Medoo.php

<?php
/*!
 * Medoo database framework
 * https://medoo.in
 * Version 1.7.8
 *
 * Copyright 2019, Angel Lai
 * Released under the MIT license
 */

namespace Medoo;

use PDO;
use Exception;
use PDOException;
use InvalidArgumentException;

class Raw {
    public $map;
    public $value;
}

class Medoo
{
    public $pdo;

    protected $type;

    protected $prefix;

    protected $statement;

    protected $dsn;

    protected $logs = [];

    protected $logging = false;

    protected $debug_mode = false;

    protected $guid = 0;

    protected $errorInfo = null;

    public function __construct(array $options)
    {
        if (isset($options[ 'database_type' ]))
        {
            $this->type = strtolower($options[ 'database_type' ]);

            if ($this->type === 'mariadb')
            {
                $this->type = 'mysql';
            }
        }

        if (isset($options[ 'prefix' ]))
        {
            $this->prefix = $options[ 'prefix' ];
        }

        if (isset($options[ 'logging' ]) && is_bool($options[ 'logging' ]))
        {
            $this->logging = $options[ 'logging' ];
        }

        $option = isset($options[ 'option' ]) ? $options[ 'option' ] : [];
        $commands = (isset($options[ 'command' ]) && is_array($options[ 'command' ])) ? $options[ 'command' ] : [];

        switch ($this->type)
        {
            case 'mysql':
                // Make MySQL using standard quoted identifier
                $commands[] = 'SET SQL_MODE=ANSI_QUOTES';

                break;

            case 'mssql':
                // Keep MSSQL QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON for standard quoting
                $commands[] = 'SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON';

                // Make ANSI_NULLS is ON for NULL value
                $commands[] = 'SET ANSI_NULLS ON';

                break;
        }

        if (isset($options[ 'pdo' ]))
        {
            if (!$options[ 'pdo' ] instanceof PDO)
            {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid PDO object supplied');
            }

            $this->pdo = $options[ 'pdo' ];

            foreach ($commands as $value)
            {
                $this->pdo->exec($value);
            }

            return;
        }

        if (isset($options[ 'dsn' ]))
        {
            if (is_array($options[ 'dsn' ]) && isset($options[ 'dsn' ][ 'driver' ]))
            {
                $attr = $options[ 'dsn' ];
            }
            else
            {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DSN option supplied');
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (
                isset($options[ 'port' ]) &&
                is_int($options[ 'port' ] * 1)
            )
            {
                $port = $options[ 'port' ];
            }

            $is_port = isset($port);

            switch ($this->type)
            {
                case 'mysql':
                    $attr = [
                        'driver' => 'mysql',
                        'dbname' => $options[ 'database_name' ]
                    ];

                    if (isset($options[ 'socket' ]))
                    {
                        $attr[ 'unix_socket' ] = $options[ 'socket' ];
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $attr[ 'host' ] = $options[ 'server' ];

                        if ($is_port)
                        {
                            $attr[ 'port' ] = $port;
                        }
                    }

                    break;

                case 'pgsql':
                    $attr = [
                        'driver' => 'pgsql',
                        'host' => $options[ 'server' ],
                        'dbname' => $options[ 'database_name' ]
                    ];

                    if ($is_port)
                    {
                        $attr[ 'port' ] = $port;
                    }

                    break;

                case 'sybase':
                    $attr = [
                        'driver' => 'dblib',
                        'host' => $options[ 'server' ],
                        'dbname' => $options[ 'database_name' ]
                    ];

                    if ($is_port)
                    {
                        $attr[ 'port' ] = $port;
                    }

                    break;

                case 'oracle':
                    $attr = [
                        'driver' => 'oci',
                        'dbname' => $options[ 'server' ] ?
                            '//' . $options[ 'server' ] . ($is_port ? ':' . $port : ':1521') . '/' . $options[ 'database_name' ] :
                            $options[ 'database_name' ]
                    ];

                    if (isset($options[ 'charset' ]))
                    {
                        $attr[ 'charset' ] = $options[ 'charset' ];
                    }

                    break;

                case 'mssql':
                    if (isset($options[ 'driver' ]) && $options[ 'driver' ] === 'dblib')
                    {
                        $attr = [
                            'driver' => 'dblib',
                            'host' => $options[ 'server' ] . ($is_port ? ':' . $port : ''),
                            'dbname' => $options[ 'database_name' ]
                        ];

                        if (isset($options[ 'appname' ]))
                        {
                            $attr[ 'appname' ] = $options[ 'appname' ];
                        }

                        if (isset($options[ 'charset' ]))
                        {
                            $attr[ 'charset' ] = $options[ 'charset' ];
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $attr = [
                            'driver' => 'sqlsrv',
                            'Server' => $options[ 'server' ] . ($is_port ? ',' . $port : ''),
                            'Database' => $options[ 'database_name' ]
                        ];

                        if (isset($options[ 'appname' ]))
                        {
                            $attr[ 'APP' ] = $options[ 'appname' ];
                        }

                        $config = [
                            'ApplicationIntent',
                            'AttachDBFileName',
                            'Authentication',
                            'ColumnEncryption',
                            'ConnectionPooling',
                            'Encrypt',
                            'Failover_Partner',
                            'KeyStoreAuthentication',
                            'KeyStorePrincipalId',
                            'KeyStoreSecret',
                            'LoginTimeout',
                            'MultipleActiveResultSets',
                            'MultiSubnetFailover',
                            'Scrollable',
                            'TraceFile',
                            'TraceOn',
                            'TransactionIsolation',
                            'TransparentNetworkIPResolution',
                            'TrustServerCertificate',
                            'WSID',
                        ];

