bump and update cloudprovider interface

go.mod

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/PuerkitoBio/goquery v1.8.1
 	github.com/avast/retry-go v3.0.0+incompatible
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.294
-	github.com/aws/karpenter-core v0.29.2-0.20230803235302-95bd9f61a18b
+	github.com/aws/karpenter-core v0.29.2-0.20230808175334-44f8af74b472
 	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.13.0
 	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.16
 	github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2 v2.0.2

go.sum

@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ github.com/avast/retry-go v3.0.0+incompatible h1:4SOWQ7Qs+oroOTQOYnAHqelpCO0biHS
 github.com/avast/retry-go v3.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:XtSnn+n/sHqQIpZ10K1qAevBhOOCWBLXXy3hyiqqBrY=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.294 h1:3x7GaEth+pDU9HwFcAU0awZlEix5CEdyIZvV08SlHa8=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.294/go.mod h1:aVsgQcEevwlmQ7qHE9I3h+dtQgpqhFB+i8Phjh7fkwI=
-github.com/aws/karpenter-core v0.29.2-0.20230803235302-95bd9f61a18b h1:88YeEA65jQNCj4/AdH0qixJeuGuIOi5QxOzsRCXsJQA=
-github.com/aws/karpenter-core v0.29.2-0.20230803235302-95bd9f61a18b/go.mod h1:+C8X0N378fQ/+YmopvRHflj2JFrVP8sPs9xL7v4A6eM=
+github.com/aws/karpenter-core v0.29.2-0.20230808175334-44f8af74b472 h1:+6nHi+A0/D0VfAOcVR/bgOsETOjpwBXOucxGuJoaucA=
+github.com/aws/karpenter-core v0.29.2-0.20230808175334-44f8af74b472/go.mod h1:+C8X0N378fQ/+YmopvRHflj2JFrVP8sPs9xL7v4A6eM=
 github.com/benbjohnson/clock v1.1.0 h1:Q92kusRqC1XV2MjkWETPvjJVqKetz1OzxZB7mHJLju8=
 github.com/benbjohnson/clock v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J11/hYXuz8f4ySSvYwY0FKfm+ezbsZBKZxNJlLklBHA=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=

pkg/cloudprovider/cloudprovider.go

@@ -189,22 +189,22 @@ func (c *CloudProvider) Delete(ctx context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine) e
 	return c.instanceProvider.Delete(ctx, id)
 }
 
-func (c *CloudProvider) IsMachineDrifted(ctx context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine) (bool, error) {
+func (c *CloudProvider) IsMachineDrifted(ctx context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine) (cloudprovider.DriftReason, error) {
 	// Not needed when GetInstanceTypes removes provisioner dependency
 	provisioner := &v1alpha5.Provisioner{}
 	if err := c.kubeClient.Get(ctx, types.NamespacedName{Name: machine.Labels[v1alpha5.ProvisionerNameLabelKey]}, provisioner); err != nil {
-		return false, client.IgnoreNotFound(fmt.Errorf("getting provisioner, %w", err))
+		return "", client.IgnoreNotFound(fmt.Errorf("getting provisioner, %w", err))
 	}
 	if provisioner.Spec.ProviderRef == nil {
-		return false, nil
+		return "", nil
 	}
 	nodeTemplate, err := c.resolveNodeTemplate(ctx, nil, provisioner.Spec.ProviderRef)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, client.IgnoreNotFound(fmt.Errorf("resolving node template, %w", err))
+		return "", client.IgnoreNotFound(fmt.Errorf("resolving node template, %w", err))
 	}
 	drifted, err := c.isNodeTemplateDrifted(ctx, machine, provisioner, nodeTemplate)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
+		return "", err
 	}
 	return drifted, nil
 }

pkg/cloudprovider/drift.go

@@ -23,97 +23,118 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/apis/v1alpha5"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/cloudprovider"
+	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/controllers/machine/disruption"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/utils/sets"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter/pkg/apis/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter/pkg/providers/amifamily"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter/pkg/providers/instance"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter/pkg/utils"
 )
 
