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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Package 'grDevices' reference manual</title>
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<h1 class="manual-title">Package 'grDevices'</h1>
<table class="description-table">
<tr>
<th>Title:</th>
<td class="description-title">The R Graphics Devices and Support for Colours and Fonts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Description:</th>
<td class="description-description">Graphics devices and support for base and grid graphics.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Authors:</th>
<td class="description-author"><span>R Core Team and contributors worldwide</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Maintainer:</th>
<td class="description-maintainer">R Core Team <[email protected]></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>License:</th>
<td class="description-license">Part of R 4.4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Version:</th>
<td class="description-version">4.4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Built:</th>
<td class="description-date">2024-06-15 17:27:20 UTC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Source:</th>
<td class="description-source">base</td>
</tr>
</table>
<a href="#help-index" style="color:black;"><h2 id="help-index">Help Index</h2></a>
<ul id="help-index-list">
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#grDevices-package">
The R Graphics Devices and Support for Colours and Fonts
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#adjustcolor">Adjust Colors in One or More Directions Conveniently</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#as.graphicsAnnot">Coerce an Object for Graphics Annotation</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#as.raster">Create a Raster Object</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#axisTicks">Compute Pretty Axis Tick Scales</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#boxplot.stats">Box Plot Statistics</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#bringToTop">Assign Focus to a Window</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#cairo">Cairographics-based SVG, PDF and PostScript Graphics Devices</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#cairoSymbolFont">Specify a Symbol Font</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#check.options">Set Options with Consistency Checks</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#chull">Compute Convex Hull of a Set of Points</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#cm">Unit Transformation</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#col2rgb">Color to RGB Conversion</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#colorRamp">Color interpolation</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#colors">Color Names</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#contourLines">Calculate Contour Lines</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#convertColor">Convert between Colour Spaces</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#densCols">Colors for Smooth Density Plots</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev">Control Multiple Devices</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev.capabilities">Query Capabilities of the Current Graphics Device</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev.capture">
Capture device output as a raster image
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev.flush">
Hold or Flush Output on an On-Screen Graphics Device
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev.interactive">Is the Current Graphics Device Interactive?</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev.size"> Find Size of Device Surface </a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev2">Copy Graphics Between Multiple Devices</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#dev2bitmap">Graphics Device for Bitmap Files via Ghostscript</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#devAskNewPage"> Prompt before New Page </a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Devices">List of Graphical Devices</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#embedFonts">Embed Fonts in PostScript and PDF</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#extendrange">Extend a Numerical Range by a Small Percentage</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#getGraphicsEvent">Wait for a mouse or keyboard event from a graphics window</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#glyphInfo">Describe a Set of Typeset Glyphs</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#gray">Gray Level Specification</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#gray.colors">Gray Color Palette</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#grSoftVersion">Report Versions of Graphics Software</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#hcl">HCL Color Specification</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Hershey">Hershey Vector Fonts in R</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#hsv">HSV Color Specification</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Japanese">Japanese characters in R</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#make.rgb">Create colour spaces </a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#msgWindow">Manipulate a Window</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#n2mfrow">Compute Default mfrow From Number of Plots</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#nclass">Compute the Number of Classes for a Histogram</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#palette">Set or View the Graphics Palette</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#palettes">Color Palettes</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#pdf">PDF Graphics Device</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#pdf.options">Auxiliary Function to Set/View Defaults for Arguments of pdf</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#pictex">A PicTeX Graphics Driver</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#plotmath">Mathematical Annotation in R</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#png">BMP, JPEG, PNG and TIFF graphics devices</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#postscript">PostScript Graphics</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#postscriptFonts">PostScript and PDF Font Families</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#pretty.Date">Pretty Breakpoints for Date-Time Classes</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#ps.options">Auxiliary Function to Set/View Defaults for Arguments of postscript</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#quartz">macOS Quartz Device</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#quartzFonts">Quartz Fonts Setup</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#recordGraphics">Record Graphics Operations</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#recordplot">Record and Replay Plots</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#rgb">RGB Color Specification</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#rgb2hsv">RGB to HSV Conversion</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#savePlot">Save Cairo X11 Plot to File</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#trans3d">3D to 2D Transformation for Perspective Plots</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Type1Font">Type 1 and CID Fonts</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#windows">Windows Graphics Devices</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#windows.options">Auxiliary Function to Set/View Defaults for Arguments of windows()</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#windowsFonts">Windows Fonts</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#x11">X Window System Graphics (X11)</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#x11Fonts">X11 Fonts</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#xfig">XFig Graphics Device</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#xy.coords">Extracting Plotting Structures</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#xyTable">Multiplicities of (x,y) Points, e.g., for a Sunflower Plot</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#xyz.coords">Extracting Plotting Structures</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="manual-pages-content">
<div class="container manual-page" id="grDevices-package"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#grDevices-package" class="help-page-title"><h2>
The R Graphics Devices and Support for Colours and Fonts
</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Graphics devices and support for base and grid graphics
</p>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>This package contains functions which support both
<a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#graphics-package">base</a> and <a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/grid.html#grid-package">grid</a> graphics.