                        foreach ($config as $value)
                        {
                            $keyname = strtolower(preg_replace(['/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/', '/([^_])([A-Z][a-z])/'], '$1_$2', $value));

                            if (isset($options[ $keyname ]))
                            {
                                $attr[ $value ] = $options[ $keyname ];
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    break;

                case 'sqlite':
                    $attr = [
                        'driver' => 'sqlite',
                        $options[ 'database_file' ]
                    ];

                    break;
            }
        }

        if (!isset($attr))
        {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Incorrect connection options');
        }

        $driver = $attr[ 'driver' ];

        if (!in_array($driver, PDO::getAvailableDrivers()))
        {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Unsupported PDO driver: {$driver}");
        }

        unset($attr[ 'driver' ]);

        $stack = [];

        foreach ($attr as $key => $value)
        {
            $stack[] = is_int($key) ? $value : $key . '=' . $value;
        }

        $dsn = $driver . ':' . implode(';', $stack);

        if (
            in_array($this->type, ['mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql']) &&
            isset($options[ 'charset' ])
        )
        {
            $commands[] = "SET NAMES '{$options[ 'charset' ]}'" . (
                $this->type === 'mysql' && isset($options[ 'collation' ]) ?
                " COLLATE '{$options[ 'collation' ]}'" : ''
            );
        }

        $this->dsn = $dsn;

        try {
            $this->pdo = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                isset($options[ 'username' ]) ? $options[ 'username' ] : null,
                isset($options[ 'password' ]) ? $options[ 'password' ] : null,
                $option
            );

            foreach ($commands as $value)
            {
                $this->pdo->exec($value);
            }
        }
        catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new PDOException($e->getMessage());
        }
    }

    public function query($query, $map = [])
    {
        $raw = $this->raw($query, $map);

        $query = $this->buildRaw($raw, $map);

        return $this->exec($query, $map);
    }

    public function exec($query, $map = [])
    {
        $this->statement = null;

        if ($this->debug_mode)
        {
            echo $this->generate($query, $map);

            $this->debug_mode = false;

            return false;
        }

        if ($this->logging)
        {
            $this->logs[] = [$query, $map];
        }
        else
        {
            $this->logs = [[$query, $map]];
        }

        $statement = $this->pdo->prepare($query);

        if (!$statement)
        {
            $this->errorInfo = $this->pdo->errorInfo();
            $this->statement = null;

            return false;
        }

        $this->statement = $statement;

        foreach ($map as $key => $value)
        {
            $statement->bindValue($key, $value[ 0 ], $value[ 1 ]);
        }

        $execute = $statement->execute();

        $this->errorInfo = $statement->errorInfo();

        if (!$execute)
        {
            $this->statement = null;
        }

        return $statement;
    }

    protected function generate($query, $map)
    {
        $identifier = [
            'mysql' => '`$1`',
            'mssql' => '[$1]'
        ];

        $query = preg_replace(
            '/"([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)"/i',
            isset($identifier[ $this->type ]) ?  $identifier[ $this->type ] : '"$1"',
            $query
        );

        foreach ($map as $key => $value)
        {
            if ($value[ 1 ] === PDO::PARAM_STR)
            {
                $replace = $this->quote($value[ 0 ]);
            }
            elseif ($value[ 1 ] === PDO::PARAM_NULL)
            {
                $replace = 'NULL';
            }
            elseif ($value[ 1 ] === PDO::PARAM_LOB)
            {
                $replace = '{LOB_DATA}';
            }
            else
            {
                $replace = $value[ 0 ];
            }

            $query = str_replace($key, $replace, $query);
        }

        return $query;
    }

    public static function raw($string, $map = [])
    {
        $raw = new Raw();

        $raw->map = $map;
        $raw->value = $string;

        return $raw;
    }

    protected function isRaw($object)
    {
        return $object instanceof Raw;
    }

    protected function buildRaw($raw, &$map)
    {
        if (!$this->isRaw($raw))
        {
            return false;
        }

        $query = preg_replace_callback(
            '/((FROM|TABLE|INTO|UPDATE)\s*)?\<([a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)\>/i',
            function ($matches)
            {
                if (!empty($matches[ 2 ]))
                {
                    return $matches[ 2 ] . ' ' . $this->tableQuote($matches[ 3 ]);
                }

                return $this->columnQuote($matches[ 3 ]);
            },
            $raw->value);

        $raw_map = $raw->map;

        if (!empty($raw_map))
        {
            foreach ($raw_map as $key => $value)
            {
                $map[ $key ] = $this->typeMap($value, gettype($value));
            }
        }

        return $query;
    }

    public function quote($string)
    {
        return $this->pdo->quote($string);
    }

    protected function tableQuote($table)
    {
        if (!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$/i', $table))
        {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Incorrect table name \"$table\"");
        }

        return '"' . $this->prefix . $table . '"';
    }

    protected function mapKey()
    {
        return ':MeDoO_' . $this->guid++ . '_mEdOo';
    }

    protected function typeMap($value, $type)
    {
        $map = [
            'NULL' => PDO::PARAM_NULL,
            'integer' => PDO::PARAM_INT,
            'double' => PDO::PARAM_STR,
            'boolean' => PDO::PARAM_BOOL,
            'string' => PDO::PARAM_STR,
            'object' => PDO::PARAM_STR,
            'resource' => PDO::PARAM_LOB
        ];

        if ($type === 'boolean')
        {
            $value = ($value ? '1' : '0');
        }
        elseif ($type === 'NULL')
        {
            $value = null;
        }

        return [$value, $map[ $type ]];
    }

    protected function columnQuote($string)
    {
        if (!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(\.?[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)?$/i', $string))
        {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Incorrect column name \"$string\"");
        }

        if (strpos($string, '.') !== false)
        {
            return '"' . $this->prefix . str_replace('.', '"."', $string) . '"';
        }

        return '"' . $string . '"';
    }

    protected function columnPush(&$columns, &$map, $root, $is_join = false)
    {
        if ($columns === '*')
        {
            return $columns;
        }

