feat(i2c): Add I2cMenu to i2c component

[finger563]

Description

• Move I2cMenu from component example into component so that others can use it more effectively
• Update menu to allow easier reuse / subclassing and to be within the espp namespace
• Add protection around menu so that it allows compilation if exceptions are disabled.
• Also added a note to various places about the scan operation in the example / menu taking a while with the default ESP-IDF due to the excessively long timeout (1 second) that is configured by default and can only be changed by modifying i2c.c.

Motivation and Context

Allows others to reuse and subclass the i2c menu more effectively.

How has this been tested?

Building and running the i2c example both with exceptions enabled and with exceptions disabled.

Screenshots (if appropriate, e.g. schematic, board, console logs, lab pictures):

Types of changes

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Documentation Update
• Hardware (schematic, board, system design) change
• Software change

Checklist:

• My change requires a change to the documentation.
• I have added / updated the documentation related to this change via either README or WIKI

Software

• I have added tests to cover my changes.
• I have updated the .github/workflows/build.yml file to add my new test to the automated cloud build github action.
• All new and existing tests passed.
• My code follows the code style of this project.

[github-actions]

✅Static analysis result - no issues found! ✅