diff --git a/examples/specs/airport_connections.vl.json b/examples/specs/airport_connections.vl.json
index 12297420e0..32ccb4ec23 100644
--- a/examples/specs/airport_connections.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/airport_connections.vl.json
@@ -11,105 +11,50 @@
       },
       "data": {
         "url": "data/us-10m.json",
-        "format": {
-          "type": "topojson",
-          "feature": "states"
-        }
+        "format": {"type": "topojson", "feature": "states"}
       }
     },
     {
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "rule",
-        "color": "#000",
-        "opacity": 0.35
-      },
-      "data": {
-        "url": "data/flights-airport.csv"
-      },
+      "mark": {"type": "rule", "color": "#000", "opacity": 0.35},
+      "data": {"url": "data/flights-airport.csv"},
       "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "param": "org",
-            "empty": false
-          }
-        },
+        {"filter": {"param": "org", "empty": false}},
         {
           "lookup": "origin",
           "from": {
-            "data": {
-              "url": "data/airports.csv"
-            },
+            "data": {"url": "data/airports.csv"},
             "key": "iata",
-            "fields": [
-              "latitude",
-              "longitude"
-            ]
+            "fields": ["latitude", "longitude"]
           }
         },
         {
           "lookup": "destination",
           "from": {
-            "data": {
-              "url": "data/airports.csv"
-            },
+            "data": {"url": "data/airports.csv"},
             "key": "iata",
-            "fields": [
-              "latitude",
-              "longitude"
-            ]
+            "fields": ["latitude", "longitude"]
           },
-          "as": [
-            "lat2",
-            "lon2"
-          ]
+          "as": ["lat2", "lon2"]
         }
       ],
       "encoding": {
-        "latitude": {
-          "field": "latitude"
-        },
-        "longitude": {
-          "field": "longitude"
-        },
-        "latitude2": {
-          "field": "lat2"
-        },
-        "longitude2": {
-          "field": "lon2"
-        }
+        "latitude": {"field": "latitude"},
+        "longitude": {"field": "longitude"},
+        "latitude2": {"field": "lat2"},
+        "longitude2": {"field": "lon2"}
       }
     },
     {
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "circle"
-      },
-      "data": {
-        "url": "data/flights-airport.csv"
-      },
+      "mark": {"type": "circle"},
+      "data": {"url": "data/flights-airport.csv"},
       "transform": [
-        {
-          "aggregate": [
-            {
-              "op": "count",
-              "as": "routes"
-            }
-          ],
-          "groupby": [
-            "origin"
-          ]
-        },
+        {"aggregate": [{"op": "count", "as": "routes"}], "groupby": ["origin"]},
         {
           "lookup": "origin",
           "from": {
-            "data": {
-              "url": "data/airports.csv"
-            },
+            "data": {"url": "data/airports.csv"},
             "key": "iata",
-            "fields": [
-              "state",
-              "latitude",
-              "longitude"
-            ]
+            "fields": ["state", "latitude", "longitude"]
           }
         },
         {"filter": "datum.state !== 'PR' && datum.state !== 'VI'"}
@@ -122,33 +67,14 @@
           "nearest": true,
           "fields": ["origin"]
         }
-      ],
-      "params": [
-        {
-          "name": "org",
-          "select": {
-            "type": "point",
-            "on": "pointerover",
-            "nearest": true,
-            "fields": [
-              "origin"
-            ]
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      }],
       "encoding": {
-        "latitude": {
-          "field": "latitude"
-        },
-        "longitude": {
-          "field": "longitude"
-        },
+        "latitude": {"field": "latitude"},
+        "longitude": {"field": "longitude"},
         "size": {
           "field": "routes",
           "type": "quantitative",
-          "scale": {
-            "rangeMax": 1000
-          },
+          "scale": {"rangeMax": 1000},
           "legend": null
         },
         "order": {
@@ -158,9 +84,7 @@
       }
     }
   ],
-  "projection": {
-    "type": "albersUsa"
-  },
+  "projection": {"type": "albersUsa"},
   "width": 900,
   "height": 500
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/concat_hover_filter.vl.json b/examples/specs/concat_hover_filter.vl.json
index 4b17da25b7..d88b2ab328 100644
--- a/examples/specs/concat_hover_filter.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/concat_hover_filter.vl.json
@@ -15,34 +15,17 @@
         }],
         "mark": "point"
       },
-      "layer": [
-        {
-          "params": [
-            {
-              "name": "hover",
-              "select": {
-                "type": "point",
-                "on": "pointerover"
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "mark": "point"
-        },
-        {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "point",
-            "color": "goldenrod"
-          },
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
+      {
+        "mark": {"type": "point", "color": "goldenrod"},
+        "transform": [
+          {"filter": {"param": "hover", "empty": false}}
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }, {
+    "encoding": {
+      "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+      "y": {"field": "Acceleration", "type": "quantitative"}
     },
     "layer": [
       {
@@ -53,34 +36,12 @@
         }],
         "mark": "point"
       },
-      "layer": [
-        {
-          "params": [
-            {
-              "name": "hover",
-              "select": {
-                "type": "point",
-                "on": "pointerover"
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "mark": "point"
-        },
-        {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "point",
-            "color": "goldenrod"
-          },
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ]
+      {
+        "mark": {"type": "point", "color": "goldenrod"},
+        "transform": [
+          {"filter": {"param": "hover", "empty": false}}
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }]
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_global_development.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_global_development.vl.json
index c8e7af7ff0..9a9243ccde 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_global_development.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_global_development.vl.json
@@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "An interactive scatter plot of global health statistics by country and year.",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/gapminder.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/gapminder.json"},
   "width": 800,
   "height": 500,
   "layer": [
     {
       "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "field": "country",
-            "equal": "Afghanistan"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "param": "year"
-          }
-        }
+        {"filter": {"field": "country", "equal": "Afghanistan"}},
+        {"filter": {"param": "year"}}
       ],
       "mark": {
         "type": "text",
@@ -28,11 +17,7 @@
         "y": 250,
         "opacity": 0.06
       },
-      "encoding": {
-        "text": {
-          "field": "year"
-        }
-      }
+      "encoding": {"text": {"field": "year"}}
     },
     {
       "transform": [
@@ -40,35 +25,15 @@
           "lookup": "cluster",
           "from": {
             "key": "id",
-            "fields": [
-              "name"
-            ],
+            "fields": ["name"],
             "data": {
               "values": [
-                {
-                  "id": 0,
-                  "name": "South Asia"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 1,
-                  "name": "Europe & Central Asia"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 2,
