[FTQC] Add Lattice class to ftqc module

[multiphaseCFD]

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Context:

[SC-84004]

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing (FTQC) and Measurement-Based Quantum Computing (MBQC) require efficient representation and manipulation of qubit lattices. These lattices define the connectivity of qubits, which is crucial for implementing quantum operations and error correction.

Description of the Change:

This PR introduces a Lattice class to represent qubit lattices using NetworkX graph objects. The Lattice class provides functionalities to:

Store and access lattice connectivity information.
Create lattices of various shapes (chain, rectangle, honeycomb, triangle, cubic) using the generate_lattice function.
Set and retrieve attributes on nodes (qubits) and edges (connections) to store additional information (e.g., stabilizers, entanglement).
Relabel nodes for indexing and manipulation.
This change enables the representation and manipulation of lattices, laying the groundwork for implementing Cluster State as well as Graph State within PennyLane.

Benefits:

Possible Drawbacks:

Related GitHub Issues:

[mlxd]

Thanks a bunch @multiphaseCFD

Looking good -- I think we should be able to get this in with another pass. A few thoughts from my side:

[lillian542]

Looking good 🚀 I've suggested a few small adjustments, I think this is almost ready to go :)

[mlxd]

Thanks a bunch Shuli --- happy to see this go in.
We can always adapt anything we need in follow-up works.

[lillian542]

Looks good to me, thanks @multiphaseCFD! 🎉