</p>
<p>For a complete list of functions, use <code>library(help = "grDevices")</code>.
</p>
<h3>Author(s)</h3>
<p>R Core Team and contributors worldwide
</p>
<p>Maintainer: R Core Team <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>
</p>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="adjustcolor"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#adjustcolor" class="help-page-title"><h2>Adjust Colors in One or More Directions Conveniently</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Adjust or modify a vector of colors by “turning knobs” on one or more
coordinates in <code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>r</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>g</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>α</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(r,g,b,\alpha)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></code> space, typically by up or down
scaling them.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">adjustcolor(col, alpha.f = 1, red.f = 1, green.f = 1, blue.f = 1,
offset = c(0, 0, 0, 0),
transform = diag(c(red.f, green.f, blue.f, alpha.f)))</code><code class="language-r">adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>col<span class="token punctuation">,</span> alpha.f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> red.f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> green.f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> blue.f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
offset <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
transform <span class="token operator">=</span> diag<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span>red.f<span class="token punctuation">,</span> green.f<span class="token punctuation">,</span> blue.f<span class="token punctuation">,</span> alpha.f<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code id="col">col</code></td>
<td>
<p>vector of colors, in any format that <code><a href="#col2rgb">col2rgb</a>()</code> accepts</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="alpha.f">alpha.f</code></td>
<td>
<p>factor modifying the opacity alpha; typically in [0,1]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code id="red.f">red.f</code>, <code id="green.f">green.f</code>, <code id="blue.f">blue.f</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>factors modifying the “red-”,
“green-” or “blue-”ness of the colors, respectively.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="offset">offset</code></td>
<td>
<p>numeric vector of length 4 to offset <code>x :=
c(r,g,b,alpha)</code>, where <code>x</code> is the <code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[0,1]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></code>-scaled result of
<code><a href="#col2rgb">col2rgb</a>(col, alpha=TRUE)</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="transform">transform</code></td>
<td>
<p>a 4x4 numeric matrix applied to <code>x + offset</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Value</h3>
<p>a color vector of the same length as <code>col</code>, effectively the
result of <code><a href="#rgb">rgb</a>()</code>.
</p>
<h3>See Also</h3>
<p><code><a href="#rgb">rgb</a></code>, <code><a href="#col2rgb">col2rgb</a></code>. For more sophisticated
color constructions: <code><a href="#convertColor">convertColor</a></code>
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">## Illustrative examples :
opal <- palette("default")
stopifnot(identical(adjustcolor(1:8, 0.75),
adjustcolor(palette(), 0.75)))
cbind(palette(), adjustcolor(1:8, 0.75))
## alpha = 1/2 * previous alpha --> opaque colors
x <- palette(adjustcolor(palette(), 0.5))
sines <- outer(1:20, 1:4, function(x, y) sin(x / 20 * pi * y))
matplot(sines, type = "b", pch = 21:23, col = 2:5, bg = 2:5,
main = "Using an 'opaque ('translucent') color palette")
x. <- adjustcolor(x, offset = c(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0), # <- "more white"
transform = diag(c(.7, .7, .7, 0.6)))
cbind(x, x.)
