Skip to content

Commit

Permalink
Combinatorics with repetition
Browse files Browse the repository at this point in the history
  • Loading branch information
MihailKovachev committed Feb 25, 2025
1 parent ef7f7aa commit 0e78c4d
Show file tree
Hide file tree
Showing 109 changed files with 292 additions and 199 deletions.
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Algebraic Structure
>
>An **algebraic structure** $(S, O, R)$ consists of a [non-empty](../../Set%20Theory/The%20Empty%20Set.md) [set](../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $S$, a set $O$ of [operations](Operations/Operation.md) on $S$ and a finite set $R$ of rules which these operations must obey.
>An **algebraic structure** $(S, O, R)$ consists of a [non-empty](../../Set%20Theory/The%20Empty%20Set.md) [set](../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $S$, a set $O$ of [operations](Operations/Operation.md) on $S$ and a finite set $R$ of rules which these operations must obey.
>
>>[!NOTE]
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Binary Operation
>
>A **binary operation** on a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $S$ is an [operation](Operation.md) $f: S \times S \to S$.
>A **binary operation** on a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $S$ is an [operation](Operation.md) $f: S \times S \to S$.
>
>>[!NOTATION]-
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Closure
>
>Let $S$ be a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) with an $n$-[ary operation](Operation.md) $o: \underset{n \text{ times}}{\underbrace{S \times \cdots \times S}} \to S$.
>Let $S$ be a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) with an $n$-[ary operation](Operation.md) $o: \underset{n \text{ times}}{\underbrace{S \times \cdots \times S}} \to S$.
>
>We say that a [subset](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $C \subseteq S$ is **closed** under $o$ if
>We say that a [subset](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $C \subseteq S$ is **closed** under $o$ if
>
>$$
>o(c_1, \cdots, c_n) \in C \qquad \forall c_1, \cdots, c_n \in C
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Operation
>
>An $n$**-ary operation** on a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $S$ is a [function](../../../Analysis/Functions/index.md) from the $n$-ary [Cartesian power](../../../Set%20Theory/Set%20Operations.md) of $S$ to $S$.
>An $n$**-ary operation** on a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $S$ is a [function](../../../Analysis/Functions/index.md) from the $n$-ary [Cartesian power](../../../Set%20Theory/Set%20Operations.md) of $S$ to $S$.
>
>$$
>f: \underset{n \text{ times}}{\underbrace{S \times \cdots \times S}} \to S
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Unary Operation
>
>A **unary operation** on a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $S$ is an [operation](Operation.md) $f: S \to S$.
>A **unary operation** on a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $S$ is an [operation](Operation.md) $f: S \to S$.
>
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ tags:
>
>>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Solution to an ODE
>>
>>A **solution** to the ODE on the [subset](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $\mathcal{D} \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ is an $n$-times [differentiable](../../../../Analysis/Real%20Analysis/Real%20Functions/Differentiation/Derivatives.md) [real function](../../../../Analysis/Real%20Analysis/Real%20Functions/Real%20Functions.md) $\phi: \mathcal{D} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that
>>A **solution** to the ODE on the [subset](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $\mathcal{D} \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ is an $n$-times [differentiable](../../../../Analysis/Real%20Analysis/Real%20Functions/Differentiation/Derivatives.md) [real function](../../../../Analysis/Real%20Analysis/Real%20Functions/Real%20Functions.md) $\phi: \mathcal{D} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that
>>
>>$$
>>F\left(x, \phi(x), \phi'(x), \phi''(x), \dotsc, \phi^{(n)}(x)\right) = 0 \qquad \forall x \in \mathcal{D}
Expand Down
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion vault/Mathematics/Algebra/Equations/Equation.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Equation
>
>Let $X$ and $Y$ be two not necessarily unique [sets](../../Set%20Theory/index.md) such that $Y$ has an [equivalence relation](../../Set%20Theory/Relations/Equivalence%20Relation.md) $E_Y$ defined on it.
