Merge branch 'master' into screenshot-mode/move-example-app-to-develo…

…per-examples

docs/api/alerting/list_rule_types.asciidoc

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Retrieve a list of alerting rule types that the user is authorized to access.
 
 Each rule type includes a list of consumer features. Within these features, users are authorized to perform either `read` or `all` operations on rules of that type. This helps determine which rule types users can read, but not create or modify.
 
-NOTE: Some rule types are limited to specific features.  These rule types are not available when <<defining-alerts, defining rules>> in <<management,Stack Management>>.
+NOTE: Some rule types are limited to specific features.  These rule types are not available when <<create-edit-rules, defining rules>> in <<management,Stack Management>>.
 
 [[list-rule-types-api-request]]
 ==== Request

docs/apm/apm-alerts.asciidoc

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ and enables central management of all alerts from <<management,Kibana Management
 image::apm/images/apm-alert.png[Create an alert in the APM app]
 
 For a walkthrough of the alert flyout panel, including detailed information on each configurable property,
-see Kibana's <<defining-alerts,defining alerts>>.
+see Kibana's <<create-edit-rules,defining alerts>>.
 
 The APM app supports four different types of alerts:
 

docs/development/plugins/expressions/public/kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export interface ExpressionFunctionDefinition<Name extends string, Input, Argume
 |  [help](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.help.md) | <code>string</code> | Help text displayed in the Expression editor. This text should be internationalized. |
 |  [inputTypes](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.inputtypes.md) | <code>Array&lt;TypeToString&lt;Input&gt;&gt;</code> | List of allowed type names for input value of this function. If this property is set the input of function will be cast to the first possible type in this list. If this property is missing the input will be provided to the function as-is. |
 |  [name](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.name.md) | <code>Name</code> | The name of the function, as will be used in expression. |
-|  [type](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.type.md) | <code>TypeToString&lt;UnwrapPromiseOrReturn&lt;Output&gt;&gt;</code> | Name of type of value this function outputs. |
+|  [type](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.type.md) | <code>TypeString&lt;Output&gt; &#124; UnmappedTypeStrings</code> | Name of type of value this function outputs. |
 
 ## Methods
 

docs/development/plugins/expressions/public/kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-public.expressionfunctiondefinition.type.md

@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ Name of type of value this function outputs.
 <b>Signature:</b>
 
 ```typescript
-type?: TypeToString<UnwrapPromiseOrReturn<Output>>;
+type?: TypeString<Output> | UnmappedTypeStrings;
 ```

docs/development/plugins/expressions/server/kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export interface ExpressionFunctionDefinition<Name extends string, Input, Argume
 |  [help](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.help.md) | <code>string</code> | Help text displayed in the Expression editor. This text should be internationalized. |
 |  [inputTypes](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.inputtypes.md) | <code>Array&lt;TypeToString&lt;Input&gt;&gt;</code> | List of allowed type names for input value of this function. If this property is set the input of function will be cast to the first possible type in this list. If this property is missing the input will be provided to the function as-is. |
 |  [name](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.name.md) | <code>Name</code> | The name of the function, as will be used in expression. |
-|  [type](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.type.md) | <code>TypeToString&lt;UnwrapPromiseOrReturn&lt;Output&gt;&gt;</code> | Name of type of value this function outputs. |
+|  [type](./kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.type.md) | <code>TypeString&lt;Output&gt; &#124; UnmappedTypeStrings</code> | Name of type of value this function outputs. |
 
 ## Methods
 

docs/development/plugins/expressions/server/kibana-plugin-plugins-expressions-server.expressionfunctiondefinition.type.md

@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ Name of type of value this function outputs.
 <b>Signature:</b>
 
 ```typescript
-type?: TypeToString<UnwrapPromiseOrReturn<Output>>;
+type?: TypeString<Output> | UnmappedTypeStrings;
 ```

docs/management/connectors/action-types/index.asciidoc

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ When creating a new rule, add an <<index-action-type, Index action>> and select
 [role="screenshot"]
 image::images/pre-configured-alert-history-connector.png[Select pre-configured alert history connectors]
 
-Documents are indexed using a preconfigured schema that captures the <<defining-alerts-actions-variables, action variables>> available for the rule. By default, these documents are indexed into the `kibana-alert-history-default` index, but you can specify a different index. Index names must start with `kibana-alert-history-` to take advantage of the preconfigured alert history index template.
+Documents are indexed using a preconfigured schema that captures the <<defining-rules-actions-variables, action variables>> available for the rule. By default, these documents are indexed into the `kibana-alert-history-default` index, but you can specify a different index. Index names must start with `kibana-alert-history-` to take advantage of the preconfigured alert history index template.
 