        $stack = [];

        if (is_string($columns))
        {
            $columns = [$columns];
        }

        foreach ($columns as $key => $value)
        {
            if (!is_int($key) && is_array($value) && $root && count(array_keys($columns)) === 1)
            {
                $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($key);

                $stack[] = $this->columnPush($value, $map, false, $is_join);
            }
            elseif (is_array($value))
            {
                $stack[] = $this->columnPush($value, $map, false, $is_join);
            }
            elseif (!is_int($key) && $raw = $this->buildRaw($value, $map))
            {
                preg_match('/(?<column>[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)(\s*\[(?<type>(String|Bool|Int|Number))\])?/i', $key, $match);

                $stack[] = $raw . ' AS ' . $this->columnQuote($match[ 'column' ]);
            }
            elseif (is_int($key) && is_string($value))
            {
                if ($is_join && strpos($value, '*') !== false)
                {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cannot use table.* to select all columns while joining table');
                }

                preg_match('/(?<column>[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)(?:\s*\((?<alias>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\))?(?:\s*\[(?<type>(?:String|Bool|Int|Number|Object|JSON))\])?/i', $value, $match);

                if (!empty($match[ 'alias' ]))
                {
                    $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($match[ 'column' ]) . ' AS ' . $this->columnQuote($match[ 'alias' ]);

                    $columns[ $key ] = $match[ 'alias' ];

                    if (!empty($match[ 'type' ]))
                    {
                        $columns[ $key ] .= ' [' . $match[ 'type' ] . ']';
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($match[ 'column' ]);
                }
            }
        }

        return implode(',', $stack);
    }

    protected function arrayQuote($array)
    {
        $stack = [];

        foreach ($array as $value)
        {
            $stack[] = is_int($value) ? $value : $this->pdo->quote($value);
        }

        return implode(',', $stack);
    }

    protected function innerConjunct($data, $map, $conjunctor, $outer_conjunctor)
    {
        $stack = [];

        foreach ($data as $value)
        {
            $stack[] = '(' . $this->dataImplode($value, $map, $conjunctor) . ')';
        }

        return implode($outer_conjunctor . ' ', $stack);
    }

    protected function dataImplode($data, &$map, $conjunctor)
    {
        $stack = [];

        foreach ($data as $key => $value)
        {
            $type = gettype($value);

            if (
                $type === 'array' &&
                preg_match("/^(AND|OR)(\s+#.*)?$/", $key, $relation_match)
            )
            {
                $relationship = $relation_match[ 1 ];

                $stack[] = $value !== array_keys(array_keys($value)) ?
                    '(' . $this->dataImplode($value, $map, ' ' . $relationship) . ')' :
                    '(' . $this->innerConjunct($value, $map, ' ' . $relationship, $conjunctor) . ')';

                continue;
            }

            $map_key = $this->mapKey();

            if (
                is_int($key) &&
                preg_match('/([a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)\[(?<operator>\>\=?|\<\=?|\!?\=)\]([a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)/i', $value, $match)
            )
            {
                $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($match[ 1 ]) . ' ' . $match[ 'operator' ] . ' ' . $this->columnQuote($match[ 3 ]);
            }
            else
            {
                preg_match('/([a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)(\[(?<operator>\>\=?|\<\=?|\!|\<\>|\>\<|\!?~|REGEXP)\])?/i', $key, $match);
                $column = $this->columnQuote($match[ 1 ]);

                if (isset($match[ 'operator' ]))
                {
                    $operator = $match[ 'operator' ];

                    if (in_array($operator, ['>', '>=', '<', '<=']))
                    {
                        $condition = $column . ' ' . $operator . ' ';

                        if (is_numeric($value))
                        {
                            $condition .= $map_key;
                            $map[ $map_key ] = [$value, is_float($value) ? PDO::PARAM_STR : PDO::PARAM_INT];
                        }
                        elseif ($raw = $this->buildRaw($value, $map))
                        {
                            $condition .= $raw;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            $condition .= $map_key;
                            $map[ $map_key ] = [$value, PDO::PARAM_STR];
                        }

                        $stack[] = $condition;
                    }
                    elseif ($operator === '!')
                    {
                        switch ($type)
                        {
                            case 'NULL':
                                $stack[] = $column . ' IS NOT NULL';
                                break;

                            case 'array':
                                $placeholders = [];

                                foreach ($value as $index => $item)
                                {
                                    $stack_key = $map_key . $index . '_i';

                                    $placeholders[] = $stack_key;
                                    $map[ $stack_key ] = $this->typeMap($item, gettype($item));
                                }

                                $stack[] = $column . ' NOT IN (' . implode(', ', $placeholders) . ')';
                                break;

                            case 'object':
                                if ($raw = $this->buildRaw($value, $map))
                                {
                                    $stack[] = $column . ' != ' . $raw;
                                }
                                break;

