Merge pull request pluralitybook#541 from Omoaholo/patch-6

Reference alignment: Italicizing Journal Titles for Chapter

contents/english/02-00-information-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md

@@ -202,17 +202,17 @@ Another path is possible.  Technology and democracy can be each other’s greate
 
 [^NarrowCorridor]: Daron Acemoglu, and James A Robinson, _The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty_. (New York: Penguin Books, 2020).
 [^Tocqueville]: Such relationships differ from those established in markets, which are based on bilateral, transactional exchange in a “universal” currency, as they denominate value in units based on local value and trust.
-[^OutInTheCountry]: Mary Gray, “Out in the Country: Youth, Media, and Queer Visibility in Rural America,” psycnet.apa.org, 2009, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-19902-000.  See also O’Day, Emily B., and Richard G. Heimberg, “Social Media Use, Social Anxiety, and Loneliness: A Systematic Review,” Computers in Human Behavior Reports 3, no. 100070 (January 2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100070; and see also Hunt Allcott, Luca Braghieri, Sarah Eichmeyer, and Matthew Gentzkow, “The Welfare Effects of Social Media,” American Economic Review 110, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 629–76. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658.
+[^OutInTheCountry]: Mary Gray, “Out in the Country: Youth, Media, and Queer Visibility in Rural America,” American Psychological Association, 2009, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-19902-000.  See also O’Day, Emily B., and Richard G. Heimberg, “Social Media Use, Social Anxiety, and Loneliness: A Systematic Review,” _Computers in Human Behavior Reports 3_, no. 100070 (January 2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100070; and see also Hunt Allcott, Luca Braghieri, Sarah Eichmeyer, and Matthew Gentzkow, “The Welfare Effects of Social Media,” _American Economic Review_ 110, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 629–76. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658.
 [^GhostWork]: Siddharth Suri, and Mary L Gray, _Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass_, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019).
 [^PolarizationResearch]: Steven Levitsky, and Daniel Ziblatt. _How Democracies Die_, (New York: Broadway Books, 2018).; See also Yascha Mounk, _The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It_, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2018); Cass Sunstein, _#Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media_, (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2017; Kathleen Jamieson, and Joseph Cappella, _Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment_, (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
 [^FinancialInnovation]: Alp Simsek, “The Macroeconomics of Financial Speculation,” Annual Review of Economics 13, no. 1 (May 11, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-092120-050543.
-[^CryptoChallenges]: Ben McKenzie, and Jacob Silverman, _Easy Money: Cryptocurrency, Casino Capitalism, and the Golden Age of Fraud_, (New York: Abrams, 2023); "Financial Stability Board, “Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Crypto-Asset Activities and Markets Consultative Document,” 2022, https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P111022-3.pdf; Greg Lacurci, “Cryptocurrency Poses a Significant Risk of Tax Evasion,” _CNBC_, May 31, 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/31/cryptocurrency-poses-a-significant-risk-of-tax-evasion.html; Arianna Trozze, Josh Kamps, Eray Akartuna, Florian Hetzel, Bennett Kleinberg, Toby Davies, and Shane Johnson, “Cryptocurrencies and Future Financial Crime,” Crime Science 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8; Baer, Katherine, Ruud  De Mooij, Shafik  Hebous, and Michael Keen, “Crypto Poses Significant Tax Problems—and They Could Get Worse,” _IMF_, July 5, 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/07/05/crypto-poses-significant-tax-problems-and-they-could-get-worse; and “Crypto-Assets: Implications for Financial Stability, Monetary Policy, and Payments and Market Infrastructures.” ECB Occasional Paper, no. 223 (May 17, 2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3391055.
