Rust serialization benchmark

The goal of these benchmarks is to provide thorough and complete benchmarks for various rust serialization frameworks.

These benchmarks are a work in progress

These benchmarks are still being developed and pull requests to improve benchmarks are welcome.

Interactive site

Calculate the number of messages per second that can be sent/received with various rust serialization frameworks and compression libraries. Documentation

Format

All tests benchmark the following properties (time or size):

• Serialize: serialize data into a buffer
• Deserialize: deserializes a buffer into a normal rust object
• Borrow: deserializes a buffer into a rust object that borrows string data from the input, with lifetime
• Size: the size of the buffer when serialized
• Zlib: the size of the buffer after zlib compression
• Zstd: the size of the buffer after zstd compression
• Zstd Time: the time taken to compress the serialized buffer with zstd

Zero-copy deserialization libraries have an additional set of benchmarks:

• Access: accesses a buffer as structured data
• Read: runs through a buffer and reads fields out of it
• Update: updates a buffer as structured data

Some benchmark results may be italicized and followed by an asterisk. Mouse over these for more details on what situation was benchmarked. Other footnotes are located at the bottom.

Last updated: 2025-02-20 18:31:20

Runtime info

rustc version

rustc 1.87.0-nightly (f280acf4c 2025-02-19)
binary: rustc
commit-hash: f280acf4c743806abbbbcfe65050ac52ec4bdec0
commit-date: 2025-02-19
host: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
release: 1.87.0-nightly
LLVM version: 20.1.0

CPU info

Architecture:                         x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                       32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                        48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order:                           Little Endian
CPU(s):                               4
On-line CPU(s) list:                  0-3
Vendor ID:                            AuthenticAMD
Model name:                           AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor
CPU family:                           25
Model:                                1
Thread(s) per core:                   2
Core(s) per socket:                   2
Socket(s):                            1
Stepping:                             1
BogoMIPS:                             4890.85
Flags:                                fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw topoext vmmcall fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves user_shstk clzero xsaveerptr rdpru arat npt nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold v_vmsave_vmload umip vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid fsrm
Virtualization:                       AMD-V
Hypervisor vendor:                    Microsoft
Virtualization type:                  full
L1d cache:                            64 KiB (2 instances)
L1i cache:                            64 KiB (2 instances)
L2 cache:                             1 MiB (2 instances)
L3 cache:                             32 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                         1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                    0-3
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:   Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:          Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                   Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                    Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:               Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:        Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling: Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:               Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:   Vulnerable: Safe RET, no microcode
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:      Vulnerable
Vulnerability Spectre v1:             Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:             Mitigation; Retpolines; STIBP disabled; RSB filling; PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected; BHI Not affected
Vulnerability Srbds:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:        Not affected

