diff --git a/src/BaseActiveRecord.php b/src/BaseActiveRecord.php
index cc19dbf40..485bc7ccf 100644
--- a/src/BaseActiveRecord.php
+++ b/src/BaseActiveRecord.php
@@ -29,12 +29,15 @@
 use function array_intersect_key;
 use function array_key_exists;
 use function array_keys;
+use function array_merge;
 use function array_search;
 use function array_values;
 use function count;
+use function get_object_vars;
 use function in_array;
 use function is_array;
 use function is_int;
+use function property_exists;
 use function reset;
 
 /**
@@ -187,11 +190,8 @@ public function getOldAttribute(string $name): mixed
      */
     public function getDirtyAttributes(array $names = null): array
     {
-        if ($names === null) {
-            $attributes = $this->attributes;
-        } else {
-            $attributes = array_intersect_key($this->attributes, array_flip($names));
-        }
+        $attributes = array_merge($this->attributes, get_object_vars($this));
+        $attributes = array_intersect_key($attributes, array_flip($names ?? $this->attributes()));
 
         if ($this->oldAttributes === null) {
             return $attributes;
@@ -570,21 +570,11 @@ public function optimisticLock(): string|null
      */
     public function populateRecord(array|object $row): void
     {
-        $columns = array_flip($this->attributes());
-
-        /**
-         * @psalm-var string $name
-         * @psalm-var mixed $value
-         */
         foreach ($row as $name => $value) {
-            if (isset($columns[$name])) {
-                $this->attributes[$name] = $value;
-            } elseif ($this->canSetProperty($name)) {
-                $this->$name = $value;
-            }
+            $this->populateAttribute($name, $value);
+            $this->oldAttributes[$name] = $value;
         }
 
-        $this->oldAttributes = $this->attributes;
         $this->related = [];
         $this->relationsDependencies = [];
     }
@@ -1252,4 +1242,13 @@ public function getTableName(): string
 
         return $this->tableName;
     }
+
+    private function populateAttribute(string $name, mixed $value): void
+    {
+        if (property_exists($this, $name)) {
+            $this->$name = $value;
+        } else {
+            $this->attributes[$name] = $value;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/ActiveRecordTest.php b/tests/ActiveRecordTest.php
index a85d2bbcf..5ccc4b8ef 100644
--- a/tests/ActiveRecordTest.php
+++ b/tests/ActiveRecordTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\CustomerClosureField;
 use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\CustomerForArrayable;
 use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\CustomerWithAlias;
+use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\CustomerWithProperties;
 use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\Dog;
 use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\Item;
 use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord\NoExist;
@@ -597,14 +598,9 @@ public function testAttributeAccess(): void
         $this->assertTrue($customer->canGetProperty('orderItems'));
         $this->assertFalse($customer->canSetProperty('orderItems'));
 
-        try {
-            /** @var $itemClass ActiveRecordInterface */
-            $customer->orderItems = [new Item($this->db)];
-            $this->fail('setter call above MUST throw Exception');
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
-            /** catch exception "Setting read-only property" */
-            $this->assertInstanceOf(InvalidCallException::class, $e);
-        }
+        $this->expectException(UnknownPropertyException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Setting unknown property: ' . Customer::class . '::orderItems');
+        $customer->orderItems = [new Item($this->db)];
 
         /** related attribute $customer->orderItems didn't change cause it's read-only */
         $this->assertSame([], $customer->orderItems);
@@ -855,7 +851,7 @@ public function testGetDirtyAttributesOnNewRecord(): void
         );
         $this->assertEquals(
             ['email' => 'adam@example.com', 'address' => null],
-            $customer->getDirtyAttributes(['id', 'email', 'address', 'status']),
+            $customer->getDirtyAttributes(['id', 'email', 'address', 'status', 'unknown']),
         );
 
         $this->assertTrue($customer->save());
@@ -885,7 +881,37 @@ public function testGetDirtyAttributesAfterFind(): void
         );
         $this->assertEquals(
             ['email' => 'adam@example.com', 'address' => null],
-            $customer->getDirtyAttributes(['id', 'email', 'address', 'status']),
+            $customer->getDirtyAttributes(['id', 'email', 'address', 'status', 'unknown']),
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testGetDirtyAttributesWithProperties(): void
+    {
+        $this->checkFixture($this->db, 'customer');
+
+        $customer = new CustomerWithProperties($this->db);
+        $this->assertSame([
+            'name' => null,
+            'address' => null,
+        ], $customer->getDirtyAttributes());
+
+        $customerQuery = new ActiveQuery(CustomerWithProperties::class, $this->db);
+        $customer = $customerQuery->findOne(1);
+
+        $this->assertSame([], $customer->getDirtyAttributes());
+
+        $customer->setEmail('adam@example.com');
+        $customer->setName('Adam');
+        $customer->setAddress(null);
+        $customer->setStatus(null);
+
+        $this->assertEquals(
+            ['email' => 'adam@example.com', 'name' => 'Adam', 'address' => null, 'status' => null],
+            $customer->getDirtyAttributes(),
+        );
+        $this->assertEquals(
+            ['email' => 'adam@example.com', 'address' => null],
+            $customer->getDirtyAttributes(['id', 'email', 'address', 'unknown']),
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Stubs/ActiveRecord/CustomerWithProperties.php b/tests/Stubs/ActiveRecord/CustomerWithProperties.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aba20cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Stubs/ActiveRecord/CustomerWithProperties.php
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\Tests\Stubs\ActiveRecord;
+
+use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\ActiveQuery;
+use Yiisoft\ActiveRecord\ActiveRecord;
+
+/**
+ * Class Customer with defined properties.
+ */
+class CustomerWithProperties extends ActiveRecord
+{
+    protected int $id;
+    protected string $email;
+    protected string|null $name = null;
+    public string|null $address = null;
+
+    public function getTableName(): string
+    {
+        return 'customer';
+    }
+
+    public function getId(): int
+    {
+        return $this->id;
+    }
+
+    public function getEmail(): string
+    {
+        return $this->email;
+    }
+
+    public function getName(): string|null
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    public function getAddress(): string|null
+    {
+        return $this->address;
+    }
+
+    public function getStatus(): int|null
+    {
+        return $this->getAttribute('status');
+    }
+
+    public function getProfile(): ActiveQuery
+    {
+        return $this->hasOne(Profile::class, ['id' => 'profile_id']);
+    }
+
+    public function getOrders(): ActiveQuery
+    {
+        return $this->hasMany(Order::class, ['customer_id' => 'id'])->orderBy('[[id]]');
+    }
+
+    public function setEmail(string $email): void
+    {
+        $this->email = $email;
+    }
+
+    public function setName(string|null $name): void
+    {
+        $this->name = $name;
+    }
+
+    public function setAddress(string|null $address): void
+    {
+        $this->address = $address;
+    }
+
+    public function setStatus(int|null $status): void
+    {
+        $this->setAttribute('status', $status);
+    }
+}