op <- par(bg = adjustcolor("goldenrod", offset = -rep(.4, 4)), xpd = NA)
plot(0:9, 0:9, type = "n", axes = FALSE, xlab = "", ylab = "",
main = "adjustcolor() -> translucent")
text(1:8, labels = paste0(x,"++"), col = x., cex = 8)
par(op)
## and
(M <- cbind( rbind( matrix(1/3, 3, 3), 0), c(0, 0, 0, 1)))
adjustcolor(x, transform = M)
## revert to previous palette: active
palette(opal)
</code><code class="language-r"><span class="token comment">## Illustrative examples :</span>
opal <span class="token operator"><-</span> palette<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"default"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
stopifnot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>identical<span class="token punctuation">(</span>adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.75</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>palette<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.75</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
cbind<span class="token punctuation">(</span>palette<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.75</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## alpha = 1/2 * previous alpha --> opaque colors</span>
x <span class="token operator"><-</span> palette<span class="token punctuation">(</span>adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>palette<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
sines <span class="token operator"><-</span> outer<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span> sin<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">20</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> pi <span class="token operator">*</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
matplot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>sines<span class="token punctuation">,</span> type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"b"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pch <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">21</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">23</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> bg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Using an 'opaque ('translucent') color palette"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
x. <span class="token operator"><-</span> adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> offset <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token comment"># <- "more white"</span>
transform <span class="token operator">=</span> diag<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">.7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">.7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">.7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0.6</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
cbind<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> x.<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
op <span class="token operator"><-</span> par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>bg <span class="token operator">=</span> adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"goldenrod"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> offset <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span>rep<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">.4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> xpd <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">NA</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> axes <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> xlab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">""</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ylab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">""</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"adjustcolor() -> translucent"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> labels <span class="token operator">=</span> paste0<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">"++"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> x.<span class="token punctuation">,</span> cex <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>op<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## and</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>M <span class="token operator"><-</span> cbind<span class="token punctuation">(</span> rbind<span class="token punctuation">(</span> matrix<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
adjustcolor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> transform <span class="token operator">=</span> M<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## revert to previous palette: active</span>
palette<span class="token punctuation">(</span>opal<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="as.graphicsAnnot"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#as.graphicsAnnot" class="help-page-title"><h2>Coerce an Object for Graphics Annotation</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Coerce an <span class="rlang"><b>R</b></span> object into a form suitable for graphics annotation.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">as.graphicsAnnot(x)
</code><code class="language-r">as.graphicsAnnot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table><tr>
<td><code id="x">x</code></td>
<td>
<p>an <span class="rlang"><b>R</b></span> object</p>
</td>
</tr></table>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>Expressions, calls and names (as used by <a href="#plotmath">plotmath</a>) are passed
through unchanged. All other objects with an explicit class (as
determined by <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#is.object">is.object</a></code>) are coerced by
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#character">as.character</a></code> to character vectors.
</p>
<p>All the <span class="pkg">graphics</span> and <span class="pkg">grid</span> functions which use this coerce
calls and names to expressions internally.
</p>
<h3>Value</h3>
<p>A language object or a character vector.
</p>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="as.raster"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#as.raster" class="help-page-title"><h2>Create a Raster Object</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Functions to create a raster object (representing a bitmap
image) and coerce other objects to a raster object.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">is.raster(x)
as.raster(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'matrix'
as.raster(x, max = 1, ...)
## S3 method for class 'array'
as.raster(x, max = 1, ...)
## S3 method for class 'logical'
as.raster(x, max = 1, ...)
## S3 method for class 'numeric'
as.raster(x, max = 1, ...)
## S3 method for class 'character'
as.raster(x, max = 1, ...)
