diff --git a/docs/reference/functions.md b/docs/reference/functions.md
index d9d655aba..742c6efab 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions.md
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ unused-definition:
 
 ## or
 
-Communicate that one or more of these properties is required to be defined. FunctionOptions must contain any non-zero number of properties, **or** will require that _at least_ one of them is defined. (For only one property specified, this is the same as the `defined` rule for that property.)
+Communicate that one or more of these properties is required to be defined. `functionOptions` must contain at least two properties. **or** will require that _at least_ one of them is defined.
 
 <!-- title: functionOptions -->
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ schemas-descriptive-text-exists:
 
 ## xor
 
-Communicate that one of these properties is required, and no more than one is allowed to be defined. FunctionOptions must contain any non-zero number of properties, **xor** will require that _exactly_ one of them is defined. (For only one property specified, this is the same as the `defined` rule for that property.)
+Communicate that one of these properties is required, and no more than one is allowed to be defined. `functionOptions` must contain at least two properties. **xor** will require that _exactly_ one of them is defined.
 
 <!-- title: functionOptions -->
 
diff --git a/packages/functions/src/__tests__/or.test.ts b/packages/functions/src/__tests__/or.test.ts
index bf576f7ba..bb8541110 100644
--- a/packages/functions/src/__tests__/or.test.ts
+++ b/packages/functions/src/__tests__/or.test.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
     ).toEqual([]);
   });
 
-  it('given none of 1 property, should return an error message', async () => {
+  it('given one property, should show no error message', async () => {
     expect(
       await runOr(
         {
@@ -64,17 +64,11 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
           title: 'Swagger Petstore',
           termsOfService: 'http://swagger.io/terms/',
         },
-        { properties: ['yada-yada'] },
-      ),
-    ).toEqual([
-      {
-        message: 'At least one of "yada-yada" must be defined',
-        path: [],
-      },
-    ]);
+        { properties: ['yada-yada'] })
+      ).toEqual([]);
   });
 
-  it('given only one of 1 property, should return no error message', async () => {
+  it('given no properties, should show no error message', async () => {
     expect(
       await runOr(
         {
@@ -82,7 +76,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
           title: 'Swagger Petstore',
           termsOfService: 'http://swagger.io/terms/',
         },
-        { properties: ['title'] },
+        null,
       ),
     ).toEqual([]);
   });
@@ -189,7 +183,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"or" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["id"] }, { "properties": ["default", "example"] }, { "properties": ["title", "summary", "description"] }, etc.',
+            '"or" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["default", "example"] }, { "properties": ["title", "summary", "description"] }, etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions'],
           ),
         ],
@@ -199,7 +193,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"or" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["id"] }, { "properties": ["default", "example"] }, { "properties": ["title", "summary", "description"] }, etc.',
+            '"or" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["default", "example"] }, { "properties": ["title", "summary", "description"] }, etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions'],
           ),
         ],
@@ -221,7 +215,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"or" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["id"], ["default", "example"], ["title", "summary", "description"], etc.',
+            '"or" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["default", "example"], ["title", "summary", "description"], etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions', 'properties'],
           ),
         ],
@@ -231,7 +225,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Or', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"or" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["id"], ["default", "example"], ["title", "summary", "description"], etc.',
+            '"or" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["default", "example"], ["title", "summary", "description"], etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions', 'properties'],
           ),
         ],
diff --git a/packages/functions/src/__tests__/xor.test.ts b/packages/functions/src/__tests__/xor.test.ts
index c9bc5b6b6..02d702b28 100644
--- a/packages/functions/src/__tests__/xor.test.ts
+++ b/packages/functions/src/__tests__/xor.test.ts
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
     ).toEqual([]);
   });
 
-  it('given none of 1 property, should return an error message', async () => {
+  it('given 1 property, should return no error message', async () => {
     expect(
       await runXor(
         {
@@ -89,15 +89,10 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
         },
         { properties: ['yada-yada'] },
       ),
-    ).toEqual([
-      {
-        message: 'At least one of "yada-yada" must be defined',
-        path: [],
-      },
-    ]);
+    ).toEqual([]);
   });
 
