Modifies report 2 NUGN580

NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/biblioproject.bib

@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@ @misc{iaea_nds
   note = {Accessed: 2016-09-15}
 }
 
+@misc{lnhb01,
+  title = {Database maintained by the {Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel}},
+  author = {{Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel -- LNHB}},
+  howpublished = {\url{http://www.nucleide.org/DDEP_WG/DDEPdata.htm}},
+  note = {Accessed: 2016-09-20}
+}
+
 @article{imel95,
 	Author = {G. R. Imel and P.R. Hart},
 	Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research},

NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/chapters/appendices/app0B.tex

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ \chapter{Detailed data tables}
 
 \initial{T}his appendix presents the data measured during the spectrometry. Given the extensive peak analysis report automatically done by the spectrometer software, only the peaks presenting a net peak area greater than a thousand have been considered. The most likely elements, based on the gamma ray peak energy and average half-life on the sample of around 36 minutes, have been selected. In this regards, for example, potential parent candidates with a half-life of less than a minute were discarded, their significant presence one hour after irradiation being ruled out. In the same vein, potential parent candidates with a half-life of more than a year were also discarded in favor of shorter lived isotopes.
 
-The data used comes from the NDS (Nuclear Data Services) department of the IAEA~\cite{iaea_nds}. Table~\ref{tab:specdata_p} displays the potential parents emitting the gamma ray at the measured energies, while table~\ref{tab:specdata_d} displays the resulting daughters, showing the original sample possible composition.
+The data used comes from the NDS (Nuclear Data Services) department of the IAEA~\cite{iaea_nds} and from the LNHB~\cite{lnhb01}. Table~\ref{tab:specdata_p} displays the potential parents emitting the gamma ray at the measured energies, while table~\ref{tab:specdata_d} displays the resulting daughters, showing the original sample possible composition.
 
 \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2}
 \begin{table}[!htb]
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ \chapter{Detailed data tables}
 		40          & 459.14       & 3313.21       & $^{183}_{\phantom{0}72}Hf_{111}$\\
 		56          & 669.74       & 1186.98       & $^{205}_{\phantom{0}85}At_{120}$
         \end{tabular}
-        \caption{Spectrometry data - Potential emitters}\label{tab:specdata_p}
+        \caption{Spectrometry data - Potential emitters (ENSDF)}\label{tab:specdata_p}
 \end{table}
 
 \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2}
@@ -40,7 +40,43 @@ \chapter{Detailed data tables}
 		40          & 459.14       & 3313.21       & $^{183}_{\phantom{0}73}Ta_{110}$\\
 		56          & 669.74       & 1186.98       & $^{205}_{\phantom{0}84}Po_{121}$
         \end{tabular}
-        \caption{Spectrometry data - Potential sample}\label{tab:specdata_d}
+        \caption{Spectrometry data - Potential sample (ENSDF)}\label{tab:specdata_d}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\begin{table}[!htb]
+    \centering
+        \begin{tabular}{cc}
+        \hline
+        Nucleide    & Energy (keV) \\ \hline\hline
+		\multirow{6}{*}{$^{233}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{143}$}  & 29.373      \\
+		                                                   & 86.477      \\
+		                                                   & 94.65      \\
+		                                                   & 169.159      \\
+		                                                   & 459.222      \\
+		                                                   & 669.902      
+        \end{tabular}
+        \caption{Thorium-233 gamma ray energies}\label{tab:lnhb_th}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2}
+\begin{table}[!htb]
+    \centering
+        \begin{tabular}{cccc}
+        \hline
+        Peak number & Energy (keV) & Net Peak Area & Possible parents \\ \hline\hline
+		2           & 86.52        & 7888.57       & $^{233}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{143}$ \\
+		4           & 92.88        & 2639.50       & $^{234}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{144}$, $^{67}_{\phantom{0}30}Zn_{37}$, $^{178}_{\phantom{0}72}Hf_{106}$, $^{180}_{\phantom{0}72}Hf_{108}$ \\
+		5           & 94.88        & 4650.38       & $^{233}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{143}$ \\
+		8           & 108.20       & 1322.32       & $^{105}_{\phantom{0}44}Ru_{61}$, $^{131}_{\phantom{0}56}Ba_{75}$, $^{137}_{\phantom{0}60}Nd_{77}$, $^{151}_{\phantom{0}64}Gd_{87}$ \\
+		13          & 162.43       & 1132.79       & $^{190}_{\phantom{0}75}Re_{115}$, $^{244}_{\phantom{0}94}Pu_{150}$ \\
+		14          & 169.15       & 1613.15       & $^{233}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{143}$ \\
+		27          & 311.77       & 1583.95       & $^{133}_{\phantom{0}53}I_{80}$, $^{173}_{\phantom{0}71}Lu_{102}$, $^{177}_{\phantom{0}72}Hf_{105}$\\
+		40          & 459.14       & 3313.21       & $^{233}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{143}$\\
+		56          & 669.74       & 1186.98       & $^{233}_{\phantom{0}90}Th_{143}$
+        \end{tabular}
+        \caption{Spectrometry data - Potential emitters (ENSDF-LNHB)}\label{tab:specdata_final}
 \end{table}
 