                            case 'integer':
                            case 'double':
                            case 'boolean':
                            case 'string':
                                $stack[] = $column . ' != ' . $map_key;
                                $map[ $map_key ] = $this->typeMap($value, $type);
                                break;
                        }
                    }
                    elseif ($operator === '~' || $operator === '!~')
                    {
                        if ($type !== 'array')
                        {
                            $value = [ $value ];
                        }

                        $connector = ' OR ';
                        $data = array_values($value);

                        if (is_array($data[ 0 ]))
                        {
                            if (isset($value[ 'AND' ]) || isset($value[ 'OR' ]))
                            {
                                $connector = ' ' . array_keys($value)[ 0 ] . ' ';
                                $value = $data[ 0 ];
                            }
                        }

                        $like_clauses = [];

                        foreach ($value as $index => $item)
                        {
                            $item = strval($item);

                            if (!preg_match('/(\[.+\]|[\*\?\!\%#^-_]|%.+|.+%)/', $item))
                            {
                                $item = '%' . $item . '%';
                            }

                            $like_clauses[] = $column . ($operator === '!~' ? ' NOT' : '') . ' LIKE ' . $map_key . 'L' . $index;
                            $map[ $map_key . 'L' . $index ] = [$item, PDO::PARAM_STR];
                        }

                        $stack[] = '(' . implode($connector, $like_clauses) . ')';
                    }
                    elseif ($operator === '<>' || $operator === '><')
                    {
                        if ($type === 'array')
                        {
                            if ($operator === '><')
                            {
                                $column .= ' NOT';
                            }

                            $stack[] = '(' . $column . ' BETWEEN ' . $map_key . 'a AND ' . $map_key . 'b)';

                            $data_type = (is_numeric($value[ 0 ]) && is_numeric($value[ 1 ])) ? PDO::PARAM_INT : PDO::PARAM_STR;

                            $map[ $map_key . 'a' ] = [$value[ 0 ], $data_type];
                            $map[ $map_key . 'b' ] = [$value[ 1 ], $data_type];
                        }
                    }
                    elseif ($operator === 'REGEXP')
                    {
                        $stack[] = $column . ' REGEXP ' . $map_key;
                        $map[ $map_key ] = [$value, PDO::PARAM_STR];
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    switch ($type)
                    {
                        case 'NULL':
                            $stack[] = $column . ' IS NULL';
                            break;

                        case 'array':
                            $placeholders = [];

                            foreach ($value as $index => $item)
                            {
                                $stack_key = $map_key . $index . '_i';

                                $placeholders[] = $stack_key;
                                $map[ $stack_key ] = $this->typeMap($item, gettype($item));
                            }

                            $stack[] = $column . ' IN (' . implode(', ', $placeholders) . ')';
                            break;

                        case 'object':
                            if ($raw = $this->buildRaw($value, $map))
                            {
                                $stack[] = $column . ' = ' . $raw;
                            }
                            break;

                        case 'integer':
                        case 'double':
                        case 'boolean':
                        case 'string':
                            $stack[] = $column . ' = ' . $map_key;
                            $map[ $map_key ] = $this->typeMap($value, $type);
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return implode($conjunctor . ' ', $stack);
    }

    protected function whereClause($where, &$map)
    {
        $where_clause = '';

        if (is_array($where))
        {
            $where_keys = array_keys($where);

            $conditions = array_diff_key($where, array_flip(
                ['GROUP', 'ORDER', 'HAVING', 'LIMIT', 'LIKE', 'MATCH']
            ));

            if (!empty($conditions))
            {
                $where_clause = ' WHERE ' . $this->dataImplode($conditions, $map, ' AND');
            }

            if (isset($where[ 'MATCH' ]) && $this->type === 'mysql')
            {
                $MATCH = $where[ 'MATCH' ];

                if (is_array($MATCH) && isset($MATCH[ 'columns' ], $MATCH[ 'keyword' ]))
                {
                    $mode = '';

                    $mode_array = [
                        'natural' => 'IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE',
                        'natural+query' => 'IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE WITH QUERY EXPANSION',
                        'boolean' => 'IN BOOLEAN MODE',
                        'query' => 'WITH QUERY EXPANSION'
                    ];

                    if (isset($MATCH[ 'mode' ], $mode_array[ $MATCH[ 'mode' ] ]))
                    {
                        $mode = ' ' . $mode_array[ $MATCH[ 'mode' ] ];
                    }

                    $columns = implode(', ', array_map([$this, 'columnQuote'], $MATCH[ 'columns' ]));
                    $map_key = $this->mapKey();
                    $map[ $map_key ] = [$MATCH[ 'keyword' ], PDO::PARAM_STR];

                    $where_clause .= ($where_clause !== '' ? ' AND ' : ' WHERE') . ' MATCH (' . $columns . ') AGAINST (' . $map_key . $mode . ')';
                }
            }

            if (isset($where[ 'GROUP' ]))
            {
                $GROUP = $where[ 'GROUP' ];

                if (is_array($GROUP))
                {
                    $stack = [];

                    foreach ($GROUP as $column => $value)
                    {
                        $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($value);
                    }

