0-10V is a simple low voltage, low current, low-cost, and reliable electrical signal used as a method for transmitting information and control signals between devices in control systems and building automation. 0-10V are either Analog or Digital (PWM). If your LED/HPS ballast or HVAC equiptment supports 0-10v, that means you can control the brightness/speed by controlling the 0-10v control signal. This repo provides info on building both types of 0-10v signal controllers: Analog and PWM.
The choice between 0-10V analog and 0-10V PWM depends on what your fixture or device is compatible with. 0-10V analog is typically more common than PWM.
Check the specifications of the fixture/device you want you control or contact your manufacturer to determine which dimming signal(s) are compatible with your setup.
MEANWELL LED drivers compatible with external dimming come with their proprietary 3-in-1 and 2-in-1 dimming which means these power supplies can dimmed by either 0-10V analog or 0-10V PWM, and in the case of 3-in-1 a 100ohm mechanical potentiometer.
An Analog signal is constant and at a voltage between 0-10V. It's found in many applications such as commercial lighting, ventliation systems, motor control etc. 0-10V PWM on the other hand sends a stream of upwards 3000 pulses of 10V per second, which is averaged to create a voltage between 0 and 10, while the longer the pulses last the higher the voltage until it eventually becomes a constant 10V (analog) signal.
This is voltage we usually find on the microcontrollers that connect to ESPhome like the ESP32 and expansion boards that work with the cheaper ESP8266 like the PCA9568 i2c to 16-channel pwm board.
The example below shows using an ESP32 to generate PWM signals connected into PWM to 0-10V analog converter boards. ESP32's are a little expensive, if you already have an ESP8266, you can use a 16-channel PCA9568 board with it to generate the PWM signals instead of a ESP32. There are bad reviews about some of these online! Watch out