+[^CryptoChallenges]: Ben McKenzie, and Jacob Silverman, _Easy Money: Cryptocurrency, Casino Capitalism, and the Golden Age of Fraud_, (New York: Abrams, 2023); "Financial Stability Board, “Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Crypto-Asset Activities and Markets Consultative Document,” 2022, https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P111022-3.pdf; Greg Lacurci, “Cryptocurrency Poses a Significant Risk of Tax Evasion,” _CNBC_, May 31, 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/31/cryptocurrency-poses-a-significant-risk-of-tax-evasion.html; Arianna Trozze, Josh Kamps, Eray Akartuna, Florian Hetzel, Bennett Kleinberg, Toby Davies, and Shane Johnson, “Cryptocurrencies and Future Financial Crime,” _Crime Science_ 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8; Baer, Katherine, Ruud  De Mooij, Shafik  Hebous, and Michael Keen, “Crypto Poses Significant Tax Problems—and They Could Get Worse,” _IMF_, July 5, 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/07/05/crypto-poses-significant-tax-problems-and-they-could-get-worse; and “Crypto-Assets: Implications for Financial Stability, Monetary Policy, and Payments and Market Infrastructures.” _ECB Occasional Paper_, no. 223 (May 17, 2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3391055.
 [^TechnologySocietyImpact]: Tristan Harris, “Ethics for Designers — How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds — from a Magician and Google’s Design Ethicist,” Ethics for Designers, March 4, 2017, https://www.ethicsfordesigners.com/articles/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LqaotiGWjQ; and Daniel Schmachtenberger, “Explorations on the Future of Civilization,” n.d. https://civilizationemerging.com/.
 [^SurveillanceCapitalism]: Shoshana Zuboff, _The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power_, (New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2019); Cathy O’neil, _Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy_, (New York: Crown, 2016); Evangelos Simoudis, _The Big Data Opportunity in Our Driverless Future_. (Menlo Park, Ca: Corporate Innovators, Llc, 2017); Philippe Aghion, Benjamin Jones, and Charles Jones, “Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth,” 2017, https://web.stanford.edu/~chadj/AI.pdf; Ford, Martin, _Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future_, (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Kai-Fu Lee, _AI Superpowers China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order_, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); David Brin, _The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose between Privacy and Freedom?_ (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Safiya Noble, _Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism_ (New York: New York University Press, 2018); and Virginia Eubanks, _Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor_, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018).
-[^AIChallenges]: Meredith Broussard. _Artificial Unintelligence_: (Boston: The MIT Press, 2018), https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11022.001.0001; Cathy O’neil, _Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy_, (New York: Crown, 2016); Ruha Benjamin, “Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code,” Social Forces 98, no. 4 (December 23, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz162; Victor Margolin, _The Politics of the Artificial: Essays on Design and Design Studies_, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002). 
-[^AIandInequality]: Daron Acemoglu, and Pascual Restrepo, “The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment,” American Economic Review 108, no. 6 (June 2018): 1488–1542. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160696; Jonathan Haskel, and Stian Westlake, “Capitalism without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy (an Excerpt),” Journal of Economic Sociology 22, no. 1 (2021): 61–70, https://doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2021-1-61-70; Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb, and Catherine Tucker, _The Economics of Artificial Intelligence_, (Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2024).
-[^MarketPower]:  Jan De Loecker, Jan Eeckhout, and Gabriel Unger. “The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 561–644, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz041; John Barrios, Yael V. Hochberg, and Hanyi Yi. “The Cost of Convenience: Ridehailing and Traffic Fatalities,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361227; and Tali Kristal, “The Capitalist Machine: Computerization, Workers’ Power, and the Decline in Labor’s Share within U.S. Industries,” American Sociological Review 78, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 361–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413481351. 
-[^AuthoritarianTech]: Kai-Fu Lee, _AI Superpowers China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order_, (Boston Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); Bruce Dickson, _The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival_, (Oxford, England, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Nick Couldry, and Ulises Mejias, “Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject,” Television & New Media 20, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 336–49. Steven Feldstein, _The Rise of Digital Repression: How Technology Is Reshaping Power, Politics, and Resistance_, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).[^SocialMovements]: Michael Etter and Oana Albu, “Activists in the Dark: Social Media Algorithms and Collective Action in Two Social Movement Organizations.” Organization 28, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 135050842096153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961532.
+[^AIChallenges]: Meredith Broussard. _Artificial Unintelligence_: (Boston: The MIT Press, 2018), https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11022.001.0001; Cathy O’neil, _Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy_, (New York: Crown, 2016); Ruha Benjamin, “Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code,” _Social Forces_ 98, no. 4 (December 23, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz162; Victor Margolin, _The Politics of the Artificial: Essays on Design and Design Studies_, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002). 