-                  "name": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 3,
-                  "name": "America"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 4,
-                  "name": "East Asia & Pacific"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 5,
-                  "name": "Middle East & North Africa"
-                }
+                {"id": 0, "name": "South Asia"},
+                {"id": 1, "name": "Europe & Central Asia"},
+                {"id": 2, "name": "Sub-Saharan Africa"},
+                {"id": 3, "name": "America"},
+                {"id": 4, "name": "East Asia & Pacific"},
+                {"id": 5, "name": "Middle East & North Africa"}
               ]
             }
           }
@@ -78,30 +43,14 @@
         "x": {
           "field": "fertility",
           "type": "quantitative",
-          "scale": {
-            "domain": [
-              0,
-              9
-            ]
-          },
-          "axis": {
-            "tickCount": 5,
-            "title": "Fertility"
-          }
+          "scale": {"domain": [0, 9]},
+          "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Fertility"}
         },
         "y": {
           "field": "life_expect",
           "type": "quantitative",
-          "scale": {
-            "domain": [
-              20,
-              85
-            ]
-          },
-          "axis": {
-            "tickCount": 5,
-            "title": "Life Expectancy"
-          }
+          "scale": {"domain": [20, 85]},
+          "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Life Expectancy"}
         }
       },
       "layer": [
@@ -113,26 +62,14 @@
             "strokeCap": "round"
           },
           "encoding": {
-            "detail": {
-              "field": "country"
-            },
-            "order": {
-              "field": "year"
-            },
+            "detail": {"field": "country"},
+            "order": {"field": "year"},
             "opacity": {
               "condition": {
-                "test": {
-                  "or": [
-                    {
-                      "param": "hovered",
-                      "empty": false
-                    },
-                    {
-                      "param": "clicked",
-                      "empty": false
-                    }
-                  ]
-                },
+                "test": {"or": [
+                  {"param": "hovered", "empty": false},
+                  {"param": "clicked", "empty": false}
+                ]},
                 "value": 0.8
               },
               "value": 0
@@ -143,85 +80,45 @@
           "params": [
             {
               "name": "year",
-              "value": [
-                {
-                  "year": 1955
-                }
-              ],
+              "value": [{"year": 1955}],
               "select": {
                 "type": "point",
-                "fields": [
-                  "year"
-                ]
+                "fields": ["year"]
               },
               "bind": {
                 "name": "Year",
                 "input": "range",
-                "min": 1955,
-                "max": 2005,
-                "step": 5
+                "min": 1955, "max": 2005, "step": 5
               }
             },
             {
               "name": "hovered",
               "select": {
                 "type": "point",
-                "fields": [
-                  "country"
-                ],
+                "fields": ["country"],
                 "toggle": false,
                 "on": "pointerover"
               }
             },
             {
               "name": "clicked",
-              "select": {
-                "type": "point",
-                "fields": [
-                  "country"
-                ]
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "year"
-              }
+              "select": {"type": "point", "fields": ["country"]}
             }
           ],
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "circle",
-            "size": 100,
-            "opacity": 0.9
-          },
-          "encoding": {
-            "color": {
-              "field": "name",
-              "title": "Region"
-            }
-          }
+          "transform": [{"filter": {"param": "year"}}],
+          "mark": {"type": "circle", "size": 100, "opacity": 0.9},
+          "encoding": {"color": {"field": "name", "title": "Region"}}
         },
         {
           "transform": [
             {
               "filter": {
                 "and": [
-                  {
-                    "param": "year"
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "or": [
-                      {
-                        "param": "clicked",
-                        "empty": false
-                      },
-                      {
-                        "param": "hovered",
-                        "empty": false
-                      }
-                    ]
-                  }
+                  {"param": "year"},
+                  {"or": [
+                    {"param": "clicked", "empty": false},
+                    {"param": "hovered", "empty": false}
+                  ]}
                 ]
               }
             }
@@ -233,30 +130,14 @@
             "fontWeight": "bold"
           },
           "encoding": {
-            "text": {
-              "field": "country"
-            },
-            "color": {
-              "field": "name",
-              "title": "Region"
-            }
+            "text": {"field": "country"},
+            "color": {"field": "name", "title": "Region"}
           }
         },
         {
           "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hovered",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "not": {
-                  "param": "year"
-                }
-              }
-            }
+            {"filter": {"param": "hovered", "empty": false}},
+            {"filter": {"not": {"param": "year"}}}
           ],
           "layer": [
             {
@@ -266,18 +147,9 @@
                 "fontSize": 12,
                 "color": "gray"
               },
-              "encoding": {
-                "text": {
-                  "field": "year"
-                }
-              }
+              "encoding": {"text": {"field": "year"}}
             },
-            {
-              "mark": {
-                "type": "circle",
-                "color": "gray"
-              }
-            }
+            {"mark": {"type": "circle", "color": "gray"}}
           ]
         }
       ]
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_index_chart.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_index_chart.vl.json
index 2ad363031f..db9f872a26 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_index_chart.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_index_chart.vl.json
@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "data": {
     "url": "data/stocks.csv",
-    "format": {
-      "parse": {
-        "date": "date"
-      }
-    }
+    "format": {"parse": {"date": "date"}}
   },
   "width": 650,
   "height": 300,
@@ -21,27 +17,18 @@
           "on": "pointerover",
           "nearest": true
         }
-      ],
+      }],
       "mark": "point",
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal",
-          "axis": null
-        },
-        "opacity": {
-          "value": 0
-        }
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal", "axis": null},
+        "opacity": {"value": 0}
       }
     },
     {
       "transform": [
         {
           "lookup": "symbol",
-          "from": {
-            "param": "index",
-            "key": "symbol"
-          }
+          "from": {"param": "index", "key": "symbol"}
         },
         {
           "calculate": "datum.index && datum.index.price > 0 ? (datum.price - datum.index.price)/datum.index.price : 0",
@@ -50,63 +37,27 @@
       ],
       "mark": "line",
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal",
-          "axis": null
-        },