log

This data set is composed of HTTP request logs that are small and contain many strings.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	474.94 µs* 446.29 µs*	2.5734 ms	857.11 µs	804955	328941	285485	4.6030 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	301.23 µs	2.4302 ms	†	741295	303944	257153	3.8977 ms
bincode 1.3.3	548.53 µs	2.0657 ms	589.28 µs	1045784	373127	311761	4.8078 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	138.44 µs	1.4687 ms	62.308 µs	703710	288826	229755	2.4965 ms
borsh 1.5.3	548.64 µs	2.1746 ms	†	885780	362204	286514	4.4255 ms
capnp 0.20.3	504.31 µs	†	†	1443216	513986	428649	6.3161 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	655.06 µs	5.1435 ms	3.3678 ms	1407835	403440	324081	4.7380 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	4.0283 ms	12.237 ms	†	1407835	403440	324081	4.7938 ms
databuf 0.5.0	263.62 µs	2.0038 ms	630.72 µs	765778	311715	264630	3.9106 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	730.71 µs	2.5579 ms	†	724953	301446	253629	3.6063 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	1.0180 ms	†	†	1276368	468539	388832	5.1587 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	606.71 µs	2.9800 ms	1.3321 ms	817830	332671	284548	4.2994 ms
msgpacker 0.4.5	1.2386 ms	2.5076 ms	†	764996	315291	264898	3.8831 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	5.4001 ms	4.3079 ms	2.7711 ms	818669	332556	285514	4.3047 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	242.83 µs	2.0592 ms	†	1045784	373127	311761	4.4943 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	670.17 µs	2.1830 ms	†	765778	311743	264518	3.8225 ms
postcard 1.1.1	437.40 µs	2.2670 ms	926.47 µs	724953	302399	253747	3.6052 ms
pot 3.0.1	2.4701 ms	6.3558 ms	4.8783 ms	971922	372513	304122	4.6443 ms
prost 0.13.4	936.13 µs* 2.4318 ms*	3.2750 ms	†	884628	363130	315494	5.0847 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	1.3641 ms* 3.1401 ms*	3.7692 ms	†	884628	363130	315494	4.8062 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	244.35 µs	1.5483 ms* 1.9339 ms*	†	1011488	393526	326517	4.9700 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.3658 ms	3.0526 ms	1.4006 ms	784997	325384	278219	4.1741 ms
ron 0.8.1	11.807 ms	15.168 ms	13.231 ms	1607459	449158	349713	5.7508 ms
savefile 0.18.5	191.99 µs	2.1507 ms	†	1045800	373139	311761	4.5057 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	1.5459 ms	4.9937 ms	3.0843 ms	1584946	413733	341439	4.9845 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	690.81 µs	2.0715 ms	†	765778	311715	264630	3.8299 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	2.0715 ms	4.8660 ms	3.2975 ms	1407835	403440	324081	4.7289 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	3.8698 ms	5.8965 ms	†	1827461	470560	361090	5.6681 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	2.1452 ms	4.6952 ms	†	1827461	470560	361090	5.6488 ms
speedy 0.8.7	196.91 µs	1.7452 ms	366.22 µs	885780	362204	286514	4.2836 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	73.556 ns*	172.25 µs*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.5002 ns* 1.9583 ms*	49.342 µs* 2.0607 ms*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2427 ns* 382.90 µs*	10.486 µs* 392.90 µs*	7.4965 µs*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	29.15%* 31.02%*	57.07%	7.27%	87.42%	87.80%	80.48%	54.24%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	45.96%	60.44%	†	94.93%	95.03%	89.35%	64.05%
bincode 1.3.3	25.24%	71.10%	10.57%	67.29%	77.41%	73.70%	51.93%
bitcode 0.6.4	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
borsh 1.5.3	25.23%	67.54%	†	79.45%	79.74%	80.19%	56.41%
capnp 0.20.3	27.45%	†	†	48.76%	56.19%	53.60%	39.53%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	21.13%	28.55%	1.85%	49.99%	71.59%	70.89%	52.69%
ciborium 0.2.2	3.44%	12.00%	†	49.99%	71.59%	70.89%	52.08%
databuf 0.5.0	52.51%	73.30%	9.88%	91.89%	92.66%	86.82%	63.84%
dlhn 0.1.7	18.95%	57.42%	†	97.07%	95.81%	90.59%	69.23%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	13.60%	†	†	55.13%	61.64%	59.09%	48.39%
minicbor 0.25.1	22.82%	49.29%	4.68%	86.05%	86.82%	80.74%	58.07%
msgpacker 0.4.5	11.18%	58.57%	†	91.99%	91.61%	86.73%	64.29%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.56%	34.09%	2.25%	85.96%	86.85%	80.47%	57.99%
nanoserde 0.1.37	57.01%	71.32%	†	67.29%	77.41%	73.70%	55.55%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	20.66%	67.28%	†	91.89%	92.65%	86.86%	65.31%
postcard 1.1.1	31.65%	64.79%	6.73%	97.07%	95.51%	90.54%	69.25%
pot 3.0.1	5.60%	23.11%	1.28%	72.40%	77.53%	75.55%	53.75%
prost 0.13.4	14.79%* 5.69%*	44.85%	†	79.55%	79.54%	72.82%	49.10%
protobuf 3.7.1	10.15%* 4.41%*	38.97%	†	79.55%	79.54%	72.82%	51.94%
rkyv 0.8.9	56.66%	94.86%* 75.94%*	†	69.57%	73.39%	70.37%	50.23%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	10.14%	48.11%	4.45%	89.64%	88.76%	82.58%	59.81%
ron 0.8.1	1.17%	9.68%	0.47%	43.78%	64.30%	65.70%	43.41%
savefile 0.18.5	72.11%	68.29%	†	67.29%	77.40%	73.70%	55.41%
serde-brief 0.1.0	8.96%	29.41%	2.02%	44.40%	69.81%	67.29%	50.09%
serde_bare 0.5.0	20.04%	70.90%	†	91.89%	92.66%	86.82%	65.18%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	6.68%	30.18%	1.89%	49.99%	71.59%	70.89%	52.79%
serde_json 1.0.134	3.58%	24.91%	†	38.51%	61.38%	63.63%	44.04%
simd-json 0.14.3	6.45%	31.28%	†	38.51%	61.38%	63.63%	44.20%
speedy 0.8.7	70.31%	84.16%	17.01%	79.45%	79.74%	80.19%	58.28%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.69%*	6.09%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	49.70%* 0.00%*	21.25%* 0.51%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 2.67%*	100.00%*