-func (c *CloudProvider) isNodeTemplateDrifted(ctx context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine, provisioner *v1alpha5.Provisioner, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (bool, error) {
+const (
+	AMIDrift           cloudprovider.DriftReason = "AMIDrift"
+	SubnetDrift        cloudprovider.DriftReason = "SubnetDrift"
+	SecurityGroupDrift cloudprovider.DriftReason = "SecurityGroupDrift"
+)
+
+func (c *CloudProvider) isNodeTemplateDrifted(ctx context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine, provisioner *v1alpha5.Provisioner, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (cloudprovider.DriftReason, error) {
 	instance, err := c.getInstance(ctx, machine.Status.ProviderID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, err
 	}
 	amiDrifted, err := c.isAMIDrifted(ctx, machine, provisioner, instance, nodeTemplate)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("calculating ami drift, %w", err)
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("calculating ami drift, %w", err)
 	}
 	securitygroupDrifted, err := c.areSecurityGroupsDrifted(instance, nodeTemplate)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("calculating securitygroup drift, %w", err)
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("calculating securitygroup drift, %w", err)
 	}
 	subnetDrifted, err := c.isSubnetDrifted(instance, nodeTemplate)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("calculating subnet drift, %w", err)
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("calculating subnet drift, %w", err)
 	}
-
-	return amiDrifted || securitygroupDrifted || subnetDrifted || c.areStaticFieldsDrifted(machine, nodeTemplate), nil
+	drifted := lo.FindOrElse([]cloudprovider.DriftReason{amiDrifted, securitygroupDrifted, subnetDrifted, c.areStaticFieldsDrifted(machine, nodeTemplate)}, "", func(i cloudprovider.DriftReason) bool {
+		return string(i) != ""
+	})
+	return drifted, nil
 }
 
 func (c *CloudProvider) isAMIDrifted(ctx context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine, provisioner *v1alpha5.Provisioner,
-	instance *instance.Instance, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (bool, error) {
+	instance *instance.Instance, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (cloudprovider.DriftReason, error) {
 	instanceTypes, err := c.GetInstanceTypes(ctx, provisioner)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("getting instanceTypes, %w", err)
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("getting instanceTypes, %w", err)
 	}
 	nodeInstanceType, found := lo.Find(instanceTypes, func(instType *cloudprovider.InstanceType) bool {
 		return instType.Name == machine.Labels[v1.LabelInstanceTypeStable]
 	})
 	if !found {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf(`finding node instance type "%s"`, machine.Labels[v1.LabelInstanceTypeStable])
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf(`finding node instance type "%s"`, machine.Labels[v1.LabelInstanceTypeStable])
 	}
 	if nodeTemplate.Spec.LaunchTemplateName != nil {
-		return false, nil
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, nil
 	}
 	amis, err := c.amiProvider.Get(ctx, nodeTemplate, &amifamily.Options{})
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("getting amis, %w", err)
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("getting amis, %w", err)
 	}
 	if len(amis) == 0 {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("no amis exist given constraints")
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("no amis exist given constraints")
 	}
 	mappedAMIs := amifamily.MapInstanceTypes(amis, []*cloudprovider.InstanceType{nodeInstanceType})
 	if len(mappedAMIs) == 0 {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("no instance types satisfy requirements of amis %v,", amis)
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("no instance types satisfy requirements of amis %v,", amis)
+	}
+	if !lo.Contains(lo.Keys(mappedAMIs), instance.ImageID) {
+		return AMIDrift, nil
 	}
-	return !lo.Contains(lo.Keys(mappedAMIs), instance.ImageID), nil
+	return disruption.NotDrifted, nil
 }
 
-func (c *CloudProvider) isSubnetDrifted(instance *instance.Instance, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (bool, error) {
+func (c *CloudProvider) isSubnetDrifted(instance *instance.Instance, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (cloudprovider.DriftReason, error) {
 	// If the node template status does not have subnets, wait for the subnets to be populated before continuing
 	if nodeTemplate.Status.Subnets == nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("AWSNodeTemplate has no subnets")
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("AWSNodeTemplate has no subnets")
 	}
 	_, found := lo.Find(nodeTemplate.Status.Subnets, func(subnet v1alpha1.Subnet) bool {
 		return subnet.ID == instance.SubnetID
 	})
-	return !found, nil
+	if !found {
+		return SubnetDrift, nil
+	}
+	return disruption.NotDrifted, nil
 }
 