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal", "axis": null},
         "y": {
-          "field": "indexed_price",
-          "type": "quantitative",
-          "axis": {
-            "format": "%"
-          }
+          "field": "indexed_price", "type": "quantitative",
+          "axis": {"format": "%"}
         },
-        "color": {
-          "field": "symbol",
-          "type": "nominal"
-        }
+        "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"}
       }
     },
     {
-      "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "param": "index"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
+      "transform": [{"filter": {"param": "index"}}],
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal",
-          "axis": null
-        },
-        "color": {
-          "value": "firebrick"
-        }
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal", "axis": null},
+        "color": {"value": "firebrick"}
       },
       "layer": [
+        {"mark": {"type": "rule", "strokeWidth": 0.5}},
         {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "rule",
-            "strokeWidth": 0.5
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "text",
-            "align": "center",
-            "fontWeight": 100
-          },
+          "mark": {"type": "text", "align": "center", "fontWeight": 100},
           "encoding": {
-            "text": {
-              "field": "date",
-              "timeUnit": "yearmonth"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "value": 310
-            }
+            "text": {"field": "date", "timeUnit": "yearmonth"},
+            "y": {"value": 310}
           }
         }
       ]
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_line_point_hover.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_line_point_hover.vl.json
index e3fdcc7a61..ef00f44197 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_line_point_hover.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_line_point_hover.vl.json
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "Stock prices of 5 Tech Companies over Time, with a point marker on hover. Note that the hidden markers are intentionally bigger to make it easier for readers to hover.",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/stocks.csv"
+  "data": {"url": "data/stocks.csv"},
+  "encoding": {
+    "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"},
+    "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+    "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"}
   },
   "layer": [{
       "mark": "line"
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_multi_line_pivot_tooltip.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_multi_line_pivot_tooltip.vl.json
index 0ca9ba8159..32fd991b85 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_multi_line_pivot_tooltip.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_multi_line_pivot_tooltip.vl.json
@@ -1,86 +1,34 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/stocks.csv"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/stocks.csv"},
   "width": 400,
   "height": 300,
-  "encoding": {
-    "x": {
-      "field": "date",
-      "type": "temporal"
-    }
-  },
+  "encoding": {"x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"}},
   "layer": [
     {
       "encoding": {
-        "color": {
-          "field": "symbol",
-          "type": "nominal"
-        },
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        }
+        "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"},
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"}
       },
       "layer": [
-        {
-          "mark": "line"
-        },
-        {
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          "mark": "point"
-        }
+        {"mark": "line"},
+        {"transform": [{"filter": {"param": "hover", "empty": false}}], "mark": "point"}
       ]
     },
     {
-      "transform": [
-        {
-          "pivot": "symbol",
-          "value": "price",
-          "groupby": [
-            "date"
-          ]
-        }
-      ],
+      "transform": [{"pivot": "symbol", "value": "price", "groupby": ["date"]}],
       "mark": "rule",
       "encoding": {
         "opacity": {
-          "condition": {
-            "value": 0.3,
-            "param": "hover",
-            "empty": false
-          },
+          "condition": {"value": 0.3, "param": "hover", "empty": false},
           "value": 0
         },
         "tooltip": [
-          {
-            "field": "AAPL",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "AMZN",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "GOOG",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "IBM",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "MSFT",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          }
+          {"field": "AAPL", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "AMZN", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "GOOG", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "IBM", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "MSFT", "type": "quantitative"}
         ]
       },
       "params": [{
@@ -92,7 +40,7 @@
           "on": "pointerover",
           "clear": "pointerout"
         }
-      ]
+      }]
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush.vl.json
index dc0108c25f..4971a67a0b 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush.vl.json
@@ -8,19 +8,10 @@
   }],
   "mark": "point",
   "encoding": {
-    "x": {
-      "field": "Horsepower",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
-    "y": {
-      "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
+    "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+    "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"},
     "size": {
-      "condition": {
-        "param": "paintbrush",
-        "value": 300
-      },
+      "condition": {"param": "paintbrush", "value": 300},
       "value": 50
     }
   }
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_color_nearest.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_color_nearest.vl.json
index b9ee1f84d0..0b2818c4f5 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_color_nearest.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_color_nearest.vl.json
@@ -9,27 +9,18 @@
       "on": "pointerover",
       "nearest": true
     }
-  ],
+  }],
   "mark": "circle",
   "encoding": {
-    "x": {
-      "field": "Horsepower",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
-    "y": {
-      "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
+    "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+    "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"},
     "color": {
       "condition": {
         "param": "paintbrush",
-        "field": "Cylinders",
-        "type": "ordinal"
+        "field": "Cylinders", "type": "ordinal"
       },
       "value": "grey"
     },
-    "size": {
-      "value": 75
-    }
+    "size": {"value": 75}
   }
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_simple_true.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_simple_true.vl.json
index bfbcfdcb72..c84add42ae 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_simple_true.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_paintbrush_simple_true.vl.json
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/cars.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/cars.json"},
   "params": [
     {
       "name": "toggleOrigin",
-      "bind": {
-        "input": "checkbox"
-      }
+      "bind": {"input": "checkbox"}
     },
     {
       "name": "paintbrush",
@@ -17,14 +13,8 @@
   ],
   "mark": "point",
   "encoding": {
-    "x": {
-      "field": "Horsepower",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
-    "y": {
-      "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
+    "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+    "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"},
     "color": {
       "condition": {
         "param": "toggleOrigin",
diff --git a/examples/specs/interactive_stocks_nearest_index.vl.json b/examples/specs/interactive_stocks_nearest_index.vl.json