 [IMPORTANT]
 ==============================================

docs/management/connectors/action-types/webhook.asciidoc

@@ -91,4 +91,4 @@ Body::      A JSON payload sent to the request URL. For example:
 
 Mustache template variables (the text enclosed in double braces, for example, `context.rule.name`) have
 their values escaped, so that the final JSON will be valid (escaping double quote characters).
-For more information on Mustache template variables, refer to <<defining-alerts-actions-details>>.
+For more information on Mustache template variables, refer to <<defining-rules-actions-details>>.

docs/rule-type-template.asciidoc

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Include a short description of the rule type.
 [float]
 ==== Create the rule
 
-Fill in the <<defining-alerts-general-details, rule details>>, then select *<RULE TYPE>*.
+Fill in the <<defining-rules-general-details, rule details>>, then select *<RULE TYPE>*.
 
 [float]
 ==== Define the conditions
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Condition2:: This is another condition the user must define.
 [float]
 ==== Add action variables
 
-<<defining-alerts-actions-details, Add an action>> to run when the rule condition is met. The following variables are specific to the <RULE TYPE> rule. You can also specify <<defining-alerts-actions-variables, variables common to all rules>>.
+<<defining-rules-actions-details, Add an action>> to run when the rule condition is met. The following variables are specific to the <RULE TYPE> rule. You can also specify <<defining-rules-actions-variables, variables common to all rules>>.
 
 `context.variableA`:: A short description of the context variable defined by the rule type.
 `context.variableB`:: A short description of the context variable defined by the rule type with an example. Example: `this is what variableB outputs`.