mesh

This data set is a single mesh. The mesh contains an array of triangles, each of which has three vertices and a normal vector.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	6.7233 ms* 8.9657 ms*	8.3714 ms	8625005	6443961	6231572	68.839 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	2.4117 ms	1.0223 ms	6000005	5378497	5345897	7.5271 ms
bincode 1.3.3	5.1520 ms	5.8994 ms	6000008	5378500	5345890	7.0102 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	1.3938 ms	794.70 µs	6000006	5182295	4923880	12.521 ms
borsh 1.5.3	6.2914 ms	4.2603 ms	6000004	5378496	5345889	7.5135 ms
capnp 0.20.3	6.2878 ms	†	14000088	7130367	6051062	81.204 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	9.8812 ms	50.827 ms	13125016	7524114	6757967	88.959 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	69.880 ms	120.86 ms	13122324	7524660	6759658	89.379 ms
databuf 0.5.0	2.4065 ms	5.3528 ms	6000003	5378495	5345900	7.5824 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	6.2063 ms	6.7919 ms	6000003	5378495	5345900	7.5545 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	872.37 µs	†	6000024	5378434	5345910	7.5338 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	6.0573 ms	11.850 ms	8125006	6494907	6390894	69.074 ms
msgpacker 0.4.5	19.564 ms	5.2842 ms	7500005	6058442	6014337	9.5015 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	121.57 ms	32.982 ms	8125037	6493484	6386940	69.735 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	1.3898 ms	1.1080 ms	6000008	5378500	5345890	7.5527 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	4.7123 ms	2.8215 ms	6000004	5378496	5345889	7.3189 ms
postcard 1.1.1	509.51 µs	1.2481 ms	6000003	5378495	5345900	7.6260 ms
pot 3.0.1	40.094 ms	70.894 ms	10122342	6814618	6852251	81.385 ms
prost 0.13.4	7.7933 ms* 8.4843 ms*	16.070 ms	8750000	6665735	6421871	71.486 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	14.336 ms* 30.963 ms*	28.770 ms	8750000	6665735	6421871	77.149 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	147.70 µs	158.09 µs* 196.86 µs*	6000008	5378500	5345892	7.5323 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	15.397 ms	17.781 ms	8125006	6494876	6391037	69.993 ms
ron 0.8.1	172.40 ms	234.81 ms	22192885	8970395	8138755	148.72 ms
savefile 0.18.5	197.80 µs	197.41 µs	6000024	5378519	5345892	7.4873 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	23.322 ms	35.475 ms	15750015	8024540	6816643	93.191 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	5.1886 ms	4.8217 ms	6000003	5378495	5345900	7.5254 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	35.937 ms	46.933 ms	13122324	7524660	6759658	89.208 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	89.388 ms	87.406 ms	26192883	9566084	8586741	154.77 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	51.567 ms	69.332 ms	26192883	9566084	8586741	155.24 ms
speedy 0.8.7	196.96 µs	197.48 µs	6000004	5378496	5345889	7.4693 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	101.53 ns*	2.2888 ms*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4752 ns* 40.482 ns*	52.537 µs* 77.803 µs*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2430 ns* 5.2934 ns*	38.873 µs* 38.889 µs*	99.368 µs*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	2.20%* 1.65%*	1.89%	69.57%	80.42%	79.02%	10.18%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	6.12%	15.46%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.13%
bincode 1.3.3	2.87%	2.68%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	100.00%
bitcode 0.6.4	10.60%	19.89%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	55.99%
borsh 1.5.3	2.35%	3.71%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.30%
capnp 0.20.3	2.35%	†	42.86%	72.68%	81.37%	8.63%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	1.49%	0.31%	45.71%	68.88%	72.86%	7.88%
ciborium 0.2.2	0.21%	0.13%	45.72%	68.87%	72.84%	7.84%
databuf 0.5.0	6.14%	2.95%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	92.45%
dlhn 0.1.7	2.38%	2.33%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	92.80%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	16.93%	†	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.05%
minicbor 0.25.1	2.44%	1.33%	73.85%	79.79%	77.05%	10.15%
msgpacker 0.4.5	0.75%	2.99%	80.00%	85.54%	81.87%	73.78%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	0.12%	0.48%	73.85%	79.81%	77.09%	10.05%
nanoserde 0.1.37	10.63%	14.27%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	92.82%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	3.13%	5.60%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	95.78%
postcard 1.1.1	28.99%	12.67%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	91.92%
pot 3.0.1	0.37%	0.22%	59.27%	76.05%	71.86%	8.61%
prost 0.13.4	1.90%* 1.74%*	0.98%	68.57%	77.75%	76.67%	9.81%
protobuf 3.7.1	1.03%* 0.48%*	0.55%	68.57%	77.75%	76.67%	9.09%
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%	100.00%* 80.31%*	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.07%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	0.96%	0.89%	73.85%	79.79%	77.04%	10.02%
ron 0.8.1	0.09%	0.07%	27.04%	57.77%	60.50%	4.71%
savefile 0.18.5	74.67%	80.08%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.63%
serde-brief 0.1.0	0.63%	0.45%	38.10%	64.58%	72.23%	7.52%
serde_bare 0.5.0	2.85%	3.28%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.15%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	0.41%	0.34%	45.72%	68.87%	72.84%	7.86%
serde_json 1.0.134	0.17%	0.18%	22.91%	54.17%	57.34%	4.53%
simd-json 0.14.3	0.29%	0.23%	22.91%	54.17%	57.34%	4.52%
speedy 0.8.7	74.99%	80.05%	100.00%	96.35%	92.11%	93.85%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.22%*	1.70%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	50.22%* 3.07%*	73.99%* 49.96%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 23.48%*	100.00%* 99.96%*	100.00%*