 

NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/chapters/chapter01/chap01.tex

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ \section{Spectrometry}
 
 In a gamma-ray spectrometer there is a finite processing time required to measure and record each detected gamma ray, typically in the range of microseconds to tens of microseconds. During this processing time, called "dead time", the spectrometer is not able to respond to another gamma ray. This dead time implies that since gamma-ray photons arrive at the detector with a random distribution in time, some photons will not be measured or counted. The dead time should thus not exceed 10\% in order to not lose too much information.
 
-A software is used to process the data and remove gamma ray interference. A library is then used to link the measured peaks with emitting nuclides.
+A software is used to process the data and remove gamma ray interference. A library is then used to link the measured peaks with emitting nuclides. The impact of the library used is consequent, considering that some nucleides are altogether absent from some libraries. For example, as will be seen in this report, $^{233}Th$ decays energies are not given by the ENSDF table, but are given by the LNHB data~\cite{lnhb01}. 
 
 
 \section{Procedure}

NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/chapters/chapter02/chap02.tex

@@ -30,16 +30,20 @@ \section{Sample emissions}
 
 The spectrometer use was a little less straightforward. The peak analysis report is missing quite crucial information about the actual elements associated to the peaks. The results with the peaks of interests (cut off at a net peak area of 1000) are given in appendix~\ref{app:app02}. The most likely elements, based on the gamma ray peak energy and average half-life on the sample of around 36 minutes, have been selected. In this regards, for example, potential parent candidates with a half-life of less than a minute were discarded, their significant presence one hour after irradiation being ruled out. In the same vein, potential parent candidates with a half-life of more than a year were also discarded in favor of shorter lived isotopes.
 
-Using table~\ref{tab:specdata_d}, we can try and guess the isotopic composition of the sample. One can see that if the spectrometer was correctly calibrated, the sample is likely to contain Gadolinium and Hafnium primarily, and some Tantalum, product of Hafnium disintegration.
+Using table~\ref{tab:specdata_d} and ENSDF data~\cite{iaea_nds}, we can try and guess the isotopic composition of the sample. One can see that if the spectrometer was correctly calibrated, and the ENSDF library correctly populated, the sample is likely to contain Gadolinium and Hafnium primarily, and some Tantalum, product of Hafnium disintegration.
 
 Hafnium and Gadolinium are both neutron absorbers. Hafnium is often found in nuclear reactors control rods, while Gadolinium can be used in fresh fuel to compensate an excess of reactivity. The extensive use of those two elements in the same component is not known to the author, though the two elements have been used together in the past to build a neutron detector~\cite{imel95}.
 
+However, it is known that the sample contains at least some Thorium, which is not seen in the spectrometry data. A closer look at other nuclides libraries (\cite{lnhb01}) shows that some of the peaks were misidentified. Indeed, table~\ref{tab:lnhb_th} shows the different gamma ray emission from the decay of $^{233}Th$, and one can see that they closely relate to several measured peaks. Considering this new data, one can compute the more likely sample composition, which is shown in table~\ref{tab:specdata_final}. It can thus be seen that the sample is made primarily of Thorium ($^{232}Th$), whose half-life is 22.15 minutes, close from the 36 minutes half-life measured for our sample considering the expected impurities.
+
+This goes to show the obvious gigantic impact of the library used on the radioisotope identification. ENSDF data did not contain the Thorium emitters, and as such could not identify it in the sample, causing a wholly different conclusion on the sample composition, when Thorium was in fact the most present element.
+
 
 \section{Uncertainties}
 
 Several uncertainties sources should also be taken into account.
 