+[^AIandInequality]: Daron Acemoglu, and Pascual Restrepo, “The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment,” _American Economic Review_ 108, no. 6 (June 2018): 1488–1542. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160696; Jonathan Haskel, and Stian Westlake, “Capitalism without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy (an Excerpt),” _Journal of Economic Sociology_ 22, no. 1 (2021): 61–70, https://doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2021-1-61-70; Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb, and Catherine Tucker, _The Economics of Artificial Intelligence_, (Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2024).
+[^MarketPower]:  Jan De Loecker, Jan Eeckhout, and Gabriel Unger. “The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications,” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 135, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 561–644, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz041; John Barrios, Yael V. Hochberg, and Hanyi Yi. “The Cost of Convenience: Ridehailing and Traffic Fatalities,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361227; and Tali Kristal, “The Capitalist Machine: Computerization, Workers’ Power, and the Decline in Labor’s Share within U.S. Industries,” _American Sociological Review_ 78, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 361–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413481351. 
+[^AuthoritarianTech]: Kai-Fu Lee, _AI Superpowers China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order_, (Boston Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); Bruce Dickson, _The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival_, (Oxford, England, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Nick Couldry, and Ulises Mejias, “Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject,” _Television & New Media_ 20, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 336–49. Steven Feldstein, _The Rise of Digital Repression: How Technology Is Reshaping Power, Politics, and Resistance_, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).[^SocialMovements]: Michael Etter and Oana Albu, “Activists in the Dark: Social Media Algorithms and Collective Action in Two Social Movement Organizations.” _Organization_ 28, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 135050842096153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961532.
 [^JackDorsey]: Jack Dorsey (@Jack) “Donate via #Bitcoin to help #EndSARS 🇳🇬…,” X, October 14, 2020, 10.05pm, https://twitter.com/jack/status/1316485283777519620? 
 [^TwitterEndSARS]: Ohimai Amaize, _How Twitter Amplified the Divisions That Derailed Nigeria’s #EndSARS Movement_, Slate Magazine, April 20, 2021, https://slate.com/technology/2021/04/endsars-nigeria-twitter-jack-dorsey-feminist-coalition.html.
 [^DemocracyTechHostility]: European Commission published a study on the impact of open source software (OSS). Strict control of data in the EU has led to a lack of competition and innovation, as well as an increased risk of the market.  However, we can see more investments in OSS in response to the steps of innovation in many eastern European countries. If the West fails to maintain and keep its investment in digital tech, it will experience huge losses in the future. For instance, we see the importance of digital OSS in the war between Ukraine and Russia. For more on Europe's digital position, see "Open Technologies for Europe's Digital Decade," OpenForumEurope, n.d, https://openforumeurope.org/.
@@ -231,14 +231,14 @@ OECD. “OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators,” OECD, March 2022. https
 [^TechInvestmentPRC]: See Rogier Creemers, Hunter Dorwart, Kevin Neville, Kendra Schaefer, Johanna Costigan, and Graham Webster, “Translation: 14th Five-Year Plan for National Informatization – Dec. 2021.” _DigiChina_, January 24, 2022, https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-14th-five-year-plan-for-national-informatization-dec-2021/.
 [^SingleRating]: See, for, instance, John, Alun, Samuel Shen, and Tom Wilson. “China’s Top Regulators Ban Crypto Trading and Mining, Sending Bitcoin Tumbling.” _Reuters_, September 24, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-central-bank-vows-crackdown-cryptocurrency-trading-2021-09-24/. See also Bernhard Bartsch, Martin Gottske, and Christian Eisenberg, “China’s Social Credit System,” n.d., https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/aam/Asia-Book_A_03_China_Social_Credit_System.pdf.
 [^ScienceFiction]: Annalee Newitz, _The Future of Another Timeline_. (New York: Tor Books, 2019; Cory Doctorow, _Walkaway_, (New York: Tor Books, 2017); Malka Older, _Infomocracy_, (New York: Tor Books, 2016); Naomi Alderman, _The Power_, Viking, 2017; Cixin Liu, _The Three-Body Problem_. (New York: Tor Books, 2014); Paolo Bacigalupi, _The Windup Girl_, (New York: Start Publishing LLC, 2009); Neal Stephenson, _The Diamond Age_. (New York, Spectra, 2003); William Gibson, _The Peripheral_, (New York: Berkley, 2019); Neal Stephenson, _Snow Crash_, (New York: Spectra, 1993).