                    $where_clause .= ' GROUP BY ' . implode(',', $stack);
                }
                elseif ($raw = $this->buildRaw($GROUP, $map))
                {
                    $where_clause .= ' GROUP BY ' . $raw;
                }
                else
                {
                    $where_clause .= ' GROUP BY ' . $this->columnQuote($GROUP);
                }

                if (isset($where[ 'HAVING' ]))
                {
                    if ($raw = $this->buildRaw($where[ 'HAVING' ], $map))
                    {
                        $where_clause .= ' HAVING ' . $raw;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $where_clause .= ' HAVING ' . $this->dataImplode($where[ 'HAVING' ], $map, ' AND');
                    }
                }
            }

            if (isset($where[ 'ORDER' ]))
            {
                $ORDER = $where[ 'ORDER' ];

                if (is_array($ORDER))
                {
                    $stack = [];

                    foreach ($ORDER as $column => $value)
                    {
                        if (is_array($value))
                        {
                            $stack[] = 'FIELD(' . $this->columnQuote($column) . ', ' . $this->arrayQuote($value) . ')';
                        }
                        elseif ($value === 'ASC' || $value === 'DESC')
                        {
                            $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($column) . ' ' . $value;
                        }
                        elseif (is_int($column))
                        {
                            $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($value);
                        }
                    }

                    $where_clause .= ' ORDER BY ' . implode(',', $stack);
                }
                elseif ($raw = $this->buildRaw($ORDER, $map))
                {
                    $where_clause .= ' ORDER BY ' . $raw;
                }
                else
                {
                    $where_clause .= ' ORDER BY ' . $this->columnQuote($ORDER);
                }

                if (
                    isset($where[ 'LIMIT' ]) &&
                    in_array($this->type, ['oracle', 'mssql'])
                )
                {
                    $LIMIT = $where[ 'LIMIT' ];

                    if (is_numeric($LIMIT))
                    {
                        $LIMIT = [0, $LIMIT];
                    }

                    if (
                        is_array($LIMIT) &&
                        is_numeric($LIMIT[ 0 ]) &&
                        is_numeric($LIMIT[ 1 ])
                    )
                    {
                        $where_clause .= ' OFFSET ' . $LIMIT[ 0 ] . ' ROWS FETCH NEXT ' . $LIMIT[ 1 ] . ' ROWS ONLY';
                    }
                }
            }

            if (isset($where[ 'LIMIT' ]) && !in_array($this->type, ['oracle', 'mssql']))
            {
                $LIMIT = $where[ 'LIMIT' ];

                if (is_numeric($LIMIT))
                {
                    $where_clause .= ' LIMIT ' . $LIMIT;
                }
                elseif (
                    is_array($LIMIT) &&
                    is_numeric($LIMIT[ 0 ]) &&
                    is_numeric($LIMIT[ 1 ])
                )
                {
                    $where_clause .= ' LIMIT ' . $LIMIT[ 1 ] . ' OFFSET ' . $LIMIT[ 0 ];
                }
            }
        }
        elseif ($raw = $this->buildRaw($where, $map))
        {
            $where_clause .= ' ' . $raw;
        }

        return $where_clause;
    }

    protected function selectContext($table, &$map, $join, &$columns = null, $where = null, $column_fn = null)
    {
        preg_match('/(?<table>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*\((?<alias>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\)/i', $table, $table_match);

        if (isset($table_match[ 'table' ], $table_match[ 'alias' ]))
        {
            $table = $this->tableQuote($table_match[ 'table' ]);

            $table_query = $table . ' AS ' . $this->tableQuote($table_match[ 'alias' ]);
        }
        else
        {
            $table = $this->tableQuote($table);

            $table_query = $table;
        }

        $is_join = false;
        $join_key = is_array($join) ? array_keys($join) : null;

        if (
            isset($join_key[ 0 ]) &&
            strpos($join_key[ 0 ], '[') === 0
        )
        {
            $is_join = true;
            $table_query .= ' ' . $this->buildJoin($table, $join);
        }
        else
        {
            if (is_null($columns))
            {
                if (
                    !is_null($where) ||
                    (is_array($join) && isset($column_fn))
                )
                {
                    $where = $join;
                    $columns = null;
                }
                else
                {
                    $where = null;
                    $columns = $join;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                $where = $columns;
                $columns = $join;
            }
        }

        if (isset($column_fn))
        {
            if ($column_fn === 1)
            {
                $column = '1';

                if (is_null($where))
                {
                    $where = $columns;
                }
            }
            elseif ($raw = $this->buildRaw($column_fn, $map))
            {
                $column = $raw;
            }
            else
            {
                if (empty($columns) || $this->isRaw($columns))
                {
                    $columns = '*';
                    $where = $join;
                }

                $column = $column_fn . '(' . $this->columnPush($columns, $map, true) . ')';
            }
        }
        else
        {
            $column = $this->columnPush($columns, $map, true, $is_join);
        }

        return 'SELECT ' . $column . ' FROM ' . $table_query . $this->whereClause($where, $map);
    }

    protected function buildJoin($table, $join)
    {
        $table_join = [];

        $join_array = [
            '>' => 'LEFT',
            '<' => 'RIGHT',
            '<>' => 'FULL',
            '><' => 'INNER'
        ];

        foreach($join as $sub_table => $relation)
        {
            preg_match('/(\[(?<join>\<\>?|\>\<?)\])?(?<table>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s?(\((?<alias>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\))?/', $sub_table, $match);

            if ($match[ 'join' ] !== '' && $match[ 'table' ] !== '')
            {
                if (is_string($relation))
                {
                    $relation = 'USING ("' . $relation . '")';
                }

                if (is_array($relation))
                {
                    // For ['column1', 'column2']
                    if (isset($relation[ 0 ]))
                    {
                        $relation = 'USING ("' . implode('", "', $relation) . '")';
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $joins = [];