minecraft_savedata

This data set is composed of Minecraft player saves that contain highly structured data.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	957.76 µs* 837.03 µs*	3.0846 ms	1.7399 ms	489348	281173	249546	3.1024 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	287.08 µs	2.0797 ms	†	367413	221291	206273	2.4914 ms
bincode 1.3.3	602.67 µs	1.8132 ms	857.32 µs	569975	240525	232423	2.9112 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	126.09 µs	1.2560 ms	169.26 µs	327688	200947	182736	754.36 µs
borsh 1.5.3	562.31 µs	1.8343 ms	†	446595	234236	210008	2.4856 ms
capnp 0.20.3	439.80 µs	†	†	803896	335606	280851	3.9318 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	806.52 µs	4.8122 ms	3.5182 ms	1109831	344745	274514	3.8310 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	3.7447 ms	10.537 ms	†	1109821	344751	274526	3.8201 ms
databuf 0.5.0	318.04 µs	1.7296 ms	780.68 µs	356311	213062	198488	2.4366 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	779.31 µs	2.6022 ms	†	366496	220600	205683	2.5168 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	3.2402 ms	†	†	844168	345696	294015	3.8600 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	553.88 µs	3.3289 ms	1.8685 ms	428773	249857	228741	2.7303 ms
msgpacker 0.4.5	1.0039 ms	2.8355 ms	†	391251	236877	220476	2.7116 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	5.1026 ms	4.1376 ms	2.9329 ms	449745	252432	231110	2.7702 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	268.97 µs	1.9349 ms	†	567975	239930	232419	2.9129 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	636.40 µs	1.9453 ms	†	356311	212976	198524	2.4160 ms
postcard 1.1.1	448.28 µs	2.0913 ms	816.37 µs	367489	221913	207344	2.4995 ms
pot 3.0.1	2.4218 ms	6.3198 ms	5.0233 ms	599125	299158	247693	3.1413 ms
prost 0.13.4	1.2812 ms* 2.9837 ms*	3.4317 ms	†	596811	305319	269310	3.4355 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	1.0429 ms* 2.9872 ms*	3.8237 ms	†	596811	305319	269310	3.4404 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	347.50 µs	1.5043 ms* 1.8900 ms*	†	603776	254776	220087	2.7488 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	1.4933 ms	3.0326 ms	1.6933 ms	424533	245214	226188	2.7246 ms
ron 0.8.1	7.3571 ms	17.125 ms	15.276 ms	1465223	434935	343338	5.8321 ms
savefile 0.18.5	214.69 µs	1.8398 ms	†	566991	239362	232010	2.9051 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	1.3407 ms	5.3868 ms	3.8023 ms	1276014	373898	293679	4.0413 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	742.90 µs	2.3338 ms	†	356311	213062	198488	2.4574 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	1.8694 ms	4.8686 ms	3.4467 ms	1109821	344751	274526	3.8391 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	3.6633 ms	6.6995 ms	†	1623191	466527	359623	6.0276 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	2.2546 ms	4.5958 ms	†	1623191	466527	359623	6.0347 ms