docs/user/alerting/create-and-manage-rules.asciidoc

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+[role="xpack"]
+[[create-and-manage-rules]]
+== Create and manage rules
+
+The *Rules* UI provides a cross-app view of alerting. Different {kib} apps like {observability-guide}/create-alerts.html[*Observability*], {security-guide}/prebuilt-rules.html[*Security*], <<geo-alerting, *Maps*>> and <<xpack-ml, *Machine Learning*>> can offer their own rules. The *Rules* UI provides a central place to:
+
+* <<create-edit-rules, Create and edit>> rules
+* <<controlling-rules, Manage rules>> including enabling/disabling, muting/unmuting, and deleting
+* Drill-down to <<rule-details, rule details>>
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image:images/rules-and-connectors-ui.png[Example rule listing in the Rules and Connectors UI]
+
+For more information on alerting concepts and the types of rules and connectors available, see <<alerting-getting-started>>.
+
+[float]
+=== Required permissions
+
+Access to rules is granted based on your privileges to alerting-enabled features. See <<alerting-security, Alerting Security>> for more information.
+
+[float]
+[[create-edit-rules]]
+=== Create and edit rules
+
+Many rules must be created within the context of a {kib} app like <<metrics-app, Metrics>>, <<xpack-apm, APM>>, or <<uptime-app, Uptime>>, but others are generic. Generic rule types can be created in the *Rules* management UI by clicking the *Create* button. This will launch a flyout that guides you through selecting a rule type and configuring its conditions and action type. Refer to <<stack-rules, Stack rules>> for details on what types of rules are available and how to configure them.
+
+After a rule is created, you can re-open the flyout and change a rule's properties by clicking the *Edit* button shown on each row of the rule listing.
+
+[float]
+[[defining-rules-general-details]]
+==== General rule details
+
+All rules share the following four properties.
+
+Name::      The name of the rule. While this name does not have to be unique, the name can be referenced in actions and also appears in the searchable rule listing in the *Management* UI. A distinctive name can help identify and find a rule.
+Tags::      A list of tag names that can be applied to a rule. Tags can help you organize and find rules, because tags appear in the rule listing in the *Management* UI, which is searchable by tag.
+Check every::      This value determines how frequently the rule conditions are checked. Note that the timing of background rule checks is not guaranteed, particularly for intervals of less than 10 seconds. See <<alerting-production-considerations, Alerting production considerations>> for more information.
+Notify::      This value limits how often actions are repeated when an alert remains active across rule checks. See <<alerting-concepts-suppressing-duplicate-notifications>> for more information. +
+- **Only on status change**: Actions are not repeated when an alert remains active across checks. Actions run only when the alert status changes.
+- **Every time alert is active**: Actions are repeated when an alert remains active across checks.
+- **On a custom action interval**: Actions are suppressed for the throttle interval, but repeat when an alert remains active across checks for a duration longer than the throttle interval.
+
+[float]
+[[alerting-concepts-suppressing-duplicate-notifications]]
+[NOTE]
+==============================================
+Since actions are executed per alert, a rule can end up generating a large number of actions. Take the following example where a rule is monitoring three servers every minute for CPU usage > 0.9, and the rule is set to notify **Every time alert is active**:
+
+* Minute 1: server X123 > 0.9. *One email* is sent for server X123.
+* Minute 2: X123 and Y456 > 0.9. *Two emails* are sent, one for X123 and one for Y456.
+* Minute 3: X123, Y456, Z789 > 0.9. *Three emails* are sent, one for each of X123, Y456, Z789.
+
+In the above example, three emails are sent for server X123 in the span of 3 minutes for the same rule. Often, it's desirable to suppress these re-notifications. If you set the rule **Notify** setting to **On a custom action interval** with an interval of 5 minutes, you reduce noise by only getting emails every 5 minutes for servers that continue to exceed the threshold:
+
+* Minute 1: server X123 > 0.9. *One email* is sent for server X123.
+* Minute 2: X123 and Y456 > 0.9. *One email* is sent for Y456.
+* Minute 3: X123, Y456, Z789 > 0.9. *One email* is sent for Z789.
+
+To get notified **only once** when a server exceeds the threshold, you can set the rule's **Notify** setting to **Only on status change**. 
+==============================================
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-general-details.png[alt='All rules have name, tags, check every, and notify properties in common']
+
+[float]
+[[defining-rules-type-conditions]]
+==== Rule type and conditions
+
+Depending upon the {kib} app and context, you might be prompted to choose the type of rule to create. Some apps will pre-select the type of rule for you.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-rule-type-selection.png[Choosing the type of rule to create]
+
+Each rule type provides its own way of defining the conditions to detect, but an expression formed by a series of clauses is a common pattern. Each clause has a UI control that allows you to define the clause. For example, in an index threshold rule, the `WHEN` clause allows you to select an aggregation operation to apply to a numeric field.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-rule-conditions.png[UI for defining rule conditions on an index threshold rule]
+
+[float]
+[[defining-rules-actions-details]]
+==== Action type and details
+
+To receive notifications when a rule meets the defined conditions, you must add one or more actions. Start by selecting a type of connector for your action:
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-connector-type-selection.png[UI for selecting an action type]
+
+Each action must specify a <<alerting-concepts-connectors, connector>> instance. If no connectors exist for the selected type, click **Add connector** to create one.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-action-no-connector.png[UI for adding connector]
+
+Once you have selected a connector, use the **Run When** dropdown to choose the action group to associate with this action. When a rule meets the defined condition, it is marked as **Active** and alerts are created and assigned to an action group. In addition to the action groups defined by the selected rule type, each rule also has a **Recovered** action group that is assigned when a rule's conditions are no longer detected.
