Handle DOM storage being disabled (#197798)

## Summary

This PR aims to improve the message shown to users when Kibana can't be
started due to disabled DOM storage (#121189).
The visuals here follow the same pattern as other fatal errors (see
#186609)

![image](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/19832830-49e3-4789-9b83-0c1f14d7980d)

The `isDomStorageDisabled` check has to be done before `CoreService`
gets instantiated because of issues described below.

Closes: #121189

## The issue

What actually happens when you disable all cookies in a browser? Aside
from cookies, the browser disables the whole DOM storage -
`localStorage` and `sessionStorage`. Trying to access those will result
in an error.


`getSessionId`https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/3bc5e2db73799dc9c7831b6f9da4a52063cf112f/packages/core/analytics/core-analytics-browser-internal/src/get_session_id.ts#L17
and
`isSidenavCollapsed$`https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/3bc5e2db73799dc9c7831b6f9da4a52063cf112f/packages/core/chrome/core-chrome-browser-internal/src/chrome_service.tsx#L91

Both of those try to access either `localStorage` or `sessionStorage`
and both of those are triggered when you create an instance of
`CoreSystem` which gets instantiated in `kbn_bootstrap`
https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/6ef03697460aba0d3774c0c03fb7fb58c76c00bd/packages/core/root/core-root-browser-internal/src/kbn_bootstrap.ts#L42

Trying to access DOM storage in `CoreSystem` will cause it to throw an
error and this means that
`FatalErrorService`https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/6ef03697460aba0d3774c0c03fb7fb58c76c00bd/packages/core/fatal-errors/core-fatal-errors-browser-internal/src/fatal_errors_service.tsx#L32
will never instantiate and the
`failure`https://github.com/elastic/kibana/blob/6ef03697460aba0d3774c0c03fb7fb58c76c00bd/packages/core/rendering/core-rendering-server-internal/src/bootstrap/render_template.ts#L68
function which styles the errors and makes them visible will never
trigger and all the user will see is permament `Loading Kibana` spinner.

Wrapping `getSessionId` and `isSidenavCollapsed$` in `try-catch` block
allows `FatalErrorService` to work properly, which will catch an
unhandled exception (`Detected an unhandled Promise rejection.`) with an
error about `sessionStorage` being disabled, which gets thrown by
`LicensingPlugin` (and possibly in other places). This is not an actual
solution though - this behavior would happen again if another line of
code trying to access DOM storage gets added to `CoreSystem`.

I think it would be best to handle this directly in `kbn_bootstrap.ts`
by some check like the one below:
```javascript
const isDOMStorageDisabled = () => {
    try {
      const key = 'kbn_bootrasrap_domStorageEnabled';
      sessionStorage.setItem(key, 'true');
      sessionStorage.removeItem(key);
      return false;
    } catch (e) {
      return true;
    }
  };
const domStorageDisabled = isDOMStorageDisabled()
/* 
  ...some additonal logic
*/
```
This would then require some error displaying logic that doesn't use
`FatalErrorService`.

Looking for some feedback on how to properly solve this.

packages/core/root/core-root-browser-internal/src/kbn_bootstrap.ts

@@ -39,6 +39,76 @@ export async function __kbnBootstrap__() {
     }),
   ]);
 
+  const isDomStorageDisabled = () => {
+    try {
+      const key = 'kbn_bootstrap_domStorageEnabled';
+      sessionStorage.setItem(key, 'true');
+      sessionStorage.removeItem(key);
+      localStorage.setItem(key, 'true');
+      localStorage.removeItem(key);
+      return false;
+    } catch (e) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  if (isDomStorageDisabled()) {
+    const defaultErrorTitle = `Couldn't load the page`;
+    const defaultErrorText = `Update your browser's settings to allow storage of cookies and site data, and reload the page.`;
+    const defaultErrorReload = 'Reload';
+
+    const errorTitle = i18nError
+      ? defaultErrorTitle
+      : i18n.translate('core.ui.welcomeErrorCouldNotLoadPage', {
+          defaultMessage: defaultErrorTitle,
+        });
+
+    const errorText = i18nError
+      ? defaultErrorText
+      : i18n.translate('core.ui.welcomeErrorDomStorageDisabled', {
+          defaultMessage: defaultErrorText,
+        });
+
+    const errorReload = i18nError
+      ? defaultErrorReload
+      : i18n.translate('core.ui.welcomeErrorReloadButton', {
+          defaultMessage: defaultErrorReload,
+        });
+
+    const err = document.createElement('div');
+    err.style.textAlign = 'center';
+    err.style.padding = '120px 20px';
+    err.style.fontFamily = 'Inter, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif';
+
+    const errorTitleEl = document.createElement('h1');
+    errorTitleEl.innerText = errorTitle;
+    errorTitleEl.style.margin = '20px';
+    errorTitleEl.style.color = '#1a1c21';
+
+    const errorTextEl = document.createElement('p');
+    errorTextEl.innerText = errorText;
+    errorTextEl.style.margin = '20px';
+    errorTextEl.style.color = '#343741';
+
+    const errorReloadEl = document.createElement('button');
+    errorReloadEl.innerText = errorReload;
+    errorReloadEl.onclick = function () {
+      location.reload();
+    };
+    errorReloadEl.setAttribute(
+      'style',
+      'cursor: pointer; padding-inline: 12px; block-size: 40px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.4286rem; border-radius: 6px; min-inline-size: 112px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(0, 119, 204); outline-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border:none'
+    );
+
+    err.appendChild(errorTitleEl);
+    err.appendChild(errorTextEl);
+    err.appendChild(errorReloadEl);
+
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+    document.body.appendChild(err);
+    return;
+  }
+
   const coreSystem = new CoreSystem({
     injectedMetadata,
     rootDomElement: document.body,