speedy 0.8.7	261.66 µs	1.6987 ms	565.80 µs	449595	234970	210361	2.5060 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	71.828 ns*	489.93 ns*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4853 ns* 2.1843 ms*	1.3521 µs* 2.1927 ms*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2429 ns* 378.82 µs*	240.21 ns* 379.59 µs*	768.48 ns*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Borrow	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	13.17%* 15.06%*	40.72%	9.73%	66.96%	71.47%	73.23%	24.32%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	43.92%	60.39%	†	89.19%	90.81%	88.59%	30.28%
bincode 1.3.3	20.92%	69.27%	19.74%	57.49%	83.55%	78.62%	25.91%
bitcode 0.6.4	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
borsh 1.5.3	22.42%	68.47%	†	73.37%	85.79%	87.01%	30.35%
capnp 0.20.3	28.67%	†	†	40.76%	59.88%	65.07%	19.19%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	15.63%	26.10%	4.81%	29.53%	58.29%	66.57%	19.69%
ciborium 0.2.2	3.37%	11.92%	†	29.53%	58.29%	66.56%	19.75%
databuf 0.5.0	39.65%	72.62%	21.68%	91.97%	94.31%	92.06%	30.96%
dlhn 0.1.7	16.18%	48.27%	†	89.41%	91.09%	88.84%	29.97%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	3.89%	†	†	38.82%	58.13%	62.15%	19.54%
minicbor 0.25.1	22.76%	37.73%	9.06%	76.42%	80.42%	79.89%	27.63%
msgpacker 0.4.5	12.56%	44.30%	†	83.75%	84.83%	82.88%	27.82%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.47%	30.36%	5.77%	72.86%	79.60%	79.07%	27.23%
nanoserde 0.1.37	46.88%	64.91%	†	57.69%	83.75%	78.62%	25.90%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	19.81%	64.57%	†	91.97%	94.35%	92.05%	31.22%
postcard 1.1.1	28.13%	60.06%	20.73%	89.17%	90.55%	88.13%	30.18%
pot 3.0.1	5.21%	19.87%	3.37%	54.69%	67.17%	73.78%	24.01%
prost 0.13.4	9.84%* 4.23%*	36.60%	†	54.91%	65.82%	67.85%	21.96%
protobuf 3.7.1	12.09%* 4.22%*	32.85%	†	54.91%	65.82%	67.85%	21.93%
rkyv 0.8.9	36.28%	83.49%* 66.46%*	†	54.27%	78.87%	83.03%	27.44%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	8.44%	41.42%	10.00%	77.19%	81.95%	80.79%	27.69%
ron 0.8.1	1.71%	7.33%	1.11%	22.36%	46.20%	53.22%	12.93%
savefile 0.18.5	58.73%	68.27%	†	57.79%	83.95%	78.76%	25.97%
serde-brief 0.1.0	9.40%	23.32%	4.45%	25.68%	53.74%	62.22%	18.67%
serde_bare 0.5.0	16.97%	53.82%	†	91.97%	94.31%	92.06%	30.70%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	6.74%	25.80%	4.91%	29.53%	58.29%	66.56%	19.65%
serde_json 1.0.134	3.44%	18.75%	†	20.19%	43.07%	50.81%	12.52%
simd-json 0.14.3	5.59%	27.33%	†	20.19%	43.07%	50.81%	12.50%
speedy 0.8.7	48.19%	73.94%	29.92%	72.89%	85.52%	86.87%	30.10%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.73%*	49.03%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	50.01%* 0.00%*	17.77%* 0.01%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 0.06%*	100.00%*