## S3 method for class 'raw'
as.raster(x, max = 255L, ...)
</code><code class="language-r">is.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## S3 method for class 'matrix'</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## S3 method for class 'array'</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## S3 method for class 'logical'</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## S3 method for class 'numeric'</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## S3 method for class 'character'</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## S3 method for class 'raw'</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">255L</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code id="x">x</code></td>
<td>
<p>any <span class="rlang"><b>R</b></span> object.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="max">max</code></td>
<td>
<p>number giving the maximum of the color values range.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="...">...</code></td>
<td>
<p>further arguments passed to or from other methods.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>An object of class <code>"raster"</code> is a matrix of colour values as
given by <code><a href="#rgb">rgb</a></code> representing a bitmap image.
</p>
<p>It is not expected that the user will need to call these functions
directly; functions to render bitmap images in graphics packages will
make use of the <code>as.raster()</code> function to generate a raster
object from their input.
</p>
<p>The <code>as.raster()</code> function is (S3) generic so methods can be
written to convert other <span class="rlang"><b>R</b></span> objects to a raster object.
</p>
<p>The default implementation for numeric matrices interprets scalar
values on black-to-white scale.
</p>
<p>Raster objects can be subsetted like a matrix and it is
possible to assign to a subset of a raster object.
</p>
<p>There is a method for converting a raster object to a
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#matrix">matrix</a></code> (of colour strings).
</p>
<p>Raster objects can be compared for equality or inequality (with each
other or with a colour string).
</p>
<p>There is a <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#NA">is.na</a></code> method which returns a logical matrix
of the same dimensions as the raster object. Note that <code>NA</code>
values are interpreted as the fully transparent colour by some (but
not all) graphics devices.
</p>
<h3>Value</h3>
<p>For <code>as.raster()</code>, a raster object.
</p>
<p>For <code>is.raster()</code>, a logical indicating whether
<code>x</code> is a raster object.
</p>
<h3>Note</h3>
<p>Raster images are internally represented row-first, which can cause
confusion when trying to manipulate a raster object. The recommended
approach is to coerce a raster to a matrix, perform the manipulation,
then convert back to a raster.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden"># A red gradient
as.raster(matrix(hcl(0, 80, seq(50, 80, 10)),
nrow = 4, ncol = 5))
# Vectors are 1-column matrices ...
# character vectors are color names ...
as.raster(hcl(0, 80, seq(50, 80, 10)))
# numeric vectors are greyscale ...
as.raster(1:5, max = 5)
# logical vectors are black and white ...
as.raster(1:10 %% 2 == 0)
# ... unless nrow/ncol are supplied ...
as.raster(1:10 %% 2 == 0, nrow = 1)
# Matrix can also be logical or numeric (or raw) ...
as.raster(matrix(c(TRUE, FALSE), nrow = 3, ncol = 2))
as.raster(matrix(1:3/4, nrow = 3, ncol = 4))
