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222 changes: 214 additions & 8 deletions cp/index.html
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<meta name="author" content="Andy Grogan-Kaylor">
<meta name="dcterms.date" content="2023-09-13">
<meta name="dcterms.date" content="2024-05-02">

<title>Earlier Research on Corporal Punishment</title>
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Expand Down Expand Up @@ -68,16 +95,18 @@ <h1 class="title">Earlier Research on Corporal Punishment</h1>
<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Published</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="date">September 13, 2023</p>
<p class="date">May 2, 2024</p>
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</header>


<blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>I have authored, and collaborated on, a number of studies of corporal punishment. In my research, I have consistently found that parental use of corporal punishment is associated with undesirable increases in outcomes like antisocial behavior, as well as anxiety and depression among children. These findings are robust–and consistent across many different groups of parents and families–despite the fact that I have used statistical models which control for a number of possible alternative explanations.</p>
</blockquote>
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<p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2211), a large cohort sample of low-income urban families. Multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior when children were ages 1, 3, and 5. Moderation of attachment style was examined using structural invariance testing.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> For children with an insecure parent-child attachment style, spanking at age 1 was associated with externalizing behavior at age 3. However, for children with a secure parent-child attachment style, the association between maternal spanking at age 1 and child externalizing behavior at age 3 was absent. Attachment style did not moderate the association between maternal spanking at age 3 and externalizing behavior at age 5, suggesting that spanking at age 3 is associated with deleterious outcomes at age 5, regardless of attachment style.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Results suggest that, even in the context of a secure attachment style, spanking is associated with adverse outcomes in early childhood. Findings support the American Academy of Pediatrics 2018 policy statement, which encourages parents to avoid spanking when disciplining children. Results suggest that children, regardless of attachment style, may benefit from policies and services that promote non-violent forms of discipline.</p>
<p><strong>Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Limb, G., Grogan-Kaylor, A. (In Press). Physical punishment and child externalizing behavior: Comparing American Indian, White, and African American children. <em>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</em>.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Limb, G., Grogan-Kaylor, A. (In Press). Physical punishment and child externalizing behavior: Comparing American Indian, White, and African American children. <em>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519861678">https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519861678</a></strong></p>
<p>The current study examined the associations of maternal spanking and child wellbeing for American Indian children. Analyses examined if, compared to White and African American children, spanking of American Indian children was associated with adverse child outcomes. Using a community-based sample of 3,632 children (1,183 White, 2,183 African American, 266 American Indian), multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the association between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior across the first five years of life. Rates of spanking for American Indian and White children were similar at all three time points (age 1, age 3, and age 5). The observed associations between spanking and child externalizing behavior for American Indian children were small but statistically significant and consistent with those the associations reported in prior studies of White and African American children. Results suggest that the positive association between spanking and externalizing behavior among American Indian children was not distinguishable from the associations found among White and African American children. Results of this study can be interpreted in light of the recent American Academy of Pediatrics statement that encourages pediatricians to counsel parents against the use of physical punishment. Similar to White and African American families, American Indian children may benefit from reducing or eliminating the use of physical punishment.</p>
<p><strong>Cuartas, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ma, J., Castillo, B. (In Press). Civil Conflict, Domestic Violence, and Poverty as Predictors of Corporal Punishment in Colombia, <em>Child Abuse and Neglect.</em> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Background:</strong> With lingering effects from more than 50 years of war, young children in Colombia are exposed to multiple risk factors such as poverty, civil conflict, and domestic violence. In addition to these environmental stressors, public and legal support for corporal punishment remains high, which is shown by the high prevalence of young children exposed to corporal punishment in Colombia.</p>
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</body></html>
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date: "today"
format:
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**Conclusions:** Results suggest that, even in the context of a secure attachment style, spanking is associated with adverse outcomes in early childhood. Findings support the American Academy of Pediatrics 2018 policy statement, which encourages parents to avoid spanking when disciplining children. Results suggest that children, regardless of attachment style, may
benefit from policies and services that promote non-violent forms of discipline.

**Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Limb, G., Grogan-Kaylor, A. (In Press). Physical punishment and child externalizing behavior: Comparing American Indian, White, and African American children. *Journal of Interpersonal Violence*.**
**Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Limb, G., Grogan-Kaylor, A. (In Press). Physical punishment and child externalizing behavior: Comparing American Indian, White, and African American children. *Journal of Interpersonal Violence*. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519861678](https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519861678)**

The current study examined the associations of maternal spanking and child wellbeing for American Indian children. Analyses examined if, compared to White and African American children, spanking of American Indian children was associated with adverse child outcomes. Using a community-based sample of 3,632 children (1,183 White, 2,183 African American, 266 American Indian), multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the association between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior across the first five years of life. Rates of spanking for American Indian and White children were similar at all three time points (age 1, age 3, and age 5). The observed associations between spanking and child externalizing behavior for American Indian children were small but statistically significant and consistent with those the associations reported in prior studies of White and African American children. Results suggest that the positive association between spanking and externalizing behavior among American Indian children was not distinguishable from the associations found among White and African American children. Results of this study can be interpreted in light of the recent American Academy of Pediatrics statement that encourages pediatricians to counsel parents against the use of physical punishment. Similar to White and African American families, American Indian children may benefit from reducing or eliminating the use of physical punishment.

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