>Let $X$ and $Y$ be two not necessarily unique [sets](../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) such that $Y$ has an [equivalence relation](../../Set%20Theory/Relations/Equivalence%20Relation.md) $E_Y$ defined on it.
>
>An **equation** over $X$ is an [expression](../../Formal%20Logic/Formal%20Languages.md) of the form
>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ tags:
>[!THEOREM] Theorem: The Field of the Complex Numbers
>
>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [complex numbers](./index.md) $\mathbb{C}$ forms a [field](../index.md) together with the [addition and multiplication](Operations.md) defined on it.
>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [complex numbers](./index.md) $\mathbb{C}$ forms a [field](../index.md) together with the [addition and multiplication](Operations.md) defined on it.
>
>>[!PROOF]-
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ tags:
>>
>>Complex numbers are usually denoted by $z$.
>>
>>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all complex numbers is denoted by $\mathbb{C}$.
>>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all complex numbers is denoted by $\mathbb{C}$.
>>
>
>>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Real Part
Expand Down
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion vault/Mathematics/Algebra/Fields/The Real Numbers/index.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:
---
>[!THEOREM] Theorem: The Field of the Real Numbers
>
>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of the real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ together with the addition and multiplication operations defined on it form an [ordered field](../index.md).
>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of the real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ together with the addition and multiplication operations defined on it form an [ordered field](../index.md).
>
>>[!PROOF]-
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Dual Space
>
>The **dual space** of a [vector space](../../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ is a [vector space](../../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md) $(V^\ast, F, +, \cdot)$, where $V^\ast$ the [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [linear forms](../../Linear%20Transformations/Linear%20Form.md) of $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ and the two operations $+: V^\ast \times V^\ast \to V^\ast$ and $\cdot: F\times V^\ast \to V^\ast$ are defined as
>The **dual space** of a [vector space](../../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ is a [vector space](../../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md) $(V^\ast, F, +, \cdot)$, where $V^\ast$ the [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [linear forms](../../Linear%20Transformations/Linear%20Form.md) of $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ and the two operations $+: V^\ast \times V^\ast \to V^\ast$ and $\cdot: F\times V^\ast \to V^\ast$ are defined as
>
>$$
>\begin{align*} (\varphi + \psi)(x) &= \varphi(x) + \psi (x) \qquad \forall \varphi,\psi \in V^\ast, \forall x \in V \\ (a\varphi)(x) &= a\varphi(x) \qquad \forall \varphi \in V^\ast, \forall x \in V \end{align*}
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
>
>Let $(V, F, +, \cdot)$ and $(W, F, +, \cdot)$ be [vector spaces](../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md).
>
>The **kernel** of a [linear transformation](Linear%20Transformation.md) $T: V \to W$ is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [vectors](../Vector%20Spaces/Vector.md) $\mathbf{v} \in V$ which the transformation sends to the zero vector in $W$:
>The **kernel** of a [linear transformation](Linear%20Transformation.md) $T: V \to W$ is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [vectors](../Vector%20Spaces/Vector.md) $\mathbf{v} \in V$ which the transformation sends to the zero vector in $W$:
>
>$$
>\ker (L) \overset{\text{def}}{=} \{\mathbf{v} \in V \mid T(\mathbf{v}) = \mathbf{0}_W\}
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Null Space
>
>The **null space** of a [matrix](Matrix.md) $A \in F^{n \times n}$ is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [column vectors](Row%20and%20Column%20Vectors/Column%20Vector.md) $\vec{v} \in F^n$ which $A$ sends to the zero vector when [multiplying](Matrix%20Operations/Matrix%20Product.md) it by $\vec{v}$ on the right:
>The **null space** of a [matrix](Matrix.md) $A \in F^{n \times n}$ is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [column vectors](Row%20and%20Column%20Vectors/Column%20Vector.md) $\vec{v} \in F^n$ which $A$ sends to the zero vector when [multiplying](Matrix%20Operations/Matrix%20Product.md) it by $\vec{v}$ on the right:
>
>$$
>\{\vec{v}\in F^{n} \mid A\vec{v}=\vec{0}\}
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
>
>Let $A \in F^{n \times n}$ be a [square matrix](../Square%20Matrix.md).