-  it('given only one of 1 property, should return no error message', async () => {
+  it('given no properties, should return no error message', async () => {
     expect(
       await runXor(
         {
@@ -105,7 +100,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
           title: 'Swagger Petstore',
           termsOfService: 'http://swagger.io/terms/',
         },
-        { properties: ['title'] },
+        null,
       ),
     ).toEqual([]);
   });
@@ -178,7 +173,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"xor" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["id"] }, { "properties": ["country", "street"] }, { "properties": ["one", "two", "three"] }, etc.',
+            '"xor" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["country", "street"] }, { "properties": ["one", "two", "three"] }, etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions'],
           ),
         ],
@@ -188,7 +183,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"xor" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["id"] }, { "properties": ["country", "street"] }, { "properties": ["one", "two", "three"] }, etc.',
+            '"xor" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["country", "street"] }, { "properties": ["one", "two", "three"] }, etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions'],
           ),
         ],
@@ -210,7 +205,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"xor" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["id"], ["country", "street"], ["one", "two", "three"], etc.',
+            '"xor" requires at least two enumerated "properties", i.e. ["country", "street"], ["one", "two", "three"], etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions', 'properties'],
           ),
         ],
@@ -220,7 +215,7 @@ describe('Core Functions / Xor', () => {
         [
           new RulesetValidationError(
             'invalid-function-options',
-            '"xor" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["id"], ["country", "street"], ["one", "two", "three"], etc.',
+            '"xor" requires at least two enumerated "properties", i.e. ["country", "street"], ["one", "two", "three"], etc.',
             ['rules', 'my-rule', 'then', 'functionOptions', 'properties'],
           ),
         ],
diff --git a/packages/functions/src/optionSchemas.ts b/packages/functions/src/optionSchemas.ts
index fe619fd01..9377b8eb6 100644
--- a/packages/functions/src/optionSchemas.ts
+++ b/packages/functions/src/optionSchemas.ts
@@ -104,16 +104,15 @@ export const optionSchemas: Record<string, CustomFunctionOptionsSchema> = {
         items: {
           type: 'string',
         },
-        minItems: 1, // OR is valid with one item (then it is redundant with 'defined' function)
-        // maxItems: 2, // No maximum limit is necessary, OR is valid for any amount, just one must be defined
-        errorMessage: `"or" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["id"], ["default", "example"], ["title", "summary", "description"], etc.`,
+        minItems: 2,
+        errorMessage: `"or" requires at least two enumerated "properties", i.e. ["default", "example"], ["title", "summary", "description"], etc.`,
         description: 'The properties to check.',
       },
     },
     additionalProperties: false,
     required: ['properties'],
     errorMessage: {
-      type: `"or" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["id"] }, { "properties": ["default", "example"] }, { "properties": ["title", "summary", "description"] }, etc.`,
+      type: `"or" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["default", "example"] }, { "properties": ["title", "summary", "description"] }, etc.`,
     },
   },
   pattern: {
@@ -226,16 +225,15 @@ export const optionSchemas: Record<string, CustomFunctionOptionsSchema> = {
         items: {
           type: 'string',
         },
-        minItems: 1, // XOR is valid with one item (then it is redundant with 'defined' function)
-        // maxItems: 2, // No maximum limit is necessary, XOR is valid for any amount, just one must be defined
-        errorMessage: `"xor" requires one or more enumerated "properties", i.e. ["id"], ["country", "street"], ["one", "two", "three"], etc.`,
+        minItems: 2,
+        errorMessage: `"xor" requires at least two enumerated "properties", i.e. ["country", "street"], ["one", "two", "three"], etc.`,
         description: 'The properties to check.',
       },
     },
     additionalProperties: false,
     required: ['properties'],
     errorMessage: {
-      type: `"xor" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["id"] }, { "properties": ["country", "street"] }, { "properties": ["one", "two", "three"] }, etc.`,
+      type: `"xor" function has invalid options specified. Example valid options: { "properties": ["country", "street"] }, { "properties": ["one", "two", "three"] }, etc.`,
     },
   },
 };
diff --git a/packages/functions/src/or.ts b/packages/functions/src/or.ts
index afed84f66..0d0bd621d 100644
--- a/packages/functions/src/or.ts
+++ b/packages/functions/src/or.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { createRulesetFunction, IFunctionResult } from '@stoplight/spectral-core
 import { optionSchemas } from './optionSchemas';
 
 export type Options = {
-  /** test to verify if one (but not all) of the provided keys are present in object */
+  /** test to verify at least one of the provided keys are present in object */
   properties: string[];
 };
 
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ export default createRulesetFunction<Record<string, unknown>, Options>(
     options: optionSchemas.or,
   },
   function or(targetVal, { properties }) {
-    if (properties.length == 0) return;
-    // There need be no maximum limit on number of properties
+    if (properties.length < 2) return;
+    // At least two but no maximum limit on number of properties
 
     const results: IFunctionResult[] = [];
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export default createRulesetFunction<Record<string, unknown>, Options>(
           message: 'At least one of "' + shortprops.join('" or "') + '" or ' + count,
         });
       } else {
-        // List all of one to four properties directly in error message
+        // List all of two to four properties directly in error message
         results.push({
           message: 'At least one of "' + properties.join('" or "') + '" must be defined',
         });
diff --git a/packages/functions/src/xor.ts b/packages/functions/src/xor.ts
index 10683819a..71aca9e63 100644
--- a/packages/functions/src/xor.ts
+++ b/packages/functions/src/xor.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { createRulesetFunction, IFunctionResult } from '@stoplight/spectral-core
 import { optionSchemas } from './optionSchemas';
 
 export type Options = {
-  /** test to verify if one (but not all) of the provided keys are present in object */
+  /** test to verify if exactly one of the provided keys are present in object */
   properties: string[];
 };
 
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ export default createRulesetFunction<Record<string, unknown>, Options>(
     options: optionSchemas.xor,
   },
   function xor(targetVal, { properties }) {
-    if (properties.length == 0) return;
-    // There need be no maximum limit on number of properties
+    if (properties.length < 2) return;
+    // At least two but no maximum limit on number of properties
 
     const results: IFunctionResult[] = [];
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export default createRulesetFunction<Record<string, unknown>, Options>(
           message: 'At least one of "' + shortprops.join('" or "') + '" or ' + count,
         });
       } else {
-        // List all of one to four properties directly in error message
+        // List all of two to four properties directly in error message
         results.push({
           message: 'At least one of "' + properties.join('" or "') + '" must be defined',
         });