[CALCITE-6248] Illegal dates are accepted by casts #580

Job	Run time
Windows (JDK 11)	4m 59s
Linux (JDK 8), Avatica main	9m 40s
Linux (JDK 11), Middle-Aged Guava	4m 2s
Linux (JDK 11), Newest Guava	4m 3s
Linux (JDK 11), Calcite Minimum Guava, America/New_York Timezone	4m 9s
Linux (JDK 11), Oldest Guava, Pacific/Chatham Timezone	3m 56s
Linux (JDK 17)	4m 22s
Linux (JDK 19)	4m 2s
Linux (JDK 8)	4m 9s
macOS (JDK 19)	5m 14s
	48m 36s

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