examples: Add example for custom class structs and virtual methods

examples/Cargo.toml

@@ -44,3 +44,7 @@ path = "gio_cancellable_future/main.rs"
 [[bin]]
 name = "object_subclass"
 path = "object_subclass/main.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "virtual_methods"
+path = "virtual_methods/main.rs"

examples/README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ Consists of various examples of how to use the `gtk-rs-core` libraries. Note tha
 - [GIO Futures Await](./gio_futures_await/)
 - [GIO Task](./gio_task/)
 - [GIO Resources](./resources)
+- [Object Subclassing](./object_subclass)
+- [Interfaces and Virtual Methods](./virtual_methods)
 
 ## License
 

examples/virtual_methods/cat.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use glib::prelude::*;
+use glib::subclass::prelude::*;
+
+use super::pet::*;
+use super::purrable::*;
+
+mod imp {
+    use std::cell::Cell;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    pub struct Cat {
+        fed: Cell<bool>,
+        pub(super) purring: Cell<bool>,
+    }
+
+    #[glib::object_subclass]
+    impl ObjectSubclass for Cat {
+        const NAME: &'static str = "Cat";
+        type Type = super::Cat;
+        type Interfaces = (Purrable,);
+        type ParentType = Pet;
+    }
+
+    impl ObjectImpl for Cat {}
+    impl PurrableImpl for Cat {
+        fn is_purring(&self) -> bool {
+            if self.purring.get() {
+                println!("Cat::is_purring: *purr*");
+                true
+            } else {
+                println!("Cat::is_purring: Chaining up to parent_is_purring");
+                self.parent_is_purring()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    impl PetImpl for Cat {
+        /// Override the parent behaviour of `pet` to indicate a successful pet
+        /// if we have been sufficiently fed
+        fn pet(&self) -> bool {
+            if self.fed.get() {
+                println!("Cat::pet: *purr*");
+                self.purring.set(true);
+                true
+            } else {
+                println!("Cat::pet: *mrrp*");
+                false
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn feed(&self) {
+            println!("Cat::feed: *mreeeow*");
+            self.parent_feed();
+
+            // Remember that we have been fed
+            self.fed.set(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Cat {
+        pub(super) fn meow(&self) {
+            // We can't be meowing and purring at the same time
+            self.purring.set(false);
+            println!("Cat::meow: *meow* *meow*");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+glib::wrapper! {
+    /// The `Cat` class ties the interface and the superclass together
+    pub struct Cat(ObjectSubclass<imp::Cat>)
+    @extends Pet,
+    @implements Purrable;
+}
+
+/// Public methods of `Cat` classes
+pub trait CatExt: IsA<Cat> {
+    /// A regular public method.
+    ///
+    /// Resets the purring state.
+    fn meow(&self) {
+        self.upcast_ref::<Cat>().imp().meow();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: IsA<Cat>> CatExt for T {}
+
+impl Default for Cat {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        glib::Object::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Cat is also subclassable, but does not have any vfuncs.
+///
+/// By convention we still create an empty `CatImpl` trait, this allows us to add
+/// 'protected' cat methods only available to be called by other Cats later.
+pub trait CatImpl: PetImpl {}
+
+/// To make this class subclassable we need to implement IsSubclassable
+unsafe impl<Obj: CatImpl + PetImpl> IsSubclassable<Obj> for Cat {}