>
>The **eigenspace** of an [eigenvalue](Eigenvalue.md) $\lambda$ is the [set](../../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [eigenvectors](Eigenvector.md) which belong to $\lambda$ together with the [zero vector](../../Row%20and%20Column%20Vectors/Column%20Vector.md).
>The **eigenspace** of an [eigenvalue](Eigenvalue.md) $\lambda$ is the [set](../../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [eigenvectors](Eigenvector.md) which belong to $\lambda$ together with the [zero vector](../../Row%20and%20Column%20Vectors/Column%20Vector.md).
>
>$$\{\vec{v} \in F^n \mid A\vec{v} = \lambda \vec{v}\}$$
>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
>[!THEOREM] Theorem: Vector Space of Matrices
>
>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $F^{m\times n}$ of all $m \times n$[-matrices](Matrix.md) and the [field](../../Fields/index.md) $F$ form a [vector space](../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md) $(F^{m\times n}, F, +, \cdot)$ together with the [addition](Matrix%20Operations/Matrix%20Addition.md) and [scalar multiplication](Matrix%20Operations/Scalar%20Multiplication.md) for [matrices](Matrix.md).
>The [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $F^{m\times n}$ of all $m \times n$[-matrices](Matrix.md) and the [field](../../Fields/index.md) $F$ form a [vector space](../Vector%20Spaces/Vector%20Space.md) $(F^{m\times n}, F, +, \cdot)$ together with the [addition](Matrix%20Operations/Matrix%20Addition.md) and [scalar multiplication](Matrix%20Operations/Scalar%20Multiplication.md) for [matrices](Matrix.md).
>
>>[!NOTE] Note: Zero Vector
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
>
>>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Solution Space
>>
>>The **solution space** of a [system of linear equations](System%20of%20Linear%20Equations.md) is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [tuples](../../../Set%20Theory/Tuples.md) which are [solutions](Solvability%20of%20a%20System%20of%20Linear%20Equations.md) of the system.
>>The **solution space** of a [system of linear equations](System%20of%20Linear%20Equations.md) is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [tuples](../../../Set%20Theory/Tuples.md) which are [solutions](Solvability%20of%20a%20System%20of%20Linear%20Equations.md) of the system.
>>
>
>>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Solvability
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
>[!DEFINITION] Definition: System of Linear Equations
>
>A **system of** $m$ **linear equations** with $n$ unknowns $x_1, \cdots, x_n$ over some [field](../../Fields/index.md) $F$ is a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of $m$ [equations](../../Equations/Equation.md) which can be expressed in the following way:
>A **system of** $m$ **linear equations** with $n$ unknowns $x_1, \cdots, x_n$ over some [field](../../Fields/index.md) $F$ is a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of $m$ [equations](../../Equations/Equation.md) which can be expressed in the following way:
>
>$$
>\left|\begin{align*}a_{11}x_1 + \cdots + a_{1n}x_n &= b_1 \\ a_{21}x_1+\cdots+a_{2n}x_n &= b_2 \\\vdots \hphantom{+++++++}\vdots \\ a_{m1}x_1 + \cdots + a_{mn}x_n &= b_n\end{align*}\right. \qquad \text{ where } a_{ij}, b_{i} \in F
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
>[!THEOREM] Theorem
>Let $(V,K,+,\cdot)$ be a [finitely generated](../Spanning%20Set%20(Generator).md) [vector space](../Vector%20Space.md).
>
>Every [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $B$ of $\dim(V)$ [linearly independent](../Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) forms a [basis](Basis.md) of $(V,K,+,\cdot)$.
>Every [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $B$ of $\dim(V)$ [linearly independent](../Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) forms a [basis](Basis.md) of $(V,K,+,\cdot)$.