mk48

This data set is composed of mk48.io game updates that contain data with many exploitable patterns and invariants.

Raw data

For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	4.5154 ms* 2.5849 ms*	8.3828 ms	1704643	1294259	1245607	11.339 ms
bincode 2.0.0-rc	1.1828 ms	4.0441 ms	1406257	1117802	1062238	9.3659 ms
bincode 1.3.3	3.9069 ms	4.1993 ms	1854234	1141994	1050351	10.136 ms
bitcode 0.6.4	723.85 µs	2.3341 ms	971318	878034	855922	3.3702 ms
borsh 1.5.3	2.9286 ms	2.8630 ms	1521989	1108471	1038408	9.7511 ms
capnp 0.20.3	2.2130 ms	†	2724288	1546992	1240354	14.655 ms
cbor4ii 0.3.3	3.0635 ms	18.504 ms	6012539	1695215	1467194	21.515 ms
ciborium 0.2.2	22.365 ms	56.454 ms	6012373	1695146	1467435	21.491 ms
databuf 0.5.0	1.3063 ms	3.8033 ms	1319999	1062631	1007898	8.7308 ms
dlhn 0.1.7	4.8017 ms	6.5491 ms	1311281	1077520	1045571	8.5357 ms
flatbuffers 24.12.23	5.1369 ms	†	2325620	1440289	1265148	13.054 ms
minicbor 0.25.1	2.5029 ms	11.182 ms	1777386	1276218	1252036	12.081 ms
msgpacker 0.4.5	2.3152 ms	6.7999 ms	1458773	1156055	1137194	9.5273 ms
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	30.029 ms	16.708 ms	1770060	1277755	1263142	12.150 ms
nanoserde 0.1.37	1.3016 ms	2.9434 ms	1812404	1134820	1054758	10.308 ms
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	3.1511 ms	3.1993 ms	1319999	1064380	1010284	8.9829 ms
postcard 1.1.1	2.0100 ms	4.2296 ms	1311281	1083900	1041114	8.5351 ms
pot 3.0.1	14.163 ms	29.703 ms	2604812	1482233	1299952	15.475 ms
prost 0.13.4	5.4198 ms* 10.751 ms*	9.1616 ms	1859886	1338076	1295497	11.927 ms
protobuf 3.7.1	5.4879 ms* 12.576 ms*	11.907 ms	1859886	1338076	1295497	12.015 ms
rkyv 0.8.9	929.06 µs	2.1854 ms* 2.6161 ms*	2075936	1383779	1211892	12.738 ms
rmp-serde 1.3.0	10.610 ms	11.035 ms	1745322	1261627	1228902	11.187 ms
ron 0.8.1	37.095 ms	96.248 ms	8677703	2233642	1827843	33.948 ms
savefile 0.18.5	846.24 µs	2.7291 ms	1791505	1128012	1052757	10.280 ms
serde-brief 0.1.0	6.4119 ms	22.071 ms	6951772	1796265	1570903	23.327 ms
serde_bare 0.5.0	5.4359 ms	4.8226 ms	1319999	1062645	1007918	8.7265 ms
serde_cbor 0.11.2	10.244 ms	21.925 ms	6012373	1695146	1467435	21.241 ms
serde_json 1.0.134	20.788 ms	31.659 ms	9390461	2391679	1843922	34.785 ms
simd-json 0.14.3	11.569 ms	25.736 ms	9390461	2391679	1843922	34.346 ms
speedy 0.8.7	772.93 µs	2.4656 ms	1584734	1119837	1038012	9.9897 ms

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	73.312 ns*	851.27 ns*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	2.4854 ns* 5.0891 ms*	2.5988 µs* 5.3314 ms*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	1.2430 ns* 451.46 µs*	409.07 ns* 451.38 µs*	235.04 ns*

Comparison

Relative to best. Higher is better.