+
+Each action type exposes different properties. For example, an email action allows you to set the recipients, the subject, and a message body in markdown format. See <<action-types>> for details on the types of actions provided by {kib} and their properties.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-action-details.png[UI for defining an email action]
+
+[float]
+[[defining-rules-actions-variables]]
+===== Action variables
+Using the https://mustache.github.io/[Mustache] template syntax `{{variable name}}`, you can pass rule values at the time a condition is detected to an action. You can access the list of available variables using the "add variable" button. Although available variables differ by rule type, all rule types pass the following variables:
+
+`rule.id`:: The ID of the rule.
+`rule.name`:: The name of the rule.
+`rule.spaceId`:: The ID of the space for the rule.
+`rule.tags`:: The list of tags applied to the rule.
+`date`:: The date the rule scheduled the action, in ISO format.
+`alert.id`:: The ID of the alert that scheduled the action.
+`alert.actionGroup`:: The ID of the action group of the alert that scheduled the action.
+`alert.actionSubgroup`:: The action subgroup of the alert that scheduled the action.
+`alert.actionGroupName`:: The name of the action group of the alert that scheduled the action.
+`kibanaBaseUrl`:: The configured <<server-publicBaseUrl, `server.publicBaseUrl`>>. If not configured, this will be empty.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-action-variables.png[Passing rule values to an action]
+
+Some cases exist where the variable values will be "escaped", when used in a context where escaping is needed:
+
+- For the <<email-action-type, Email>> connector, the `message` action configuration property escapes any characters that would be interpreted as Markdown.
+- For the <<slack-action-type, Slack>> connector, the `message` action configuration property escapes any characters that would be interpreted as Slack Markdown.
+- For the <<webhook-action-type, Webhook>> connector, the `body` action configuration property escapes any characters that are invalid in JSON string values.
+
+Mustache also supports "triple braces" of the form `{{{variable name}}}`, which indicates no escaping should be done at all.  Care should be used when using this form, as it could end up rendering the variable content in such a way as to make the resulting parameter invalid or formatted incorrectly.
+
+Each rule type defines additional variables as properties of the variable `context`.  For example, if a rule type defines a variable `value`, it can be used in an action parameter as `{{context.value}}`.  
+
+For diagnostic or exploratory purposes, action variables whose values are objects, such as `context`, can be referenced directly as variables.  The resulting value will be a JSON representation of the object.  For example, if an action parameter includes `{{context}}`, it will expand to the JSON representation of all the variables and values provided by the rule type.
+
+You can attach more than one action. Clicking the "Add action" button will prompt you to select another rule type and repeat the above steps again.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-flyout-add-action.png[You can add multiple actions on a rule]
+
+[NOTE]
+==============================================
+Actions are not required on rules. You can run a rule without actions to understand its behavior, and then <<action-settings, configure actions>> later.
+==============================================
+
+[float]
+[[controlling-rules]]
+=== Mute and disable rules
+
+The rule listing allows you to quickly mute/unmute, disable/enable, and delete individual rules by clicking menu button to open the actions menu. Muting means that the rule checks continue to run on a schedule, but that alert will not trigger any action.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image:images/individual-mute-disable.png[The actions button allows an individual rule to be muted, disabled, or deleted]
+
+You can perform these operations in bulk by multi-selecting rules, and then clicking the *Manage rules* button:
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image:images/bulk-mute-disable.png[The Manage rules button lets you mute/unmute, enable/disable, and delete in bulk,width=75%]
+
+[float]
+[[rule-details]]
+=== Drilldown to rule details
+
+Select a rule name from the rule listing to access the *Rule details* page, which tells you about the state of the rule and provides granular control over the actions it is taking. 
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-details-alerts-active.png[Rule details page with three alerts]
+
+In this example, the rule detects when a site serves more than a threshold number of bytes in a 24 hour period. Three sites are above the threshold. These are called alerts - occurrences of the condition being detected - and the alert name, status, time of detection, and duration of the condition are shown in this view.
+
+Upon detection, each alert can trigger one or more actions. If the condition persists, the same actions will trigger either on the next scheduled rule check, or (if defined) after the re-notify period on the rule has passed. To prevent re-notification, you can suppress future actions by clicking on the switch to mute an individual alert.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-details-alert-muting.png[Muting an alert,width=50%]
+
+Alerts will come and go from the list depending on whether they meet the rule conditions or not - unless they are muted. If a muted instance no longer meets the rule conditions, it will appear as inactive in the list. This prevents an alert from triggering actions if it reappears in the future.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-details-alerts-inactive.png[Rule details page with three inactive alerts]
+
+If you want to suppress actions on all current and future alerts, you can mute the entire rule. Rule checks continue to run and the alert list will update as alerts activate or deactivate, but no actions will be triggered.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-details-muting.png[Use the mute toggle to suppress all actions on current and future alerts,width=50%]
+
+You can also disable a rule altogether. When disabled, the rule stops running checks altogether and will clear any alerts it is tracking. You may want to disable rules that are not currently needed to reduce the load on {kib} and {es}.
+
+[role="screenshot"]
+image::images/rule-details-disabling.png[Use the disable toggle to turn off rule checks and clear alerts tracked]