>
>>[!PROOF]-
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
>
>>[!THEOREM]- Equivalent Definition
>>
>>A [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $B$ of [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) is a [basis](Basis.md) of a [vector space](../Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ if and only if $B$ is a [maximally linearly independent](../Linear%20Independence.md).
>>A [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $B$ of [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) is a [basis](Basis.md) of a [vector space](../Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ if and only if $B$ is a [maximally linearly independent](../Linear%20Independence.md).
>>
>>>[!PROOF]-
>>>
Expand All @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
>
>>[!THEOREM]- Equivalent Definition
>>
>>A [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $B$ of [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) from is a [basis](Basis.md) of a [vector space](../Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ if and only if $B$ is a [minimal spanning set](../Spanning%20Set%20(Generator).md).
>>A [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $B$ of [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) from is a [basis](Basis.md) of a [vector space](../Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ if and only if $B$ is a [minimal spanning set](../Spanning%20Set%20(Generator).md).
>>
>>>[!PROOF]-
>>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
>
>Let $B = \{\mathbf{v}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{v}_n\}$ be a [basis](Basis.md) of a [finitely generated](../Spanning%20Set%20(Generator).md) [vector space](../Vector%20Space.md) $(V, K, +,\cdot)$.
>
>For every [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $\{\mathbf{u}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{u}_m\}\subset V$ of [linearly independent](../Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) there are $n-m$ [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) in $B$ (without loss of generality - $\mathbf{v}_{m+1}, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_n$) such that
>For every [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $\{\mathbf{u}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{u}_m\}\subset V$ of [linearly independent](../Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) there are $n-m$ [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) in $B$ (without loss of generality - $\mathbf{v}_{m+1}, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_n$) such that
>
>$$
>\{\mathbf{u}_1,\cdots,\mathbf{u}_m,\mathbf{v}_{m+1},\cdots,\mathbf{v}_n\}
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
>
>Let $(U,F,+,\cdot)$ be a [subspace](../Subspace.md) of an [inner product space](Inner%20Product%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$.
>
>The **orthogonal complement** of $U$ is the [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) in $V$ which are [orthogonal](Orthogonality.md) to all [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) in $U$.
>The **orthogonal complement** of $U$ is the [set](../../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) in $V$ which are [orthogonal](Orthogonality.md) to all [vectors](../Vector%20Space.md) in $U$.
>
>$$
>\{\mathbf{v}\in V \mid \mathbf{v}\perp\mathbf{u}, \,\,\, \forall \mathbf{u}\in U\}
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -10,21 +10,21 @@
>
>>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Maximality
>>
>>A [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](Vector.md) $S = \{ \mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots \}$ is **maximal** if there is no $\mathbf{v} \in V \setminus S$ such that $S \cup \{ \mathbf{v} \}$ are still [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md).
>>A [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](Vector.md) $S = \{ \mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots \}$ is **maximal** if there is no $\mathbf{v} \in V \setminus S$ such that $S \cup \{ \mathbf{v} \}$ are still [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md).
>>
>
>[!THEOREM] Theorem: Size Limit for Linearly Independent Sets
>
>The number of elements in any [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $I$ of [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](Vector.md) from a [finitely generated](Vector%20Spaces/Spanning%20Set%20(Generator).md) [vector space](Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ is always less than or equal to the [dimension](Bases/Dimension.md) of $V$.
>The number of elements in any [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $I$ of [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](Vector.md) from a [finitely generated](Vector%20Spaces/Spanning%20Set%20(Generator).md) [vector space](Vector%20Space.md) $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ is always less than or equal to the [dimension](Bases/Dimension.md) of $V$.
>
>$$
>|I| \le \dim(V)
>$$
>
>>[!PROOF]-
>>
>>Let $B = \{\mathbf{b}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{b}_n,\}$ be a [basis](Bases/Basis.md) of $V$ and let $I = \{\mathbf{v}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_m\}$ be a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](Vector%20Space.md).