index 7f341ce564..e3143105b1 100644
--- a/examples/specs/interactive_stocks_nearest_index.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/interactive_stocks_nearest_index.vl.json
@@ -2,27 +2,16 @@
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "width": 600,
   "height": 300,
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/stocks.csv"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/stocks.csv"},
   "encoding": {
-    "x": {
-      "field": "date",
-      "type": "temporal"
-    }
+    "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"}
   },
   "layer": [
     {
       "mark": "line",
       "encoding": {
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        },
-        "color": {
-          "field": "symbol",
-          "type": "nominal"
-        }
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+        "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"}
       }
     },
     {
@@ -34,65 +23,33 @@
           "on": "pointermove",
           "nearest": true
         }
-      ],
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "point"
-      },
+      }],
+      "mark": {"type": "point"},
       "encoding": {
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        },
-        "opacity": {
-          "value": 0
-        }
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+        "opacity": {"value": 0}
       }
     },
     {
       "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "and": [
-              "index.date",
-              {
-                "param": "index"
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        }
+        {"filter": {
+          "and": ["index.date", {"param": "index"}]
+        }}
       ],
       "mark": "rule"
     },
     {
       "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "and": [
-              "index.date",
-              {
-                "param": "index"
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        }
+        {"filter": {
+          "and": ["index.date", {"param": "index"}]
+        }}
       ],
       "mark": "text",
       "encoding": {
-        "y": {
-          "value": 10
-        },
-        "text": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal"
-        }
+        "y": {"value": 10},
+        "text": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"}
       }
     }
   ],
-  "config": {
-    "text": {
-      "align": "right",
-      "dx": -5,
-      "dy": 5
-    }
-  }
+  "config": {"text": {"align": "right", "dx": -5, "dy": 5}}
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/normalized/concat_hover_filter_normalized.vl.json b/examples/specs/normalized/concat_hover_filter_normalized.vl.json
index 6c104722f6..94ebea2af3 100644
--- a/examples/specs/normalized/concat_hover_filter_normalized.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/normalized/concat_hover_filter_normalized.vl.json
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "Drag out a rectangular brush to highlight points.",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/cars.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/cars.json"},
   "hconcat": [
     {
       "layer": [
@@ -13,38 +11,16 @@
           ],
           "mark": "point",
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "field": "Horsepower",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            }
+            "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+            "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"}
           }
         },
         {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "point",
-            "color": "goldenrod"
-          },
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            }
-          ],
+          "mark": {"type": "point", "color": "goldenrod"},
+          "transform": [{"filter": {"param": "hover", "empty": false}}],
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "field": "Horsepower",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            }
+            "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+            "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"}
           }
         }
       ]
@@ -57,41 +33,19 @@
           ],
           "mark": "point",
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "field": "Horsepower",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "field": "Acceleration",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            }
+            "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+            "y": {"field": "Acceleration", "type": "quantitative"}
           }
         },
         {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "point",
-            "color": "goldenrod"
-          },
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            }
-          ],
+          "mark": {"type": "point", "color": "goldenrod"},
+          "transform": [{"filter": {"param": "hover", "empty": false}}],
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "field": "Horsepower",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "field": "Acceleration",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            }
+            "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+            "y": {"field": "Acceleration", "type": "quantitative"}
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   ]
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_global_development_normalized.vl.json b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_global_development_normalized.vl.json
index 8bd7f9b5e6..9338c9f947 100644
--- a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_global_development_normalized.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_global_development_normalized.vl.json
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "An interactive scatter plot of global health statistics by country and year.",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/gapminder.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/gapminder.json"},
   "width": 800,
   "height": 500,
   "layer": [
@@ -15,23 +13,10 @@
         "y": 250,
         "opacity": 0.06
       },
-      "encoding": {
-        "text": {
-          "field": "year"
-        }
-      },
+      "encoding": {"text": {"field": "year"}},
       "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "field": "country",
-            "equal": "Afghanistan"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "param": "year"
-          }
-        }
+        {"filter": {"field": "country", "equal": "Afghanistan"}},
+        {"filter": {"param": "year"}}
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -47,50 +32,24 @@
             "x": {
               "field": "fertility",
               "type": "quantitative",
-              "scale": {
-                "domain": [
-                  0,
-                  9
-                ]
-              },
-              "axis": {
-                "tickCount": 5,
-                "title": "Fertility"
-              }
+              "scale": {"domain": [0, 9]},
+              "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Fertility"}
             },
             "y": {
               "field": "life_expect",
               "type": "quantitative",
-              "scale": {
-                "domain": [
-                  20,
-                  85
-                ]
-              },
-              "axis": {
-                "tickCount": 5,
-                "title": "Life Expectancy"
-              }
-            },
-            "detail": {
-              "field": "country"
-            },
-            "order": {
-              "field": "year"
+              "scale": {"domain": [20, 85]},
+              "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Life Expectancy"}
             },
+            "detail": {"field": "country"},
+            "order": {"field": "year"},
             "opacity": {
               "condition": {
                 "value": 0.8,
                 "test": {
                   "or": [
-                    {
-                      "param": "hovered",