 // Checks if the security groups are drifted, by comparing the AWSNodeTemplate.Status.SecurityGroups
 // to the ec2 instance security groups
-func (c *CloudProvider) areSecurityGroupsDrifted(ec2Instance *instance.Instance, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (bool, error) {
+func (c *CloudProvider) areSecurityGroupsDrifted(ec2Instance *instance.Instance, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) (cloudprovider.DriftReason, error) {
 	// nodeTemplate.Spec.SecurityGroupSelector can be nil if the user is using a launchTemplateName to define SecurityGroups
 	// Karpenter will not drift on changes to securitygroup in the launchTemplateName
 	if nodeTemplate.Spec.LaunchTemplateName != nil {
-		return false, nil
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, nil
 	}
 	securityGroupIds := sets.New(lo.Map(nodeTemplate.Status.SecurityGroups, func(sg v1alpha1.SecurityGroup, _ int) string { return sg.ID })...)
 	if len(securityGroupIds) == 0 {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("no security groups exist in the AWSNodeTemplate Status")
+		return disruption.NotDrifted, fmt.Errorf("no security groups exist in the AWSNodeTemplate Status")
+	}
+
+	if !securityGroupIds.Equal(sets.New(ec2Instance.SecurityGroupIDs...)) {
+		return SecurityGroupDrift, nil
 	}
-	return !securityGroupIds.Equal(sets.New(ec2Instance.SecurityGroupIDs...)), nil
+	return disruption.NotDrifted, nil
 }
 
-func (c *CloudProvider) areStaticFieldsDrifted(machine *v1alpha5.Machine, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) bool {
+func (c *CloudProvider) areStaticFieldsDrifted(machine *v1alpha5.Machine, nodeTemplate *v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplate) cloudprovider.DriftReason {
 	nodeTemplateHash, foundHashNodeTemplate := nodeTemplate.ObjectMeta.Annotations[v1alpha1.AnnotationNodeTemplateHash]
 	machineHash, foundHashMachine := machine.ObjectMeta.Annotations[v1alpha1.AnnotationNodeTemplateHash]
 	if !foundHashNodeTemplate || !foundHashMachine {
-		return false
+		return disruption.NotDrifted
 	}
-
-	return nodeTemplateHash != machineHash
+	if nodeTemplateHash != machineHash {
+		return disruption.StaticDrift
+	}
+	return disruption.NotDrifted
 }
 
 func (c *CloudProvider) getInstance(ctx context.Context, providerID string) (*instance.Instance, error) {