# An array can be 3-plane numeric (R, G, B planes) ...
as.raster(array(c(0:1, rep(0.5, 4)), c(2, 1, 3)))
# ... or 4-plane numeric (R, G, B, A planes)
as.raster(array(c(0:1, rep(0.5, 6)), c(2, 1, 4)))
# subsetting
r <- as.raster(matrix(colors()[1:100], ncol = 10))
r[, 2]
r[2:4, 2:5]
# assigning to subset
r[2:4, 2:5] <- "white"
# comparison
r == "white"
</code><code class="language-r"><span class="token comment"># A red gradient</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>matrix<span class="token punctuation">(</span>hcl<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">80</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> seq<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">80</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
nrow <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ncol <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># Vectors are 1-column matrices ...</span>
<span class="token comment"># character vectors are color names ...</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>hcl<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">80</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> seq<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">80</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># numeric vectors are greyscale ...</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> max <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># logical vectors are black and white ...</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token percent-operator operator">%%</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># ... unless nrow/ncol are supplied ...</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token percent-operator operator">%%</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> nrow <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># Matrix can also be logical or numeric (or raw) ...</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>matrix<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> nrow <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ncol <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>matrix<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> nrow <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ncol <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># An array can be 3-plane numeric (R, G, B planes) ...</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>array<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> rep<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># ... or 4-plane numeric (R, G, B, A planes)</span>
as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>array<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> rep<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># subsetting</span>
r <span class="token operator"><-</span> as.raster<span class="token punctuation">(</span>matrix<span class="token punctuation">(</span>colors<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ncol <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
r<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
r<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token comment"># assigning to subset</span>
r<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator"><-</span> <span class="token string">"white"</span>
<span class="token comment"># comparison</span>
r <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">"white"</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="axisTicks"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#axisTicks" class="help-page-title"><h2>Compute Pretty Axis Tick Scales</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Compute pretty axis scales and tick mark locations, the same way as
traditional <span class="rlang"><b>R</b></span> graphics do it. This is interesting particularly for
log scale axes.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">axisTicks(usr, log, axp = NULL, nint = 5)
.axisPars(usr, log = FALSE, nintLog = 5)
</code><code class="language-r">axisTicks<span class="token punctuation">(</span>usr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> log<span class="token punctuation">,</span> axp <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">NULL</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> nint <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
.axisPars<span class="token punctuation">(</span>usr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> nintLog <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code id="usr">usr</code></td>
<td>
<p>numeric vector of length 2, with <code>c(min, max)</code> axis
extents.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="log">log</code></td>
<td>
<p>logical indicating if a log scale is (thought to be) in
use.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="axp">axp</code></td>
<td>
<p>numeric vector of length 3, <code>c(mi, ma, n.)</code>, with
identical meaning to <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#par">par</a>("?axp")</code> (where <code>?</code> is
<code>x</code> or <code>y</code>), namely “pretty” axis extents, and an
integer <em>code</em> <code>n.</code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code id="nint">nint</code>, <code id="nintLog">nintLog</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>positive integer value indicating
(<em>approximately</em>) the desired number of intervals.
<code>nintLog</code> is used <b>only</b> for the case <code>log = TRUE</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p><code>axisTicks(usr, *)</code> calls <code>.axisPars(usr, ..)</code> to set
<code>axp</code> when that is missing or <code>NULL</code>.
</p>
<p>Apart from that, <code><a href="#axisTicks">axisTicks</a>()</code> just calls the C function
<code>CreateAtVector()</code> in ‘<span class="file"><var>R</var>/src/main/plot.c</span>’ which is also
called by the base <span class="pkg">graphics</span> package function
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#axis">axis</a>(side, *)</code> when its argument <code>at</code> is not
specified.
</p>
<p>Since <span class="rlang"><b>R</b></span> 4.1.0, the underlying C <code>CreateAtVector()</code> has been tuned
to provide a considerably more balanced (symmetric) set of tick locations.
</p>
<h3>Value</h3>
<p><code>axisTicks()</code> returns a numeric vector of potential axis tick
locations, of length approximately <code>nint+1</code>.
</p>
<p><code>.axisPars()</code> returns a <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#list">list</a></code> with components
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code>axp</code></td>
<td>
<p>numeric vector of length 2, <code>c(min., max.)</code>, of pretty
axis extents.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>n</code></td>
<td>
<p>integer (code), with the same meaning as
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#par">par</a>("?axp")[3]</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>See Also</h3>
<p><code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#axTicks">axTicks</a></code>,
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#axis">axis</a></code>, and <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#par">par</a></code> all from
the <span class="pkg">graphics</span> package.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">##--- Demonstrating correspondence between graphics'
##--- axis() and the graphics-engine agnostic axisTicks() :
require("graphics")
plot(10*(0:10)); (pu <- par("usr"))
aX <- function(side, at, ...)
axis(side, at = at, labels = FALSE, lwd.ticks = 2, col.ticks = 2,
tck = 0.05, ...)
