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splitting by confidencesee file:///Users/pm286/projects/semanticClimate/ipcc/ar6/syr/lr/html/fulltext/groups_statements.html (we show a part round raw4.8.2 International Cooperation and Coordination ). resource flows in food, fisheries, energy and water, and potential for conflict) increases the need for climate-informed transboundary management, cooperation, responses and solutions through multi- national or regional governance processes (high confidence). Multilateral governance efforts can help reconcile contested interests, world views and values about how to address climate change. International environment and sectoral agreements, and initiatives in some cases, may help to stimulate low GHG investment and reduce emissions (such as ozone depletion, transboundary air pollution and atmospheric emissions of mercury). Improvements to national and international governance structures would further enable the decarbonisation of shipping and aviation through deployment of low-emissions fuels, for example through stricter efficiency and carbon intensity standards. Transnational partnerships can also stimulate policy development, low-emissions technology diffusion, emission reductions and adaptation, by linking sub-national and other actors, including cities, regions, non-governmental organisations and private sector entities, and by enhancing interactions between state and non-state actors, though uncertainties remain over their costs, feasibility, and effectiveness. International environmental and sectoral agreements, institutions, and initiatives are helping, and in some cases may help, to stimulate low GHG emissions investment and reduce emissions. split at
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This proposes an activity which displays the IPCC statements in semantic form. It can be done piecewise for individual statements and maps directly on to the Wikibase knowledge graph (https://kg-ipclimatec-reports.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Main_Page) .
note
We do not know whether the authors have additional material to support this discussion. We are exploring it to create a semantic output, but may change direction if we interact with authors.
syntax
The syntax is partially determined by sections with decimal numbering (
1.2.3
) and alpha-decimal numbering (A.1.2
) . Currently we assume a syntax of the form:This is complicated by
float
s such asTable
,Figure
,Box
,Foot/endnotes
statements
The canonical
statement
is of the form:confidence
is the degree of certainty that the authors have in making the statementlikelihood
is optional and indicates the probability that an event will happenThey are expressed in text, with controlled vocabulary mapping onto numeric ranges. The syntax is NOT standardised and not parsable. Most statements occur in a
<paragraph>
with multiple statements. @egonWiillghagen pioneered the semantic formalization (see https://kg-ipclimatec-reports.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Main_Page). This discussion is an attempt to scale this to all the staments (about 700-1000). We don't know how much can be done automatically and how much by humans. In either case there is a need for validators who either check machine output or manipulate the text into standard syntax/Wikibase triples.In practice the major syntactic unit is the
<paragraph>
which usually contains several sentences, Paragraphs are not explicitly numbered and we create IDs of the form:1.2.3.a
or similar. This alpha component may vary as we develop better parsing, but the numbers will honour the authors.The challenge is to come up with a controlled vocabulary which make these statements machine-understandable.
1-sentence, 1-statement
examplesThere are relatively few cases of
1-sentence
paragraphs with1-statement
Here are a few:2.2.2.e
Several mitigation options, notably solar energy, wind energy, electrification of urban systems, urban green infrastructure, energy efficiency, demand side management, improved forest- and crop/grassland management, and reduced food waste and loss, are technically viable, are becoming increasingly cost effective and are generally supported by the public, and this enables expanded deployment in many regions. (high confidence)2.2.3.c
Adaptation can generate multiple additional benefits such as improving agricultural productivity, innovation, health and well-being, food security, livelihood, and biodiversity conservation as well as reduction of risks and damages (very high confidence).2.2.3.g
Integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that address social inequities, differentiate responses based on climate risk and cut across systems, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation in multiple sectors (high confidence).1-sentence
multiple-statement
examplesSome single sentences (not necessarily 1 per paragraph) combine 2 or more assertions. These may have a common antecedent phrase.
4.3.g
Near-term risks for biodiversity loss are moderate to high in forest ecosystems (medium confidence) and kelp and seagrass ecosystems (high to very high confidence) and are high to very high in Arctic sea-ice and terrestrial ecosystems (high confidence) and warm-water coral reefs (very high confidence).... can we split this into 3 statements, each preceded by Near-term risks for biodiversity loss are moderate to high in?
multi- (1-sentence - 1 statement) paragraphs
Some paragraphs consist of several sentences (N) , each with a single statement. To a first approximation we can split these into N single statements. (We may lose some context - this is important). Examples:
2.2.1.a
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement are supporting rising levels of national ambition and encouraging the development and implementation of climate policies at multiple levels of governance (high confidence). The Kyoto Protocol led to reduced emissions in some countries and was instrumental in building national and international capacity for GHG reporting, accounting and emissions markets (high confidence). The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with near universal participation, has led to policy development and target-setting at national and sub-national levels, particularly in relation to mitigation but also for adaptation, as well as enhanced transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence). Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), required under the Paris Agreement, have required countries to articulate their priorities and ambition with respect to climate action.....We can separate this into 3 1-sentence-statements with confidence levels and a final sentence without
2.2.2.a
There has been a consistent expansion of policies and laws addressing mitigation since AR5 (high confidence). Climate governance supports mitigation by providing frameworks through which diverse actors interact, and a basis for policy development and implementation (medium confidence). Many regulatory and economic instruments have already been deployed successfully (high confidence). By 2020, laws primarily focussed on reducing GHG emissions existed in 56 countries covering 53% of global emissions (medium confidence). The application of diverse policy instruments for mitigation at the national and sub-national levels has grown consistently across a range of sectors (high confidence). Policy coverage is uneven across sectors and remains limited for emissions from agriculture, and from industrial materials and feedstocks (high confidence)..... This is 5 separate sentences each with a single statement.
multi-sentence 1-statement
These are unclear and for the form
Is this interpreted as
or
2.2.3.e
There are adaptation options which are effective27in reducing climate risks28for specific contexts, sectors and regions and contribute positively to sustainable development and other societal goals. In the agriculture sector, cultivar improvements, on-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, irrigation29, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, and farm and landscape level diversification, and sustainable land management approaches, provide multiple benefits and reduce climate risks. Reduction of food loss and waste, and adaptation measures in support of balanced diets contribute to nutrition, health, and biodiversity benefits. (high confidence)... Parsing could be
note
Under constant revision 2023-06-04
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