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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="appendix-i-keywords.html">Appendix I: Keywords</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="appendix-ii-operators.html">Appendix II: Operators</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html">Other online resources</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-contributing-guide"> V contributing guide</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-language-documentation"> V language documentation</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-online-playground"> V online playground</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#awesome-v"> Awesome V</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#the-v-language-discord"> The V language Discord</a>
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<article>
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<main class="v-doc">
<h1 class="main">Other V Features</h1>
<h2 id="inline-assembly">Inline assembly <a href="other-v-features.html#inline-assembly" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<!-- ignore because it doesn't pass fmt test (why?) -->
<div class="language-v">a := 100
b := 20
mut c := 0
asm amd64 {
mov eax, a
add eax, b
mov c, eax
; =r (c) as c // output
; r (a) as a // input
r (b) as b
}
println('a: ${a}') // 100
println('b: ${b}') // 20
println('c: ${c}') // 120
</div>
<p>For more examples, see
<a href="https://github.com/vlang/v/tree/master/vlib/v/slow_tests/assembly/asm_test.amd64.v">vlib/v/slow_tests/assembly/asm_test.amd64.v</a></p>
<h2 id="hot-code-reloading">Hot code reloading <a href="other-v-features.html#hot-code-reloading" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<div class="language-v">module main
import time
@[live]
fn print_message() {
println('Hello! Modify this message while the program is running.')
}
fn main() {
for {
print_message()
time.sleep(500 * time.millisecond)
}
}
</div>
<p>Build this example with <code>v -live message.v</code>.</p>
<p>You can also run this example with <code>v -live run message.v</code>.
Make sure that in command you use a path to a V's file,
<strong>not</strong> a path to a folder (like <code>v -live run .</code>) -
in that case you need to modify content of a folder (add new file, for example),
because changes in <em>message.v</em> will have no effect.</p>
<p>Functions that you want to be reloaded must have <code>@[live]</code> attribute
before their definition.</p>
<p>Right now it's not possible to modify types while the program is running.</p>
<p>More examples, including a graphical application:
<a href="https://github.com/vlang/v/tree/master/examples/hot_reload">github.com/vlang/v/tree/master/examples/hot_reload</a>.</p>
<h3 id="about-keeping-states-in-hot-reloading-functions-with-v--live-run">About keeping states in hot reloading functions with v -live run <a href="#about-keeping-states-in-hot-reloading-functions-with-v--live-run" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3>
<p>V's hot code reloading relies on marking the functions that you want to reload with <code>@[live]</code>,
then compiling a shared library of these <code>@[live]</code> functions, and then
your v program loads that shared library at runtime.</p>
<p>V (with the -live option) starts a new thread, that monitors the source files for changes,
and when it detects modifications, it recompiles the shared library, and reloads it at runtime,
so that new calls to those @[live] functions will be made to the newly loaded library.</p>
<p>It keeps all the accumulated state (from locals outside the @[live] functions,
from heap variables and from globals), allowing to tweak the code in the merged functions quickly.</p>
<p>When there are more substantial changes (to data structures, or to functions that were not marked),
you will have to restart the running app manually.</p>
<h2 id="cross-platform-shell-scripts-in-v">Cross-platform shell scripts in V <a href="other-v-features.html#cross-platform-shell-scripts-in-v" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>V can be used as an alternative to Bash to write deployment scripts, build scripts, etc.</p>
<p>The advantage of using V for this, is the simplicity and predictability of the language, and
cross-platform support. "V scripts" run on Unix-like systems, as well as on Windows.</p>
<p>To use V's script mode, save your source file with the <code>.vsh</code> file extension.
It will make all functions in the <code>os</code> module global (so that you can use <code>mkdir()</code> instead
of <code>os.mkdir()</code>, for example).</p>
<p>V also knows to compile & run <code>.vsh</code> files immediately, so you do not need a separate
step to compile them. V will also recompile an executable, produced by a <code>.vsh</code> file,
<em>only when it is older than the .vsh source file</em>, i.e. runs after the first one, will
be faster, since there is no need for a re-compilation of a script, that has not been changed.</p>
<p>An example <code>deploy.vsh</code>:</p>
<div class="language-v">#!/usr/bin/env -S v
// Note: The shebang line above, associates the .vsh file to V on Unix-like systems,
// so it can be run just by specifying the path to the .vsh file, once it's made
// executable, using `chmod +x deploy.vsh`, i.e. after that chmod command, you can
// run the .vsh script, by just typing its name/path like this: `./deploy.vsh`
// print command then execute it
fn sh(cmd string) {
println('❯ ${cmd}')
print(execute_or_exit(cmd).output)
}
// Remove if build/ exits, ignore any errors if it doesn't
rmdir_all('build') or {}
// Create build/, never fails as build/ does not exist
mkdir('build')!
// Move *.v files to build/
result := execute('mv *.v build/')
if result.exit_code != 0 {
println(result.output)
}
sh('ls')
// Similar to:
// files := ls('.')!
// mut count := 0
// if files.len > 0 {
// for file in files {
// if file.ends_with('.v') {
// mv(file, 'build/') or {
// println('err: ${err}')
// return
// }
// }
// count++
// }
// }
// if count == 0 {
// println('No files')
// }
</div>
<p>Now you can either compile this like a normal V program and get an executable you can deploy and run
anywhere:
<code>v -skip-running deploy.vsh && ./deploy</code></p>
<p>Or run it like a traditional Bash script:
<code>v run deploy.vsh</code> (or simply just <code>v deploy.vsh</code>)</p>
<p>On Unix-like platforms, the file can be run directly after making it executable using <code>chmod +x</code>:
<code>./deploy.vsh</code></p>
<h2 id="vsh-scripts-with-no-extension">Vsh scripts with no extension <a href="other-v-features.html#vsh-scripts-with-no-extension" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>Whilst V does normally not allow vsh scripts without the designated file extension, there is a way
to circumvent this rule and have a file with a fully custom name and shebang. Whilst this feature
exists it is only recommended for specific usecases like scripts that will be put in the path and
should <strong>not</strong> be used for things like build or deploy scripts. To access this feature start the
file with <code>#!/usr/bin/env -S v -raw-vsh-tmp-prefix tmp</code> where <code>tmp</code> is the prefix for
the built executable. This will run in crun mode so it will only rebuild if changes to the script
were made and keep the binary as <code>tmp.<scriptfilename></code>. <strong>Caution</strong>: if this filename already
exists the file will be overridden. If you want to rebuild each time and not keep this binary
instead use <code>#!/usr/bin/env -S v -raw-vsh-tmp-prefix tmp run</code>.</p>
<p>Note: there is a small shell script <code>cmd/tools/vrun</code>, that can be useful for systems, that have an
env program (<code>/usr/bin/env</code>), that still does not support an <code>-S</code> option (like BusyBox).
See <a href="https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/cmd/tools/vrun">https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/cmd/tools/vrun</a> for more details.</p>
<h1>Appendices</h1>
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