                        foreach ($relation as $key => $value)
                        {
                            $joins[] = (
                                strpos($key, '.') > 0 ?
                                    // For ['tableB.column' => 'column']
                                    $this->columnQuote($key) :

                                    // For ['column1' => 'column2']
                                    $table . '."' . $key . '"'
                            ) .
                            ' = ' .
                            $this->tableQuote(isset($match[ 'alias' ]) ? $match[ 'alias' ] : $match[ 'table' ]) . '."' . $value . '"';
                        }

                        $relation = 'ON ' . implode(' AND ', $joins);
                    }
                }

                $table_name = $this->tableQuote($match[ 'table' ]) . ' ';

                if (isset($match[ 'alias' ]))
                {
                    $table_name .= 'AS ' . $this->tableQuote($match[ 'alias' ]) . ' ';
                }

                $table_join[] = $join_array[ $match[ 'join' ] ] . ' JOIN ' . $table_name . $relation;
            }
        }

        return implode(' ', $table_join);
    }

    protected function columnMap($columns, &$stack, $root)
    {
        if ($columns === '*')
        {
            return $stack;
        }

        foreach ($columns as $key => $value)
        {
            if (is_int($key))
            {
                preg_match('/([a-zA-Z0-9_]+\.)?(?<column>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)(?:\s*\((?<alias>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\))?(?:\s*\[(?<type>(?:String|Bool|Int|Number|Object|JSON))\])?/i', $value, $key_match);

                $column_key = !empty($key_match[ 'alias' ]) ?
                    $key_match[ 'alias' ] :
                    $key_match[ 'column' ];

                if (isset($key_match[ 'type' ]))
                {
                    $stack[ $value ] = [$column_key, $key_match[ 'type' ]];
                }
                else
                {
                    $stack[ $value ] = [$column_key, 'String'];
                }
            }
            elseif ($this->isRaw($value))
            {
                preg_match('/([a-zA-Z0-9_]+\.)?(?<column>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)(\s*\[(?<type>(String|Bool|Int|Number))\])?/i', $key, $key_match);

                $column_key = $key_match[ 'column' ];

                if (isset($key_match[ 'type' ]))
                {
                    $stack[ $key ] = [$column_key, $key_match[ 'type' ]];
                }
                else
                {
                    $stack[ $key ] = [$column_key, 'String'];
                }
            }
            elseif (!is_int($key) && is_array($value))
            {
                if ($root && count(array_keys($columns)) === 1)
                {
                    $stack[ $key ] = [$key, 'String'];
                }

                $this->columnMap($value, $stack, false);
            }
        }

        return $stack;
    }

    protected function dataMap($data, $columns, $column_map, &$stack, $root, &$result)
    {
        if ($root)
        {
            $columns_key = array_keys($columns);

            if (count($columns_key) === 1 && is_array($columns[$columns_key[0]]))
            {
                $index_key = array_keys($columns)[0];
                $data_key = preg_replace("/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+\./i", "", $index_key);

                $current_stack = [];

                foreach ($data as $item)
                {
                    $this->dataMap($data, $columns[ $index_key ], $column_map, $current_stack, false, $result);

                    $index = $data[ $data_key ];

                    $result[ $index ] = $current_stack;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                $current_stack = [];
                
                $this->dataMap($data, $columns, $column_map, $current_stack, false, $result);

                $result[] = $current_stack;
            }

            return;
        }

        foreach ($columns as $key => $value)
        {
            $isRaw = $this->isRaw($value);

            if (is_int($key) || $isRaw)
            {
                $map = $column_map[ $isRaw ? $key : $value ];

                $column_key = $map[ 0 ];

                $item = $data[ $column_key ];

                if (isset($map[ 1 ]))
                {
                    if ($isRaw && in_array($map[ 1 ], ['Object', 'JSON']))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (is_null($item))
                    {
                        $stack[ $column_key ] = null;
                        continue;
                    }

                    switch ($map[ 1 ])
                    {
                        case 'Number':
                            $stack[ $column_key ] = (double) $item;
                            break;

                        case 'Int':
                            $stack[ $column_key ] = (int) $item;
                            break;

                        case 'Bool':
                            $stack[ $column_key ] = (bool) $item;
                            break;

                        case 'Object':
                            $stack[ $column_key ] = unserialize($item);
                            break;

                        case 'JSON':
                            $stack[ $column_key ] = json_decode($item, true);
                            break;

                        case 'String':
                            $stack[ $column_key ] = $item;
                            break;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    $stack[ $column_key ] = $item;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                $current_stack = [];

                $this->dataMap($data, $value, $column_map, $current_stack, false, $result);

                $stack[ $key ] = $current_stack;
            }
        }
    }

    public function create($table, $columns, $options = null)
    {
        $stack = [];

        $tableName = $this->prefix . $table;

        foreach ($columns as $name => $definition)
        {
            if (is_int($name))
            {
                $stack[] = preg_replace('/\<([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\>/i', '"$1"', $definition);
            }
            elseif (is_array($definition))
            {
                $stack[] = $name . ' ' . implode(' ', $definition);
            }
            elseif (is_string($definition))
            {
                $stack[] = $name . ' ' . $this->query($definition);
            }
        }

        $table_option = '';

        if (is_array($options))
        {
            $option_stack = [];

            foreach ($options as $key => $value)
            {
                if (is_string($value) || is_int($value))
                {
                    $option_stack[] = "$key = $value";
                }
            }