aX(1, print(xa <- axisTicks(pu[1:2], log = FALSE))) # x axis
aX(2, print(ya <- axisTicks(pu[3:4], log = FALSE))) # y axis
axisTicks(pu[3:4], log = FALSE, nint = 10)
plot(10*(0:10), log = "y"); (pu <- par("usr"))
aX(2, print(ya <- axisTicks(pu[3:4], log = TRUE))) # y axis
plot(2^(0:9), log = "y"); (pu <- par("usr"))
aX(2, print(ya <- axisTicks(pu[3:4], log = TRUE))) # y axis
</code><code class="language-r"><span class="token comment">##--- Demonstrating correspondence between graphics'</span>
<span class="token comment">##--- axis() and the graphics-engine agnostic axisTicks() :</span>
require<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"graphics"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu <span class="token operator"><-</span> par<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"usr"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
aX <span class="token operator"><-</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>side<span class="token punctuation">,</span> at<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
axis<span class="token punctuation">(</span>side<span class="token punctuation">,</span> at <span class="token operator">=</span> at<span class="token punctuation">,</span> labels <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> lwd.ticks <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col.ticks <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
tck <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0.05</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
aX<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>xa <span class="token operator"><-</span> axisTicks<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># x axis</span>
aX<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ya <span class="token operator"><-</span> axisTicks<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># y axis</span>
axisTicks<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> nint <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"y"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu <span class="token operator"><-</span> par<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"usr"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
aX<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ya <span class="token operator"><-</span> axisTicks<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># y axis</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">^</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"y"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu <span class="token operator"><-</span> par<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"usr"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
aX<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ya <span class="token operator"><-</span> axisTicks<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pu<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># y axis</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="boxplot.stats"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#boxplot.stats" class="help-page-title"><h2>Box Plot Statistics</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>This function is typically called by another function to
gather the statistics necessary for producing box plots,
but may be invoked separately.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">boxplot.stats(x, coef = 1.5, do.conf = TRUE, do.out = TRUE)
</code><code class="language-r">boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> coef <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> do.conf <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> do.out <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code id="x">x</code></td>
<td>
<p>a numeric vector for which the boxplot will
be constructed (<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#NA">NA</a></code>s and <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/base.html#is.finite">NaN</a></code>s are allowed
and omitted).</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="coef">coef</code></td>
<td>
<p>this determines how far the plot ‘whiskers’ extend out
from the box. If <code>coef</code> is positive, the whiskers extend to the
most extreme data point which is no more than <code>coef</code> times
the length of the box away from the box. A value of zero causes
the whiskers
to extend to the data extremes (and no outliers be returned).</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code id="do.conf">do.conf</code>, <code id="do.out">do.out</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>logicals; if <code>FALSE</code>, the <code>conf</code> or
<code>out</code> component respectively will be empty in the result.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>The two ‘hinges’ are versions of the first and third quartile,
i.e., close to <code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/stats.html#quantile">quantile</a>(x, c(1,3)/4)</code>. The hinges equal
the quartiles for odd <code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span></code> (where <code>n <- length(x)</code>) and
differ for even <code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span></code>. Whereas the quartiles only equal observations
for <code>n %% 4 == 1</code> (<code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>≡</mo><mn>1</mn><mtext> </mtext><mo lspace="0.22em" rspace="0.22em"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow></mo><mtext> </mtext><mn>4</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n\equiv 1 \bmod 4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4637em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≡</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.0556em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.0556em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span></span></span></span></code>),
the hinges do so <em>additionally</em> for <code>n %% 4 == 2</code>
(<code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>≡</mo><mn>2</mn><mtext> </mtext><mo lspace="0.22em" rspace="0.22em"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow></mo><mtext> </mtext><mn>4</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n\equiv 2 \bmod 4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4637em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≡</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.0556em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.0556em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span></span></span></span></code>), and are in the middle of
two observations otherwise.
</p>
<p>The notches (if requested) extend to <code>+/-1.58 IQR/sqrt(n)</code>.