examples/virtual_methods/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+mod cat;
+mod pet;
+mod purrable;
+mod tabby_cat;
+
+use cat::*;
+use glib::object::Cast;
+use pet::*;
+use purrable::*;
+use tabby_cat::*;
+
+/// This example provides a class [`Pet`] with the virtual methods [`PetImpl::pet`] and
+/// [`PetImpl::feed`], an interface [`Purrable`] with the method [`PurrableImpl::is_purring`],
+/// an implementation class [`Cat`] to tie them all together, and a trivial subclass [`TabbyCat`]
+/// to show that chaining up vfuncs works as expected.
+fn main() {
+    println!("\n=== Cat implementation ===");
+    // Instantiate the subclass `Cat``
+    let cat = Cat::default();
+    cat.meow();
+    dbg!(cat.pet());
+    dbg!(cat.is_purring());
+
+    cat.feed();
+    dbg!(cat.pet());
+    dbg!(cat.is_purring());
+    cat.meow();
+    dbg!(cat.is_purring());
+
+    println!("\n=== Tabby Cat implementation ===");
+    // Now instantiate the subclass `TabbyCat` and ensure that the parent class
+    // functionality still works as expected and all methods chain up correctly.
+    let tabby_cat = TabbyCat::default();
+    tabby_cat.feed();
+    tabby_cat.pet();
+
+    // Even if we cast this as `Purrable` this calls the implementation in `TabbyCat`
+    let purrable = tabby_cat.upcast_ref::<Purrable>();
+    dbg!(purrable.is_purring());
+    tabby_cat.meow();
+}