            $table_option = ' ' . implode(', ', $option_stack);
        }
        elseif (is_string($options))
        {
            $table_option = ' ' . $options;
        }

        return $this->exec("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS $tableName (" . implode(', ', $stack) . ")$table_option");
    }

    public function drop($table)
    {
        $tableName = $this->prefix . $table;

        return $this->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS $tableName");
    }

    public function select($table, $join, $columns = null, $where = null)
    {
        $map = [];
        $result = [];
        $column_map = [];

        $index = 0;

        $column = $where === null ? $join : $columns;

        $is_single = (is_string($column) && $column !== '*');

        $query = $this->exec($this->selectContext($table, $map, $join, $columns, $where), $map);

        $this->columnMap($columns, $column_map, true);

        if (!$this->statement)
        {
            return false;
        }

        if ($columns === '*')
        {
            return $query->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        }

        while ($data = $query->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC))
        {
            $current_stack = [];

            $this->dataMap($data, $columns, $column_map, $current_stack, true, $result);
        }

        if ($is_single)
        {
            $single_result = [];
            $result_key = $column_map[ $column ][ 0 ];

            foreach ($result as $item)
            {
                $single_result[] = $item[ $result_key ];
            }

            return $single_result;
        }

        return $result;
    }

    public function insert($table, $datas)
    {
        $stack = [];
        $columns = [];
        $fields = [];
        $map = [];

        if (!isset($datas[ 0 ]))
        {
            $datas = [$datas];
        }

        foreach ($datas as $data)
        {
            foreach ($data as $key => $value)
            {
                $columns[] = $key;
            }
        }

        $columns = array_unique($columns);

        foreach ($datas as $data)
        {
            $values = [];

            foreach ($columns as $key)
            {
                if ($raw = $this->buildRaw($data[ $key ], $map))
                {
                    $values[] = $raw;
                    continue;
                }

                $map_key = $this->mapKey();

                $values[] = $map_key;

                if (!isset($data[ $key ]))
                {
                    $map[ $map_key ] = [null, PDO::PARAM_NULL];
                }
                else
                {
                    $value = $data[ $key ];

                    $type = gettype($value);

                    switch ($type)
                    {
                        case 'array':
                            $map[ $map_key ] = [
                                strpos($key, '[JSON]') === strlen($key) - 6 ?
                                    json_encode($value) :
                                    serialize($value),
                                PDO::PARAM_STR
                            ];
                            break;

                        case 'object':
                            $value = serialize($value);

                        case 'NULL':
                        case 'resource':
                        case 'boolean':
                        case 'integer':
                        case 'double':
                        case 'string':
                            $map[ $map_key ] = $this->typeMap($value, $type);
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }

            $stack[] = '(' . implode(', ', $values) . ')';
        }

        foreach ($columns as $key)
        {
            $fields[] = $this->columnQuote(preg_replace("/(\s*\[JSON\]$)/i", '', $key));
        }

        return $this->exec('INSERT INTO ' . $this->tableQuote($table) . ' (' . implode(', ', $fields) . ') VALUES ' . implode(', ', $stack), $map);
    }

    public function update($table, $data, $where = null)
    {
        $fields = [];
        $map = [];

        foreach ($data as $key => $value)
        {
            $column = $this->columnQuote(preg_replace("/(\s*\[(JSON|\+|\-|\*|\/)\]$)/i", '', $key));

            if ($raw = $this->buildRaw($value, $map))
            {
                $fields[] = $column . ' = ' . $raw;
                continue;
            }

            $map_key = $this->mapKey();

            preg_match('/(?<column>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)(\[(?<operator>\+|\-|\*|\/)\])?/i', $key, $match);

            if (isset($match[ 'operator' ]))
            {
                if (is_numeric($value))
                {
                    $fields[] = $column . ' = ' . $column . ' ' . $match[ 'operator' ] . ' ' . $value;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                $fields[] = $column . ' = ' . $map_key;

                $type = gettype($value);

                switch ($type)
                {
                    case 'array':
                        $map[ $map_key ] = [
                            strpos($key, '[JSON]') === strlen($key) - 6 ?
                                json_encode($value) :
                                serialize($value),
                            PDO::PARAM_STR
                        ];
                        break;

                    case 'object':
                        $value = serialize($value);

                    case 'NULL':
                    case 'resource':
                    case 'boolean':
                    case 'integer':
                    case 'double':
                    case 'string':
                        $map[ $map_key ] = $this->typeMap($value, $type);
                        break;
                }
            }
        }

        return $this->exec('UPDATE ' . $this->tableQuote($table) . ' SET ' . implode(', ', $fields) . $this->whereClause($where, $map), $map);
    }

    public function delete($table, $where)
    {
        $map = [];

        return $this->exec('DELETE FROM ' . $this->tableQuote($table) . $this->whereClause($where, $map), $map);
    }

    public function replace($table, $columns, $where = null)
    {
        if (!is_array($columns) || empty($columns))
        {
            return false;
        }

        $map = [];
        $stack = [];

        foreach ($columns as $column => $replacements)
        {
            if (is_array($replacements))
            {
                foreach ($replacements as $old => $new)
                {
                    $map_key = $this->mapKey();

                    $stack[] = $this->columnQuote($column) . ' = REPLACE(' . $this->columnQuote($column) . ', ' . $map_key . 'a, ' . $map_key . 'b)';