-The measurements of the sample activity were for example not done exactly every minute, since a human action was necessary. This introduces an error on the half-life measured. In any case, radioactivity is random, meaning that the incertitude on the measured count (N) and rate (R) can be depicted following equations~\ref{eq10} and~\ref{eq11}. Additionally, while good, an $R^2$ score of 99.5\% shows that the exponential fit is not perfect.
+The measurements of the sample activity were for example not done exactly every minute, since a human action was necessary. This introduces an error on the half-life measured. In any case, radioactivity is random, meaning that the incertitude on the measured count (N) and rate (R) can be depicted following equations~\ref{eq10} and~\ref{eq11}. Additionally, while good, an $R^2$ score of 99.5\% shows that the exponential fit is not perfect. The sample is also impure, and any half-life obtained would be a combination of several decay process, making this method unreliable to identify any element by itself. It can however be used as a good approximation of the magnitude of the main elements half-life in the sample.
 
 \begin{equation}\label{eq10}
 \delta N = \sqrt{N}

NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/chapters/conclusion/conclusion.tex

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ \chapter{Conclusion}
 
 \initial{T}he USGS TRIGA research nuclear reactor (GSTR) have been used to irradiate a sample in order to determine its isotopic composition. While this method can also give the quantities (mass) of each nucleide in the sample, only an energy calibration of the spectrometer was performed, rendering this information unavailable. Instead, the elements in the sample have been identified, using the activated sample activity and a spectrometry.
 
-The sample was found to have a 36 minutes half-life. The spectrometry generated low confidence data, due to potential ongoing work on the library. Nonetheless, if the results from the measurements are considered correct within the usual 1 keV uncertainty, it has been derived that the sample contained Hafnium and Gadolinium mostly, with an accumulation of Tantalum probably caused by the activation of Hafnium.
+The sample was found to have a 36 minutes half-life. The spectrometry generated low confidence data, due to potential ongoing work on the library. Indeed, some elements such as thorium were missing from it. A likely explanation is that the ongoing work on the library used by the software was set to use only data originating from ENSDF database, discarding secondary libraries such as the one maintained by the CEA (LNHB) for example.
+
+A manual look into the gamma ray peaks, with the knowledge that Thorium was present in the sample, pointed toward the fact that the main element in the activated sample was $^{233}Th$, responsible for several of the highest peaks (notably the three highest ones). This indicates the presence of $^{232}Th$ in the original sample. Impurities can be seen from the approximated half-life (36 minutes versus 22 minutes) and several gamma ray peaks of lower amplitude in the system.
 
 %=======
 

NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/project.aux

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
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 \newlabel{eq8}{{1.8}{2}{Radioisotope half-life}{equation.1.1.8}{}}
+\citation{lnhb01}
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@@ -59,11 +60,13 @@
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 \newlabel{eq9}{{2.1}{5}{Sample activity}{equation.2.1.1}{}}
 \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Sample emissions}{5}{section.2.2}}
+\citation{iaea_nds}
 \citation{imel95}
+\citation{lnhb01}
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-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Uncertainties}{6}{section.2.3}}
 \citation{pomme01}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Uncertainties}{7}{section.2.3}}
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@@ -79,21 +82,27 @@
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 \citation{iaea_nds}
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+\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {B.2}{\ignorespaces Spectrometry data - Potential sample (ENSDF)}}{14}{table.B.2}}
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+\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {B.3}{\ignorespaces Thorium-233 gamma ray energies}}{15}{table.B.3}}
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+\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {B.4}{\ignorespaces Spectrometry data - Potential emitters (ENSDF-LNHB)}}{15}{table.B.4}}
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NUGN580/Report2_Radioisotope-Identification/project.bbl

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
   self powered neutron detectors in the {TREAT} reactor}, Nuclear Instruments
   and Methods in Physics Research, 111 (1995), pp.~325--336.
 
+\bibitem{lnhb01}
+{\sc {Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel -- LNHB}}, {\em Database maintained
+  by the {Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel}}.
+\newblock \url{http://www.nucleide.org/DDEP_WG/DDEPdata.htm}.
+\newblock Accessed: 2016-09-20.
+
 \bibitem{iaea_nds}
 {\sc {Nuclear Data Services -- IAEA}}, {\em {ENSDF} database maintained by the
   {International Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Network}}.

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