Improve CI performance w/ more uv #445

Job	Run time
Build & verify package	23s
Verify dev env (ubuntu-latest)	14s
Verify dev env (windows-latest)	41s
Type-check package	12s
Tests on 3.8	32s
Build docs & run doctests	12s
Tests on 3.9	18s
Type-check API on 3.8	23s
Tests on 3.10	24s
Type-check API on 3.9	16s
Tests on 3.11	16s
Type-check API on 3.10	28s
Tests on 3.12	16s
Type-check API on 3.11	37s
Type-check API on 3.12	24s
Combine & check coverage	13s
Ensure everything required is passing for branch protection	2s
	5m 51s

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