-                      "empty": false
-                    },
-                    {
-                      "param": "clicked",
-                      "empty": false
-                    }
+                    {"param": "hovered", "empty": false},
+                    {"param": "clicked", "empty": false}
                   ]
                 }
               },
@@ -102,17 +61,8 @@
           "params": [
             {
               "name": "year",
-              "value": [
-                {
-                  "year": 1955
-                }
-              ],
-              "select": {
-                "type": "point",
-                "fields": [
-                  "year"
-                ]
-              },
+              "value": [{"year": 1955}],
+              "select": {"type": "point", "fields": ["year"]},
               "bind": {
                 "name": "Year",
                 "input": "range",
@@ -125,69 +75,33 @@
               "name": "hovered",
               "select": {
                 "type": "point",
-                "fields": [
-                  "country"
-                ],
+                "fields": ["country"],
                 "toggle": false,
                 "on": "pointerover"
               }
             },
             {
               "name": "clicked",
-              "select": {
-                "type": "point",
-                "fields": [
-                  "country"
-                ]
-              }
+              "select": {"type": "point", "fields": ["country"]}
             }
           ],
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "circle",
-            "size": 100,
-            "opacity": 0.9
-          },
+          "mark": {"type": "circle", "size": 100, "opacity": 0.9},
           "encoding": {
             "x": {
               "field": "fertility",
               "type": "quantitative",
-              "scale": {
-                "domain": [
-                  0,
-                  9
-                ]
-              },
-              "axis": {
-                "tickCount": 5,
-                "title": "Fertility"
-              }
+              "scale": {"domain": [0, 9]},
+              "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Fertility"}
             },
             "y": {
               "field": "life_expect",
               "type": "quantitative",
-              "scale": {
-                "domain": [
-                  20,
-                  85
-                ]
-              },
-              "axis": {
-                "tickCount": 5,
-                "title": "Life Expectancy"
-              }
+              "scale": {"domain": [20, 85]},
+              "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Life Expectancy"}
             },
-            "color": {
-              "field": "name",
-              "title": "Region"
-            }
+            "color": {"field": "name", "title": "Region"}
           },
-          "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "year"
-              }
-            }
-          ]
+          "transform": [{"filter": {"param": "year"}}]
         },
         {
           "mark": {
@@ -200,56 +114,27 @@
             "x": {
               "field": "fertility",
               "type": "quantitative",
-              "scale": {
-                "domain": [
-                  0,
-                  9
-                ]
-              },
-              "axis": {
-                "tickCount": 5,
-                "title": "Fertility"
-              }
+              "scale": {"domain": [0, 9]},
+              "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Fertility"}
             },
             "y": {
               "field": "life_expect",
               "type": "quantitative",
-              "scale": {
-                "domain": [
-                  20,
-                  85
-                ]
-              },
-              "axis": {
-                "tickCount": 5,
-                "title": "Life Expectancy"
-              }
+              "scale": {"domain": [20, 85]},
+              "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Life Expectancy"}
             },
-            "text": {
-              "field": "country"
-            },
-            "color": {
-              "field": "name",
-              "title": "Region"
-            }
+            "text": {"field": "country"},
+            "color": {"field": "name", "title": "Region"}
           },
           "transform": [
             {
               "filter": {
                 "and": [
-                  {
-                    "param": "year"
-                  },
+                  {"param": "year"},
                   {
                     "or": [
-                      {
-                        "param": "clicked",
-                        "empty": false
-                      },
-                      {
-                        "param": "hovered",
-                        "empty": false
-                      }
+                      {"param": "clicked", "empty": false},
+                      {"param": "hovered", "empty": false}
                     ]
                   }
                 ]
@@ -270,87 +155,39 @@
                 "x": {
                   "field": "fertility",
                   "type": "quantitative",
-                  "scale": {
-                    "domain": [
-                      0,
-                      9
-                    ]
-                  },
-                  "axis": {
-                    "tickCount": 5,
-                    "title": "Fertility"
-                  }
+                  "scale": {"domain": [0, 9]},
+                  "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Fertility"}
                 },
                 "y": {
                   "field": "life_expect",
                   "type": "quantitative",
-                  "scale": {
-                    "domain": [
-                      20,
-                      85
-                    ]
-                  },
-                  "axis": {
-                    "tickCount": 5,
-                    "title": "Life Expectancy"
-                  }
+                  "scale": {"domain": [20, 85]},
+                  "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Life Expectancy"}
                 },
-                "text": {
-                  "field": "year"
-                }
+                "text": {"field": "year"}
               }
             },
             {
-              "mark": {
-                "type": "circle",
-                "color": "gray"
-              },
+              "mark": {"type": "circle", "color": "gray"},
               "encoding": {
                 "x": {
                   "field": "fertility",
                   "type": "quantitative",
-                  "scale": {
-                    "domain": [
-                      0,
-                      9
-                    ]
-                  },
-                  "axis": {
-                    "tickCount": 5,
-                    "title": "Fertility"
-                  }
+                  "scale": {"domain": [0, 9]},
+                  "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Fertility"}
                 },
                 "y": {
                   "field": "life_expect",
                   "type": "quantitative",
-                  "scale": {
-                    "domain": [
-                      20,
-                      85
-                    ]
-                  },
-                  "axis": {
-                    "tickCount": 5,
-                    "title": "Life Expectancy"
-                  }
+                  "scale": {"domain": [20, 85]},
+                  "axis": {"tickCount": 5, "title": "Life Expectancy"}
                 }
               }
             }
           ],
           "transform": [
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "param": "hovered",
-                "empty": false
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "filter": {
-                "not": {
-                  "param": "year"
-                }
-              }
-            }