-[^STS]: Jacques Ellul, _The Technological Society_, (New York: Vintage Books, 1964). Paul Hoch, Donald MacKenzie, and Judy Wajcman, “The Social Shaping of Technology,” Technology and Culture 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 132. https://doi.org/10.2307/3105489; Andrew Pickering, “The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future.” Kybernetes 40, no. 1/2 (March 15, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1108/k.2011.06740aae.001; Deborah Douglas, Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, _The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology_, (Boston: MIT Press, 2012), available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjrsq." 
+[^STS]: Jacques Ellul, _The Technological Society_, (New York: Vintage Books, 1964). Paul Hoch, Donald MacKenzie, and Judy Wajcman, “The Social Shaping of Technology,” Technology and Culture 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 132. https://doi.org/10.2307/3105489; Andrew Pickering, “The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future.” _Kybernetes_ 40, no. 1/2 (March 15, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1108/k.2011.06740aae.001; Deborah Douglas, Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, _The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology_, (Boston: MIT Press, 2012), available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjrsq." 
 [^PowerProgress]: Daron  Acemoglu, and Simon Johnson, _Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle over Technology and Prosperity_, (New York: PublicAffairs, 2023).
 [^GartnerReport]: According to a report by the research and advisory company, Gartner, worldwide government spending on AI is expected to reach 37 billion in 2021, a 22.4% increase from the previous year. - China leads the world in AI investment: Chinese companies invested 25 billion in AI in 2017, compared to 9.7 billion in the US. In 2021, the US Senate passed a 250 billion bill that includes $52 billion for semiconductor research and development, which is expected to boost the country's AI capabilities.  Additionally, in the same year, the European Union announced an 8.3 billion investment in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and supercomputers as part of its Digital Decade plan. In 2021, the Bank of Japan started experimenting with central bank digital currency (CBDC) and China's central bank launched a digital yuan trial program in several cities.
 [^LickliderReflection]:  Michael Dertouzos, and Joel Moses, _The Computer Age: A Twenty-Year View_, (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1980).
 [^NavigatingtheGeopoliticsofInnovation]: Omoaholo Omoakhalen, “Navigating the Geopolitics of Innovation: Policy and Strategy Imperatives for the 21st Century Africa,” _Remake Africa_ December 2023, https://remakeafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Navigating_the_Geopolitics_of_Innovation.pdf.
 [^WhiteHouse2024Budget]: The White House. “Fact Sheet: President Biden’s 2024 Budget Invests in American Science, Technology, and Innovation to Achieve Our Nation’s Greatest Aspirations.” OSTP, March 13, 2023. https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/news-updates/2023/03/13/fy24-budget-fact-sheet-rd-innovation/.
 [^RobertAtkinson]: Robert Atkinson, “A U.S. Grand Strategy for the Global Digital Economy,” Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 2021, as cited in Omoaholo Omoakhalen, “Navigating the Geopolitics of Innovation: Policy and Strategy Imperatives for the 21st Century Africa,” _Remake Africa_, https://remakeafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Navigating_the_Geopolitics_of_Innovation.pdf.
-[^AcemogluRestrepoStudy]: Daron Acemoglu, and Pascual Restrepo, “Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (May 2019): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.3.  Note that the precise Golden Age-Digital Stagnation cutoff differs across these studies, but it is always somewhere during the 1970s or 1980s.
+[^AcemogluRestrepoStudy]: Daron Acemoglu, and Pascual Restrepo, “Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor.” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 33, no. 2 (May 2019): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.3.  Note that the precise Golden Age-Digital Stagnation cutoff differs across these studies, but it is always somewhere during the 1970s or 1980s.
 [^PosnerWeylBook]: Eric Posner, Glen Weyl, and Vitalik Buterin, _Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society_, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019).
 [^PhilipponBook]: Thomas Philippon, _The Great Reversal: How America Gave up on Free Markets_, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, 2019); Jonathan Tepper, _The Myth of Capitalism: Monopolies and the Death of Competition_, New York: Harper Business, 2018).
 [^CambridgeDemocracySurvey]: Fred Lewsey, “Global Dissatisfaction with Democracy at a Record High,” _University of Cambridge_, January 29, 2020, https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/dissatisfactiondemocracy.