This seems to be based on the same calculations as the formula with 1.57 in
Chambers <abbr>et al.</abbr> (1983, p. 62), given in
McGill <abbr>et al.</abbr> (1978, p. 16).
They are based on asymptotic normality of the median
and roughly equal sample sizes for the two medians being compared, and
are said to be rather insensitive to the underlying distributions of
the samples. The idea appears to be to give roughly a 95% confidence
interval for the difference in two medians.
</p>
<h3>Value</h3>
<p>A list with named components as follows:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code>stats</code></td>
<td>
<p>a vector of length 5, containing the extreme of the
lower whisker, the lower ‘hinge’, the median, the upper
‘hinge’ and the extreme of the upper whisker.
For <code>coef = 0</code>, this vector is identical to
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/stats.html#fivenum">fivenum</a>(x, na.rm = TRUE)</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>n</code></td>
<td>
<p>the number of non-<code>NA</code> observations in the sample.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>conf</code></td>
<td>
<p>the lower and upper extremes of the ‘notch’
(<code>if(do.conf)</code>). See the details.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>out</code></td>
<td>
<p>the values of any data points which lie beyond the
extremes of the whiskers (<code>if(do.out)</code>).</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Note that <code>stats</code> and <code>conf</code> are sorted in <em>in</em>creasing
order, unlike S, and that <code>n</code> and <code>out</code> include any
<code>+- Inf</code> values.
</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Tukey, J. W. (1977).
<em>Exploratory Data Analysis</em>.
Section 2C.
</p>
<p>McGill, R., Tukey, J. W. and Larsen, W. A. (1978).
Variations of box plots.
<em>The American Statistician</em>, <b>32</b>, 12–16.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2683468" target="_blank">doi:10.2307/2683468</a>.
</p>
<p>Velleman, P. F. and Hoaglin, D. C. (1981).
<em>Applications, Basics and Computing of Exploratory Data Analysis</em>.
Duxbury Press.
</p>
<p>Emerson, J. D and Strenio, J. (1983).
Boxplots and batch comparison.
Chapter 3 of <em>Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data
Analysis</em>, eds. D. C. Hoaglin, F. Mosteller and J. W. Tukey. Wiley.
</p>
<p>Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B. and Tukey, P. A. (1983).
<em>Graphical Methods for Data Analysis</em>.
Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
</p>
<h3>See Also</h3>
<p><code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/stats.html#fivenum">fivenum</a></code>,
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#boxplot">boxplot</a></code>,
<code><a href="https://r-universe.dev/manuals/graphics.html#bxp">bxp</a></code>.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(stats)
x <- c(1:100, 1000)
(b1 <- boxplot.stats(x))
(b2 <- boxplot.stats(x, do.conf = FALSE, do.out = FALSE))
stopifnot(b1 $ stats == b2 $ stats) # do.out = FALSE is still robust
boxplot.stats(x, coef = 3, do.conf = FALSE)
## no outlier treatment:
(b3 <- boxplot.stats(x, coef = 0))
stopifnot(b3$stats == fivenum(x))
## missing values are ignored
stopifnot(identical(boxplot.stats(c(x, NA)), b1))
## ... infinite values are not:
(r <- boxplot.stats(c(x, -1:1/0)))
stopifnot(r$out == c(1000, -Inf, Inf))
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>stats<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
x <span class="token operator"><-</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b1 <span class="token operator"><-</span> boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b2 <span class="token operator"><-</span> boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> do.conf <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> do.out <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
stopifnot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b1 <span class="token operator">$</span> stats <span class="token operator">==</span> b2 <span class="token operator">$</span> stats<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># do.out = FALSE is still robust</span>
boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> coef <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> do.conf <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## no outlier treatment:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b3 <span class="token operator"><-</span> boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> coef <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
stopifnot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b3<span class="token operator">$</span>stats <span class="token operator">==</span> fivenum<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## missing values are ignored</span>
stopifnot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>identical<span class="token punctuation">(</span>boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">NA</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> b1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## ... infinite values are not:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>r <span class="token operator"><-</span> boxplot.stats<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
stopifnot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>r<span class="token operator">$</span>out <span class="token operator">==</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">Inf</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">Inf</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="bringToTop"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#bringToTop" class="help-page-title"><h2>Assign Focus to a Window</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p><code>bringToTop</code> brings the specified screen device's window to the
front of the window stack (and gives it focus). With first argument
<code>-1</code> it brings the console to the top.