+            {"filter": {"param": "hovered", "empty": false}},
+            {"filter": {"not": {"param": "year"}}}
           ]
         }
       ],
@@ -359,35 +196,15 @@
           "lookup": "cluster",
           "from": {
             "key": "id",
-            "fields": [
-              "name"
-            ],
+            "fields": ["name"],
             "data": {
               "values": [
-                {
-                  "id": 0,
-                  "name": "South Asia"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 1,
-                  "name": "Europe & Central Asia"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 2,
-                  "name": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 3,
-                  "name": "America"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 4,
-                  "name": "East Asia & Pacific"
-                },
-                {
-                  "id": 5,
-                  "name": "Middle East & North Africa"
-                }
+                {"id": 0, "name": "South Asia"},
+                {"id": 1, "name": "Europe & Central Asia"},
+                {"id": 2, "name": "Sub-Saharan Africa"},
+                {"id": 3, "name": "America"},
+                {"id": 4, "name": "East Asia & Pacific"},
+                {"id": 5, "name": "Middle East & North Africa"}
               ]
             }
           }
@@ -395,4 +212,4 @@
       ]
     }
   ]
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_line_hover_normalized.vl.json b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_line_hover_normalized.vl.json
index 648526b2c1..f1ef97fbf6 100644
--- a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_line_hover_normalized.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_line_hover_normalized.vl.json
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "Multi-series line chart with labels and interactive highlight on hover.  We also set the selection's initial value to provide a better screenshot",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/stocks.csv"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/stocks.csv"},
   "layer": [
     {
       "description": "transparent layer to make it easier to trigger selection",
@@ -14,22 +12,10 @@
           "select": {"type": "point", "fields": ["symbol"], "on": "pointerover"}
         }
       ],
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "line",
-        "strokeWidth": 8,
-        "stroke": "transparent"
-      },
+      "mark": {"type": "line", "strokeWidth": 8, "stroke": "transparent"},
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal",
-          "title": "date"
-        },
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative",
-          "title": "price"
-        },
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal", "title": "date"},
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative", "title": "price"},
         "color": {
           "condition": {
             "param": "hover",
@@ -39,28 +25,14 @@
           },
           "value": "grey"
         },
-        "opacity": {
-          "condition": {
-            "param": "hover",
-            "value": 1
-          },
-          "value": 0.2
-        }
+        "opacity": {"condition": {"param": "hover", "value": 1}, "value": 0.2}
       }
     },
     {
       "mark": "line",
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal",
-          "title": "date"
-        },
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative",
-          "title": "price"
-        },
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal", "title": "date"},
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative", "title": "price"},
         "color": {
           "condition": {
             "param": "hover",
@@ -70,21 +42,13 @@
           },
           "value": "grey"
         },
-        "opacity": {
-          "condition": {
-            "param": "hover",
-            "value": 1
-          },
-          "value": 0.2
-        }
+        "opacity": {"condition": {"param": "hover", "value": 1}, "value": 0.2}
       }
     },
     {
       "layer": [
         {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "circle"
-          },
+          "mark": {"type": "circle"},
           "encoding": {
             "x": {
               "field": "date",
@@ -96,9 +60,7 @@
               "field": "price",
               "type": "quantitative",
               "title": "price",
-              "aggregate": {
-                "argmax": "date"
-              }
+              "aggregate": {"argmax": "date"}
             },
             "color": {
               "condition": {
@@ -110,20 +72,13 @@
               "value": "grey"
             },
             "opacity": {
-              "condition": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "value": 1
-              },
+              "condition": {"param": "hover", "value": 1},
               "value": 0.2
             }
           }
         },
         {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "text",
-            "align": "left",
-            "dx": 4
-          },
+          "mark": {"type": "text", "align": "left", "dx": 4},
           "encoding": {
             "x": {
               "field": "date",
@@ -135,9 +90,7 @@
               "field": "price",
               "type": "quantitative",
               "title": "price",
-              "aggregate": {
-                "argmax": "date"
-              }
+              "aggregate": {"argmax": "date"}
             },
             "color": {
               "condition": {
@@ -149,29 +102,15 @@
               "value": "grey"
             },
             "opacity": {
-              "condition": {
-                "param": "hover",
-                "value": 1
-              },
+              "condition": {"param": "hover", "value": 1},
               "value": 0.2
             },
-            "text": {
-              "field": "symbol",
-              "type": "nominal"
-            }
+            "text": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"}
           }
         }
       ]
     }
   ],
-  "config": {
-    "view": {
-      "stroke": null
-    }
-  },
-  "transform": [
-    {
-      "filter": "datum.symbol!=='IBM'"
-    }
-  ]
-}
+  "config": {"view": {"stroke": null}},
+  "transform": [{"filter": "datum.symbol!=='IBM'"}]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_label_normalized.vl.json b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_label_normalized.vl.json
index 591bf4e423..67a5af7496 100644
--- a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_label_normalized.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_label_normalized.vl.json
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/stocks.csv"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/stocks.csv"},
   "width": 400,
   "height": 300,
   "layer": [
@@ -11,18 +9,9 @@
         {
           "mark": "line",
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "field": "date",
-              "type": "temporal"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "field": "price",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            },
-            "color": {
-              "field": "symbol",
-              "type": "nominal"
-            }
+            "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"},
+            "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+            "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"}
           }
         },
         {
@@ -31,9 +20,7 @@
               "name": "label",
               "select": {
                 "type": "point",
-                "encodings": [
-                  "x"
-                ],
+                "encodings": ["x"],
                 "nearest": true,
                 "on": "pointerover"
               }
@@ -41,24 +28,11 @@
           ],
           "mark": "point",
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "field": "date",
-              "type": "temporal"
-            },
-            "y": {
-              "field": "price",
-              "type": "quantitative"
-            },
-            "color": {