>>Let $B = \{\mathbf{b}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{b}_n,\}$ be a [basis](Bases/Basis.md) of $V$ and let $I = \{\mathbf{v}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_m\}$ be a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of [linearly independent](Linear%20Independence.md) [vectors](Vector%20Space.md).
>>
>>According to the [Steinitz exchange lemma](Bases/Steinitz%20Exchange%20Lemma.md) there are $n-m$ [vectors](Vector%20Space.md) in $B$ which form a basis with the vectors from $I$. This means that $n-m$ cannot be negative and thus the proof is complete.
>>
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Span
>
>The **span** of a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of [vectors](Vector%20Space.md) $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_1, \cdots \}$ in some [vector space](Vector%20Space.md) $(V,K,+,\cdot)$ is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of all [linear combinations](Linear%20Combination.md) which can be constructed from them.
>The **span** of a [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of [vectors](Vector%20Space.md) $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_1, \cdots \}$ in some [vector space](Vector%20Space.md) $(V,K,+,\cdot)$ is the [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of all [linear combinations](Linear%20Combination.md) which can be constructed from them.
>
>$$
>\{ c_1\mathbf{v}_1 + c_2\mathbf{v}_2 + \cdots \mid c_i \in F\}
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
>
>Let $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ be a [vector space](Vector%20Space.md).
>
>A [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) of [vectors](Vector%20Space.md) $S = \{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots \}$ is called a **spanning set** or a **generator** of $V$ if their [span](Span.md) is equal to $V$, i.e. every vector in $V$ can be expressed as a linear combination of vectors from $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots \}$:
>A [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) of [vectors](Vector%20Space.md) $S = \{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots \}$ is called a **spanning set** or a **generator** of $V$ if their [span](Span.md) is equal to $V$, i.e. every vector in $V$ can be expressed as a linear combination of vectors from $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots \}$:
>
>$$
>\operatorname{span}(\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \cdots) = V
Expand Down
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Vector Space
>
>A **vector space** $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ consists of a non-[empty](../../../Set%20Theory/The%20Empty%20Set.md) [set](../../../Set%20Theory/index.md) $V$ and a [field](../../Fields/index.md) $F$ which are equipped with two [operations](../../../Analysis/Functions/index.md) - a **vector addition** $+: V \times V \to V$ and a **scalar multiplication** $\cdot: V \times F \to V$ - which have the following properties:
>A **vector space** $(V,F,+,\cdot)$ consists of a non-[empty](../../../Set%20Theory/The%20Empty%20Set.md) [set](../../../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $V$ and a [field](../../Fields/index.md) $F$ which are equipped with two [operations](../../../Analysis/Functions/index.md) - a **vector addition** $+: V \times V \to V$ and a **scalar multiplication** $\cdot: V \times F \to V$ - which have the following properties:
>
>- Commutativity: $\mathbf{u} + \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{u} \qquad \forall \mathbf{u},\mathbf{v} \in V$
>- Associativity I: $\mathbf{u} + (\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{w}) = (\mathbf{u} + \mathbf{v}) + \mathbf{w} \qquad \forall \mathbf{u},\mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w} \in V$
Expand Down
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion vault/Mathematics/Algebra/Monoid.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:

>[!DEFINITION] Definition: Monoid
>
>A **monoid** $(M, \circ)$ is a [set](../Set%20Theory/index.md) $M$ equipped with a binary [operation](../Analysis/Functions/index.md) $\circ: M \times M \to M$ which has the following properties.
>A **monoid** $(M, \circ)$ is a [set](../Set%20Theory/Sets.md) $M$ equipped with a binary [operation](../Analysis/Functions/index.md) $\circ: M \times M \to M$ which has the following properties.
>- Associativity: $(a \circ b) \cdot c = a \circ (b \circ c)$
>- Existence of an identity element: $\exists e \in M: a \circ e = e \circ a = a$
>
Loading

0 comments on commit 0e78c4d

Please sign in to comment.