</p>
<p>If <code>stay = TRUE</code>, the window is designated as a topmost window,
i.e. it will stay on top of any regular window. <code>stay</code> may only be used
when RGui is run in SDI mode. This corresponds to the “Stay on top”
popup menu item in RGui.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">bringToTop(which = dev.cur(), stay = FALSE)
</code><code class="language-r">bringToTop<span class="token punctuation">(</span>which <span class="token operator">=</span> dev.cur<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> stay <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code id="which">which</code></td>
<td>
<p>a device number, or <code>-1</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="stay">stay</code></td>
<td>
<p>whether to make the window stay on top.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>See Also</h3>
<p><code><a href="#msgWindow">msgWindow</a></code>, <code><a href="#windows">windows</a></code>
</p>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="cairo"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#cairo" class="help-page-title"><h2>Cairographics-based SVG, PDF and PostScript Graphics Devices</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Graphics devices for SVG, PDF and PostScript graphics files using
the cairo graphics API.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">svg(filename = if(onefile) "Rplots.svg" else "Rplot%03d.svg",
width = 7, height = 7, pointsize = 12,
onefile = FALSE, family = "sans", bg = "white",
antialias = c("default", "none", "gray", "subpixel"),
symbolfamily)
cairo_pdf(filename = if(onefile) "Rplots.pdf" else "Rplot%03d.pdf",
width = 7, height = 7, pointsize = 12,
onefile = TRUE, family = "sans", bg = "white",
antialias = c("default", "none", "gray", "subpixel"),
fallback_resolution = 300, symbolfamily)
cairo_ps(filename = if(onefile) "Rplots.ps" else "Rplot%03d.ps",
width = 7, height = 7, pointsize = 12,
onefile = TRUE, family = "sans", bg = "white",
antialias = c("default", "none", "gray", "subpixel"),
fallback_resolution = 300, symbolfamily)
</code><code class="language-r">svg<span class="token punctuation">(</span>filename <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>onefile<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token string">"Rplots.svg"</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token string">"Rplot%03d.svg"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
width <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> height <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pointsize <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
onefile <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> family <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"sans"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> bg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"white"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
antialias <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"default"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"none"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"gray"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"subpixel"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
symbolfamily<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
cairo_pdf<span class="token punctuation">(</span>filename <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>onefile<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token string">"Rplots.pdf"</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token string">"Rplot%03d.pdf"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
width <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> height <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pointsize <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
onefile <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> family <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"sans"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> bg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"white"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
antialias <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"default"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"none"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"gray"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"subpixel"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
fallback_resolution <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">300</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> symbolfamily<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
cairo_ps<span class="token punctuation">(</span>filename <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>onefile<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token string">"Rplots.ps"</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token string">"Rplot%03d.ps"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
width <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> height <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pointsize <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
onefile <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> family <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"sans"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> bg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"white"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
antialias <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"default"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"none"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"gray"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"subpixel"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
fallback_resolution <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">300</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> symbolfamily<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 class="r-arguments-title">Arguments</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<td><code id="filename">filename</code></td>
<td>
<p>the file path of the output file(s).
The page number is substituted if a C integer format is included in
the character string, as in the default. (Depending on the platform,
the result must be less
than <code>PATH_MAX</code> characters long, and may be truncated if not.
See <code><a href="#pdf">pdf</a></code> for further details.) Tilde expansion
is performed where supported by the platform.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="width">width</code></td>
<td>
<p>the width of the device in inches.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="height">height</code></td>
<td>
<p>the height of the device in inches.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code id="pointsize">pointsize</code></td>
<td>
<p>the default pointsize of plotted text (in big points).</p>