Serialize / deserialize speed and size

Crate	Serialize	Deserialize	Size	Zlib	Zstd	Zstd Time
bilrost 0.1012.2	16.03%* 28.00%*	26.07%	56.98%	67.84%	68.72%	29.72%
bincode 2.0.0-rc	61.20%	54.04%	69.07%	78.55%	80.58%	35.98%
bincode 1.3.3	18.53%	52.04%	52.38%	76.89%	81.49%	33.25%
bitcode 0.6.4	100.00%	93.63%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
borsh 1.5.3	24.72%	76.33%	63.82%	79.21%	82.43%	34.56%
capnp 0.20.3	32.71%	†	35.65%	56.76%	69.01%	23.00%
cbor4ii 0.3.3	23.63%	11.81%	16.15%	51.79%	58.34%	15.66%
ciborium 0.2.2	3.24%	3.87%	16.16%	51.80%	58.33%	15.68%
databuf 0.5.0	55.41%	57.46%	73.58%	82.63%	84.92%	38.60%
dlhn 0.1.7	15.07%	33.37%	74.07%	81.49%	81.86%	39.48%
flatbuffers 24.12.23	14.09%	†	41.77%	60.96%	67.65%	25.82%
minicbor 0.25.1	28.92%	19.54%	54.65%	68.80%	68.36%	27.90%
msgpacker 0.4.5	31.27%	32.14%	66.58%	75.95%	75.27%	35.37%
nachricht-serde 0.4.0	2.41%	13.08%	54.87%	68.72%	67.76%	27.74%
nanoserde 0.1.37	55.61%	74.25%	53.59%	77.37%	81.15%	32.70%
parity-scale-codec 3.6.12	22.97%	68.31%	73.58%	82.49%	84.72%	37.52%
postcard 1.1.1	36.01%	51.67%	74.07%	81.01%	82.21%	39.49%
pot 3.0.1	5.11%	7.36%	37.29%	59.24%	65.84%	21.78%
prost 0.13.4	13.36%* 6.73%*	23.85%	52.22%	65.62%	66.07%	28.26%
protobuf 3.7.1	13.19%* 5.76%*	18.35%	52.22%	65.62%	66.07%	28.05%
rkyv 0.8.9	77.91%	100.00%* 83.54%*	46.79%	63.45%	70.63%	26.46%
rmp-serde 1.3.0	6.82%	19.80%	55.65%	69.60%	69.65%	30.13%
ron 0.8.1	1.95%	2.27%	11.19%	39.31%	46.83%	9.93%
savefile 0.18.5	85.54%	80.08%	54.22%	77.84%	81.30%	32.78%
serde-brief 0.1.0	11.29%	9.90%	13.97%	48.88%	54.49%	14.45%
serde_bare 0.5.0	13.32%	45.32%	73.58%	82.63%	84.92%	38.62%
serde_cbor 0.11.2	7.07%	9.97%	16.16%	51.80%	58.33%	15.87%
serde_json 1.0.134	3.48%	6.90%	10.34%	36.71%	46.42%	9.69%
simd-json 0.14.3	6.26%	8.49%	10.34%	36.71%	46.42%	9.81%
speedy 0.8.7	93.65%	88.64%	61.29%	78.41%	82.46%	33.74%

Zero-copy deserialization speed

Crate	Access	Read	Update
capnp 0.20.3	1.70%*	48.05%*	‡
flatbuffers 24.12.23	50.01%* 0.00%*	15.74%* 0.01%*	‡
rkyv 0.8.9	100.00%* 0.00%*	100.00%* 0.09%*	100.00%*

Footnotes:

* mouse over for situational details

† this deserialization capability is not supported

‡ buffer mutation is not supported (capnp and flatbuffers may but not for rust)