pkg/cloudprovider/suite_test.go

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ import (
 	coresettings "github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/apis/settings"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/apis/v1alpha5"
 	corecloudproivder "github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/cloudprovider"
+	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/controllers/machine/disruption"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/controllers/provisioning"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/controllers/state"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/events"
@@ -307,33 +308,33 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 			ExpectDeleted(ctx, env.Client, nodeTemplate)
 			drifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(drifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(drifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should return false if providerRef is not defined", func() {
 			provisioner.Spec.ProviderRef = nil
 			ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, provisioner)
 			drifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(drifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(drifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should not fail if provisioner does not exist", func() {
 			ExpectDeleted(ctx, env.Client, provisioner)
 			drifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(drifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(drifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should return drifted if the AMI is not valid", func() {
 			// Instance is a reference to what we return in the GetInstances call
 			instance.ImageId = aws.String(fake.ImageID())
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeTrue())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(cloudprovider.AMIDrift))
 		})
 		It("should return drifted if the subnet is not valid", func() {
 			instance.SubnetId = aws.String(fake.SubnetID())
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeTrue())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(cloudprovider.SubnetDrift))
 		})
 		It("should return an error if AWSNodeTemplate subnets are empty", func() {
 			nodeTemplate.Status.Subnets = []v1alpha1.Subnet{}
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 		It("should not return drifted if the machine is valid", func() {
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should return an error if the AWSNodeTemplate securitygroup are empty", func() {
 			nodeTemplate.Status.SecurityGroups = []v1alpha1.SecurityGroup{}
@@ -359,14 +360,14 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 			instance.SecurityGroups = []*ec2.GroupIdentifier{{GroupId: aws.String(fake.SecurityGroupID())}}
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeTrue())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(cloudprovider.SecurityGroupDrift))
 		})
 		It("should return drifted if there are more instance securitygroups are present than AWSNodeTemplate Status", func() {
 			// Instance is a reference to what we return in the GetInstances call
 			instance.SecurityGroups = []*ec2.GroupIdentifier{{GroupId: aws.String(fake.SecurityGroupID())}, {GroupId: aws.String(validSecurityGroup)}}
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeTrue())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(cloudprovider.SecurityGroupDrift))
 		})
 		It("should return drifted if more AWSNodeTemplate securitygroups are present than instance securitygroups", func() {
 			nodeTemplate.Status.SecurityGroups = []v1alpha1.SecurityGroup{
@@ -382,20 +383,20 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 			ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, nodeTemplate)
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeTrue())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(cloudprovider.SecurityGroupDrift))
 		})
 		It("should not return drifted if launchTemplateName is defined", func() {
 			nodeTemplate.Spec.LaunchTemplateName = aws.String("validLaunchTemplateName")
 			nodeTemplate.Spec.SecurityGroupSelector = nil
 			nodeTemplate.Status.SecurityGroups = nil
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should not return drifted if the securitygroups match", func() {
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should error if the machine doesn't have the instance-type label", func() {
 			machine.Labels = map[string]string{
@@ -408,7 +409,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 			machine.Status = v1alpha5.MachineStatus{}
 			isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 			Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
-			Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+			Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 		})
 		It("should error drift if the underlying machine does not exist", func() {
 			awsEnv.EC2API.DescribeInstancesBehavior.Output.Set(&ec2.DescribeInstancesOutput{
@@ -431,7 +432,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 					ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, provisioner, nodeTemplate)
 					isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 					Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
-					Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+					Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 
 					updatedAWSNodeTemplate := test.AWSNodeTemplate(*nodeTemplate.Spec.DeepCopy(), awsnodetemplatespec)
 					updatedAWSNodeTemplate.ObjectMeta = nodeTemplate.ObjectMeta
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 					ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, updatedAWSNodeTemplate)
 					isDrifted, err = cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 					Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
-					Expect(isDrifted).To(BeTrue())
+					Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.StaticDrift))
 				},
 				Entry("InstanceProfile Drift", v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplateSpec{AWS: v1alpha1.AWS{InstanceProfile: aws.String("profile-2")}}),
 				Entry("UserData Drift", v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplateSpec{UserData: aws.String("userdata-test-2")}),
@@ -457,7 +458,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 					ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, provisioner, nodeTemplate)
 					isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 					Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
-					Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+					Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 
 					updatedAWSNodeTemplate := test.AWSNodeTemplate(*nodeTemplate.Spec.DeepCopy(), awsnodetemplatespec)
 					updatedAWSNodeTemplate.ObjectMeta = nodeTemplate.ObjectMeta
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 					ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, updatedAWSNodeTemplate)
 					isDrifted, err = cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 					Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
-					Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+					Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 				},
 				Entry("AMISelector Drift", v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplateSpec{AMISelector: map[string]string{"aws::ids": validAMI}}),
 				Entry("SubnetSelector Drift", v1alpha1.AWSNodeTemplateSpec{AWS: v1alpha1.AWS{SubnetSelector: map[string]string{"aws-ids": "subnet-test1"}}}),
@@ -481,7 +482,7 @@ var _ = Describe("CloudProvider", func() {
 				ExpectApplied(ctx, env.Client, provisioner, nodeTemplate)
 				isDrifted, err := cloudProvider.IsMachineDrifted(ctx, machine)
 				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
-				Expect(isDrifted).To(BeFalse())
+				Expect(isDrifted).To(Equal(disruption.NotDrifted))
 			})
 		})
 	})

pkg/fake/cloudprovider.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
 
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/apis/v1alpha5"
+	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/cloudprovider"
 	corecloudprovider "github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/cloudprovider"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter-core/pkg/test"
 	"github.com/aws/karpenter/pkg/apis/v1alpha1"
@@ -57,14 +58,14 @@ func (c *CloudProvider) GetInstanceTypes(_ context.Context, _ *v1alpha5.Provisio
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (c *CloudProvider) IsMachineDrifted(_ context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine) (bool, error) {
+func (c *CloudProvider) IsMachineDrifted(_ context.Context, machine *v1alpha5.Machine) (cloudprovider.DriftReason, error) {
 	nodeAMI := machine.Labels[v1alpha1.LabelInstanceAMIID]
 	for _, ami := range c.ValidAMIs {
 		if nodeAMI == ami {
-			return false, nil
+			return "", nil
 		}
 	}
-	return true, nil
+	return "drifted", nil
 }
 
 func (c *CloudProvider) Get(context.Context, string) (*v1alpha5.Machine, error) {