-              "field": "symbol",
-              "type": "nominal"
-            },
+            "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"},
+            "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+            "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"},
             "opacity": {
-              "condition": {
-                "param": "label",
-                "empty": false,
-                "value": 1
-              },
+              "condition": {"param": "label", "empty": false, "value": 1},
               "value": 0
             }
           }
@@ -68,16 +42,9 @@
     {
       "layer": [
         {
-          "mark": {
-            "type": "rule",
-            "color": "gray"
-          },
+          "mark": {"type": "rule", "color": "gray"},
           "encoding": {
-            "x": {
-              "type": "temporal",
-              "field": "date",
-              "aggregate": "min"
-            }
+            "x": {"type": "temporal", "field": "date", "aggregate": "min"}
           }
         },
         {
@@ -92,57 +59,24 @@
                 "dy": -5
               },
               "encoding": {
-                "text": {
-                  "type": "quantitative",
-                  "field": "price"
-                },
-                "x": {
-                  "type": "temporal",
-                  "field": "date"
-                },
-                "y": {
-                  "type": "quantitative",
-                  "field": "price"
-                }
+                "text": {"type": "quantitative", "field": "price"},
+                "x": {"type": "temporal", "field": "date"},
+                "y": {"type": "quantitative", "field": "price"}
               }
             },
             {
-              "mark": {
-                "type": "text",
-                "align": "left",
-                "dx": 5,
-                "dy": -5
-              },
+              "mark": {"type": "text", "align": "left", "dx": 5, "dy": -5},
               "encoding": {
-                "text": {
-                  "type": "quantitative",
-                  "field": "price"
-                },
-                "x": {
-                  "type": "temporal",
-                  "field": "date"
-                },
-                "y": {
-                  "type": "quantitative",
-                  "field": "price"
-                },
-                "color": {
-                  "type": "nominal",
-                  "field": "symbol"
-                }
+                "text": {"type": "quantitative", "field": "price"},
+                "x": {"type": "temporal", "field": "date"},
+                "y": {"type": "quantitative", "field": "price"},
+                "color": {"type": "nominal", "field": "symbol"}
               }
             }
           ]
         }
       ],
-      "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "param": "label",
-            "empty": false
-          }
-        }
-      ]
+      "transform": [{"filter": {"param": "label", "empty": false}}]
     }
   ]
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_tooltip_normalized.vl.json b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_tooltip_normalized.vl.json
index c10f13fed3..d2dd6225ac 100644
--- a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_tooltip_normalized.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_multi_line_tooltip_normalized.vl.json
@@ -1,67 +1,29 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/seattle-weather.csv"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/seattle-weather.csv"},
   "layer": [
     {
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "line",
-        "color": "orange"
-      },
+      "mark": {"type": "line", "color": "orange"},
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "timeUnit": "yearmonthdate",
-          "field": "date"
-        },
+        "x": {"timeUnit": "yearmonthdate", "field": "date"},
         "tooltip": [
-          {
-            "timeUnit": "yearmonthdate",
-            "field": "date"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "temp_max",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "temp_min",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          }
+          {"timeUnit": "yearmonthdate", "field": "date"},
+          {"field": "temp_max", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "temp_min", "type": "quantitative"}
         ],
-        "y": {
-          "field": "temp_max",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        }
+        "y": {"field": "temp_max", "type": "quantitative"}
       }
     },
     {
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "line",
-        "color": "red"
-      },
+      "mark": {"type": "line", "color": "red"},
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "timeUnit": "yearmonthdate",
-          "field": "date"
-        },
+        "x": {"timeUnit": "yearmonthdate", "field": "date"},
         "tooltip": [
-          {
-            "timeUnit": "yearmonthdate",
-            "field": "date"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "temp_max",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "temp_min",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          }
+          {"timeUnit": "yearmonthdate", "field": "date"},
+          {"field": "temp_max", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "temp_min", "type": "quantitative"}
         ],
-        "y": {
-          "field": "temp_min",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        }
+        "y": {"field": "temp_min", "type": "quantitative"}
       }
     },
     {
@@ -70,38 +32,18 @@
         {"name": "hover", "select": {"type": "point", "on": "pointerover"}}
       ],
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "timeUnit": "yearmonthdate",
-          "field": "date"
-        },
+        "x": {"timeUnit": "yearmonthdate", "field": "date"},
         "tooltip": [
-          {
-            "timeUnit": "yearmonthdate",
-            "field": "date"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "temp_max",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          },
-          {
-            "field": "temp_min",
-            "type": "quantitative"
-          }
+          {"timeUnit": "yearmonthdate", "field": "date"},
+          {"field": "temp_max", "type": "quantitative"},
+          {"field": "temp_min", "type": "quantitative"}
         ],
         "color": {
-          "condition": {
-            "param": "hover",
-            "empty": false,
-            "value": "black"
-          },
+          "condition": {"param": "hover", "empty": false, "value": "black"},
           "value": "transparent"
         }
       }
     }
   ],
-  "config": {
-    "axisY": {
-      "minExtent": 30
-    }
-  }
-}
+  "config": {"axisY": {"minExtent": 30}}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_stocks_nearest_index_normalized.vl.json b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_stocks_nearest_index_normalized.vl.json
index 9450c8262f..37ad5678fb 100644
--- a/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_stocks_nearest_index_normalized.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/normalized/interactive_stocks_nearest_index_normalized.vl.json
@@ -2,25 +2,14 @@
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "width": 600,
   "height": 300,
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/stocks.csv"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/stocks.csv"},
   "layer": [
     {
       "mark": "line",
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal"
-        },
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        },
-        "color": {
-          "field": "symbol",
-          "type": "nominal"
-        }
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"},
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+        "color": {"field": "symbol", "type": "nominal"}
       }
     },
     {
@@ -35,78 +24,27 @@
           }
         }
       ],
-      "mark": {
-        "type": "point"
-      },
+      "mark": {"type": "point"},
