-divi-pd]
              Sun, Q., Asati, R., Xie, C., Li, X., Dec, W., and C. Bao,
              "dIVI-pd: Dual-Stateless IPv4/IPv6 Translation with Prefix
              Delegation", draft-xli-softwire-divi-pd-01 (work in
              progress), October 2011.

   [RFC2473]  Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
              IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.

   [RFC3194]  Durand, A. and C. Huitema, "The H-Density Ratio for
              Address Assignment Efficiency An Update on the H ratio",
              RFC 3194, November 2001.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              October 2010.































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Authors' Addresses

   Qiong Sun
   China Telecom
   Room 708 No.118, Xizhimenneidajie
   Beijing,   100035
   P.R.China

   Phone: +86 10 5855 2923
   Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn


   Maoke Chen
   FreeBit Co., Ltd.
   13F E-space Tower, Maruyama-cho 3-6
   Shibuya-ku, Tokyo  150-0044
   Japan

   Email: fibrib@gmail.com


   Gang Chen
   China Mobile
   28 Xuanwumenxi Ave; Xuanwu District
   Beijing
   P.R. China

   Email: chengang@chinamobile.com


   Chunfa Sun
   Softbank BB
   Tokyo Shiodome Building. 22F
   1-9-1,Higashi-Shimbashi,Minato-Ku
   Tokyo  105-7322
   JAPAN

   Email: chunfa.sun@g.softbank.co.jp













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   Tina Tsou
   Huawei Technologies
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara, CA  95050
   USA

   Phone: +1-408-330-4424
   Email: tina.tsou.zouting@huawei.com


   Simon Perreault
   Viag"|nie
   246 Aberdeen
   Qu"|bec, QC  G1R 2E1
   Canada

   Phone: +1 418 656 9254
   Email: simon.perreault@viagenie.ca

































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