diff --git a/internal/dbtest/query_test.go b/internal/dbtest/query_test.go
index 81f9abe99..3abe2df59 100644
--- a/internal/dbtest/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/dbtest/query_test.go
@@ -1008,6 +1008,14 @@ func TestQuery(t *testing.T) {
 				Join("JOIN user ON user.id = story.user_id").
 				Where("user.id = ?", 1)
 		},
+		func(db *bun.DB) schema.QueryAppender {
+			q := db.NewCreateTable().Model(new(Story)).WithForeignKeys()
+
+			// Check that building the query with .AppendQuery() multiple times does not add redundant FK constraints:
+			// https://github.com/uptrace/bun/pull/941#discussion_r1443647857
+			_ = q.String()
+			return q
+		},
 	}
 
 	timeRE := regexp.MustCompile(`'2\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.\d+)?(\+\d{2}:\d{2})?'`)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mariadb-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mariadb-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8df726dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mariadb-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE `stories` (`id` BIGINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` VARCHAR(255), `user_id` BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mssql2019-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mssql2019-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..967afa9ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mssql2019-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE "stories" ("id" BIGINT NOT NULL IDENTITY, "name" VARCHAR(255), "user_id" BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY ("id"), FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "users" ("id") ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mysql5-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mysql5-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8df726dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mysql5-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE `stories` (`id` BIGINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` VARCHAR(255), `user_id` BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mysql8-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mysql8-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8df726dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-mysql8-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE `stories` (`id` BIGINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` VARCHAR(255), `user_id` BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users` (`id`) ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-pg-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-pg-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccb26f415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-pg-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE "stories" ("id" BIGSERIAL NOT NULL, "name" VARCHAR, "user_id" BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY ("id"), FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "users" ("id") ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-pgx-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-pgx-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccb26f415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-pgx-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE "stories" ("id" BIGSERIAL NOT NULL, "name" VARCHAR, "user_id" BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY ("id"), FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "users" ("id") ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-sqlite-164 b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-sqlite-164
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e4baec58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/dbtest/testdata/snapshots/TestQuery-sqlite-164
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CREATE TABLE "stories" ("id" INTEGER NOT NULL, "name" VARCHAR, "user_id" INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY ("id"), FOREIGN KEY ("user_id") REFERENCES "users" ("id") ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)
diff --git a/query_table_create.go b/query_table_create.go
index 518dbfd1c..8b9cfd967 100644
--- a/query_table_create.go
+++ b/query_table_create.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ type CreateTableQuery struct {
 
 	temp        bool
 	ifNotExists bool
+	fksFromRel  bool // Create foreign keys captured in table's relations.
 
 	// varchar changes the default length for VARCHAR columns.
 	// Because some dialects require that length is always specified for VARCHAR type,
@@ -120,21 +121,9 @@ func (q *CreateTableQuery) TableSpace(tablespace string) *CreateTableQuery {
 	return q
 }
 
+// WithForeignKeys adds a FOREIGN KEY clause for each of the model's existing relations.
 func (q *CreateTableQuery) WithForeignKeys() *CreateTableQuery {
-	for _, relation := range q.tableModel.Table().Relations {
-		if relation.Type == schema.ManyToManyRelation ||
-			relation.Type == schema.HasManyRelation {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		q = q.ForeignKey("(?) REFERENCES ? (?) ? ?",
-			Safe(appendColumns(nil, "", relation.BaseFields)),
-			relation.JoinTable.SQLName,
-			Safe(appendColumns(nil, "", relation.JoinFields)),
-			Safe(relation.OnUpdate),
-			Safe(relation.OnDelete),
-		)
-	}
+	q.fksFromRel = true
 	return q
 }
 
@@ -212,6 +201,13 @@ func (q *CreateTableQuery) AppendQuery(fmter schema.Formatter, b []byte) (_ []by
 
 	b = q.appendPKConstraint(b, q.table.PKs)
 	b = q.appendUniqueConstraints(fmter, b)
+
+	if q.fksFromRel {
+		b, err = q.appendFKConstraintsRel(fmter, b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
 	b, err = q.appendFKConstraints(fmter, b)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -295,13 +291,38 @@ func (q *CreateTableQuery) appendUniqueConstraint(
 	return b
 }
 
+// appendFKConstraintsRel appends a FOREIGN KEY clause for each of the model's existing relations.
+func (q *CreateTableQuery) appendFKConstraintsRel(fmter schema.Formatter, b []byte) (_ []byte, err error) {
+	for _, rel := range q.tableModel.Table().Relations {
+		if rel.References() {
+			b, err = q.appendFK(fmter, b, schema.QueryWithArgs{
+				Query: "(?) REFERENCES ? (?) ? ?",
+				Args: []interface{}{
+					Safe(appendColumns(nil, "", rel.BaseFields)),
+					rel.JoinTable.SQLName,
+					Safe(appendColumns(nil, "", rel.JoinFields)),
+					Safe(rel.OnUpdate),
+					Safe(rel.OnDelete),
+				},
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+func (q *CreateTableQuery) appendFK(fmter schema.Formatter, b []byte, fk schema.QueryWithArgs) (_ []byte, err error) {
+	b = append(b, ", FOREIGN KEY "...)
+	return fk.AppendQuery(fmter, b)
+}
+
 func (q *CreateTableQuery) appendFKConstraints(
 	fmter schema.Formatter, b []byte,
 ) (_ []byte, err error) {
 	for _, fk := range q.fks {
-		b = append(b, ", FOREIGN KEY "...)
-		b, err = fk.AppendQuery(fmter, b)
-		if err != nil {
+		if b, err = q.appendFK(fmter, b, fk); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -364,3 +385,12 @@ func (q *CreateTableQuery) afterCreateTableHook(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (q *CreateTableQuery) String() string {
+	buf, err := q.AppendQuery(q.db.Formatter(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return string(buf)
+}
diff --git a/schema/relation.go b/schema/relation.go
index 6636e26a6..9eb74f7e9 100644
--- a/schema/relation.go
+++ b/schema/relation.go
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ type Relation struct {
 	M2MJoinFields []*Field
 }
 
+// References returns true if the table to which the Relation belongs needs to declare a foreign key constraint to create the relation.
+// For other relations, the constraint is created in either the referencing table (1:N, 'has-many' relations) or a mapping table (N:N, 'm2m' relations).
+func (r *Relation) References() bool {
+	return r.Type == HasOneRelation || r.Type == BelongsToRelation
+}
+
 func (r *Relation) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("relation=%s", r.Field.GoName)
 }
diff --git a/schema/table.go b/schema/table.go
index 9eb7d1bfe..c36198950 100644
--- a/schema/table.go
+++ b/schema/table.go
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ func (t *Table) belongsToRelation(field *Field) *Relation {
 	}
 
 	rel := &Relation{
-		Type:      HasOneRelation,
+		Type:      BelongsToRelation,
 		Field:     field,
 		JoinTable: joinTable,
 	}
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ func (t *Table) hasOneRelation(field *Field) *Relation {
 
 	joinTable := t.dialect.Tables().Ref(field.IndirectType)
 	rel := &Relation{
-		Type:      BelongsToRelation,
+		Type:      HasOneRelation,
 		Field:     field,
 		JoinTable: joinTable,
 	}