                    $map[ $map_key . 'a' ] = [$old, PDO::PARAM_STR];
                    $map[ $map_key . 'b' ] = [$new, PDO::PARAM_STR];
                }
            }
        }

        if (!empty($stack))
        {
            return $this->exec('UPDATE ' . $this->tableQuote($table) . ' SET ' . implode(', ', $stack) . $this->whereClause($where, $map), $map);
        }

        return false;
    }

    public function get($table, $join = null, $columns = null, $where = null)
    {
        $map = [];
        $result = [];
        $column_map = [];
        $current_stack = [];

        if ($where === null)
        {
            $column = $join;
            unset($columns[ 'LIMIT' ]);
        }
        else
        {
            $column = $columns;
            unset($where[ 'LIMIT' ]);
        }

        $is_single = (is_string($column) && $column !== '*');

        $query = $this->exec($this->selectContext($table, $map, $join, $columns, $where) . ' LIMIT 1', $map);

        if (!$this->statement)
        {
            return false;
        }

        $data = $query->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

        if (isset($data[ 0 ]))
        {
            if ($column === '*')
            {
                return $data[ 0 ];
            }

            $this->columnMap($columns, $column_map, true);

            $this->dataMap($data[ 0 ], $columns, $column_map, $current_stack, true, $result);

            if ($is_single)
            {
                return $result[ 0 ][ $column_map[ $column ][ 0 ] ];
            }

            return $result[ 0 ];
        }
    }

    public function has($table, $join, $where = null)
    {
        $map = [];
        $column = null;

        if ($this->type === 'mssql')
        {
            $query = $this->exec($this->selectContext($table, $map, $join, $column, $where, Medoo::raw('TOP 1 1')), $map);
        }
        else
        {
            $query = $this->exec('SELECT EXISTS(' . $this->selectContext($table, $map, $join, $column, $where, 1) . ')', $map);
        }

        if (!$this->statement)
        {
            return false;
        }

        $result = $query->fetchColumn();

        return $result === '1' || $result === 1 || $result === true;
    }

    public function rand($table, $join = null, $columns = null, $where = null)
    {
        $type = $this->type;

        $order = 'RANDOM()';

        if ($type === 'mysql')
        {
            $order = 'RAND()';
        }
        elseif ($type === 'mssql')
        {
            $order = 'NEWID()';
        }

        $order_raw = $this->raw($order);

        if ($where === null)
        {
            if ($columns === null)
            {
                $columns = [
                    'ORDER'  => $order_raw
                ];
            }
            else
            {
                $column = $join;
                unset($columns[ 'ORDER' ]);

                $columns[ 'ORDER' ] = $order_raw;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            unset($where[ 'ORDER' ]);

            $where[ 'ORDER' ] = $order_raw;
        }

        return $this->select($table, $join, $columns, $where);
    }

    private function aggregate($type, $table, $join = null, $column = null, $where = null)
    {
        $map = [];

        $query = $this->exec($this->selectContext($table, $map, $join, $column, $where, strtoupper($type)), $map);

        if (!$this->statement)
        {
            return false;
        }

        $number = $query->fetchColumn();

        return is_numeric($number) ? $number + 0 : $number;
    }

    public function count($table, $join = null, $column = null, $where = null)
    {
        return $this->aggregate('count', $table, $join, $column, $where);
    }

    public function avg($table, $join, $column = null, $where = null)
    {
        return $this->aggregate('avg', $table, $join, $column, $where);
    }

    public function max($table, $join, $column = null, $where = null)
    {
        return $this->aggregate('max', $table, $join, $column, $where);
    }

    public function min($table, $join, $column = null, $where = null)
    {
        return $this->aggregate('min', $table, $join, $column, $where);
    }

    public function sum($table, $join, $column = null, $where = null)
    {
        return $this->aggregate('sum', $table, $join, $column, $where);
    }

    public function action($actions)
    {
        if (is_callable($actions))
        {
            $this->pdo->beginTransaction();

            try {
                $result = $actions($this);

                if ($result === false)
                {
                    $this->pdo->rollBack();
                }
                else
                {
                    $this->pdo->commit();
                }
            }
            catch (Exception $e) {
                $this->pdo->rollBack();

                throw $e;
            }

            return $result;
        }

        return false;
    }

    public function id()
    {
        if ($this->statement == null)
        {
            return null;
        }

        $type = $this->type;

        if ($type === 'oracle')
        {
            return 0;
        }
        elseif ($type === 'pgsql')
        {
            return $this->pdo->query('SELECT LASTVAL()')->fetchColumn();
        }

        $lastId = $this->pdo->lastInsertId();

        if ($lastId != "0" && $lastId != "")
        {
            return $lastId;
        }

        return null;
    }

    public function debug()
    {
        $this->debug_mode = true;

        return $this;
    }

    public function error()
    {
        return $this->errorInfo;
    }

    public function last()
    {
        $log = end($this->logs);

        return $this->generate($log[ 0 ], $log[ 1 ]);
    }

    public function log()
    {
        return array_map(function ($log)
        {
            return $this->generate($log[ 0 ], $log[ 1 ]);
        },
            $this->logs
        );
    }

    public function info()
    {
        $output = [
            'server' => 'SERVER_INFO',
            'driver' => 'DRIVER_NAME',
            'client' => 'CLIENT_VERSION',
            'version' => 'SERVER_VERSION',
            'connection' => 'CONNECTION_STATUS'
        ];

        foreach ($output as $key => $value)
        {
            $output[ $key ] = @$this->pdo->getAttribute(constant('PDO::ATTR_' . $value));
        }

        $output[ 'dsn' ] = $this->dsn;

        return $output;
    }
}