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal"
-        },
-        "y": {
-          "field": "price",
-          "type": "quantitative"
-        },
-        "opacity": {
-          "value": 0
-        }
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"},
+        "y": {"field": "price", "type": "quantitative"},
+        "opacity": {"value": 0}
       }
     },
     {
       "mark": "rule",
-      "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "and": [
-              "index.date",
-              {
-                "param": "index"
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal"
-        }
-      }
+      "transform": [{"filter": {"and": ["index.date", {"param": "index"}]}}],
+      "encoding": {"x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"}}
     },
     {
       "mark": "text",
       "encoding": {
-        "x": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal"
-        },
-        "y": {
-          "value": 10
-        },
-        "text": {
-          "field": "date",
-          "type": "temporal"
-        }
+        "x": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"},
+        "y": {"value": 10},
+        "text": {"field": "date", "type": "temporal"}
       },
-      "transform": [
-        {
-          "filter": {
-            "and": [
-              "index.date",
-              {
-                "param": "index"
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        }
-      ]
+      "transform": [{"filter": {"and": ["index.date", {"param": "index"}]}}]
     }
   ],
-  "config": {
-    "text": {
-      "align": "right",
-      "dx": -5,
-      "dy": 5
-    }
-  }
-}
+  "config": {"text": {"align": "right", "dx": -5, "dy": 5}}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/specs/selection_composition_and.vl.json b/examples/specs/selection_composition_and.vl.json
index d4fa0deb4a..b0f96323ad 100644
--- a/examples/specs/selection_composition_and.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/selection_composition_and.vl.json
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/cars.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/cars.json"},
   "params": [
     {
       "name": "alex",
@@ -24,26 +22,14 @@
   ],
   "mark": "rect",
   "encoding": {
-    "y": {
-      "field": "Origin",
-      "type": "ordinal"
-    },
-    "x": {
-      "field": "Cylinders",
-      "type": "ordinal"
-    },
+    "y": {"field": "Origin", "type": "ordinal"},
+    "x": {"field": "Cylinders", "type": "ordinal"},
     "color": {
       "condition": {
-        "test": {
-          "and": [
-            {
-              "param": "alex"
-            },
-            {
-              "param": "morgan"
-            }
-          ]
-        },
+        "test": {"and": [
+          {"param": "alex"},
+          {"param": "morgan"}
+        ]},
         "aggregate": "count"
       },
       "value": "grey"
diff --git a/examples/specs/selection_interval_mark_style.vl.json b/examples/specs/selection_interval_mark_style.vl.json
index d5b79897f5..2d3602652a 100644
--- a/examples/specs/selection_interval_mark_style.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/selection_interval_mark_style.vl.json
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/cars.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/cars.json"},
   "params": [
     {
       "name": "alex",
@@ -24,14 +22,8 @@
   ],
   "mark": "rect",
   "encoding": {
-    "y": {
-      "field": "Origin"
-    },
-    "x": {
-      "field": "Cylinders"
-    },
-    "color": {
-      "aggregate": "count"
-    }
+    "y": {"field": "Origin"},
+    "x": {"field": "Cylinders"},
+    "color": {"aggregate": "count"}
   }
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/selection_multi_condition.vl.json b/examples/specs/selection_multi_condition.vl.json
index aa8b057df5..98334d62cd 100644
--- a/examples/specs/selection_multi_condition.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/selection_multi_condition.vl.json
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "Drag out a rectangular brush to highlight points.",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/cars.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/cars.json"},
   "params": [
-    {
-      "name": "brush",
-      "select": "interval"
-    },
+    {"name": "brush", "select": "interval"},
     {
       "name": "hoverbrush",
       "select": {
@@ -19,24 +14,12 @@
   ],
   "mark": "point",
   "encoding": {
-    "x": {
-      "field": "Horsepower",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
-    "y": {
-      "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    },
+    "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
+    "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"},
     "color": {
       "condition": [
-        {
-          "param": "hoverbrush",
-          "value": "teal"
-        },
-        {
-          "param": "brush",
-          "value": "skyblue"
-        }
+        {"param": "hoverbrush", "value": "teal"},
+        {"param": "brush", "value": "skyblue"}
       ],
       "value": "grey"
     }
diff --git a/examples/specs/selection_translate_scatterplot_shift-drag.vl.json b/examples/specs/selection_translate_scatterplot_shift-drag.vl.json
index e919d8facd..406b413233 100644
--- a/examples/specs/selection_translate_scatterplot_shift-drag.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/selection_translate_scatterplot_shift-drag.vl.json
@@ -12,28 +12,13 @@
   "mark": "circle",
   "encoding": {
     "x": {
-      "field": "Horsepower",
-      "type": "quantitative",
-      "scale": {
-        "domain": [
-          75,
-          150
-        ]
-      }
+      "field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative",
+      "scale": {"domain": [75, 150]}
     },
     "y": {
-      "field": "Miles_per_Gallon",
-      "type": "quantitative",
-      "scale": {
-        "domain": [
-          20,
-          40
-        ]
-      }
+      "field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative",
+      "scale": {"domain": [20, 40]}
     },
-    "size": {
-      "field": "Cylinders",
-      "type": "quantitative"
-    }
+    "size": {"field": "Cylinders", "type": "quantitative"}
   }
 }
diff --git a/examples/specs/trellis_selections.vl.json b/examples/specs/trellis_selections.vl.json
index e66afe2dea..adcea7a106 100644
--- a/examples/specs/trellis_selections.vl.json
+++ b/examples/specs/trellis_selections.vl.json
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json",
   "description": "Anscombe's Quartet",
-  "data": {
-    "url": "data/anscombe.json"
-  },
+  "data": {"url": "data/anscombe.json"},
   "mark": "circle",
   "params": [
     {
       "name": "brush",
       "select": {
         "type": "interval",
-        "encodings": [
-          "x"
-        ],
+        "encodings": ["x"],
         "resolve": "intersect",
         "on": "[pointerdown[event.shiftKey], pointerup] > pointermove",
         "translate": "[pointerdown[event.shiftKey], pointerup] > pointermove"
@@ -31,42 +27,29 @@
       "name": "xenc",
       "select": {
         "type": "point",
-        "fields": [
-          "X"
-        ],
+        "fields": ["X"],
         "resolve": "global",
         "on": "pointerover",
         "nearest": true
       },
-      "bind": {
-        "input": "number"
-      }
+      "bind": {"input": "number"}
     }
   ],
   "encoding": {
-    "column": {
-      "field": "Series"
-    },
+    "column": {"field": "Series"},
     "x": {
       "field": "X",
       "type": "quantitative",
-      "scale": {
-        "zero": false
-      }
+      "scale": {"zero": false}
     },
     "y": {
       "field": "Y",
       "type": "quantitative",
-      "scale": {
-        "zero": false
-      }
+      "scale": {"zero": false}
     },
     "size": {
       "value": 100,
-      "condition": {
-        "param": "brush",
-        "value": 250
-      }
+      "condition": {"param": "brush", "value": 250}
     },
     "color": {
       "value": "steelblue",
@@ -75,8 +58,6 @@
         "value": "red"
       }
     },
-    "opacity": {
-      "value": 1
-    }
+    "opacity": {"value": 1}
   }
 }