examples/virtual_methods/pet.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+use glib::prelude::*;
+use glib::subclass::prelude::*;
+
+/// Private (implementation) module of the class. This is not exported.
+mod imp {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The Pet implementation struct
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    pub struct Pet {}
+
+    #[glib::object_subclass]
+    impl ObjectSubclass for Pet {
+        /// This name is exported to the gobject type system and must be unique between all loaded shared libraries.
+        ///
+        /// Usually this is achieved by adding a short prefix to all names coming from a particular app / library.
+        const NAME: &'static str = "Pet";
+
+        /// The `Pet` class is abstract and instances to it can't be created.
+        ///
+        /// If an instance of this class were instantiated it would panic.
+        const ABSTRACT: bool = true;
+
+        type Type = super::Pet;
+
+        /// Override the class struct with the custom [`PetClass`]
+        type Class = super::Class;
+
+        /// Initialize the class struct with the default implementations of the
+        /// virtual methods.
+        fn class_init(klass: &mut Self::Class) {
+            klass.pet = |obj| obj.imp().pet_default();
+            klass.feed = |obj| obj.imp().feed_default();
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl ObjectImpl for Pet {}
+
+    impl Pet {
+        /// Default implementation of [`PetImpl::pet`]
+        fn pet_default(&self) -> bool {
+            // The default behaviour is unsuccessful pets
+            println!("Pet::pet_default");
+            false
+        }
+
+        /// Default implementation of [`PetImpl::feed`]
+        fn feed_default(&self) {
+            println!("Pet::feed_default");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+glib::wrapper! {
+    /// The `Pet` class acts as a base class for pets and provides two virtual methods
+    pub struct Pet(ObjectSubclass<imp::Pet>);
+}
+
+/// Custom class struct for the [`Pet`] class.
+///
+/// The class struct is used to implement the vtable for method dispatch. The first field *must*
+/// be a pointer to the parent type. In our case, this is `GTypeInterface`
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct Class {
+    /// The first field in a class struct must always be the parent class struct
+    parent_class: glib::gobject_ffi::GObjectClass,
+
+    /// Virtual method for the [`PetImpl::pet`] trait method
+    pub(super) pet: fn(&super::Pet) -> bool,
+
+    /// Virtual method for the [`PetImpl::feed`] trait method
+    pub(super) feed: fn(&super::Pet),
+}
+
+/// Every class struct is required to implement the `ClassStruct` trait
+///
+/// Safety: This impl is unsafe because it requires the struct to be `repr(C)` and
+/// the first field must be the parent class.
+unsafe impl glib::subclass::types::ClassStruct for Class {
+    type Type = imp::Pet;
+}
+
+/// Implement Deref to the parent class for convenience.
+impl std::ops::Deref for Class {
+    type Target = glib::gobject_ffi::GObjectClass;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.parent_class
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `PetExt` trait contains public methods of all [`Pet`] objects
+///
+/// These methods need to call the appropriate vfunc from the vtable.
+pub trait PetExt: IsA<Pet> {
+    /// Calls the [`PetImpl::pet`] vfunc
+    fn pet(&self) -> bool {
+        let this = self.upcast_ref();
+        let class = this.class();
+
+        (class.as_ref().pet)(this)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the [`PetImpl::feed`] vfunc
+    fn feed(&self) {
+        let this = self.upcast_ref();
+        let class = this.class();
+
+        (class.as_ref().feed)(this)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implement PetExt for all [`Pet`] subclasses (and `Pet` itself)
+impl<T: IsA<Pet>> PetExt for T {}
+
+/// The `PetImpl` trait contains overridable virtual function definitions for [`Pet`] objects.
+pub trait PetImpl: ObjectImpl {
+    /// Default implementation of a virtual method.
+    ///
+    /// This always calls into the implementation of the parent class so that if
+    /// the subclass does not explicitly implement it, the behaviour of its
+    /// parent class will be preserved.
+    fn pet(&self) -> bool {
+        self.parent_pet()
+    }
+
+    /// Default implementation of a virtual method.
+    ///
+    /// This always calls into the implementation of the parent class so that if
+    /// the subclass does not explicitly implement it, the behaviour of its
+    /// parent class will be preserved.
+    fn feed(&self) {
+        self.parent_feed();
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `PetImplExt` trait contains non-overridable methods for subclasses to use.
+///
+/// These are supposed to be called only from inside implementations of `Pet` subclasses.
+pub trait PetImplExt: PetImpl {
+    /// Chains up to the parent implementation of [`PetImpl::pet`]
+    fn parent_pet(&self) -> bool {
+        let data = Self::type_data();
+        let parent_class = unsafe { &*(data.as_ref().parent_class() as *const Class) };
+        let pet = parent_class.pet;
+
+        pet(unsafe { self.obj().unsafe_cast_ref() })
+    }
+
+    /// Chains up to the parent implementation of [`PetImpl::feed`]
+    fn parent_feed(&self) {
+        let data = Self::type_data();
+        let parent_class = unsafe { &*(data.as_ref().parent_class() as *const Class) };
+        let feed = parent_class.feed;
+
+        feed(unsafe { self.obj().unsafe_cast_ref() });
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `PetImplExt` trait is implemented for all subclasses that have [`Pet`] in the class hierarchy
+impl<T: PetImpl> PetImplExt for T {}
+
+/// To make this class subclassable we need to implement IsSubclassable
+unsafe impl<Obj: PetImpl> IsSubclassable<Obj> for Pet {
+    /// We override class_init to redefine our vtable for subclasses of [`Pet`]
+    fn class_init(class: &mut glib::Class<Self>) {
+        Self::parent_class_init::<Obj>(class);
+
+        // Override the virtual method function pointers to call directly into the
+        // `PetImpl` of the subclass.
+        //
+        // Note that this is only called for actual subclasses and not [`Pet`]
+        // itself: `Pet` does not implement [`PetImpl`] and handles this inside
+        // `ObjectSubclass::class_init()` for providing the default implementation
+        // of the virtual methods.
+        let klass = class.as_mut();
+
+        // Set the virtual methods
+        klass.pet = |obj| {
+            let this = unsafe { obj.unsafe_cast_ref::<<Obj as ObjectSubclass>::Type>().imp() };
+            PetImpl::pet(this)
+        };
+
+        klass.feed = |obj| {
+            let this = unsafe { obj.unsafe_cast_ref::<<Obj as ObjectSubclass>::Type>().imp() };
+            PetImpl::feed(this);
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/// The ffi module includes the exported C API of the object.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub mod ffi {
+    /// The instance pointer would be used for references to the object.
+    #[repr(C)]
+    pub struct Instance(std::ffi::c_void);
+}